PSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/07)
DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT
Author’s full name : WAN AHMAD KAMIL BIN WAN RAZALI
Date of birth : 16 APRIL 1990
Title : ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEM UNDER FAULT CONDITION
USING PSCAD SIMULATION
Academic Session : 2012/2013
I declare that this thesis is classified as:
√
CONFIDENTIAL
(Contains confidential information under the Official Secret
Act 1972)*
RESTRICTED
(Contains restricted information as specified by the organization where research was done)*
OPEN ACCESS
I agree that my thesis to be published as online open access
(full text)
I acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows:
1.
The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
2.
The Library of University Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies for the purpose of research only.
3.
The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange.
SIGNATURE
900416-03-6423
(NEW IC NO. / PASSPORT NO.)
Date: 24 JUNE 2013
Certified by:
SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR
HAJAH FARIDAH BINTI HUSSIN
NAME OF SUPERVISOR
Date: 24 JUNE 2013
NOTES: * If the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from the organization with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction.

“I hereby declare that I had read this thesis and in my opinion, this thesis is sufficient in term of quality and scope for the purpose of awarding a Bachelor
Degree in Electrical (Electrical) Engineering”.
Signature : ______________________________________
Supervisor : HAJAH FARIDAH BINTI HUSSIN
Date : 24 JUNE 2013

I declare that this thesis entitled “ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEM UNDER FAULT
CONDITION USING PSCAD SIMULATION” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degrees. i
Signature : ……………………………
Name : WAN AHMAD KAMIL BIN WAN RAZALI
Date : 23 JUNE 2013

Dedicated to my beloved father
Wan Razali Bin Wan Awang
Mother
Noor Nura bt Mat Yunus
And
My entire friend in SEE programmed
For their encouragement ii

iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would express my thanksness to Allah for granting me with opportunity of an education in this electrical field.
I would like to thank my family, members and people who involve with my project with give a inspiration, ideas and also support through my life and academic career especially my beloved father Wan Razali bin Wan Awang and mother Noor Nura binti
Mat Yunus.
My sincere appreciation and gratitude to my lectures and advisor of this project Miss
Faridah binti Hussin for his advice, assistance and valuable guidance in my preparation of this project.
I would also like acknowledgement and give thanks to Miss Nur Safura binti Abdul
Khalid and Miss Nur Afifah binti Omar for their guidance in using PSCAD software for my project.

iv
ABSTRACT
Power system is the system that responsible to supply continuous and reliability power to end user. It is very important to maintain the continuity of power flow in the power system and at the same time will minimize the occurrence of fault occurs in power system. In general there are two types of fault that occur in power system on the transmission line namely series fault and shunt fault. Series fault commonly occurs due to overvoltage and the circuit breaker does not function properly and cause the system to be open circuited. Meanwhile the shunt fault occurs due to short circuit that caused by external or internal factor. There are four categories of fault for shunt fault type namely single line to ground fault, double line to ground fault, line to line fault and three phases to ground fault. The categories of shunt fault also can be classified by symmetrical fault or balance fault and asymmetrical fault or unbalance fault. The single line or double line will be classified as the symmetrical fault while the three line fault will be classified as asymmetrical fault. To identify their categories of fault, PSCAD simulator is being used.
The modeling and analysis of the test system with corresponding with relay circuits are done by using PSCAD. From the simulation result, it can be observed that the fault voltage and current characteristic are consistent with the theoretical concept.

