Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Table of Contents
Keynote Session / Wednesday. Aug. 31
¾ Chair Persons : Dr. D.I. Kang, Prof. Shigeru Kurosu
Remote Calibrations of Mass, Force, and Pressure Standards - Present and Future
09:30 – 10:00
Kozo Iizuka, JAMP, Japan ························································································· 1
The Redefinition of the Kilogram What, Why, How and When
10:00 – 10:30
Stuart Davidson, NPL, UK ························································································ 2
30-year Progress of Mass and Force Metrology in Korea
10:30 – 11:00
Woo Gab Lee, KRISS, Korea ····················································································· 3
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Technical Session 1 / Wednesday. Aug. 31
Force I
¾ Chair Persons : Dr. John Man, Dr. Y.K. Park
11:30 – 11:50
11:50 – 12:10
12:10 - 12:30
Mass I
The Status of Traceability and Dissemination of Force in China
Zhang Zhimin, NIM, China ······················································································· 6
Establishment of Force Standards up to 4.5 MN based on a Build-up System at
NMIA
John Man, NMIA, Australia ······················································································ 7
Improvement of Force Standard Machine with Automatic Rotation Equipment
Toshiyuki Hayashi, Yoshihisa Katase, Hiroshi Maejima, Yukio Yamaguchi,
Kazunaga Ueda, Masao Ueno, NMIJ, Japan ··························································· 8
¾ Chair Persons : Mrs. Kitty Fen, Dr. J.W.Chung
13:50 – 14:10
14:10 – 14:30
14:30 – 14:50
14:50 – 15:10
15:10 – 15:30
Experimental Study of Mass Changes of High Quality Weights under Various
Environmental Conditions
K. Fen, E.C. Morris, X. Jiang, NMIA, Australia ······················································· 9
Measurement of adsorption density of weights using BA
Woo Gab Lee, Jin Wan Chung, Kwang Pyo Kim, KRISS, Korea ···························· 10
Traveling Mass Standards for the CCM Key Comparison
Masaaki Ueki, Shigeki Mizushima, Jian-Xin Sun, Kazunaga Ueda, Akira Ooiwa,
NMIJ, Japan ············································································································· 11
Simulation of Bulk Material Weighing System Based on the Optimum Control
Feng Ruidong, Wang Xiang, Tang Yu, NIM, China ·················································12
Innovative Automated Mass Comparator a5, a100, a1000
Suda Shunichi, Pascal Desponds, Arthur Reichmuth, Mettler-Toledo, Japan ········ 13
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Force Ⅱ
16:00 – 16:20
16:20 – 16:40
16:40 – 17:00
17:00 – 17:20
17:20 – 17:40
¾ Chair Persons : Prof. Zhang Yue, Dr. Koji Ohgushi
Characterizing Atomic Force Microscope Cantilevers Using a Precision Balance
Min-Seok Kim, In-Mook Choi, Yon-Kyu Park, Jae-Hyuk Choi, Jong-Ho Kim, KRISS,
Korea ······················································································································· 14
Improvement of Polymer Micro Cantilevers for Force Controlled Atomic Force
Microscope
Nobuhiro Kato, Isao Kohno, Hisao Kikuta, Kinki Univ., Japan ····························· 15
Magnetic Flux Quantum as a Sub-pico-Newton Weight
Jae-Hyuk Choi, Mahn-Soo Choi, Min-Seok Kim, Yon-Kyu Park, KRISS, Korea ·····16
A New Digital Servo Control System for Hydraulic Force Standard Machine
Hu Gang, Li Zhenmin, NIM, China ········································································· 17
Measurement of Shear Modulus using Heavy Loaded Torsion Strip Pendulum
Jeah-Sheng Wu, Sheau-Shi Pan, Chi-Sheng Chang, Chin-Fen Duan, CMS-ITRI,
Taiwan ····················································································································· 18
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Technical Session 2 / Thursday. Sept. 1
Mass II
¾ Chair Persons : Dr. W.G. Lee, Ms. Yao Hong
09:00 – 09:20
09:20 – 09:40
09:40 – 10:00
10:00 – 10:20
Torque & Density
10:50 – 11:10
11:10 – 11:30
11:30 – 11:50
11:50 – 12:10
12:10 – 12:30
Study and Measurement for Susceptometer Between NIM and NIMTT
Yao Hong, Ding Jing’an, Zeng Bo, NIM, China ····················································· 21
Length Measurement on Belt Conveyor by Image Processing
Shohei Ojima, Takanori Yamazaki, Hideo Ohnishi, Masaaki Kobayashi, Shigeru
Kurosu, Nagaoka Univ., Japan ················································································ 22
Analysis on Nonlinearity of a Strain Gaged Load Cell
Qian Xueping, Mettler-Toledo, China ····································································· 23
Study on the Result of Proficiency Testing using 1 kg and 50 g Weights in Korea
Sung Ho Yoo, Min-Soo Lee, In Sik Lee, Jin-Wan Chung, KTL, Korea ··················· 24
¾ Mr. K.H. Chang, Mr. Kazunaga Ueda
International Comparison of Torque Standards between the National Metrology
Institute of Japan (NMIJ) and Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science
(KRISS)
Koji Ohgushi, Takashi Ota, Kazunaga Ueda, Yon-Kyu Park, Min-Seok Kim, NMIJ,
Japan ························································································································ 25
Portable on-site calibration device for torque transducer
Chen YongPei, Yan KangPing, Liu ShanJian, Lin Jing, SMERI, China ················· 26
Using Negative Step, Sine, Shock Excitation to Measure and Test the Dynamic
Characteristics of torque Transducer
Li Tao, Shang WeiLu, Wang Yan, Liu Zhong, Dai Ming, SMERI, China ················ 27
Hydrostatic Weighing Apparatus using Loading Plate for Density Measurement of 1
g to 1 kg Weights
Kyung-Ho Chang, Yong-Jae Lee, Sang-Duk Jung, KRISS, Korea ·························· 28
Calibration of Hydrometer by Hydrostatic Weighing System at Density Laboratory,
NML-SIRIM
Mohd FazrulHisyam b.Mohd Nor, Hafidzah Othman, Md Nor Md Chik, NMLSIRIM, Malaysia ······································································································ 29
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Force III
16:00 – 16:20
16:20 – 16:40
16:40 – 17:00
17:00 – 17:20
¾ Dr. Nobuhiro Kato, Mrs. Zhang Zhimin
Fabrication of a Tactile Sensor Based on Triaxial Force Sensor and Thermal Sensor
and its Evaluation
Jong-Ho Kim, Hyu-Sang Kwon, Woo-Chang Choi, Jeong-Il Lee, Dae-Im Kang,
KRISS, Korea ··········································································································· 30
The New 5 kN Dead-Weight Machine at NIS
A. Abu-Sinna, A. E. El-Sayed, A. Abu El-Ezz , A. H. Darwish, NIS, Egypt ············· 31
Practical Creep and Hysteresis Error Compensation Method for Load Cell
Makoto Makabe, Toru Kohashi, Yamato Scale, Japan············································· 32
Measurement of In-vivo Friction Coefficients and Viscoelastic Properties of Human
Skin by using Multi-Components Load-cell
Y.H. Kwon, H.J. Kwon, D.I. Kang, J.H. Kim, Kyunghee Univ., Korea ··················· 33
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Poster Session / Thursday. Sept. 1. 13:50 ~ 16:00
MASS
Effect of Aluminum on Creep and Creep TC
Xu XiaoYi (Anna Xu), Mettler-Toledo, China··························································· 36
An Intelligent Dispersive Weighing System with Internet Technology
Dai Feng, Mettler-Toledo, China············································································· 37
Calibration of Mass as Thailand’s National Standard
Veera Tulasombut, Rungsiya Sukhon Wirun Laopornpichayanuwat, Monchai
Mitaree, Tosapon Pangviwate, NIMT, Thailand······················································ 38
Study on the Measurement Uncertainty of 1 kg Weight
Sung-Ho Yoo, Min-Soo Lee, Jae-hoon Choi, Hyun-soo Lee, Jin-Wan Chung, KTL,
Korea························································································································· 39
Portable Weighing Truck Scales – The Actual Stage and Further Prospects in
Taiwan
Dan-Mihai Stefanescu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Chi-Tan Chen, Jiong-Shiun Hsu, Yu-Yi
Su, CMS-ITRI, Taiwan ····························································································· 40
Tendency of JCSS (Japan Calibration Service System)
Yoshikazu Watabe, Mettler-Toledo, Japan ······························································ 41
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
FORCE
International Comparison of Force Standards Between Korea Research Institute of
Standards and Science (KRISS) and the National Metrology Institute of Japan
(NMIJ)
Yon-Kyu Park, Hou-Keun Song, Dae-Im Kang, Toshiyuki Hayashi, Hiroshi
Maejima, Yoshihisa Katase, Yukio Yamaguchi, Kazunaga Uedam KRISS, Korea
··································································································································· 42
Development of the Calibration System for the Portable Axle Load Weighers
Jae-Taek Moon, Kun-Woong Oh, Sang-Koo Lee, Chan-Heung Chung, Byung-Woo
Lee, KTL, Korea ······································································································· 43
Active Probe Development for Force Measurement in Nano-Newton Scale
In-Mook Choi, Jong-Ho Kim, Min-Seok Kim, Sam-Yong Woo, KRISS, Korea ······· 44
Design of a Flexible Tactile Sensor based on Polymer Micromachining and its
Fabrication
Jeong-Il Lee, Jong-Ho Kim, Woo-Chang Choi, Yon-Kyu Park, Dae-Im Kang, KRISS,
