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L-
AN ADVISING PRCICMM IN A LARGEL'RBAN
HIGH SCHOOL:THE IVI,{GICMATCH
I b gohg ro dsii*
1 fouryc! .6on b tbrbdu.! n advGing
pogru i.ro e u5& pu6licbigh sbml b Cbbri4., Ms&bes.
Ir is, .hs, ior .5e.6s ror.. wirh n!mb6 rh.! d.rc. Ifoi. wdk
in eb6lr, on. d.v.lopr ! ccmin .hour ofbuEiliry 6oE lbc sdggl.
ud .fron d.r go ioro iFplco.oiog r p.oEu R.l!6, I bav. nowly
builr. prcgre ftr I hop. will afer so&n6 Wly ao I do6s tnie'
In 6king nys.lfdis qu.tDn. I look lor in$in on 6oF $d.oftbc
Dorc vBiodry ddbE io ou n.ld. Dr. Elvin Sffi.d {19a3) vas
i.semdal h thProvhg rb. tiv6 of mby p.ri.'6 i' !Er. horpidrs
rbd b. cncouh-ld slt$
cG:r. cribg dvtondcnG in $hich p.,
!66 .ould b. 4or nllEflariv..
I b.li.w l!.r rb.r.pFB cs h.lp
-rbscounr-y'n:sihilruy
hevdirog.g.d!dol.*46
advieins
pmsns rbt b.lp ucb.6 crcr@r "bolding.nvirom.nt for rdol.v
c66 vill .llon,$.s reni ro b.cob. norc Fltu.flerr
.nd m Bk.
r nor..crit rc|. h rb.i os.ducanor
Fotunr.ly, Dos of ur ch pofr .irhtr ro ou prd6 or ro . canns
ldulr lho bdp.d usr.!'g.r. our r..n ,rrs Ifr€dg.u h.!c f.milr
suppon o! d. lucLa mugb ro 3o 6 .i rh.m.ov. or pnv5i. brgh
shel. $ry will p.oboblt,ba.li! froo $E rt?. oi rclationship,rhich
rcsrch showsir k.y .o Bclhl b..lrh I rd rc abd r *ay otrdlp.lg
advieirg to l&9. public high $b@b Tn. lvcrsc public hirh sh@l
conci.s 2.0m b 4,Cn0sd.ntFr
huhlin3 am.8.m.nr by ey
In )pr. or dulrf rccq:lro- rbr r g@db'gb *bml.du.!rm I
r k.], ro . prcducriv?
tuu., mnr' lrbu.dol.*66
.ondnu.:o do
p@dy{kipping clr*'
f.ilin! .0!66. Dd lh.eirg many od.r
si8$ of lplrby rowd &.d?nicr T@b.u .nd iddininarou @
109
L
-__J
ldeki,g Pro.tun
s.echtn! for nc!. .fLc!v. waysof moovarns$d.ns rocr. rbout
rb.tr.ducanon$d ro r.I. n.ps Io plM.onid. rly for ih.r tuorc.
l,w.n!. Sr'nb.'g,lo9o,, d Plomr.nrdu!:uon 'elch.' on ooti
vandn. h6 qnd rhr :s drv .r aelo of Ancn.d 5tud.!6 of .ll
snl cLss ,G dis.ngrg.d ftom *h@l ft6 ip{hy tushr.s ro
porp.rfomDc.oiinr.mr on'l t66 !'d otlr v.ll-LnoM signs$
'ndlcir. rhd ou h'gb scbml.6 f. 'll'Pl.ptd rom.d rh. ch.lldg.e of
:duhhooa. P@r ron!.tion s a tomid.bl. beq Io lamlnl ncrc
sanurgmr.Ed bd.v.lop.ff.cav.,nr.d6ron5rh!prchprsdcnB
ro Ev.s .lYon in Ltcn.duarion. Ac.dcfr,c dgrgcoc hc rl$ hc.n
r:cor agin$ rdolsd
v'olce.
iddrifid ar I cnrc.l por-!v.
poBiei'3
pEwDtioD
mcA
$
.