v
ABSTRACT
Sistem kuasa adalah sistem kuasa elektrik yang dapat membekal kuasa elektrik kepada pengguna. Kuasa elektrik tersebut mestilah berterusan dan berkeupayaan dalam memberi bekalan elektrik kepada penguna dalam aktiviti harian.Untuk memastikan kesinambungan aliran bekalan elektrik ini adalah sangat penting dan mencegah daripada berlakunya kerosakan didalam sistem terutamanya pada pengalir penghantaran. Secara umumnya,terdapat dua kerosakan yang biasa berlaku didalam sistem iaitu kerosakan siri dan kerosakan pirau. Kerosakan siri biasanya disebabkan lebihan voltan dan akan menyebabkan litar terbuka.Berbeza dengan kerosakan pirau yang biasanya litar pintas disebabkan oleh faktor luaran dan dalaman.Terdapat beberapa kategori kerosakan pirau iaitu satu fasa litar pintas sambung ke bumi,dua fasa litar pintas sambung ke bumi,tiga fasa litar pantas sambung ke bumi dan fasa ke fasa sahaja.Selain itu,kerosakan pirau juga boleh dikelaskan kepada dua bahagian iaitu kerosakan simetri dan kerosakan bukan simetri atau stabil dan tidak stabil.Satu fasa dan dua fasa ke bumi boleh dikelaskan sebagai kerosakan bukan simetri sementara tiga ifasa pula dikelaskan sebagai kesalahan simetri.Untuk menentukan kerosakan – kerosakan tersebut kita boleh mengunakan PSCAD simulator.Untuk membentuk dan menganalisis pada system geganti digunakan melalui aturan di PSCAD. Hasil dari simulasi , ciri-ciri pada arus dan voltan dapat dilihat yang mana ianya konsisten dengan teori yang sudah dikaji.

CHAPTER
TITLE
DECLARATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND
SYMBOLS
LIST OF APPENDICES xiv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1
Overview 1
1.2
Objective 3
1.3
Scope of the Project 3
4 1.4 Problem of Statement
1.5 Thesis outline 4 vi vii x xi ii iii iv v vi

vii
2.THE LITERATURE REVIEW 5
7 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Type of Faults 8
2.2.1 Series Faults 8
2.2.2 Shunt Faults
2.3 Method of Analysis
2.4 Fortescue’s Theory
2.4.1 Positive Sequence Components
2.4.2 Negative Sequence Components
2.4.3 Zero Sequence Components
9
10
10
11
12
12
2.5 Fault Analysis in Power Systems
2.5.1 Three-Phase Fault
2.5.2 Single Line-to-Ground Fault
16
17
20
2.5.3 Line-to-Line Fault 23

3 . METHODOLOGY
2.5.4 Double Line-to-Ground Fault
3.1 Introduction of PSCAD
3.2 Components
3.2.1 Three-Phase Voltage Source
3.2.2 Three-Phase 2-Winding Transformer
3.2.3 Three phase fault setting
3.2.4 Three-Phase Breaker
3.2.5 Multi meter
3.2.6 Overhead Line Configuration
3.2.7 Variable Real/Integer Input Slider
3.2.8 Timed Fault Logic
3.2.9 Timed Breaker Logic
3.2.10 Graph Frames
3.2.11RTP/COMTRADE Recorder
36
37
38
39
40
32
33
34
35 viii
25
28
28
31
41
42

ix
3.3 Methodology
3.3.1 Circuit Design and Construction
3.3.2 Fault Types and Location
3.3.3 Place Input, Output, Controller and Setting
43
43
45
46
3.3.4 Run Simulation and Run Time
3.4 Conclusion
46
47
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 48
49 4.1 First Analysis
49 4.1.1 No Fault Condition
4.1.2 Single Phase to Ground Fault 51
4.1.3 Double Phase to Ground Fault
4.1.5 Three Phase to Ground Fault
53
56
58 4.1.6 Line to line fault
4.2 Second Analysis
4.2.1 No Fault Condition
61
61

