Features Message from the Head of the Department 3 Dr. Shengli Zhou is the First Recipient of the Newly Endowed Associate Professorship4 Bar-Shalom is the Top-Ranked Academic in Aeronautical and Space Engineering 4 ECE Welcomes New Faculty and Staff 4 G. Clifford Carter Receives the 2012 IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal 5 Michael Georgiopoulos is Appointed Interim Dean at UCF 5 This newsletter is published for the alumni, faculty, students, corporate supporters and friends of the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering at the University of Connecticut. Suggestions and information are always welcome. Alumnus Ralph Bernstein Talks About “Rediscovering” Mona Lisa 5 Please send correspondence and address corrections to the address below or email rajeev@engr.uconn.edu. Dr. Gokirmak Receives CAREER Award 6 Nanoelectronics Lab: Building Community 7 CHASE Center Launched 7 Senior Design Day 2012 8 ECE Faculty Profiles 9 Affiliated Faculty 9 Emeritus Faculty 9 Industrial Advisory Board 11 Daniel E. Noble 12 Rajeev Bansal University of Connecticut Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering 371 Fairfield Way, Unit 4157 Storrs, CT 06269-4157 The creative efforts of the School of Engineering staff members Nan Cooper, Chris LaRosa and student Deepti Boddapati (CLAS ’14) are gratefully acknowledged. 2 | electrical & computer engineering Message from the Head of the Department I am pleased to share with you the Winter 2013 edition of our Newsletter. The ECE department continues to thrive. Here are some faculty achievements from the last year: • • • • • • • Dr. Shengli Zhou was selected as the first recipient of the newly endowed Charles H. Knapp Associate Professorship in Electrical Engineering (page 4). Drs. Ali Bazzi and Omer Khan, profiled on page 4, joined the ECE faculty as tenure-track assistant professors. Dr. Yaakov Bar-Shalom, Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor and Marianne E Klewin Professor, received the 2012 Connecticut Medal of Technology. Professor Faquir Jain was elected a Fellow of SPIE. Professor Quing Zhu received the Alumni Association Faculty Excellence in Research and Creativity (Sciences) Award. Dr. Bahram Javidi, Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor, received the 2012 AAUP (UConn-chapter) Research Excellence Award. Dr. Mohammad Tehranipoor was named a Castleman Term Associate Professor in Engineering Innovation. As always, I appreciate the continuing support of our alumni and industrial partners. If you have any comments or suggestions, please send me a note at Rajeev@engr.uconn.edu. Also, please check our website (www.ee.uconn.edu/index.php) for the latest news about our programs. Rajeev Bansal Professor and Head Electrical & Computer Engineering Department by the Numbers UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION The Electrical & Computer Engineering (ECE) department offers undergraduate degrees in Electrical Engineering (EE), Computer Engineering (CompE, offered jointly with the Computer Science & Engineering Department), and Engineering Physics (jointly with the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences). During the academic year 2011-2012, we awarded 28 B.S.E. degrees in EE, five degrees in CompE, and one in Engineering Physics. RESEARCH AND SCHOLARSHIP The ECE faculty conducts funded research in fields including systems and energy, communications and signal/image processing, biomedical engineering, microelectronics, photonics and optoelectronics, electromagnetics, nanotechnology, VLSI, computer engineering, and homeland security. Scholarly productivity stimulated by research is strong. The faculty worked on 130 sponsored grants valued at $5.7 million for FY 12 ($4.2 million in direct expenditures). During the year, the ECE faculty advised 134 graduate students; of these, 17 successfully completed their Ph.D. degrees and 30 students garnered their M.S. degrees (including those in Clinical Engineering). Mohammad Tehranipoor was awarded two patents; Geoffrey Taylor and Peng Zhang each received one. www.engr.uconn.edu/ece | 3 Dr. Shengli Zhou is the First Recipient of the Newly Endowed Associate Professorship U Conn Emeritus Professor Charles H. Knapp (BSEE’53, PhD ’62) grew up in next-door Coventry, Conn., attended a one-room schoolhouse as a child, and, later in life, before he owned his own car, would hitchhike his way to Storrs for classes. After time in the US Air Force and working for corporations like RCA and IBM, he returned to Storrs to become an icon at the School of Engineering in the rapidly changing world of electrical and computer engineering. Thanks to a $363,000 donation from Professor Knapp’s children, Robert, Linda