Korea························································································································ 45
Statistical Control of a Force Instrument Calibration Process
Gwo-Jen Wu, Hsin-Tse Lee, Chi-Sheng Chang, CMS-ITRI, Taiwan ······················ 46
Deformation Analysis of Low-capacity Torque Sensors
Jin-Won Joo, Dae-Im Kang, Young-Ha Kwon, Chungbuk Natl. Univ., Korea ······· 47
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
TORQUE
Study on Uncertainty Evaluation of Dial Type Torque Wrenches
Jung-Woo Joo, Chan-Heung Chung, In-Sik Lee, Jung-Tae Lee, KTL, Korea ········· 48
DENSITY, GRAVITY, VACUUM, fMRI
Gravity Observations at the Calibration Laboratories in Korea
S.Y. Woo, Y.J. Lee, I.M .Choi, B.S. Kim, KRISS, Korea ·········································· 49
Electron Stimulated Desorption of H+ Ions Physisorbed on Rare Gas Solid and Cu
Surface
M. Shoaib, S. S. Hong, Y. H. Shin, K. H. Chung, I. Arakawa, PVS, Pakistan ········· 50
Representations of Two Neighbor Fingers in the Brain by Tactile Stimulation: An
fMRI Study
Ji-A Suk, Jin-Sup Eom, Dae-Im Kang, Yon-Kyu Park, Jin-Hun Sohn, Chungnam Natl.
Univ., Korea ············································································································· 51
Analysis of Finger Movement using Accelerometer
Su Min LEE, Jong Ho KIM, Dae Im KANG, Young Ha KWON, Masayoshi KAMIJO,
Yoshio SHIMIZU, KRISS, Korea ············································································· 52
New Volume Measurement for the Density Determination of Weights using a Gas
Pycnometer
Yong Jae Lee,Kyung-Ho Chang, Chae-Youn Oh, Sang-Duk Jung, Sam-Yong Woo,
KRISS, Korea ··········································································································· 53
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Keynote Lectures /
Wednesday. Aug. 31
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Remote Calibrations of Mass, Force and Pressure Standards
- Present and Future Kozo Iizuka,
Japan Association for Metrology Promotion
ABSTRACT
Calibrations of working standards and measuring instruments are usually made by transporting them to
the calibration laboratory where standards and calibrating facilities are installed. Alternatively, they
may be calibrated in situ by bringing transfer standards to the site where they are in use. If the
transportation of the standards or measuring instruments is difficult, only the latter method is available.
It is a common practise for such big instruments as material testing machines. By taking the advantage
of the development of communication technology and to eliminate the trouble of transportation of
artifacts, remote calibrations based on the intrinsic standards have been developed by some metrological
institutes. In this paper, the efforts for the remote calibration is reviewed first and then the problems
encountered in realizing the remote system is discussed by referring the present calibration system of uniaxial testing machines which is under the development in the author’s association.
Keywords: Remote Calibration, Transfer standards, Force Standards, Testing machines, certification
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
The redefinition of the kilogram – what, why, how and when
Stuart Davidson, Mass Group, Division of Engineering and Process Control, National
Physical Laboratory, UK
ABSTRACT
The kilogram is the last of the seven base SI units to be defined in terms of an artefact rather than with
relation to a fundamental physical constant. This presents a unique set of problems to do with the stability
of the artefact itself and with the dissemination of the unit of mass. Additionally the SI units of the
ampere, the mole and the candela rely on traceability to the kilogram for their realisation. For over two
decades scientists at NMIs around the world have been investigating potential methods for re-defining the
kilogram in terms of fundamental constants. The theory behind these methods of re-definition is relatively
straightforward; the problem comes with the practical realisation of a useable unit of mass. The theory
behind and progress of the three main methods; the Avogadro project, the Watt balance and the ion
accumulation method has been reviewed. Recent meetings of the Consultative Committees for Mass
(CCM) and for SI Units (CCU) have made recommendations for the level of accuracy which must be
achieved and proposed a timescale for the redefinition of the kilogram. These proposals are discussed.
Keywords: kilogram, standard, redefinition
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
30-year Progress of Mass and Force Metrology in Korea
Woo Gab Lee, KRISS, Korea
ABSTRACT
Even though mass and force metrology has had big impacts on Korean technology, economy and society
since long time ago, significant historical jump has been initiated after KRISS was born in 1975. In this
presentation historical strides of mass and force metrology are reviewed with newly introduced or
developed prototypes, standard machines and with research topics grouped by decade year span since
1980. The leading laboratories such as NIST, PTB, NMIJ, LNE and BIPM have been helping KRISS to
reach present status, while KRISS has also been sharing experiences with the APMP DEC’s.
Mass and force standard dissemination by KRISS and KOLAS calibration centers to industry has been so
vigorous that technological infrastructure has been successfully settled up for companies such as
Hyundai Motor Co. and POSCO to become global companies. Benefit to cost analysis was evaluated by
the BearingPoint Co. The result indicated that the benefit to cost ratio in mass and force fields in years
from 1990 to 2003 is 2.7, which implies that the metrological contribution by mass and force metrology
has been successful and to be continued for further contribution.
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Technical Sessions 1 /
Wednesday. Aug. 31
39
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
The status of traceability and dissemination of force in China
Zhang Zhimin
National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, P.R.China
ABSTRACT
This paper introduces the status of traceability and dissemination of force in China, and describes national
primary force standard machines、the different type of force standard machines and force measuring
devices as transfer standard. The force intercomparisons between China and other countries are also
introduced in this paper.
Keywords: force standard machine, force measuring devices, transfer standard, comparison, uncertainty
40
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Establishment of force standards up to 4.5 MN based on a
build-up system at NMIA
John Man
Mass and Related Quantities Group, Physical Metrology Branch, NMI, Australia
ABSTRACT
Two force standards of 1.5 MN and 4.5 MN capabilities have been developed based on build-up systems
for calibration of force transducers in a hydraulic force machine, at the National Measurement Institute,
Australia (NMIA). The 1.5 MN build-up system has an assembly of three force transducers, each of 500
kN capacity. Each force transducer has been calibrated in the 550 kN dead-weight force machine
maintained at NMIA. The force transducers are arranged in parallel, and their force output signals which
when read serially and summed, provide an estimate of the applied force to the instrument being
calibrated in the hydraulic force machine. The 1.5 MN build-up system was used to calibrate three 1.5
MN force transducers which are assembled in parallel to form a 4.5 MN build-up system. This paper
presents the characteristics of these two build-up systems and gives an analysis of the uncertainty
associated with the forces generated by each system.
Keywords: Measurement; Force Standards; Build-up systems; uncertainty; force transducer; force
machine
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Improvement of Force Standard Machine with
Automatic Rotation Equipment
Toshiyuki Hayashi1, Yoshihisa Katase1, Hiroshi Maejima1, Yukio Yamaguchi1,
Kazunaga Ueda1, and Masao Ueno2
1
Mass and Force Standards Section, Mechanical Metrology Division, NMIJ, Japan
2
Production Department, Tokyokoki Seizosho LTD., Japan
ABSTRACT
Automatic rotation equipment has been developed for the National Metrology Institute of Japan’s
(NMIJ’s) 54 kN dead weight type force standard machine (DWM). The calibration sequence for the
force transducer includes setting up the force transducer, increasing and decreasing the force, keeping
time, recording data, rotating the transducer between calibration cycles, and readjusting the horizontal
position of the transducer with respect to the DWM loading frame. A previous paper has reported the
automation of the processes for increasing and decreasing the force, keeping time and recording data in a
certain rotational position1. This paper expands the automatic rotation equipment to allow for the
automation of rotation and readjusting processes. The additional equipment consists of X, Y and θ
tables driven by three stepping motors, and four distance sensors. The X and Y tables readjust the
horizontal position of the force transducer with respect to the DWM loading frame, and the θ table
rotates the force transducer along the vertical axis. The working efficiency of the calibration was
improved by the development of this equipment.