62 x
63
65
66
68

3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
3.1
3.2
LIST OF FIGURES
NO OF FIGURE
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
TITLE
Positive sequence components 11
Negative sequence components 12
Zero sequence component
PAGE
13
General representation of a balance three fault 17
2.5 Sequence network diagram balanced three phase fault 18
Representation single lines to ground 21
Sequence network diagram single line to ground 21
Representation line to line faults 23
Sequence network diagram line to line fault 24
Representation line to line to ground fault 26
Sequence network diagram line to line to ground 26
Three Phase two winding Transformer 33
Three phase Fault Setting 34
Three Phase Breaker 36
Multi meter 37
Transmission Line 38
Variable Real/Integer input Slider 39
Timed Fault Logic 39
Timed Breaker Logic 40
Graph frames 41
RTP/COMPTRADE Recorders 42
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
Simple circuit single diagram transmission lines 44
Complex circuit single diagram transmission
Lines 44
Fault Type and Location 45
Place input, Output, Controller and Setting 46 xi

4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
3.15
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.18
Run simulation and Run time 47
Voltage and Current waveform when no fault 50
Trip signal when no fault 51
Voltage and Current waveform when single line to ground fault 52
Tripping signal when Single line to ground fault 53
Voltage and Current Waveform when double
line to ground 54
Tripping signal when double line to ground fault 55
Voltage and Current waveform when three phase to ground fault 57 tripping signal when three phase to ground fault 58
Voltage and Current waveform when double line to fault 59
Tripping signal when double line to fault 60
Voltage with different location single line to ground 62
Current with different location single line to ground 63
Voltage with different location double
line to ground 64
Current with different location double line to ground 64
Voltage with different location three phase to ground 65 current with different location three phase to ground 66 voltages with different location line to line fault 67
Current with different location line to line fault 67 xii

LIST OF LIST OF ABBREAVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
I
E a
- a
I b
-
-
I c
I f
-
-
I
0
I
1
-
-
I
2
-
V a
-
V b
-
V c
-
V
0
-
V
1
-
V
2
-
Voltage Source
Current Phase a
Current Phase b
Current Phase c
Fault Current
Current Zero Sequence
Current Positive Sequence
Current Negative Sequence
Voltage Phase a
Voltage Phase b
Voltage Phase c
Voltage Zero Sequence
Voltage positive Sequence
Voltage Negative Sequence
LIST APPENDIX
NO. APPENDIX TITLE
APPENDIX A Version PSCAD Simulation
Analysis Result Simple Circuit APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C Analysis Result Complex Circuit
PAGE xiii

1
1.1
Overview
During normal operating condition, current will flow through all element of the electrical power system with pre-design that with related to element rating. Any power system can be analyzed by calculating the value of current and voltage in system with the normal and abnormal condition [2].

2
Unfortunately fault could happen due to nature or accident where the phase will establish a connection with another phase, the ground or both in certain case [4]. A falling tree on transmission line could cause a three phase fault or balance fault where all phase share a point contact that is fault location. Fault could be occurred due to leakage in insulation, wind damage, overvoltage, lightning strike and others.
Fault can be defined as the flow of a massive current through improper path which could cause extremely equipment damage which will lead to interruption of power, personal injury or death. In addition the voltage level will change which will affect the insulation of equipment. In case of increase of failure of equipment start up, if the voltage is below minimum level. As a result the electrical potential different will increase that cause by this fault [2].Hence, when fault happen in system, this equipment will cause the danger of electricity to the human.
In order to prevent such as event power system fault analysis was introduced to analyses the fault in power system. The process evaluating the system of voltage and current under various type of fault such as short circuit is called fault analysis which can determine the necessary safety measure and required protection system [4].It is essential to guarantee the safety of public [10].The analysis of fault leads in selection of suitable protection for equipment such as the selection of the suitable fuse, circuit breaker size and type of relay [2].
There are two type of faults which can occur in transmission line namely balance fault and unbalance fault. The unbalance fault can be classified into single line to ground, double line fault and double line to ground fault. The most common type of fault in reality is single line to ground fault which is occurred when one phase of any transmission line establishes a connection with the ground. 70 % of all transmission line fault are of this type of fault [11].