Bar-Shalom is the Top-Ranked Academic in Aeronautical and Space Engineering Dr. Yaakov Bar-Shalom, Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor and the Marianne E. Klewin Endowed Professor in Engineering, is the top-ranked academic in the Aeronautical and Space Engineering field as judged by a complex formula that measures number of scholarly journal publications and number of citations/journal paper, according to academic.research.microsoft.com, one of several academic ranking organizations. Of Dr. Bar-Shalom’s estimated 364 scholarly papers, 42 have 42 or more citations, which leads to an overall h index of 42. Alumnus Dr. Thiagalingam Kirubarajan (M.S., Ph.D, Electrical Engineering, ’95, ’98), a professor at McMaster University (Ontario, Canada) is ranked number five based on the same criteria. 4 | (DelGizzi), Barry and Jennifer (Loomer), the university recently created the Charles H. Knapp Associaate Professorship in Electrical Engineering. On the evening of November 2, 2012, faculty, alumni, and friends of the family gathered at the UConn Alumni House to celebrate Prof. Knapp’s professional contributions and to name Dr. Shengli Zhou as the first recipient of the newly endowed Associate Professorship. Dr. Zhou, a 2007 recipient of the Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) award, has published extensively in the areas of Photo by The Defining Photo wireless communications and signal processing. He has published one book, 82 journal papers, and currently holds 10 patents. His work has been cited more than 6000 times. His research in underwater acoustic communications at UConn has attracted three million dollars in extramural funding. With two other faculty members at UCONN, he has co-founded Aquatic Sensor Network Technologies (AquaSeNT), a startup company focused on advancing the state of the art of underwater acoustic communications and networking. ECE Welcomes New Faculty and Staff The Electrical & Computer Engineering Department welcomed one staff member (Celine Goorahoo) and two new assistant professors (Ali Bazzi and Omer Khan) in Fall 2012 Dr. Bazzi, who received his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in December 2010, brings expertise in the power engineering area. He has gained industrial experience working at Delphi Electronics & Safety for the past year. His research interests include power electronics design, control, optimization, and reliability modeling in motor drives and solar photovoltaic applications. Dr. Bazzi is also interested in renewable energy integration in micro-grids, and real-time control and optimization of energy systems in general. His teaching interests include power electronics, electrical machines, and motor drives. Dr. Khan joins the ECE Department in the area of computer engineering. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst in 2009 and was most recently a Research Affiliate in the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). His teaching and research expertise spans the general fields of computer architecture, digital system design, and VLSI, with particular interest in scalability of on-chip memory, networks and communication in future multicore architectures; hardware/software co-design; VLSI and digital systems design; and simulation and construction of architecture prototypes. Celine Goorahoo joined the department as an administrative services specialist to help provide post-award services for the growing portfolio of research grants and contracts. A native of Guyana (S. America), she comes to UConn after 23 years of experience as a leader of a bookkeeping team at Dun & Bradstreet (in its multiple incarnations). Alumni in the News G. Clifford Carter Receives the 2012 IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal Alumnus Ralph Bernstein Talks About “Rediscovering” Mona Lisa D A r. Clifford Carter (MS ’72, PhD ’76) received the 2012 IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal for his contributions to “the fundamentals of coherence and time-delay estimation and to underwater acoustics signal processing.” The award, established in 1995 and sponsored by Texas Instruments Inc., consists of a gold medal, a bronze replica, a certificate, and an honorarium. Following graduation from the Coast Guard Academy, G. Clifford Carter served as a communications and sonar training officer, where he learned challenges of real-world electronics. Later, he went to work for the Navy and attended graduate school at the University of Connecticut, where he studied under Professor Charles H. Knapp (see page 4) and earned his MS degree and PhD degrees in electrical engineering. G. Clifford Carter’s pioneering contributions to determining and using