Keywords: Automation, Dead weight type force standard machine, Rotation, Readjustment
Experimental Study of Mass Changes of High Quality
Weights under Various Environmental Conditions
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
K. Fen , E.C. Morris, X Jiang
Mass & Related Quantities, Physical Metrology, NMI, Australia
ABSTRACT
In the period of 1995 to 1997, mass changes were observed in the standards used for comparisons
between the National Measurement Institute, Australia (NMIA) and other laboratories in the South-East
Asia region. Consequently, an experimental study of possible factors leading to such mass changes was
started in 2003. Two one-kilogram weights used for the comparisons and two sets of weights (100mg to
1kg) were chosen for the first round of the study1.
The weights were placed in a specially adapted environmental chamber in which the air pressure,
temperature and humidity could be controlled. Conditions which could occur in a plane’s cargo hold, a
road vehicle or a warehouse were thus simulated. Also, one of the sets was sent to Darwin in Australia
and to Hanoi in Vietnam. Measurements were made before and after these journeys and no ambiguous
mass change was observed in this first round, though some weights showed changes comparable to the
uncertainties estimated.
A second round of study, begun in late 2004, involved eight pairs of weights chosen from the two sets of
weights used in the first round. Only one weight from each pair was subjected to the test conditions, the
other being used as a reference. In this paper, the results of these experiments are presented.
During the course of the study, two one-kilogram standard weights, which were used for the
intercomparisons during 1995 to 1997 that first alerted us to these problems, also underwent tests similar
to phase 1 and phase 2. Results of these experiments are also shown in this paper.
keywords: mass, comparison, transit, transfer standard, weight
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Measurement of adsorption density of weights using BA
Woo Gab Lee, Jin Wan Chung and Kwang Pyo Kim
Mass and Force Group, Division of Physical Metrology, KRISS, Korea
ABSTRACT
The initial conception to measure the adsorption density from the air density drift was not successful. The
measurement with the hollow type weight produced results which could not be understood, so further
study is necessary. The result comparison of the adsorption density among the NMIs still show big
difference, which indicates that further study should be continued considering the importance of the
experiment for the redefinition of kilogram. The air temperature in the experimental room is to be
controlled with less drift band.
Keywords: Adsorption density, buoyancy, mass standard
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Traveling Mass Standards for the CCM Key Comparison
Masaaki Ueki1, Shigeki Mizushima1, Jian-Xin Sun1, Kazunaga Ueda1 and Akira Ooiwa1
1
Mechanical Metrology Division, NMIJ /AIST, Japan
ABSTRACT
The CCM key comparison in the mass range of 200 mg to 2 kg has been started in 2002 with the National
Metrology Institute of Japan /AIST (NMIJ/AIST) as pilot laboratory. The NMIJ/AIST purchased five sets
of ten mass standards with nominal values of 200 mg, 1 g, 50 g, 200 g and 2 kg. The standards from 1 g
to 2 kg, made of austenitic stainless steel, have a cylindrical shape according to OIML R111, and consist
of a single piece without any adjusting cavity. The density, the magnetic properties and the mass of all
standards, except the density of the 200 mg standards, have been estimated at the NMIJ/AIST. This paper
reports the features of the traveling mass standards and the methods used for the characteristics
evaluation.
Keywords: Mass Standard, CCM Key Comparison, Characteristics evaluation
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Simulation of Bulk Materials Weighing System
Based on The Optimum Control
Feng Ruidong, WangXiang, TangYu
Mass and Weighing Lab., Mechanical Division, NIM, China
ABSTRACT
The weighing system discussed is used for automatic weighing of bulk materials, by which the bulk
materials are separately loaded according to a specified weight. A predictive control algorithm, not like
simple PID, is developed on the basis on mixed logical dynamic system and used in bulk weighing
system. High-accuracy and high-efficiency control can be achieved by applying of the presented
algorithm to the weighing system. We can use the general math tool MATLAB to simulate the model to
obtain the control results and data, and by analyzing and adjusting some system parameters to obtain
different data from which we can choose one as suitable set of parameter as what we need. The simulation
data show the work efficiency and metrology accuracy can be improved by the use of that kind of
optimum method. The purpose of this paper is to make use of a new kind of method to research bulk
weighing system like hopper scale in order to improve its work efficiency and accuracy as soon as
possible.
Keywords: Bulk weighing system, mixed logical dynamic system, optimum control
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Innovative Automated Mass Comparator a5, a100,a1000
Suda Shunichi*, Pascal Desponds**, Arthur Reichmuth**
*Mettler Toledo K.K, **Mettler Toledo GmbH
ABSTRACT
Presently, mass comparisons and weight set disseminations are carried out on traditional comparators
with or without turntables, a process that is either carried out totally manually, or at least requires frequent
manual interventions. Recently, a new generation of automatic comparators has become available, whose
strength lies in routine calibration of weight sets of class OIML E1 and E2, or equivalent. The members
of this comparator line are currently available with capacities of 5g, 100g and 1kg, featuring resolutions
of 0.1μg, 1μg and 10μg, respectively.
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Characterizing Atomic Force Microscope Cantilevers Using a
Precision Balance
Min-Seok Kim, In-Mook Choi, Yon-Kyu Park, Jae-Hyuk Choi, Jong-Ho Kim
Mass and Force Group, Division of Physical Metrology, KRISS, Korea
ABSTRACT
Motivated by emerging needs of accurate force measurements in nanotechnology and biotechnology
areas, more than a dozen calibration methods have been suggested. In this paper, we present a new
calibration system, ‘Nano Force Calibrator (NFC)’, in which a precision balance is involved, and
calibration results of two types of AFM cantilevers using the NFC system. The NFC system shows good
reproducibility of calibration results with less than 0.7 %. The calibration results tell us that the spring
constants of AFM cantilevers differ from the nominal value specified by manufacturers (up to 240 %).
Also, they are not quite equal to each other even if they are fabricated from same wafer. On the contrary,
in case of the reference levers used for calibrating other AFM cantilevers, the deviations of spring
constants from nominal value are relatively low (up to 7.5 %).
Keywords: Atomic force microscope (AFM), cantilever, calibration, balance, spring-constant
48
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Improvement of polymer micro cantilevers
for force controlled atomic force microscope
Nobuhiro Kato1, Isao Kohno1, and Hisao Kikuta2
1
School of Biology Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Japan
2
Graduate school of Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
ABSTRACT
We report on the improvement in the fabrication process of the polymer micro cantilevers for force
controlled atomic force microscope. In the previous paper we reported on the preliminary results of
fabrication of the micro cantilevers using SU-8, the photo resist for MEMS. The problem in conventional
fabrication process are the probe tip mold failure, mask sticking and time consuming dissolving process
of sacrifice layer. To overcome these difficulties we improved mask pattern for probe tip, cantilever and
base. The mask pattern for probe tip is changed form square to circle. Using several sizes of circles we
estimate the effect of under cut of anisotropic etching by TMAH. The mask sticking is eliminated by
refined heat treatment after the soft baking process. To accelerate the sacrifice layer etching, the base and
cantilever mask pattern is perforated. The sacrifice layer material is also changed. We find that the 0.6 μm
thick gold on 30nm thick chromium is the appropriate material for sacrifice layer. Using this alternative
process, we developed the fully plastic micro cantilevers with good probe reproducibility.
Keywords: Atomic force microscopy, cantilever, fabrication process, anisotropic etching
49
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Magnetic Flux Quantum as a Sub-pico-Newton Weight
Jae-Hyuk Choi1, Mahn-Soo Choi2, Min-Seok Kim1, Yon-Kyu Park1
1
Mass and Force Group, Division of Physical Metrology, KRISS, Korea
2
Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
ABSTRACT
We suggest flux quantum-based force realization in the sub-pico-Newton range. By controlling the
number of flux quantum in a superconducting ring, a force can be created as an integer multiple of a
constant force step. For a 70 nm-thick Nb ring with the inner and outer radii of 5 μm and 10 μm,
respectively, the force step is estimated to be 186 fN, assuming the magnetic field gradient of 10 T/m. We
also estimated a maximum force limit and addressed the stability of force realization against thermal
fluctuation.
