{ { '( %& $!"#" FIGGZG FZCI \GMN[FG \GIKM[ :OKENKC \GNNT\F IGGJ-\GMGZB KPGBNF [VRF \GBKZC ZYSP OKBXPP SGZD HZG CCN YIXK ,ND ETND TEKP USBR OZJ NBZ[KC .\GZCIG \GKGCZ\ QKC FR\[P OKENKC \GNNT\F N[ F\GIKM[ OKRKKVBPF \B ZB\NG FTVG\F \GIKM[ \B FNKI\ TGCYN [K ,QMN .FH B[GRC KDGNGKPEKVB OZGD FGGFP OKENKC \GNNT\F[ ZIBP ,USGRC .OFK\GIV[PG OKTDVRF N[ OKKVZDGPE-GKXGSF QKCN \KRKPG \KRVGD \GNNT\F QKC Z[YF \B QGICN CG[I ,\GZDCC \KZJBKMKSV FBGNI\N QGMKS .\K[VR FYGXPG (FEZIG QGBMKE) \GKZJBKMKSV \GTZVF NNM ZYSF .(N=4,859) KPNGTF \GBKZCF ZYS N[ KNBZ[KF CKMZF LG\P GVSBR OKRG\RF KV NT GZEDGF \KRKPG \KRVGD \GNNT\F .OFK\GIV[PG OKRKKBGZPF N[ TYZ KRKKVBP NT CZ TEKP GRICGB FEZIG QGBMKE \GTZVF .FRG[BZN GTZKB GC[ NKDFG O\G[IZ\F KCDN \GZK[K \GNB[ FYGXP ,(CIDI) Composite International Diagnostic Instrument FRCGP KRKNY QGNB[ \ZHTC .(GHQ-12) General Health Questionnaire QGNB[ \GTXPBC FEEPR \K[DZ NT GIGGKE[ OKRKKBGZP CZYC QGBMKEN ZCDGP QGMKS N[ GPGKY \B FBZF KR\[P-CZ IG\KR N[ LPS IGGZ ,(odds ratio OR=1.7 CNGX SIK) 13 NKD KRVN (n=305) \KRVGD GB \KRKP \GNNT\F N[ FPGKY NT FTV[FC \eENKC \GNNT\F QKCN QKP QKC FKXYBZJRKB FBXPR .(2.4 1.2 95% NT GIGGKE[ OKRKKBGZP NXB ,USGRC .(7.6 1.4 95% N[ LPS IGGZ ,OR=3.2) FEZI \TZVF QGBMKE \GXZV\F NKD BXPR ,\GNNT\F NT GIGGKE BN[ OKRKKBGZPN FBGG[FC ,\eENKC \GNNT\F .FFGCD \K[DZ FYGXPG ,LGPR ,OKRNVZT NGZJ]R ZIBN ,BXPR \ZDGCF \KNBZ[K-\KEGFKF FKKSGNMGBF N[ DXKKP ODEPC QGBMKE \GTZVFN K\GTP[P QGMKS OZGD FGGFP \eENKC \KRVGD GB \KRKP \GNNT\FN FVK[I[ \KCKJYVB \K\MZTP \GCZT\FC LZGXF \B OKYHIP FNB OKBXPP .OKZDGCF OKKIC FEZIG .OKENKC \GNNT\F \TKRPN { { FYGXP ,FEZIG QGBMKE \GTZVF ,\KZJBKMKSV FKDGNGKPEKVB ,OKENKC \GNNT\F :I\VP \GNKP \KDGNGMKSV World Health Organization 359 #!!""& $ )#!!""& $ )'!""& $ BGCP UNICEF, 1989 * * *#& + Chapman, Whitfield, Felitti, Dube, Edwards, & Anda, 2004; Duncan & Lubin, 1996; Kessler, Davis, & Kendler, 1997; MacMillan et al., 2001; Molnar, Buka, & Kessler, 2001; Mullen, Martin, Anderson, Romans, Drossman, Talley, & Herbison, 1996; Stein & Barrett-Connor, 2000 Leserman, Olden, & Barreiro, 1995; Leserman, Li, Drossman, Toomey, Nachman, & Glogau, 1997; Sachs-Ericsson, Blazer, Plant, & Arnow, 