coherence and time-delay estimation have had lasting impact on the field of signal processing including sonar detection, classification, and localization. Dr. Carter’s algorithms are used today in applications ranging from underwater acoustics for the U.S. Navy’s submarine fleet to healthcare. His research led to eleven patents and three co-authored engineering handbooks. An IEEE Life Fellow, Dr. Carter retired from the Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division Newport, Newport, R.I., in 2009 as a senior technologist for acoustic signal processing. lumnus Ralph Bernstein (BSEE 1956) returned to UConn half a century later to present his multifaceted research in digital imaging at the 2012 Alumni Weekend in Storrs. In 1986, he participated in the team that digitally rediscovered Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa. Using a combination of infrared scanning, computerized digital enhancement and spatial filtering, they were able to “peel back the layers” to show the original hues of the masterpiece. Additionally, they discovered there may have been a pearl necklace that da Vinci later painted out, and the eyes and mouth may have been restored throughout the centuries. Michael Georgiopoulos is Appointed Interim Dean at UCF D r. Michael Georgiopoulos (PhD ’86) has been on the faculty of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida (UCF) since 1986. In 2010, he was named a Pegasus Professor, the most prestigious faculty award at UCF, for his “extraordinary contributions” in teaching, research and service. On Jul 1, 2012, he was appointed the Interim Dean of the College of Engineering and Computer Science (CECS). CECS is one of the nation’s largest colleges of engineering and computer science with approximately 8,000 students enrolled. Harris Engineering Center by FLJuJitsu www.engr.uconn.edu/ece | 5 Faculty News Dr. Gokirmak Receives CAREER Award D r. Ali Gokirmak, assistant professor of Electrical & Computer Engineering, is a 2012 recipient of a coveted National Science Foundation Early Career Development (CAREER) Award. Dr. Gokirmak’s five-year, $400,000 research project involves phase change materials and electro-thermal effects at the nanoscale. It is the 27th CAREER Award received by current UConn engineering faculty and the 15th awarded since 2007 alone. Dr. Gokirmak’s CAREER research will focus on the integration of phase change memory (PCM) with silicon electronics and the fundamental scientific challenges regarding electrical, thermal and thermoelectric processes that take place in a nanometer scale geometry. To replicate the common binary data storage format, in PCMs, an electric current is passed through a phase-change material (most often an alloy containing germanium, antimony and tellurium) to produce two states: crystalline and orderly with low electrical resistance, and the disordered amorphous state characterized as having high electrical resistance. While many applications require just two states for memory storage, PCM is capable of being manipulated to achieve multi-level storage that may allow for more dense data storage with less energy usage. This research effort will integrate fabrication and electrical measurements with computational studies, in collaboration with the IBM Watson Research Center. The research partners at IBM will play a vital role in discussions related to current state of the art in the industry and direction Left to right: Faruk Dirisaglik, Gokhan Bakan, Adam Cywar, Dr. Ali Gorkimak, Azer Faraclas, Nicholas Williams, and Sean Fischer. 6 | electrical & computer engineering of the fundamental scientific studies needed for PCM to become a mainstream memory technology. The devices will be fabricated by UConn students at the IBM Watson Research Center, while experiments and computational studies will be carried out at UConn. Dr. Gokirmak and Dr. Helena Silva co-direct the Nanoelectronics Laboratory at UConn in Electrical & Computer Engineering. Drs. Gokirmak and Silva previously received a $512,000 grant from the U.S. Department of Energy in support of research on current-induced crystallization of silicon and thermoelectric transport in silicon nanostructures. The Nanoelectronics Laboratory has received approximately $1.7M in federal research grants since 2007. center News Nanoelectronics Lab: Building Community D uring summer 2012, the Nanoelectronics Lab, headed by Drs. Ali Gokirmak and Helena Silva, hosted two middle school teachers, Doug and Annie Perkins, and seven high school students who were participants in UConn’s Mentor Connection summer program. The two ECE faculty members and their graduate students involved the visitors in a variety of “fun” projects involving electronics that expanded the reach of the UConn engineering community. The first project that they worked on was the ‘optical audio link.’ In this project they engineered transmitter and receiver circuits to transmit music through lasers. “It was a very intensive program. It required a full week of lecturing to get them up to speed on these concepts,” said Dr. Gokirmak. UConn students did the teaching. Sean Fischer, currently a senior in Electrical Engineering (EE), did most of the build these devices,” said Annie Perkins. The robotics clubs headed by both Perkinses will also benefit from their summer lab experience. “We were trying to learn more about electronics so we could better troubleshoot our robotics components,” explained Annie Perkins. Their experience will also help with expanding the classroom science modules dealing with electronics and robotics that are taught to all students. Sean Fischer said that opening the lab to non-engineers proved to be more enlightening and educational than the usual summer research experience. “It’s different being on the other side of the CHASE Center Launched I n June 2012, the Center for Hardware assurance, Security, and Engineering (CHASE) was founded at UConn under the leadership of Professor Mohammad Tehranipoor. The Center’s mission is to provide the University with a physical and intellectual environment necessary for interdisciplinary hardware-oriented research and applications to meet the challenges of the future in the field of assurance and security, with particular emphasis on modern integrated circuits and systems. Senator Joe Lieberman heralded UConn’s contributions to cyber security research during a February 2012 visit. In 2010, the University of Connecticut was named a National Center of Excellence in Information Assurance Research (CAER). Additional information about CHASE is available at www.chase.uconn.edu. “With the grants that the NSF gives us, we try to do something with a broader impact.” instruction. Jonathan Rarey, an EE junior, showed them how to make their circuit boards and also drilled the boards for them. “We could have ordered the components but we thought it would be more fun for them to see how it was built,” said Dr. Gokirmak. “By the end they built their own circuit boards and took them home to show their friends and family.” Doug and Annie Perkins, seasoned UConn engineering “lab rats” who had participated in the Joule Fellows and da Vinci Project previously, worked with the lab team to increase their knowledge about electronics so they could provide better instruction to their middle school students. “Doug runs an enrichment program, so he has small group of kids who can actually lecture hall,” he remarked. “When they understood a topic, it gave me a lot of satisfaction —made me feel like I made a difference at least while they were here. This was more valuable than a simple research experience because it provided a way of interacting with people outside of the lab. If we have to explain our work at a conference, we need to tailor our presentation to our audience. Teaching this summer was a good way practice that.” “Some people might ask, ‘why care about outreach when publishing papers gets so much more recognition?’ We say, it’s important because it helps our students to grow in different ways,” said Dr. Gokirmak. He added: “With the grants that the NSF gives us, we try to do something with a broader impact.” U.S. Senator Joseph Lieberman speaks with Mohammad Tehranipoor at the Information Technology Engineering Building in February 2012. (Peter Morenus/UConn Photo) www.engr.uconn.edu/ece | 7 Senior Design Day 2012 O n Friday, April 27, 2012, electrical and computer engineering student teams demonstrated fourteen innovative senior design projects, many of which were sponsored by companies and organizations across the region. The sponsors for 2011-2012 projects included Covidien, Hamilton Sundstrand, IEEE AES Society, IMCORP, Lenze, National Transportation Security Center of Excellence, Phonon, and Qualtech Systems. Design day demonstrations are the climax of a two-semester process in which student teams seek to solve a manufacturing, software or other product /process challenge, often in close association with an industrial mentor or other sponsor, and a faculty advisor. Throughout the year, students apply the core concepts they learned in the classroom to their design projects. These provide hands-on learning opportunities and expose students to the challenges and satisfactions of solving real-world dilemmas, from the problem definition stage to prototype development. New GAANNs in Engineering T he U.S. Dept. of Education has funded three new three-year 2012 Graduate Assistance in