Keywords: Force realization, magnetic flux quantum, sub-pico-Newton, superconducting ring, and ultrasoft cantilever
50
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
A New Digital Servo Control System for
Hydraulic Force Standard Machine
Hu Gang, Li Zhenmin
Mechanical Metrology Division, National Institute of Metrology
Beijing, P. R. China
ABSTRACT
Electro-hydraulic servo control system is an important unit of hydraulic force standard machine.
Generally, it consists of (measuring ram) displacement transducer, servo amplifier (controller) servo
valve etc. It is found that the single loop (displacement) servo control system with an analogue servo
controller, which is used in NIM 5MN and 20MN force standard machines, still needs further
improvement.
In this paper, a new scheme of double loop (displacement and pressure) servo control system based on
virtual instruments technology is proposed. Industrial computer with data acquisition cards is used as the
controller. A graphical programming language — LabVIEW, which has a powerful function, is applied
as a software development tool. Based on this scheme, a double loop servo control system has been made
and experimented in NIM 5MN force standard machine. The experiment results show that the relative
overshoot of the applied force is smaller than 5% and the force stability is better than 0.02% (over 5
minutes).
The application of the double loop servo control system on hydraulic force standard machine has been
proved to be successful. The performance of servo control system has been improved and the level of
automation of force machine has been enhanced. The details of the new servo control system are
described and the experiment results are demonstrated in this paper.
Keywords: Hydraulic Force Standard Machine, Double Loop Servo Control System, Virtual Instruments
Technology
51
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Measurement of shear modulus using heavy loaded
torsion strip pendulum
Jeah-Sheng Wu, Sheau-shi Pan, Chi-Sheng Chang and Chin-Fen Duan
Mechanical Measurement Laboratory, Measurement Standards & Technology Division,
Center for Measurement Standards, ITRI, Taiwan
ABSTRACT
Center for Measurement Standards has developed a method for measuring shear moduli of ribbon
materials by torsion pendulum. In conventional torsion pendulum experiment, the square period of free
rotation is proportional to shear modulus and geometrical factors. Further studied on thin wide strips
found that there is an additional term contributed to restoring torque and was load dependent. Measuring
the resonant frequency of different applied loads give the shear modulus. The shear modulus of copper
strip measured is 12.3% smaller than those of conventional torsion stiffness testing.
Keywords: torsion pendulum, shear modulus
52
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Technical Sessions 2 /
Thursday. Sept. 1
53
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Study and Measurement for Susceptometer
Between NIM and NIMTT
Yao Hong1, Ding Jing’an1, and Zeng Bo2
1
Mass Standard Lab., Mechanical Division, NIM, China
2
Mechanical Division, NIMTT, China
ABSTRACT
JF1 non-magnetic stainless steel and 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel are widely used for the weights in China.
Most of electronic balances are produced based on the principle of electronic-magnetic force. As such
balances are commonly used in China, it should pay much attention to the magnetic force between
weights and balances. It will cause some effects for the mass measurement result. During the mass
dissemination, some of components could be corrected, such as air buoyancy caused by the air density.
Some others couldn’t be corrected, for example, the error due to the magnetic force between weights and
balances. In order to reduce such effect, we should strengthen the control for magnetism of the weights
and enhance the capability of electronic-magnetic shield for electronic balances. Due to the increase of
cost for the electronic-magnetic shield of balances, it seems more important for studying the magnetism
of weights. This paper will mention the study of magnetism for weights in China.
Keywords: Weights, Magnetic Properties, Measurement
54
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Length Measurement on Belt Conveyer by Image Processing
Shohei Ojima1, Takanori Yamazaki2, Hideo Ohnishi3, Masaaki Kobayashi3, Shigeru
Kurosu4
1 Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomiokamati, Nagaoka, 940-2188
Japan
2 Oyama National College of Technology, 771 Nakakuki, Oyama, 323-0806 Japan
3 Shinko Co., 4219-71 Takasai, Shimotsuma, 304-0031 Japan
4 Reserach Inst.,Crotech, 61-88 Ozakata, Chikusei, 308-0854 Japan
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we propose an entirely new method which achieves higher speed of operation and highly
accurate length measurement of products on a conveyor belt. This paper describes an analysis on a digital
image taken by a digital camera. Our interest is directed to extract the exterior of a product and to process
it into the available information depending on the heights of a camera and a product.
Keywords: length measurement, digital image, conveyor belt
55
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Analysis on Nonlinearity of a Strain Gaged Load Cell
Qian Xueping，
Load cell Business Unit, Mettler-Toledo(Changzhou)
Precision Instrument Ltd. Changzhou, Jiangsu, CHINA
ABSTRACT
Elastic element is a crucial part of a strain gage load cell, which decides load cell’s nonlinear basically.
Usually we realize it’s nonlinear by testing. According as solid mechanics principle, equilibrium
equations, deformation equations and constitutive equations are applied to describe elastic element’s
mechanics performance. In this article, we discuss each equation individually to see which would make
nonlinear performance in load cell. We also discuss these affection factors in certain load cell and to see
how to reduce these affections. With proper boundary condition considered, we can do nonlinear analysis
with FEA in principle when we are designing elastic elements. It’ll be helpful to reduce develop time.
Key words: strain gage, nonlinear, FEM, solid mechanics, load cell
56
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Study on the Result of Proficiency Testing using 1 kg and 50 g
Weights in Korea
Sung Ho Yoo1, Min-Soo Lee1, In Sik Lee1, and Jin-Wan Chung2
1
Measurement & Calibration Center, KTL, Korea
2
Mass and Force Group, Division of Physical Metrology, KRISS, Korea
ABSTRACT
The interlaboratory comparisons are used to determine the performance of individual laboratories for
specific tests or measurement. The nominal values of the test items(weight) were 1 kg and 50 g. 57 testing
laboratories have been divided into four groups(A, B, C, D) and the corresponding four sets of weights
have been circulated within the groups in parallel by interlaboratory testing schemes. KRISS(Korea
Research Institute of Standards and Science) has measured the masses and densities of the test weights
before and after the circulation and has communicated the density values to the testing laboratories. As
reference laboratory, KTL(Korea Testing Laboratory) determined the mass of each package ate the
beginning and the end of the comparisons and two times during the course of the comparisons. The
majority of the instabilities of the test weights during their circulation were insignificant. They have been
considered for the evaluation of the results. Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show the results reported by the testing
laboratories. Proficiency testing of the testing laboratories was evaluated by En ratios which were
obtained by applying uncertainty and differences between reference value and test result. 15 out of 114
(13.2 %) obtained unsatisfactory En ratios. outlier testing laboratories from this program should study
further to reach the compliance, and develop more calibration system.
Keywords: Interlaboratory comparisons, mass, uncertainty, En ratio
57
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
International Comparison of Torque Standards between the
National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) and Korea
Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS)
Koji Ohgushi1, Takashi Ota1, Kazunaga Ueda1, Yon-Kyu Park2 and Min-Seok Kim2
1
Mass and Force Standard Section, Mechanical Metrology Division, NMIJ/AIST, Japan
2
Mass and Force Group, Division of Physical Metrology, KRISS, Korea
ABSTRACT
An international comparison of torque standards was conducted between the National Metrology Institute
of Japan (NMIJ) in the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and the
Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS). Three high-performance torque transducers
and one bridge calibrator were used as transfer devices. A pair of identical amplifier/indicator, one each at
each laboratory, was used for the comparison. The two transducers, the rated capacities of which were 2
kN·m and 1 kN·m, were transferred from the NMIJ to the KRISS, and the other transducer, having a rated
capacity of 500 N·m was sent from the KRISS to the NMIJ. Deadweight torque standard machines rated
at 1 kN·m and 20 kN·m at the NMIJ and a deadweight torque standard machine rated at 2 kN·m at the
KRISS were compared. The relative deviations of calibration results were less than 4.3 × 10-5 for
increasing torque, and were less than 5.8 × 10-5 for decreasing torque. Sufficiently small deviations were
obtained as contrasted with their best measurement capabilities (both 5.0 × 10-5 as relative expanded
uncertainties), so that the equivalence of the torque standards between the NMIJ and the KRISS were
confirmed.