Dftforc. rbD
Eel.5.r rl. (1991)brv. cridcallyarltad rb. ldipnoc d.cli'.
ro b'gh icb@l Tm
in pcrfoBdc. s stod.nc doE fbm ddmuy
oorv.rioi: low coofidm.. and rh.
lrcb6 @ t oM ro limn $&
b.li.f rb.r d* s .brluy 6 lam r prcdcc6E.d ssd.ns *bo b.l1.v.
lb{ rb.y r. itrohpdoi h.y ddid. d:r.cad.dic sxc.s k iftl.vrnr
E$d rbr ec.!, d. b.h.f rh.r rb.v E ifld.qu( Tb. ((1. bcginr
eh6 rb.s?s.
5tud.n6 f.il b nvcn .fion m rhcr cl.$ wod( .rcid
drm(ulrcl6i.,, hd Ed,'..t tbctrcndgcr ro loDcrdcmic,ctwis
lls gunnics f.le. dd oily conlimi rh.n h.[ of conlid.d. 1Dd
b.lpl.s$cs. R.!.th.6 {d q,.6. indudingLre D.lp! (1994),
!oui* rnd G.oe. Spindkr(1938).acldho bd Ellion(lgCl), rnd
l,ylo_,c,.L!!n. Md Sdll'r:i r.90r,, !$. d(umht.d .r'4t!. .! id.n.. rh.r adolce.nt di'on!i6 anCg'ls e. *Fcially !r nrk tor
fdilingor shoqng n.die€ pcrfoEdc.s ii bjghsbel
R.edh bv Maq 0995) rd McDoi.ld (1997)bs d.oosEtd
!h4 in g.n l.lsrng r cildc.d qhd coGdcliE El.iiosh'ps
nbu'lr odcn srud.ns,i:dulb.' a *b@L lnr Jl, rl'.mtrn.
higb eb@k, w.ll-plMcd rdvi$ry prcEzns biv. dad. t diat rcnc.
'n olrcoD( fd ln.f r' nsl poDr'.loB How'vs.lrsd d\ninc
pbE ds,i publicbilh rbdk h.vcnorbc! consitddr'.x.cutd
o! suflioc ly drlut.d ro.surc tmile Ncc.s. or, in don cas.s.
p6F63 brv. no' ?40 oe! s.o r. nL Thll laqs.3do6
Fp in
cotrd'od
ou howl.d3. .nd udcnbdin,q of ho* tacha{d.d
'n rn .dvE,ngpror.n ({ cllrt1\
aon rol.m.Ins&in Lrslnc. Lighlfd! (l93r.loqu.i..xrotna.
don of goodhigb $hook. rb. rcp.radly c6.s b&k ro Bhlr sh. calls
rh. "m!gi. harcb-h. cncirl com.lon b.M6 | eta' @chr
rnd a sftgghng!od.'L lf,c knowrbd rbji hid olconhr ir cnici.
L-
rb{ u bc iioF @ n.L r@ rhtr .i hDy ,ud.nu .i Fn'br.
qlh
h Flbli. blh Ebelr hrE !b. ch.F. ro h.l. .mdr6
S@ing an AA,iting Prcgtun i^ Ctdbridt
La n. giv. som. Sxlgruid to .rplrm how I tor involv.d D
rdv6rig.Sim.1995,lbrw s*cd rtr ddhlhalrb dncrd n ib.
Tq H..ld C6rd,. *b6l.b.Ed clinic ( Crabnd8. &idt .rd
Li! I.igb Sddl (CR!S)in c|6b.ida., Mq.burd'
Ofis 2.000
sdqti .bo!r 60,{ & n!6 tu,.l a.lld. 6idni.'
Mc rhrn
b.lf E .hFbl. ro l!€v. ic lwh, &d m rhrd sF.I | 6B
Lr!u!! oda rh.! Englnb.Oia, por .{&Dic FrlmMc. h o6ly
or of ruy poud dndllt
tbc& icots.