2005; Sachs-Ericsson, Kendall-Tackett, & Hernandez, 2007; Talley, Fett, & Zinsmeister, 1995 MacMillan N=7,016 , - et al., 2001 Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) - , , #. N=5,877 Molnar et al., 2001 CIDI , N=9,460 #. Chapman et al., 2004 Chapman et al., 2004 360 0 , $ Widom, 1999; Widom, DuMont, & Czaja, 2007 , Widom, 1999 PTSD Widom, et al., 2007 - Osofsky, 1995; Pynoos, 1993 % - Kendall-Tackett, Williams, & Finkelhor, 1993 Kaukinen & DeMaris, 2005 - , / - - Chapman et al., 2004 McLeod, - 1991 Turner & Lloyd, 2004 , - , - Kessler & Ustun, 2008 361 - ZYIPF ZYIPF \JK[ !., World Health Organization Ð WHO Levinson, Levav, Bin Nun, & Polakiewicz, 2007; Levinson, Paltiel, Nir, & Makovki, 2007 !# !"" !"" / $ (, / '1 .%& '#1, ..1 { . . . ZYIPF KR\[P OKKVZDGPE-GKXGS OKJZV CIDI \K\RICB FMZTF Kessler & DSM-IV, ICD-10 # $ Ustun, 2004; Levinson et al., 2007 GAD 0 + 0 ! )PTSD , + 362 0 , $ DSM-IV 3* \GXZV\F NKD *4 General Health Questionnaire \K[DZ FYGXP . #! #! GHQ-12 ".. { \GKNKN[ \GKGGIN FVK[I !( \GNNT\FN FVK[I - * ! )*4 * # $ *4 5 * $ *4 $ #' # # - * * \GZIB \GKNKN[ \GKGGI Shrout, Link, Dohrenwend, Skodol, Stueve, & # $ Mirotznik, 1989 $ ! ) $ 3 { 363 # $ )#. ! )#. ! Haj-Yahia & Tamish, 2001; Shalhoub-Kevorkian, 2005 / "&1 n=3,849 OKRG\RF EGCKT SAS survey design analysis SAS Inc. 9.1.3 odds-ratios, ORs , , confidence intervals, CIs &%1 #" &%1 , #" adjusted - p<0.1 GHQ-12 - $ 5 GHQ-12 364 0 , $ ! - OKBXPP - # &'1 - (1 - / '1 ( "", - #""."", - .!."", #. #"'1 " 1 %"1 %%1, #. #% "1 OKZGTRF GB \eENKF KBNKDC \KRVGDG \KRKP \GNNT\FN FVK[IF KREPGB :1 IGN n=3,978 SE1 !# " n=1,955 1 SE1 !# " "! n=2,023 1 SE1 1 #% "& "% "% & ! - " "" " "# " " " " "# !. "! - " " (# !# "% "! ( "& "( " '% ! - Standard 365 Error { SE1 \KRKP \GNNT\F QKCN TYZ KRKKVBP QKC Z[YF - ! ×2=26.0, df=2, - p<0.001 - ×2=21.6, df=4, p<0.001 #( OKZGTRC GB \eENKC \KRVGD GB \KRKP \GNNT\FN FVK[IF \GIKM[ :2 IGN OKK\IV[PG OKK[KB OKRKKVBP KVN - (n=99) p=0.06 p=0.14 # ( !' "' p=0.052 (n=70) - (n=121) # # ". !# !' # ! ! % !" % . (& ((# #(.! # ' 3 !% ## !" #&&" #' % !. / #( & #( # &# p<0.001* !! p<0.001* p=0.7 #. ! ! %. p=0.08 p=0.16 !( %' n #. 6 366 0 , $ ! - (n=99) p=0.10 P<0.001* !