Keywords: Torque Standard Machine, Bilateral Comparison, Transfer Standard, Bridge Calibrator
58
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Portable on-site calibration device for torque transducer
Chen YongPei, Yan KangPing, Liu ShanJian, Lin Jing
Shanghai Marine Equipment Research Institute, Shanghai, China
ABSTRACT
According to the material mechanics, when the shaft has torsion, it produces a deflection angle which is
directly proportion- al to the torque. The torque transducer installed in the measured shaft has a tiny
displacement with the shaft's torsion. Thus, we designed a torque calibrator which can produce tiny
displacement to simulate the torsion of the shaft, and compared the signal of the transducer installed in
the shaft with that of the standard transducer at the work site. The specialty of the calibrator is: we can
complete the calibration only by installing the transducer which will be calibrated and the standard
transducer in the calibrator, without additional loading.
59
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Using negative step, sine, shock excitation to measure and test
the dynamic characteristics of torque transducer
Li Tao , Shang WeiLu, Wang Yan, Liu Zhong, Dai Ming
Shanghai Marine Equipment Research Institute, Shanghai, China
ABSTRACT
Recently, the dynamic torque testing has become more and ore urgent, because of the increasing wide use
of torque technology in industrial departments. So, the torque transducer and testing meter with good
characteristics are required. This paper describes the testing theory and methods of the dynamic torque.
To test the dynamic characteristics of the magnetoelectricity difference torque transducer, the step、sine
wave and shock excitation methods are used widely. The natural frequency ω0 and damp degree ξ are
analysed and compared by using SMIO, and the spectrum analysis, correlative and cointerferential
technology and singal judgment technology. It is the conclusion that the testing of dynamiccharacteristics of torque transducer has a better coincidence by using the three dynamic excite methods,
and the theory and actual approaches for the research of the dynamic torque standard machine are given.
60
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Hydrostatic weighing apparatus using loading plate for
density measurement of 1 g to 1 kg weights
Kyung-Ho Chang1, Yong-Jae Lee1, and Sang-Duk Jung2
1
Mass and Force Group, Division of Physical Metrology, KRISS, Korea
2
Mechanical division, National university of Jun-Buk , Korea
ABSTRACT
A hydrostatic weighing apparatus (HWA) was modified so that any weight in the range of masses of 1 g
to 1 kg could be loaded on the immersion pan by using a loading plate, which is a thin plate with a light
mass and a small volume calibrated accurately. The densities of a set of weights from 1 g to 1 kg were
measured. We obtained the uncertainty of density measurement of 1.8 × 10–4 g/cm3 for 1 kg, and 5.6 × 10–
2
g/cm3 for 1 g with a confidence level of 95% with k = 2. The densities of such a weight set can therefore
be measured easily so that weights can be verified as E1 class within the maximum permissible error of
the OIML recommendation. In these experiments the major contributions to the uncertainty were the
volume of the loading plate, the sample reading of the balance, and the reciprocal sensitivity.
Keywords: E1 class weight, density, hydrostatic weighing, loading plate, uncertainty
61
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
CALIBRATION OF HYDROMETER
BY HYDROSTATIC WEIGHING SYSTEM
AT DENSITY LABORATORY, NML-SIRIM
Mohd FazrulHisyam b.Mohd Nor, Hafidzah Othman, Md Nor Md Chik
Thermophysical Section, National Metrology Laboratory, SIRIM Berhad, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the calibration of hydrometer within the range of 600 kg/m3 to 2000kg/m3 at
respective surface tension by using hydrostatic weighing system, which is currently practised in Density
Laboratory of National Metrology Laboratory (NML), SIRIM Berhad. This system weighed the
hydrometers while they were partially immersed in the distilled water. A sinker was added to the
hydrometers, which ranges were below than the density of the distilled water. Surface tension of the
distilled water was measured by Wilhelmy plate and the constant value of the distilled water density was
obtained from the British Standard (BS718: 1991 – table 11).
62
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Fabrication of a Tactile Sensor Based on Triaxial Force
Sensor and Thermal Sensor and its Evaluation
Jong-Ho Kim1, Hyu-Sang Kwon1, Woo-Chang Choi1, Jeong-Il Lee1, Dae-Im Kang1
1
Mass and Force Group, Division of Physical Metrology, KRISS, Korea
ABSTRACT
This paper describes a fabrication and evaluation of a tactile sensor, which can measure three components
force and thermal conductivity. The bio-mimetic tactile sensor, similar to human's finger skin, is
comprised of micro force sensors(4 x 4) and one thermal sensor, and its size being 10 mm x 15 mm. Each
micro force sensor has a square membrane, and its force capacity is 3 N in the three-axis directions. On
the other hand, the thermal sensor for temperature measurement has a heater and a temperature sensor
element. The microfabrication technology was used to fabricate the sensing element of the tactile sensor.
On the other hand, the measuring method of three-component force signals without interference was
suggested in case of four strain gages and the number of minimum data lines. Finally, the fabricated
tactile sensor was calibrated using the evaluation system for triaxial force sensor and the thermostat for
thermal sensor.
Keywords: tactile sensor, force, thermal conductivity, skin, microfabrication.
63
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
The New 5kN Dead-Weight Machine at NIS
A. Abu-Sinna1, A. E. El-Sayed1, A. Abu El-Ezz1 and A. H. Darwish2
1) National Institute for Standards (NIS), Giza, Egypt
2) Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
ABSTRACT
The field of force metrology has seen great alteration in the past 10 years especially in the aspects of
specifications, techniques, and instrumentations. In order to affiliate with this praiseworthy alteration, the
National Institute for Standards, Egypt (NIS) made every effort to keep in touch with the new
metrological situations. In this field, the Force and Material Metrology Department (FMMD) not only
was interested in developing its human resources technical capabilities through good training programs
for its staff but also it developed and implemented a good plan to modernize the department facilities. The
FMMD technical facilities in field of Force metrology shall be introduced with brief explanation for the
primary Force Standard Machines (FSMs) and the secondary Universal Calibration Machines.
The main target of this paper is to display the metrological activities of FMMD in developing FSMs by
highlighting the first trial to establish a Primary Force Standard Machine (PFSM) in Egypt, namely the
5kN Dead-Weight Machine. The 5kN DWM is introduced with wide explanation and description for the
design criteria, construction features, and performance evaluation. In addition, the paper demonstrates the
advantages and disadvantages of this purely local attempt supported with the suggested future work.
Keywords: Dead weight machine, Design, Manufacturing, Performance evaluation
64
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Practical Creep and Hysteresis Error Compensation
Method for Load Cell
*
Makoto Makabe*, Toru Kohashi*
R&D Yamato Scale CO., LTD, Akashi, Japan
ABSTRACT
In order to apply the digital compensation technology to a practical use, it is requested to development a
method which is as simple as possible for a learning procedure in the production process and calculation
procedure in CPU. The long time learning procedure has cause to raise the production cost and the
complicated calculation procedure has cause to impose a too heavy load to the CPU running many other
real time operations. As to a hysteresis error compensation, we have already presented a method which
applied a unique compensation function composed by plural different functions in 2002. However, in a
specified load cell, we found to be able to simulate the hysterisis error curves enough accurately by an
each single 2-order or 3-order functions to the increasing load and the decreasing load. Then, we have
developed a easy method about learning process and compensation calculation for the above load cell on
the basis of development in 2002. On the other hand, the output signal of load cell also includes a creep
error and it prevents us from evaluating accurately the effect of new hysteresis error compensation. This
time, we also showed how to put the creep compensation technology developed before for practical use
and tested the newly developed easy and simple hysteresis error compensation method to a sample load
cell made from SUS material applying this creep compensation method at the same time and evaluated
the hysterisis error compensation effect. As a result of the above test operations, we could make sure that
our compensation method for hysteresis error is effective enough for practical use.
Keywords: Hysteresis, Creep, Load cell
65
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Measurement of in-vivo friction coefficients and viscoelastic
properties of human skin by using multi-components load-cell
Y. H. Kwon1, H. J. Kwon1,2, D. I. Kang2 , J. H. Kim2
1
College of Advanced Technology, Kyunghee University, Korea
2
Mass and Force Group, Division of Physical Metrology, KRISS, Korea
ABSTRACT
We design the skin characteristic measurement system which is assembled with multi-component load
cell and linear motor. The multi-component load cell simultaneously measures the normal load (Fz),
and the friction forces (Fx, Fy) with strain gages. Capacity and accuracy of load cell are less than 5 N
and 0.1. In this research, designed measurement system applies to determine in-vivo friction coefficients
and viscoelastic of human skin.