T€ DEF@,!,
lubrd. rttre, bEl6 ho!4 &d Dutu
daa.id rn .l,.&i'o6 c .I Fd of ll.n @bhd liq TbcMb€ of CRIS o4nB
*i. e tuU.! ir i,mi": lttt oarll rudaB f.il .r lan d .i.s
.Er_vse.
Etq ffi din6in3 n d!l[. p.ert6
f6o@r
i6 c .e bt.h.. .7ta of A.ii.& AMcs isd.oB ri t3.,1of
kim sdda G.rFidirt
El fxlG. li i. d wo@
fe
f.ili4.odaB 6 b. ilqd ri b t ftEd roti. ffi tr.d. (uLs
rb..vpowL joa dEDlio.,v &.'d tu rnEb tt.y c e.pad.a
adviiils i x.tron b.dtr$ lbjl.!rl. Pb4 | r@l Dk. oE
. liE-nmri Fnod 'n 1916lh.r hh.d .ll ?,COO
sd.dr *nh 20
tdulr vdd.s
n r tb. *h@l nr. p.ogm.6lad
irro pb.r l
dEing lt7-1999+
vbi.b oily drth !r.&R c c!s.d. .tn
36lrs aE l.d oDl!bt r4hdr qlo, 'n.rcbrnF tor r n$E .oure
lo!d.er wU! urb.ruda6 Tb.E e cuRidy 16.dqe6 rm.d
ql! a90ni ! srrd6 tb6! n u .tton & bD. .r.b .dvrd rle bvc
r!. sods ir d:ily bom.@o.rd .n rq&ar. .h$ W. &*iD.r.
qF!d'n! i! dE ndt M F.R b imlud. tdth |rdc. All tuousb
rh. si@l y6r, tdpr ol .bour tiltr.i ,od.nR fr.d Glly
rh r
(nd
c&in_eBcb?r. Tb. n€ ngsc h.ld duiig rb. r.8ula
dry
,nd lar for ! t?ic.l da Fnod nFE i. | .p..ific .uriculun. blr
lb.rt n.ls pl. yof dn fd rdlnon b rAr brh.a&of
.h.
o&c
I dd rqllrly wirhdvadt b trll rhourhowrou'l e
goilg .rd .b.ur bo$ i!.y oi$i !E..$tuUy inR6. qrt 6ubl.d
Ill
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Advkiag PtugtuB
[jd\ w.h.(donc fiv. rffEro'oF
mor.bour rDd.nb .rEn.
cR. of.,lvising rd ro b.tp d.rm& how h imp6v. des'r8
Although w. do nor hav. di.o c rGulb ro showcM4.t ir rto.t .r
acbEvco.n!. I woulil ottd rhd advisingir tuccssry bu mr sufi.'ar
ro rupp.n cbegcs iu.b 8 rh.* whd I rn c'p!c n th.r w nly s
cbns.s oq riE. aftr dr. ro four td!i- who tb. prcgnB cdld
,ffer how $dcn6 u* i.sourc6 ,n h'gh *b@L$d rh.tr impo.d
aniod.! rowrd reh'ng Thf h'y ind;6rly rsdft
'o etud.n6'
high.r3nd.s 3nd imrcsd nonv ion.
wc My 6!d ln ?6adtldo..rngsp.i vff mly,or b. inrcnrv.
6oud. gowvd. w dnw ou sGf.cion fEo ln. $.ll scpr w.