Areas of National Need (GAANN) sites within the School of Engineering. These programs will provide $1.2 million for graduate student support. One of the GAANN awards went to a team led by Dr. John Chandy and will support doctoral students interested in developing advanced computer systems security methodologies. This research focus builds 8 | upon, and extends, a previous successful GAANN program for which Dr. Chandy was also the lead. Dr. Chandy explains that security is an increasingly urgent concern as computer-driven devices become ever-more pervasive in our daily lives. The brains behind desktop computers, cell phones, laptops, e-readers—even automobiles, power plants, financial and communications systems, and navigation devices—are hightech computers and microcontrollers. Their electrical & computer engineering pervasive integration into all facets of daily life render computer systems vulnerable to individuals who wish to disrupt and corrupt the systems for financial, political or other reasons. Dr. Chandy and his collaborators (Drs. Bahram Javidi, Aggelos Kiayias, Jerry Shi, Alexander Shvartsman, Mohammad Tehranipoor, Bing Wang and Lei Wang), seek to develop the next generation of agile, savvy computer security experts who can help the nation protect its vital systems. ECE faculty profiles Anwar, A F. Professor; Fellow, SPIE; Member, CASE Quantum size effect devices; transport in semiconductor devices; high frequency noise in electronic devices; GaN-based high power devices anwara@engr.uconn.edu Ayers, John E. Associate Professor Semiconductor materials, heteroepitaxial growth and characterization; defect engineering in heteroepitaxial semiconductors; semiconductor devices; VLSI fabrication jayers@engr.uconn.edu Bar-Shalom, Yaakov M. Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor & Marianne E. Klewin Endowed Professor in Engineering; Fellow, IEEE; Member, CASE. Target tracking with radar, sonar, and infrared sensors; air traffic control, data fusion for surveillance systems with multiple sensors ybs@engr.uconn.edu Robert S. Lynch Adjunct Lecturer Distributed storage, clustered file systems, networking, hardware, parallel architectures, VLSI design and automation chandy@engr.uconn.edu Enderle, John D. Professor; Fellow, IEEE ASEE, AIMBE, Rensselaer Alumni Association Fellow and Uconn Teaching Fellow; Member, CASE Modeling physiological systems, system identification, signal processing, and control theory jenderle@engr.uconn.edu affiliated faculty Molly Brewer Research Professor Chandy, John A. Associate Professor & Associate Head Fiber optic high-speed digital and high-frequency network implementation; quantum computing and communications donkor@engr.uconn.edu Applied electromagnetics rajeev@engr.uconn.edu Anthony DeMaria Professor in Residence; Member, NAE and NAS Power electronics, motor drives, electric machinery, and renewable energy integration in micro-grids bazzi@engr.uconn.edu Donkor, Eric Associate Professor; Fellow, SPIE; Member, CASE Bansal, Rajeev Professor & Head; Fellow of the Electromagnetics Academy; Member, CASE Steven K. Boggs Research Professor; Fellow, IEEE Bazzi, Ali Assistant Professor emeritus faculty David Tonn Adjunct Lecturer Peter K. Cheo Fellow, IEEE David Jordan Mahmoud A. Melehy Robert B. Northrop Martin D. Fox David Kleinman Fellow, IEEE Charles H. Knapp Matthew Mashikian Fellow, IEEE www.engr.uconn.edu/ece | 9 ECE faculty profiles Escabi, Monty Associate Professor; Member CASE Human perception of sound, neuronal processing of sound information, neuronal modeling escabi@engr.uconn.edu Khan, Omer Assistant Professor Computer architecture; large-scale multicores; architectures for heterogeneity, energy-efficiency, reliability, security, data and programmability; scalable on-chip communication, memory models and networks; hardware/software co-design omer.khan@uconn.edu Gokirmak, Ali Assistant Professor Nanofabrication, micro and nanoelectronics, thermo-electrics, electrical characterization, transport, electrical materials processing gokirmak@engr.uconn.edu Gupta, shalabh Assistant Professor Cyber physical systems, distributed intelligent systems, robotics, autonomous systems, statistical learning and perception, information fusion, and fault diagnosis & prognosis in complex systems shalabh.gupta@uconn.edu Jain, Faquir C. Professor; Fellow, SPIE; Member, CASE Design & fab of sub-22nm FETs & circuits; quantum dot nanophosphor displays, lasers & modulators; CNT biosensors fcj@engr.uconn.edu Luh, Peter B. SNET Professor of Communications & Information Technologies Fellow, IEEE; Member, CASE Planning, scheduling & coordination of design, manufacturing and service activities; power system market design and load/price