Keywords: Linear motor, Actuator, Multi-component load cell, friction coefficient
66
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Poster / Thursday.
Sept. 1. 13:50~16:00
67
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Effect of Aluminum on Creep and Creep TC
Xu XiaoYi (Anna Xu)
METTLER TOLEDO (CHANG ZHOU) PREICISION INSTRUMENT LTD., CHINA
ABSTRACT
In a typical construction, the creep of spring material takes important role in load cell creep. The objective
of this paper is to understand that creep is different more or less for aluminum AA2024 from different
countries and/or different manufacturers and this difference also has influence on load cell creep and
creep TC.
Some bars of AA2024 were purchased from three countries. The probes were made with these materials.
Creep and creep TC (temperature coefficient of creep) of the material were measured and compared by
laser Interferometer with these probes. At the meantime, one kind of single point load cells were made
with these aluminum 2024, the creep and creep TC of load cells were measured and compared.
Keywords: Creep
Creep TC
Interferometer
AA2024
68
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
An intelligent dispersive weighing system with Internet
technology
Dai Feng
Mettler-Toledo Changzhou Scale & System Ltd., China
ABSTRACT
This thesis described the concept and design of an intelligent dispersive weighing system(IDWS) that has
broad application in industrial processing control and other fields. In some specific application, the
indicator and control system should be installed far away from the weigh platform,, the distance could be
as far as more then 10 kilo-meters. And tit is not possible to set a person on duty close the weigh
platform. So there is a necessary to have a high reliable weigh platform which have self-diagnose and can
send all the information to the remote indicator or monitor.
In the IDWS, the weigh-information data are sent from loadcell (digital loadcell, DLC) to indicator via
industrial TCP/IP protocol to make sure it can be received on-time. In order to prevent the cost of
construct a large LAN (local area network) system, this system is designed for utilizing existed internet
system via ADSL or ISDN modem. To realize the real-time data-change via internet, a Peer-to-Peer IP
searching algorithm was defined and designed in both DLC and indicator.
To prognosticate the weighing platform failure, all the performance data of DLC are reported to the
indicator (or monitor) on time. A program in the indicator will collect all the performance data to report
the evaluation the haleness of the weighing platform.
Today Internet is every where in the world, the IDWS gives a high-reliable and low maintenance cost
new approach to weighing in dangerous or desolate field.
Keywords: weighing system, internet, peer to peer
69
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Calibration of mass as Thailand's national standard
Veera Tulasombut, Rungsiya Sukhon
Wirun Laopornpichayanuwat, Monchai Mitaree and Tosapon Pangviwate
Mass Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Metrology
National Institute of Metrology (Thailand), NIMT, Thailand
rungsiya@nimt.or.th
ABSTRACT
Calibration of mass as Thailand's national standard is presented. The test mass (mt) and conventional
mass (mct) are comparatively determined against the mass of reference weight (mr) in air by using the
double substitution weighing method (ABBA) which mathematical model have some difference from
OIML, recommendation111. Four weighting cycles are performed on each weight for class E2, which is
range from 1 mg-20 kg according to OIML. The results of measurement and uncertainty calculation are
also presented.
Keywords : Metrology, Weight calibration, Mass standard
70
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Study on the Measurement Uncertainty for 1 kg Weight
Sung-Ho Yoo1, Min-Soo Lee1, Jae-hoon Choi1, Hyun-soo Lee1, and Jin-Wan Chung2
1
Measurement & Calibration Center, KTL, Korea
2
Mass and Force Group, Division of Physical Metrology, KRISS, Korea
ABSTRACT
When making measurements there is always an element of uncertainty in the result. We cannot know
‘true’ values- there are limitations in our knowledge and in the performance of the instruments we are
using. Therefore a measurement is not complete without an estimate of the doubt that surrounds it(the
uncertainty) and the confidence we have in that estimate. This report gives an introduction to the main
sources of uncertainty in the calibration of a weight of nominally 1 kg, when using a comparator, plus a
brief summary of the process for calculating the uncertainty and associated confidence level. All
calculations are performed in accordance with the ISO Guide to the Expression of uncertainty in
measurement[1], OIML R 111[2], and EA-4/02[3].
Keywords: Uncertainty, mass
71
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Portable Weighing Truck Scales – The Actual Stage
and Further Prospects in Taiwan
Dan-Mihai Stefanescu*, Chi-Sheng Chang, Chi-Tan Chen, Jiong-Shiun Hsu, and Yu-Yi
Su
Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology Research Institute Hsinchu,
Taiwan
ABSTRACT
Portable wheel load weighers are small hand carried platform scales designed to measure the wheel
weights of various types of vehicles. A lot of truck scales are available, using different measuring
principles. Their principal problem is the minimum number of scale intervals, being preferable to have
more than 1000 in order to avoid the user contests. Having in view the price/performance ratio, the most
popular weighing scales are those with strain gauges. Going to a superior stage, from suspecting to
detecting weight-limit violations, CMS/ITRI has in view a proper solution, a modern and economic one:
to design a static-mode portable weighing truck scale with an error under 0.1 %, as for precision force
transducers category. Following the patents in the field of weighing technologies, there are some attempts
to improve the sensitivity: cutting slots or adding prolongations as cantilever beams at the rectangular
plate corners. For such complicated mechanical structures analytical formulas do not exist, so numerical
investigation using the finite element analysis is more than necessary. Our new model of low profile and
high sensitivity wheel weigher is in patentation in Taiwan and U.S.A.
Keywords: weighing scale, wheel weigher, rectangular plate, low profile, strain gauges
72
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Tendency of JCSS (Japan Calibration Service System)
Yoshikazu Watabe
Laboratory Business Unit of Mettler-Toledo K.K., Japan
ABSTRACT
JCSS is an accreditation system operated by IAJapan and consists of the Calibration laboratory system
and the National standards provision system. This paper introduces our latest investigation of JCSS,
IAJapan, MRA for Laboratory Accreditation and Requirements of users.
Keywords: Laboratory Accreditation, ISO/IEC17025 and MRA
73
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
International Comparison of Force Standards Between Korea
Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) and The
National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ)
Yon-Kyu Park1, Hou-Keun Song1, Dae-Im Kang1, Toshiyuki Hayashi2, Hiroshi
Maejima2, Yoshihisa Katase2, Yukio Yamaguchi2 and Kazunaga Ueda2
1
Mass and Force Group, Division of Physical Metrology, KRISS, Korea
2
Mass and Force Standards Section, Mechanical Metrology Division, NMIJ/AIST
ABSTRACT
An international comparison of force standards was conducted between Korea Research Institute of
Standards and Science (KRISS) and the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) in the National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST). The 100 kN deadweight force standard
machine in KRISS was compared with 20 kN and 50 kN deadweight force standard machines in NMIJ. A
20 kN and a 50 kN force transfer standards were used for the intercomparison with the NMIJ 20 kN and
50 kN force machines respectively. A high-precision indicator, HBM DMP40, was used to read the
values of force transfer standards. The time interval between measurements was decided carefully to
minimize the creep effect. The output of force transducer was measured at four positions relative to the
axis of the machine(0o, 90o, 180o, 270o) to reduce the effects of machine-transducer interaction. The
relative deviation between KRISS 100 kN force machine and NMIJ 20 kN, 50 kN force machines were
less than 1.6x10-5 and 1.0x10-5 respectively. The deviation was within the theoretical uncertainty of
deadweight force machines.
Keywords: Deadweight force standard machine, Intercomparison, Relative uncertainty, Relative
deviation
74
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Development of the Calibration System for the Portable Axle
Load Weighers
Jae-Taek Moon1, Kun-Woong Oh2, Sang-Koo Lee1, Chan-Heung Chung1 and ByungWoo Lee3
1
Mechanical Measurement Team, Korea Testing Laboratory, Korea
2
Task force team for supporting management technology, Small and
Medium Business Administration, Korea
3
Precision Measurement Team, Korea Testing Laboratory, Korea
ABSTRACT
As the number of cars increases, the damage of roads due to the overload vehicles is increasing. Many
countries have paid much cost for road maintenance and repaving every year. So each Ministry of
Transportation has regulated overload vehicles strictly using several types of axle load weighers in
freeway tollgates and on the road of expressways. Because the portable axle load weighers are used in
regulation, if people don't trust their accuracy, many troubles between public servants and drivers of
overload vehicles occur in regulation process. Therefore reliability of the portable axle load weighers is
very important. In order to reduce troubles in overload regulations, it is necessary to calibrate the portable
axle load weighers periodically. But international standards of the calibration for the portable axle load
weighers are not made yet[1]. In this study, we suggested the international level of calibration for the
portable axle load weighers.