€ b.pp.ning in cms of $:d.n6 bo$ng rh.6Elv6 b.nE. Wh.n
th. pogrM srls. *. iE tn.ll, subd. shiftsin stoddr po!.p.io6.
wr hav. l.o.d foo wcy! rb3rrdd.ns !61u. infomoo rhd rhcy
r..iv.inad*ing,.9.ndlyrb.urFdu
onrcqliEh.nb,houtb.y
n.n.g. th.n !n., id.ir,ryiogldn'n-e !!vl.s.r.viding l+on.dds.
od l@Dg bow .o wort our problds 'n.1.$. AIrSoqb ldlisou
provid. c@R. irfodtioo, iI 6.ko M opporuniry $ . sfe pl&.
for sodots @ dt.bo!t rch@l-ioh rb. prcerc..!.ryd.), budl.5
b tl. noc significDr ohsacl.s. Stud.ns dry nll lbour r conrljct
fo. dlalin! .onrwdivdy wnb d. .onnd !.ds blowin8up or goDg
on .til.. Or, 6.y h:y diss$ nundrc rhjn-!5.uch $ ry'n-s @ fisu.
our bor ro li d.u ho|l,!ro. lcld or bo$ ro unddrtud c(di6
A tull ro!. of ropicsg.c.ov.r.d Th.prcg]mnd.$gndbb.lp
,ll stud.nr*los
By poviding
lab.ld Do.l.h.a ud ltuds.lil..
snb
stod.ntswirb bor. codsic.d dscu*ion
.n.dvisd ro b.lD tb.m
3cr rhc non fbm $b@L !c bop. ro improv. srud.ns psioo,ncc.
I brv..ho l.!r.d whyir tr e brd
.v.rld'Dg r op.n h d.be. som. e.6 -. cay to 6olv.r som.
Io slv. an .nnpl. of rhc pMc$ of d.bdF, .wn 'mhg rb.
p63nfr s.s difiiculr. Dunn3ou sircv6n ro .db.r .dvsmg ploge
in Pbilrd.lpb,!, w. l.h.d rblr rh.y ou.d .bcnp6866 Fsily Orcnp
Sohc 56ffat or higl shel r.fd.d roou Dniativ. .s Fdily Coup
rm. ADons em. ve.l C.mbndg. FarhB. rhs quic*ly wrs td.9rct.d
6 r strbvdliv. .thn bv tdh.B ro utrov( ru v ie&c td a
supplanr
rb.6l..fpr.nE. So.*c rhoughr
rh.r souldb. 3.como".
d.dng .nd chs!.d rb. nihc rc Snlll.GlouD Dn.u$roi
PrcsEd. bur
'his *n (r'i kd s b.iDgr@'rfni}\ " 50. r.r' dr- Ac"dmic
lt2
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Advitng Prcgrd. vbicb sdnds rbout I rMemui .s you co 3d.
Th6 ,.s .uct.d hy shNI 3u&rc. .odFlo6, vho .omph .d rb.r
a.ad.htr rdviling w6 rb.tr t.drory. In rh. .nd, v. dedcd to s!
urh k soi Frcnc 'mHh.
ad{i"c ftomn Tnu ?r!nrl.
gi!6 ! n.vor of eh! n ir li*. ro mlt in rh. eh@ls
\r uEu' 3o,i3 o,o ssr dart. my
3Ei'ng . limil& p6gd r ro nil. $rc th. powd bok d 1r. lrt ntfi.d rnd a.lmwl.dg.d wbd phM'Dgb.g'.s. ItR .an ev. s.m!
hos aour oind.. Ale, g.r tbc 3!dd.. @urld5 Fro rb. prc6
e tb.y rullsE n.s a dpt to th.trjon surity. D.lin .dy od
how rL ol. of rb. .d!tud vbo i5 | @bd is difrmr ton $i of
to rb. clI6c
. gd&&.6uNts
Thc hts is ffi a.oopld6!!y
olrn bchd. Tt. Suidhc. co!*ld.ob6
inb @h.dvGEg grcup
drc rjo6 . td !i p6lid.t Mdd. idfmnoo.bour gEduarcn
ud bor ro d<d. (ou* $lcnon TL
@u'rcm66. mnDs,
utull! brv. r
d'd.m(. 'DFspoErbrll $ r@rglrdd..an$ldr
lad of l5O& 2t0.tud.ns, rnn rbcdchd i5 drti.g. .onm!@or
TL. hrdcn d€isior hrK be! in d.rmld;g (.) wbicb so&n6
sbold pMicip.E in .dvi$g 6d ddislg rh. Mi.ulu
.r r v.hicl.