& !" - (n=70) (n=121) #! # !. !! !' n #( ('' #%"! #%#% 6 \KRVGD \GNNT\F QKCN TYZ KRKKVBP QKC Z[YF - #( ! ×2=15.8, df=1, p<0.001 ×2=3.77, df=1, p=0.052 / - ×2=9.06, df=4, p=0.059 - - ×2=3.07, df=1, p=0.08 #( FEZIG QGBMKE \GTZVF QKCN KF[NM \GNNT\F QKC Z[Y Q G B M KE #"#1 #(%1 !"#1 - OR=2.2, 95% CI 1.5±3.0 - OR=1.7, 95% 0.9±3.1 OR=1.1, 95% - CI 0.6±2.3 - , OR=1.7, 95% CI 1.2±2.4 367 24.9+1.0 - 31.9+0.7 27.8+2.0 F=7.02, df=2, 406, p=0.001 FEZI ( 1 #(1 - %!1 OR=2.8, 95% CI 1.8±4.4 - OR=1.2, 95% CI 0.5±3.1 - OR=3.0, 95% CI 1.3±7.1 , OR=3.2, 95% CI 1.4±7.6 - - - #%'1 - )%1 ##!1 - )(&1 27.3+6.7 28.4+1.9 - 34.0+1.0 F=1.84, df=2, 186, p=0.16 \K[DZ FYGXP QKCN KF[NM \GNNT\F QKC Z[YF - GHQ-12 19.5+0.7 21.2+0.5 18.4+0.1 F=6.47, df=2,3708, p=0.001 GHQ-12 368 0 , $ # OKZGTRC GB \eENKC KF[NM \GNNT\F QKC Z[YF IG\KR KBXPP :3 IGN \PBG\P \KJSKDGN FKSZDZ \GTXPBC \GZDCC FEZIG QGBMKE \GTZVF QKCN 95% CI3 { { ".& !. "( !(. OR2 #%& "&. 95% CI3 OR2 ##% ! # "(& !%. { { #(( # { "(. - { "' "'" "%# "%% ".% { { "(' #!% 3 3 3 { { ##!{#.. #!!{!"% #'% #(! "%# ".. "&# #' #!% ! ( ##% !!' ##" #&& { # . { !" #' '%' #%# #%. - - 6 # Odds Ratio 0 OR ! Confidence Interval 0 CI QGKE - - 369 - - $ - - MacMillan et al., 2001 Molnar et al., 2001 , - - - , Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995 - , Kendall- , Tackett et al., 1993 McCoy & Keen, 2009 #, ' Eisenberg, 1995, 1996 370 0 , $ - , - Lemieux & Coe, 1995 CRF - HPA-axis , , Mathew, Price, & Charney, 2008 NR3C1 - - / McGowan et al., 2009 Reichardt, Tronche, Bauer, & Schutz, 2000 HPA Bradley HPA et al., 2008; Heim & Nemeroff, 2001 NR3C1 Weaver et al., 2004 Weiss, Longhurst, & Mazure, 1999 - + Caspi et al., 2003 - Gershon, Minor, & Hayward, 2008 - , WHO World Mental Health Survey Consortium, 2004 5 - - McCauley et al., 1997 - 371 - - , Maughan & Rutter, 1997; Widom & Morris, 1997; Williams, 1994 Fergusson, Kendler, Bulik, Silberg, Horwood, & Woodward, 2000 Hettema, Myers, & Prescott, 2000 - - - Kendler et al., 2000 # ## - - .1 - , , - 372 0 , $ \GZGYP Bradley, R. G., Binder, E. B., Epstein, M. P., Tang, Y., Nair, H. P., Liu, W., Gillespie, C. 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