Keywords: portable axle load weigher, calibration, force calibration machine
75
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Active Probe Development for Force Measurement in
Nano-Newton Scale
In-Mook Choi, Jong-Ho Kim, Min-Seok Kim, and Sam-Yong Woo
Mass and Force Group, Division of Physical Metrology, KRISS, Korea
ABSTRACT
Nano force measurement is becoming more important in the various industry fields. An active probe
using electromagnetic force compensation method is being developed in KRISS. For the force
measurement in nano Newton scale, a cantilever with low spring constant has been designed and
fabricated by utilizing Au as well as Ni/Cr alloy. The spring constant for high force sensitivity and the
resonant frequency for the stable control of the cantilever are designed by Finite Element Analysis (FEA).
The tensile stress of the thin films has caused the severe distortion of the cantilever. The fabrication
process to prevent the distortion was designed. The fabricated cantilever was evaluated by the AFM probe
calibration system developed in KRISS, and the spring constant and the force sensitivity were 0.036 N/m
and 0.3×10-3/μN respectively when the Ni/Cr alloy was used as a piezoresistive material. For the active
force measurement, the cantilever could be driven by Lorentz force which is generated by applying
current into the wire under uniform magnetic flux. The probe is controlled to a null position oppositely to
the direction of vertical input force in order to measure the input force precisely. Active measurement
method by null balance is more accurate and sensitive than passive one using a piezoresistive cantilever.
For this measurement, the simple electromagnetic circuit is analyzed and constructed to obtain high
magnetic flux density. In this paper, the basic characteristics of the active probe are presented. This
electromagnetic active probe can be used as a secondary nanoforce standard to evaluate the spring
constant of the commercial cantilever. It would also be applicable to a lot of application fields such as
binding force measurement between molecules, force lithography, and nanoindentation.
Keywords: Nanoforce, Cantilever, Lorentz Force, Active Probe, Null Balance
76
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Design of a flexible tactile sensor based on polymer
micromachining and its fabrication
Jeong-Il Lee, Jong-Ho Kim, Woo-Chang Choi, Yon-Kyu Park, Dae-Im Kang
Mass and Force Group, Division of Physical Metrology, KRISS, Korea
ABSTRACT
This paper describes a design and fabrication of flexible tactile sensor developed by using polymer
micromachining technology. The tactile sensor use metal strain gages in a two-dimensional array of micro
sensing elements embedded in a polymer thin-film membrane to detect force distribution. The tactile
sensor is comprised of 100 micro force sensors, and its size being 10 mm x 10 mm. Each micro force
sensor has a square membrane, and the flexible-MEMS technology is applied to fabricate the sensing
element. Optimal locations of metal-thin-film strain gages were determined by the strain distribution
obtained from finite element analysis. The change of resistance from each strain gage is used to image
force distribution. The arrays have been used to image force distributions and could be used with slipdetection friction measurement for robotic gripping application. This technology enables the development
of flexible tactile sensor for application in robotics, medicine, and industry.
Keywords: 3-component force sensor, tactile sensor, polymer-micromachining, flexible-MEMS
77
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Statistical control of a force instrument calibration process
Gwo-Jen Wu, Hsin-Tse Lee, Chi-Sheng Chang
Mechanical Measurement Laboratory, Measurement Standards & Technology Div.,
Center for Measurement Standards, ITRI, TAIWAN
ABSTRACT
There are a number of statistical tests to determine whether a calibration process under control or not.
Measurement data adopts the t-test to verify a long-term variability and the F-test for a short-term
variability in this calibration process. This paper describes the steps of the statistical control, how to apply
to a curve-fitting method with data and determining the between standard deviations and the within
standard deviations. An example of a force measurement instrument (load cell) is shown in this paper.
Keywords: between standard deviation, within standard deviation, accepted value, t-test, F-test
78
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Deformation Analysis of Low-capacity Torque Sensors
1
Jin-Won Joo1, Dae-Im Kang2, and Young-Ha Kwon3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Korea
2
Division of Physical Metrology, KRISS, Korea
3
School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung-Hee University, Korea
ABSTRACT
This paper provides a new strain equation for hollow cruciform type torque sensors having low capacity
for more accurate prediction of the maximum strain at rated torque. Validity of the proposed method has
been tested through finite element method and calibration test. The holographic interferometry technique
is also employed to visualize and analyze the deformation behavior of torque sensor. It is seen that the
axial strains calculated by the theory derived in this paper agree well with the test methods as well the
finite element method. A couple of torque sensors which has the capacity of 5 N.m were fabricated with
eight strain gages. Calibration test with a standard torque arm and standard weight were carried out. The
torque sensors designed in this work have good performance within 0.042% in nonlinearity error..
Keywords: Torque sensor, Hollow Cruciform Type Torque Sensor, Calibration of Torque Sensor. Strain
Analysis
79
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Study on Uncertainty Evaluation of Dial Type Torque
Wrenches
Jung-Woo Joo1, Chan-Heung Chung1, In-Sik Lee2, and Jung-Tae Lee3
1
Mechanical Measurement Team, Korea Testing Laboratory, Korea
2
Task force team for supporting small and medium enterprises, Korea Testing
Laboratory, Korea
3
Mass and Force Group, Division of Physical Metrology, KRISS, Korea
ABSTRACT
Torque wrenches are used widely as a tool and measuring device. As the demand of miniaturization of
products and safety regulation are increased, high measuring precision is required to improve productivity
using optimal design. In this study, we suggest the evaluation method of measurement uncertainty for
torque wrenches in accordance with EA-4/02[1]. That is suggested in both absolute uncertainty and
relative uncertainty.
Keywords: torque wrench, measurement uncertainty
80
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Gravity observations at the calibration laboratories in
Korea
1
S.Y.Woo, Y.J.Lee, I.M.Choi, B.S.Kim
Mass and Force Group, Division of Physical Metrology, KRISS, Korea
ABSTRACT
The measurement of the acceleration of gravity (g) has been a matter of scientific interest since it
continues to play a significant role in the determination of certain physical constants and standards such
as force, pressure, current, temperature and mass. To measure the gravity acceleration of the calibration
laboratories in Korea, we used a relative gravimeter, Model G manufactured by La Coste & Romberg in
USA. To improve the measurement uncertainty of the gravitational acceleration, we modified the optical
system in the gravimeter using CCD camera instead of microscope eyepiece. In this paper, the gravity
measurement results for the calibration laboratories in Korea will be described.
Keywords: Gravity, acceleration, gravimeter, calibration
81
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Electron stimulated desorption of H+ ions physisorbed on rare
gas solid and Cu surface
M. Shoaib 1, S. S. Hong2, Y. H. Shin 2, K. H. Chung 2 and I. Arakawa 3
1
Pakistan Vacuum Society, 39, Street 17, I 9-1,Industrial Area, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
Vacuum Center, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 1 Doryong
dong Yusong-ku, Daejeon, Korea
3
Department of Physics, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1, Mejiro, Toshima,
Tokyo, Japan
ABSTRACT
An electron stimulated desorption (ESD) experiment system fabricated to investigate ESD ions of
hydrogen adsorbed on metal surfaces. Kr, Xe and H2 were adsorbed on a clean copper surface; the
residual as well as desorbed hydrogen ions were investigated. Desorbed H+ and H2+ ions of exposed H2 on
the surface of rare-gas solid were much higher than H2 exposed directly to the surface of Cu. The
desorption yields of H+ ion was much larger from the solid Xe than from the solid Kr. The kinetic energy
of desorbed H+ and H2+ ions depends on incident electron energy. When the electron incident energy was
200 eV, the kinetic energies of H+ and H2+ were 5.0044 eV and 0.8405 eV respectively. Also desorption
yields of H+ ions were systematically measured as function of H2 pressure upon the cold surface.