rd carbl.3hiDe
66,n!tu1 rchids!
od (b) bow b rrn h,3b $bel rech.u (\io sp..irli4 $ d.livetrg
cdr6.l @ beooc clt*ttv. idv6ds
h ii cnnc.l ro .cc+r ri:r d.E n : b of m&{ffs od no 6v
.6vd
Fo'.*dok. w. Ir.d rb. dFb'or $h.tb.' ro 'orclv. tll
$d.n6 or ro scler thos. !tudd6 at n.k ft* ir m.ding tur '.y
rbul Do YouN . PEmn\.
p'ogr.r o' E4ndo*stud?ns nrk lto( wbo{4.d dr dvn'ng
rbould b. rc*.d
lor bigh-nsk stud.n6 sav n as o€kill ro pbsd.
adviiDs for shbl.. dn6r.d stu&lc who rould b. b.nd s.d.d by
faBinC on &id.mics 1Ir tdiriodl cd.cr {as I Nd.nt colld
bc fc.d to work pnb an idvi$r lh.l, didn t lik.
ft. p6pond6 of in.hdiq lll sod.oc m dE rdvtin-! prcge
lt"y e} .dvrui L: pE6uv. in'r6non
!n.*Enl{9dd6
10 p(*6
i d.nR euld d.fBi rbtspurpo* Ale. mny ttud.nts
ubo n€d.d ro?r!n'n.,bcr rr,rd.r roq'd iom'ng.nd thn nv.td.!' 'D scholflgh DorcM* b pdrc'pr?. bu' d.y *ouLdb. 'h.
v.rv stud.ns u. ledcd b .n3.9.. Als. by s.l€bg only noi.ch'.vin3 iodmc for rh..dvi$g lro!tu. w vould.ls bc ont'ng ilE
risk ol itilm{izi.s d.h. T!.y 6l!nr f..l DoF itudcqD't. 5 : r*!lt
ll3
t-_
_)
AdtiJi'a Pro{u
If $. forl * ro build or od.nR scrgrhr, rhfr. 'dally, .ll lDdcna
lru b.v. .oh.diq ro ofi.r Aho. rhc b.n.lit of Fll.cfl6ion
is nor
r*d.d fd f.ili4 sd.na. Ar .rmPl. of rh. .ei3rh of bving rn
f.llos. ln d. of rh.
Blurv. ooacl in *bcb .ll sd.nc MErdr.
rl-v \.ully
rturk!! d6.!s.d h@l
.t€ hor m.dftr
lapi
q.3
f.il'.8 . ll|$ lt
t nlt n go:p
bl.v i olt',hi.h
o .M
!.ldar dulud '. r Fround cnvFof&hE ns !!l. ncEb@!
16 .bo!r $. f*r {Er lm. tudds d'd. t hl|d o hoGra* :rd
tr n Enckd lb f.r dr dEy didll h.E &y .rtulr '' th.n hr. @
h.d r
md
$.o Tlro* kjd! lt. tunrly h.!d.d i! boE.wl
r'to
s
i!v6r.d
D
drjn!
e
$.r
lh.y
Frar s m.*
coopmoi*
Cn.LS E$lEd '5jr @nnd b,r d.rlit r @bl.
ro p.mipl., blt tLE {!.
hcbDsn
All lsdmc wc.:F.kd
td $d.n{ rd opr ou .fra Eant wnb rn rdBhBilo.
Tn. lmGy
{3 rhrr w wuld h:E I ds ?rod8 of $d6B op(i'3 oui. \|t:!
*l6.dwslhr!ofl,moito&.tinpbe
l.onlyM€drtrough
rh. f6.l
@r. of ogDg oui Tri is @BiGr wi.h r iw.y Bulr
rLr 3J,t of ro&.! eid d.t tb.y 6r.d b fi3u. od b@ b do
bda E sb6l A.lisirg a $a a. v.lrL fd h.lping o&rB
cmicu]!fr crtu d of ca..fu d!
