Erik Koldby. ABB A/S: Symposium Energy and CO
2
Emissions / Politics – Global CO
2
Economics 2009-08-19--20
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 1

Agenda
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 2
Some basics
The existing grid
Distributed generation, increasing amount of wind
Liberalization, unbundling, market structure
Cables
How to handle more wind in the grid
Energinet.dk’s proposal for future grid
HVDC Technologies
A long HVDC interconnection
Power from shore
Offshore wind plans, HVDC Light for wind
The next Danish offshore wind farms
Coming interconnections
Offshore grid visions
Challenges for an offshore HVDC grid

Some basics - AC versus DC
+
AC
Simple transformers circuit breakers motors
Easy tapping
-
Cable power / distance limitations
Width of right of way
Synchronism may be a challenge
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 3
DC
No power / distance limitations
Width of right of way
Synchronism is not a problem
Cost of converters
Losses at short distances

Some basics - Losses
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 4
Losses are proportional to resistance (R) and second power of current (I 2 ) Thus a doubling of voltage and half value of current will reduce the losses to ¼
The electrical power industry have a many decade long tradition for capitalization of losses
Example: A cheap high loss transformer is compared with an expensive low loss transformer by adding the loss capitalization to the price
Price evaluation
P
0
= Price
(1+i) n - 1 i x (1+i) n purchace kwh
+ P x 8760
0 x C
0
+ P
L x C
L
P
L
(1+i) n - 1 i x (1+i) n kwh x 8760 x
( )
R
2

The existing grid
The N-1 criteria
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 5

Distributed generation
Local CHP
Main fuel: natural gas
Prioritized production
No power and U/f control in local CHP’s
Focussing on energy efficiency
Today a paradigm shift towards focus on utilisation of wind energy
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 6

Increasing amount of wind power in the grid
1997 2002
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 7
Symbols indicating increasing turbine size

Liberalization, unbundling, market structure
Competition
Market
Splitting companies active in production as well as transmission/distribution
Mergers
One state owned TSO (transmission system operator)
State owned major producer
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August 19, 2009 | Slide 8

The challenge from the visual impact
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August 19, 2009 | Slide 9
Percentage of grid in cables
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
19
76
19
80
19
85
19
90
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
400-132 kV
60-30 kV
20-6 kV
0,4 kV
Year –
See note 1
Note 1: Not all years are included in the beginning but from 1999 every year is included
Note 2: 1993 political decision: All new HVDC lines must be in cables
See note 2

Cable design and production
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 10

Future: How to handle more wind in the grid
Balancing measures
Integration in other sectors
Short term Medium term Long term
Interconnections Distributed offshore wind
Stronger existing grid
Flexible consumption
“negative spot prices”
Heat pumps on
CHP’s
Flexible production
Domestic heat pumps
Electrical heating on CPH’s
Plug-in hybrid cars
Electrical cars
Hydrogen storage
Compressed air energy storage
Battery storage
Use (electrolysis based) hydrogen in transportation
Use (electrolysis based) hydrogen in gas sector
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 11

Future development of the 132-150kV grid
Overhead lines to be removed The new structure – in underground cables
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 12

HVDC Technologies
HVDC Classic
Current source converters
Line-commutated thyristor valves
Requires 50% reactive compensation
(35% HF)
Converter transformers
Minimum short circuit capacity > 2x converter rating
HVDC Light
Voltage source converters
Self-commutated IGBT valves
Requires no reactive power compensation (15% HF)
Standard transformers
No minimum short circuit capacity, black start
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 13

HVDC Cables - Different Technology VSC / LCC
VSC HVDC
PEX Plastic Insulation
Low weight, land cable 10 kg/m
Low number of joints for land installation
Prefabricated joints (1 day/joint)
Flexible allows coiling and installation from barge, more than 200 ships avaliable
Flexible production line, a.c. and d.c. cables in same production line
Max cable voltage 320 kV
LCC HVDC
Oil impregnated insulation
High weight, land cable 25 kg/m
High number of joints for land installations
Tailored joints ( 5 days/joint)
Requires special ship for installation, 3 available globally
Dedicated production line for d.c. Cables
Max cable voltage 500 kV
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 14