Keywords: Electron stimulated desorption, hydrogen, rare gas solid. Kinetic energy of H+ and H2+
82
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Representations of two neighbor fingers in the brain by tactile
stimulation: An fMRI Study
Ji-A Suk1, Jin-Sup Eom2, Dae-Im Kang3, Yon-Kyu Park3, Jin-Hun Sohn1
1
Department of Psychology, Chungnam National University, Daejon, S. Korea
2
Department of Psychology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, S. Korea
3Division of Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in brain activation focusing on SI by
electrical stimulation with different frequency using fMRI. We also want to identify finger-specific brain
mapping with electrical stimulation. 10 right handed subjects were recruited for this study. The
experiment consisted of two runs. Non-painful electrical stimuli were delivered to two different fingers
of right hand. Functional brain images were collected from 3.0T MRI using the single-shot EPI method.
SPM99 software was used to postprocess the fMRI data. 10 subjects showed statistically significant
activations in contralateral SI area, and six subjects showed significant activation In SⅡ area bilaterally
for electrical stimulation on the fingers. Other Significant clusters of activation were found in the
bilateral Inferior Frontal Gyrus, bilateral Middle Frontal Gyrus, Right Insula, Left Inferior Parietal
Lobule. There were no statistically significant differences between the locations of the SI evoked by
different frequency stimulations. Digit separation in SI was possible in all subjects and the activation
sites reflected the known lateral/inferior position of the representation of digit 2 relative to that of digit 3.
Keywords: fMRI, SI, electrical stimulation, frequency
83
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Analysis of Finger Movement using Accelerometer Sensor
*Su Min LEE1, Jong Ho KIM1, Dae Im KANG1, Young Ha KWON2,
Masayoshi KAMIJO3 and Yoshio SHIMIZU3
1
Mass and Force Group, Division of Physical Metrology, KRISS, KOREA
2
Department of Robotics & Advanced Materials Engineering, Kyunghee University,
KOREA
3
Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, JAPAN
ABSTRACT
Human uses the sight and the tactile sensations to evaluate the hand of goods. Especially, the tactile
sensation is the important factor to decide the hand of something. When human evaluates the hand of
goods, the physical and physiological phenomena, e.g. applied force, speed of finger movement, touching
time, contact area and distance of finger movement, are occurred by the finger movement. They also use a
special finger movement according to the purpose of their evaluation. Such sensory evaluation includes
resilience, roughness, flexibility and softness. We observed and compared the finger movements of both
high sensitive users and low sensitive users. We used a glove type measurement system with
accelerometer sensor to investigate the characteristics of finger movement while evaluating a hand of
fabric. Subjects who consisted of high sensitive users and low sensitive users wore this measurement
system on their right hand with their eyes closed, and evaluated a piece of non woven fabric. The sensors
provided data on the direction of finger movement as its patterns. This allowed us to identify and analyze
the differences between high sensitive users and low sensitive users. And it shows that the finger
movement varied according to the user’s ability to discriminate, with high sensitive user’s finger
movement being better suited to sensory evaluation. As the result, human had particular movement to
evaluate the hand of fabric. This particular movement meant finger moved rectilinearly in some point. It
was found that the rectilinear finger movement was the important factor to improve the discrimination
ability in evaluating the hand of fabric.
Keywords: Hand of fabric, Finger movement, Accelerometer sensor, Sensory evaluation
84
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
New volume measurement for the density determination of
weights using a gas pycnometer
Yong Jae Lee1, Kyung-Ho Chang1, and Chae Youn Oh2, Sang-Duk Jung2, Sam Yong
Woo1
1
Mass and Force Group, Division of Physical Metrology, KRISS, Korea
2
Mechanical division, National university of Jun-Buk , Korea
ABSTRACT
The new volume measurement method by using the expansion of gas pressure is described. Using some
gases as a pressure medium an accuracy of about 0.2 % or better is achieved for density of 1 kg weights
made of stainless steel. The new apparatus consists of chamber set for a sample and some expansions, a
precise pressure transducer, thermometer, and a vacuum pump. The ideal gas law can be used to measure
the volume of weights since the gas is expanded so that the pressure remains below 1 atm. The volume of
a sample chamber is calibrated by filling gas near atmosphere pressure into vacant sample chamber and
by expanding the gas of sample chamber into vacant expansion chambers. A standard volume is used for
calibration of chamber set for sample and expansion. The volume of weights can easily be measured with
this new apparatus compared with hydrostatic weighing method by Archimedes’ principle in time and
procedure for measurement.
Key words: sample chamber, expansion chamber, standard volume, ideal gas law
85
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Authors
86
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Name
A. Abu El-Ezz ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
A. Abu-Sinna ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 31
A. E. El-Sayed ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
A. H. Darwish ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
Akira Ooiwa ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Arthur Reichmuth ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13
B.S. Kim ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49
Byung-Woo Lee -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
Chae-Youn Oh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
Chan-Heung Chung ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 43, 48
Chen Yong Pei ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
Chin-Fen Duan ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
Chi-Sheng Chang -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18, 40, 46
Chi-Tan Chen ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
Chungbuk Natl ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 47, 51
Dae Im Kang --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30, 33, 42, 45, 47, 51, 52
Dai Feng ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
Dai Ming ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
Dan-Mihai Stefanescu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
Ding Jing’an ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
E.C. Morris -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Feng Ruidong ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Gwo-Jen Wu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 46
H.J. Kwon --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
Hafidzah Othman ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
Hideo Ohnishi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
Hiroshi Maejima ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8, 42
Hisao Kikuta ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15
Hou-Keun Song --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
Hsin-Tse Lee ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 46
Hu Gang ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Hyun-soo Lee ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46
Hyu-Sang Kwon -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
I. Arakawa --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
In-Mook Choi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14, 44, 49
In-Sik Lee ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24, 48
Isao Kohno -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
Jae-hoon Choi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
Jae-Hyuk Choi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14, 16
Jae-Taek Moon --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
Jeah-Sheng Wu --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
Jeong-Il Lee --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30, 45
Ji-A Suk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 51
Jian-Xin Sun ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Jin-Hun Sohn ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 51
Jin-Sup Eom ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
Jin-Wan Chung ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10, 24, 39
Jin-Won Joo ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47
Jiong-Shiun Hsu -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
John Man ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
Jong Ho Kim -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14, 30, 33, 44, 45, 52
Jung-Tae Lee ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 48
Jung-Woo Joo ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
K. Fen --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
K. H. Chung ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
Kazunaga Ueda --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8, 11, 42, 25
Koji Ohgushi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 25
Kozo Iizuka --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
Kun-Woong Oh --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
Kwang Pyo Kim -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
Kyung-Ho Chang -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28, 53
Li Tao -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
Li Zhenmin -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Lin Jing ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26
Liu ShanJian ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26
Liu Zhong --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
M. Shoaib ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
Mahn-Soo Choi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
Makoto Makabe -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
Masaaki Kobayashi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
Masaaki Ueki ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Masao Ueno --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
Masayoshi Kamijo ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 52
Md Nor Md Chik ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
Min-Seok Kim --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14, 16, 25, 44
Min-Soo Lee -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24, 39
Mohd FazrulHisyam b.Mohd Nor ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 29
Monchai Mitaree -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
Nobuhiro Kato ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
Pascal Desponds -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
Qian Xueping ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
Rungsiya Sukhon ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
S. S. Hong --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
Sam-Yong Woo ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 44, 49, 53
Sang-Duk Jung ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28, 53
Sang-Koo Lee ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
Shang Wei Lu ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
Sheau-Shi Pan ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
Shigeki Mizushima ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Shigeru Kurosu ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
Shohei Ojima ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22
Stuart Davidson ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Su Min LEE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52
Suda Shunichi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
Sung Ho Yoo ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24, 39
Takanori Yamazaki ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
Takashi Ota -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
Tang Yu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12
Toru Kohashi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 32
Tosapon Pangviwate --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
Toshiyuki Hayashi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8, 42
Veera Tulasombut ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 38
Wang Xiang ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Wang Yan --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
Wirun Laopornpichayanuwat ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
Woo Gab Lee -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3, 10
Woo-Chang Choi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30, 45
X. Jiang -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
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Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mass, Force and Torque (APMF 2005), Aug. 30- Sep. 3. 2005
Xu XiaoYi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
Y. H. Shin --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
Yan KangPing ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
Yao Hong ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
Yong Jae Lee --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28, 49, 53
Yon-Kyu Park ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14, 16, 25, 42, 45, 51
Yoshihisa Katase ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8, 42
Yoshikazu Watabe ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 41
Yoshio Shimizu --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52
Young-Ha Kwon ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33, 47, 52
Yukio Yamaguchi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8, 42
Yu-Yi Su ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
Zeng Bo ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21
Zhang Zhimin ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
90