forecasting; energy smart and safe buildings luh@engr.uconn.edu park, sung-yeul Assistant Professor Intelligent power conditioning systems; energy conversion; renewable energy integration; microgrid and smart grid applications supark@engr.uconn.edu Pattipati, Krishna R UTC Professor of Systems Engineering; Fellow, IEEE; Member, CASE Optimization, prognostics and diagnostics, inference and decision making under uncertainty, multi-object tracking and adaptive organizations krishna@engr.uconn.edu Javidi, Bahram Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor; Fellow, IEEE, OSA, SPIE, and AIMBE; Member, CASE Optics for information systems, 3D imaging, 3D display, 3D image processing, 3D image recognition, bio sensing, biomedical imaging, disease detection, bacteria identification, and information security bahram@engr.uconn.edu 10 | electrical & computer engineering Silva, Helena Assistant Professor Nanofabrication, micro and nanoelectronics, thermo-electrics, electrical characterization, transport, electrical materials processing hsilva@engr.uconn.edu ECE faculty profiles Taylor, Geoff W. Professor. Fellow, IEEE; Member, CASE Optoelectronic devices and integrated circuits; advance materials gwt@engr.uconn.edu Tehranipoor, Mohammad Castleman Term Associate Professor in Engineering Innovation Computer aided design and test; reliability analysis; hardware security and trust tehrani@engr.uconn.edu Zhou, Shengli Charles H. Knapp Associate Professor in Electrical Engineering. Member, CASE Wireless communications, signal processing for communications, and underwater acoustic communication and networking shengli@engr.uconn.edu Zhu, Quing Professor; Fellow, SPIE; Member, CASE Near infrared light imaging, ultrasonic imaging, photo-acoustic imaging, optical coherence tomography zhu@engr.uconn.edu Wang, Lei Associate Professor Low power, high performance integrated Microsystems; design methodologies for ASIC/SOC, and VLSI signal processing algorithms and architectures leiwang@engr.uconn.edu Willett, Peter K. Professor. Associate Director, BECAT. Fellow, IEEE Detection, target tracking, communication and signal processing willett@engr.uconn.edu Zhang, Peng Assistant Professor Smart grid, power systems reliability, grid integration of wind and solar energy, real time power system simulation, and power quality peng@engr.uconn.edu Industrial Advisory Board Zahi Abuhamdeh, TranSwitch Frank Chan, Naval Undersea Warfare Center Anthony DeMaria, Coherent Jim Fahrny, Comcast Robert Madonna, SAVANT Diana Mahoney, Northeast Utilities Tom Martin, Phonon Don Masters, Pratt & Whitney Eric Mueller, Coherent Edmond Murphy, JDS Uniphase Venk Mutalik, ARRIS Access and Transport Eric Reed, General Electric Theodora Saunders, Sikorsky Daniel Serfaty, Aptima Paul Singer, General Electric Leo Veilleux, Hamilton Sundstrand www.engr.uconn.edu/ece | 11 Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering 371 Fairfield Way, Unit 4157 Storrs, CT 06269-4157 Address Service Requested Alumnus profile Daniel E. Noble O ne of the department’s most renowned graduates is Daniel E. Noble (‘29), who is widely regarded as a pioneer in mobile communications and semiconductors. Dr. Noble, a native of Naugatuck, CT and a radio enthusiast, earned his bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering at what was then called the Connecticut State College (now UConn). He also earned his doctoral degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and then returned to teach at UConn (1924 -1940). While at UConn, he designed, built and operated the college radio station and developed expertise in the area of FM, or frequency modulation, the technology used in mobile radios. Impressed with his work in Storrs, two Hartford radio stations sought him out and asked him to build relay stations for them. For one of the 12 | stations, Dr. Noble built one of the first FM broadcast stations. This expertise attracted the attention of law enforcement agencies eager for better communications devices in squad cars. Working with the Connecticut State Police, Dr. Noble developed the nation’s first two-way radio state police communications system. This remarkable achievement also drew the attention of Paul Galvin, founder of the Galvin Manufacturing Corp., which later became Motorola Corporation. Mr. Galvin recruited Dr. Noble in 1940 to serve as Director of Research at the Chicago manufacturing company. Motorola credits Dr. Noble not only with conducting groundbreaking work in field of radio communications but also with recognizing the significance of the transistor’s potential soon after it was invented in the late 1940s. electrical & computer engineering Non-Profit Org. US Postage Paid Storrs, CT Permit NO.3