O{ dcs6 b hE . f6j
rh.Fq@
I of
t pb.E l- w fdli rh.r, rd.u3b
Efr.d'.pb.s
wnn
rd!'e(
rbcy r* linl. colmro
$rL!6 6JoFd otu3
n r b
b.oa
.dvBing .nd .a&Eica Ou ,sl in r ccc
to CR.LSn M b6r
h.lp i'nrb arrkn r.r. I n@rb tu!tro
rh.y tad lor
rElHnodo
Dd r:d.nic spD.n. In oridod,
.rrhpl!. b l@.G k.y e6 r r!. hrSbshel- to !trd.dsd rh. 1016
of dllG i0 d. buildi.s. roDnd.rtud th. tu|., ed rolio.! Gsp.cirlly
rb. polri4 rb6!r .d.ndft.- sh@l udr.$, .rd gr.d!.ud (qun.
rnd o 8l fd tDppon frod
m*si. io b.!in ch.n'o! Elfrrcircs,
(*bd
o€d'
In.qd.oE rupron t oD9odlds to lqn.lteh!.
EFul rEftllg fd l4ping uDsrh rlE cl|s. ro F .n 'nrodu(io
qui.l
16no. E|dFm(
b d.Elop I loq-lsr pL[ ro !4d.
i! |}.tr l4idt
rlvlc rnd Ddorirlcffi
sbqsDk4.ndroidd
tb. cutcul@ t idally u..d $ tb. sfioldin! ro build r
id!.s.
..fu
.aing El.rd.hiD Ecow-m!
ln Nd'd! *nh r*h3:.I
ist A lor ol rb. .6icuhn
b.t b..n '6F r.d bytn n r.$8.tu1
cod.i from tugdioB rh.i uch6 :'i
L-
_l
I {dcd od rogc.hc.for.xampl., r cms ofon66rion., groupot
t6.h.G tigrcd ouI3clctr uyof do'd-q
on.idtion whil.dvinns.
rh.r, asr..d, "& yotr on.nr.dl- nr. .sd.nu r.li.d rhjr rh.y k'cq
rh.r rb.gs w.r leI.!. ]!B m.d lbr in y could cbn rb.tu.lv.s
f6m orc d!$ ro rlE ftxr. bu d.y d'd nd bav. r cl!? !bo!r th.
veous r.surc.s lba u{.:vailablc in rh..hel {..g.,Ta. Hca$
C.rk'. rd'ng rdice' So. 'h. r.rch.^ s, up r srn.. adqirg
ro lind our abour diltdnr r..
Eoups 'nrni.w.d $hel ts$m.l
3o!n.r. If ftc sb@l FrMd
rboqht rharrh. stud..6 hid Froocd
w[. tncn th.y vould siE rh.a advirlS mon y. In. 3tod.ns *ho
ft.d
rb. Don .dusidg doncy" p.E rh.D dlow.d ro 30 olr ro
lucb rrblb.n.dv,s
ft n n. vm clerql,of ldFng!p.ruE
r.lrtiodbip vft lby Mt! grd.n.
I yould $ggd rh.r. of rb. rdcb.6 vbo e .dvisdr, Fob€bty
l0e4 tu do rdvising h !b.i! 31..p Ho*.!d.lcltl. ro 40y!.f rc.cllss
e .wkwed urh novi.g lrcm tbctr rc|. oI b.i4 , rachd rd
daliv.rirg cdElr ro b.ing .n dusor. Oi. diig n cl.d ifid folt
y4r Sr!trdd.lopd.nt D..ds ro bc aorc inEnsiv?.dd individlrltzcd
for r.ichqs qbo bct claswh srnigcd.d slilh tut arc hdptul in
Ans *p?rib..ring ,irt r*cnl foEas nur ircludcd rftmon
e*sbops t.uing
i!$lF ionaL sp..rds bm orGid. rh. b4h
schml e. shiir.d ou fcus ro srv. advnoB uo..eb !..k b e..r
.nd inply GlL abod boB $.\ .o ibff souF CoEs.rtly, I rh
ry.ndirg m.r rih. obsing lb. grouDsTt. go.l n b ob*d. @b
of lb. :5 goups Nicc r yc.r !o 'd..!l .onn r. mr.gics L\:t work
qlh rb6 stud.nr p.pulauon.