Comparison LCC HVDC and VSC HVDC
Technology Convertor
Relative size
Technology Cable
Typical delivery time
Static reactive support
Dynamic reactive support
Independent control of active and reactive power
Scheduled maintenance
LCC HVDC (since 1954)
Thyristor valve, grid commutation
VSC HVDC (since 1997)
Transistor valve (IGBT), self commutation
4
Oil paper
Field joints ( 5 days)
Sea cable installation special ship
( 3 available)
36 month
Yes
No
No
1
Extruded
Prefabricated land joints ( 1 day )
Sea cable installation from barge ( > 200 available)
24 month
Yes
Yes
Yes
Typically < 1 % Typically < 0,5 %
Losses typical system
AC network losses
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 15
2,5 – 4,5 %
Not affected
4 – 6 %
Can be reduced by stabilising the ac-voltage

®
1997
Hellsjön
+/- 10 kV
1999
7 MW - 50 MW
+/- 80 kV
2001 up to 330 MW up to +/- 150 kV
2004 up to 550 MW up to +/- 150 kV
2007 up to 1100 MW up to +/- 300 kV
MW / kV
1200
Increased power and voltage
Power in MW
1000
Voltage in kV
800
600
550550
700
1100
400
220
330
350
200
3 3 3
50 60
0
1997 1999 2000 2002 2004 2006
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 16
4
3,5
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
Fewer components, lower losses
Relative no. of components
Losses in %
1997 1999 2000 2002 2005

NorNed – 580 km Norway to the Netherlands
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 17

Transmission 6.400 MW and 2.000 km
800 kV AC Efficiency
88 %
800 kV UHVDC
94 %
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 18

Troll A HVDC Light  project – Power from shore
Troll A
SM
MotorFormer
4-pole, 40MW
0 - 65 Hz
56kV
~
=
70 km
+/- 60kV
HVDC Light
=
~
Kollsnes
138kV
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 19

Offshore wind plans
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 20
Existing or planned offshore windfarms Each dot ~200 MW
Possible locations for future offshore windfarms. Each dot ~200 MW
It is assumed that Denmark can install 200 MW/year

Tjæreborg HVDC Light 
2000
8 MW, 8 kV
AC connections to 10 kV
Main reason for project:
Testing HVDC - VSC technology with wind turbines
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 21

BorWin 1 Technical Data:
• In operation: 1990-1992
• Power rating:
• DC voltage: ± 450 kV
2000 MW
• DC line: 1480 km
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 22

BorWin1 Single line diagram
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 23 Figure 2 – Overview of the BorWin 1 HVDC project

The next Danish offshore wind farms
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 24
Anholt / Djursland
400 MW
AC grid connection
Kriegers Flak
Germany: 330 MW
Sweden: 549 MW
Denmark: 600 - 800 MW
Vision: Grid connection and interconnection

Coming interconnections
Skagerrak 4
600 MW
400 kV
Balanced bipole (again)
Cobra cable
(Denmark – Netherlands)
600 – 700 MW
Could be first step in am
North Sea offshore grid
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 25

The Desertec vision
Participants:
(July 13, 2009)
ABB
ABENGOA
Solar
Cevital
Deutsche Bank
E.ON
HSH Nordbank
MAN Solar
Millennium
Münchener Rück
M+W Zander
RWE
SCHOTT Solar
SIEMENS
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 26

ABB vision 1992
Hydro
200 GW
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 27
Wind
300 GW
25.000 km 2
5.000 x 10km
Solar
700 GW
8.000 km 2
90 x 90km

Unexpected partners share the vision
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 28

Some challenges for an offshore HVDC grid
Technical
VSC HVDC
Voltage
Circuit breaker
Operation
Political
Frame conditions
No references
Economical
Uncertainty in planning, Delays
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 29

Quebec – New England multiterminal HVDC system
Radisson
Technical Data:
• In operation: 1990-1992
• Power rating: 2000 MW
• DC voltage: ± 450 kV
• DC line: 1480 km
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 30

If you need to contact me:
Erik Koldby
Senior Engineer
ABB A/S, Dept. PT-FES
Håndværkervej 23
DK-7000, Fredericia, DENMARK
Phone: +45 7924 7981
Mobile: +45 2028 8281 email: erik.koldby@dk.abb.com
© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 31

© ABB Group
August 19, 2009 | Slide 32