w. w.rc $rp.icd rhd w did nor .llrvs fird rh. prcblch5 rbar
kach.6rnnopatd B?forctrn'! tb. prcsnd. hev advie6 *oF
rt.d ihr sadcnErould Evcalorcsh.ldirg 'n!md. d.dls abour
rhd hv.i (c.-q.jrbus. abdnD.t. \'hr Gll]' hrpp.tr.d e$ rhar
r.d.S6 sdc c.urtous.id d'd norshar ddilv. So.rh. noq coMon
prcbl.n for advn$ e$\
h ourpounn3of d€p. dalL $crcG bur
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rh. c6v6dioos i' .d{rng groopsm 6t',yd.y d.s@b *Fnm.
ro go ro coll.g., th.y do er alwryr o.k. $. cm..ion b.M.n brrd
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llt
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a . porctuial6o!rc. w. di.rp.rc ibd addas$g lb. rli.n.non ol
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morc cfr.di!. in d.r .ffons ro und.d.nd lod mM
sodhs.
'ft.rctort,
E dad..rry.fion
rhii yar io pan in .dvis*i wiih
rh..' bon.rcohsrud.n\ Innrfld.alopn
rrhii)d,I a qoAng
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ln dosing, I *afl E sh!rc . &vonG quorlor. Mrybc pd of !,y
inr.rn ii so*jng s$ rdol.s.ra B $ar I m iill o* n hcan rnd
I .n sirr r*hing for in. pdf..r ycadftk quorarion wilti.m Slon
Colfin (1993),ia 1 Pdsio" lt th. Po$tbl., Fit i "Hop. m.Ls !s
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pad*d sha E dl b. ooriMc, hnitu rln rcrl6 .lu& 4
Fd lil. d!i.A de in lh. add. hoF |M
r pald ar .n
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hrnd * k 6lt- | u @ 6r *t * olu !!. @i!]d
b Fvidin! 6?tdei.i6 fd chiLlra &d i! oy ou o.ll Fy I
e ryq b dad iha !M@
u .t rh6lr lri.da.t,h!
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bc.q tna. d. t d! & n 6. bd rlr. @do D'td'(
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Dclai\ L. (t99a), ott! Pqt. t chtt,r: Clttutu| Co^llicttt t^.
Cl@@'. N.* Y.&: N.w PE$
Eal6. r. S.,Mjdgla,,C., Wi8li.ld.4,. Buch@ C. M. e R.ua
D. (1993), D"v.lopo6i dqin3 dol*he
,ara Pr€ror,
f.kn 4S.&ElliocG.&,.4(l99t),rr'tv,ltBt
td:,r. DN|
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1r. PN 4 rt ,r //-r. Bdd: 846 PEs.
S.!u..!, E. ( l9a3} Ps,rtdld+y oa.!. FFho5 r! . sr bofiElDir La. Jrr. lClos-l I I
Slo4 Co64 w. ( 194:),,r Pdr6 /q ft Pos'!L. Louril., KY.
Wloirff/tohr
Xd P'rs.
Srindl.r. C. & Spiodl6,L .d. (lgtll, D.t g.\. Eh^q/rph,v ol
k ooli^z Elrrutio,ol a.t^'.pttog x rcioi PFrFcr ll.gb6.
*tt lhool ^{on A6
St in!.t9, L. {1996),R..n A i. ct6n6:
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F.ihl
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vois en!
Tftfor. r. GilrEu, C. & Sulim, ^. \n45), tM
Silw. FM .rl Oirlt, tM .rn re.l,@rrrq. CebridF. M-{:
HFln Ud6ia Pr6
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