3
Line to line ground fault is one phase that touch another phase and 15% of all transmission line fault are fall into this category [11].
Double line to ground is a two phase that connected to the ground and it contributes about 10% only[11].
The failure equipment or line breaking due to three phase fault exists is only in
5% of all transmission line faults [11].
1.2
Objectives
The objectives of the project are to:
I.
To study the various type of fault that occur in power system
II.
To model and analyze various type of fault using PSCAD
1.3 Scope of the project
The scope of this project is to detect the faults that occur on transmission line.
There are several categories fault that commonly happen on transmission line that is single line to ground, double line to ground, line to line and three line phases to ground.
Protection relay will be used to detect or sense the faults and will trip the circuit breaker.
As a result the voltage and current will be generated in waveform using PSCAD.

4
1.4 Problem Statement
There are several problems that are related to shunt fault. Shunt fault is a fault that short circuited the transmission line that cause increasing the current.
Continuous high current cause by short circuit fault will damage the equipment in power system. To determine the various type of fault it can be identify the waveform that will be result from protection scheme. Moreover it also can analyze the fault that will be detected by different location in power system.
1.5 Thesis outline
This project consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 is an introduction of the project study, while chapter 2 that discusses on literature review or related work on analysis of power system under fault condition. Theory of protection system will be elaborated in detail in this chapter. Chapter 3 focuses on circuit developing and designing that be used in this research. Lastly discussion of results will be discussed in chapter 4.

5
CHAPTER 2
THE LITERATURE REVIEW
1.3
Introduction
Electric power is generated, transmitted and distributed in large interconnected of power system. The generation of electric power is in power plant. Whereby the voltage level will be raised by transformer before transmitting the power to customer .Electric power is proportional to the product of voltage and current therefore power transmission voltage level are used in order to minimize the transmission losses in this system [4].

The main objective of all power system is to maintain the continuous and reliable power supply to the end user. During the normal operation, current will flow through all
6 element to the electrical power system within pre-design values which are appropriate to these element rating. However, natural event or factor such as lightning, weather, wind, heat, ice, failure related equipment and many unpredictable factors may lead to unwanted situation and connection between phase conductor of transmission line and the phase conductor to the ground and especially this type is known as a fault. A falling three on the transmission line could cause a three phase fault when it shares a contact in one point that called a fault location. In different view, fault could be a result of insulation deterioration, human vandalism, lightning, insulation failure and wind damage
[2, 4].
Fault can be define as the flow of massive current through improper path which will cause bigger equipment damage which will effect or cause interruption of power, personal injury or death. Besides that, the voltage level will affect the equipment insulation in case of increasing the voltage and also could cause a failure start-up if the voltage is below the minimum level. As a result, the electrical potential difference of the system neutral will be increased. Thus people and equipment will be exposed to the electricity failure [2].
In power system, any part can be analyzed by calculating the system of voltage and current under normal and abnormal situation [2].
The fault current caused by short circuit may be several factor of magnitude larger than the normal operating current and are determined by the system impedance between generator voltage and the fault, under a worst situation if the fault persists, it may lead to long term of power loss, blackout and permanently damage to the equipment. To prevent this situation, the temporary isolation of fault from whole system

7 it is necessary as soon as possible. This is accomplished by install the protective relaying in the power system [4].
The process of evaluating the system voltage and current under various condition and type of fault short circuit is called fault analysis which can determine the necessary safety measure and the required protection system guaranty to the safety of public [4].
The analysis fault will be analysis to make a best procedure protection setting which can be compute in order to select a suitable fuse, circuit breaker size and type of relay to be used in power system [2].
System fault depends on the short circuit location, the path taken by fault current as well as the system impedance and voltage level. In order to maintain the continuation of the power supply to all customers, all faulted location must be isolated from the system temporary by the protection scheme. When faults exist, the relay protection zones operate on transmission line and send a signal to trip or open the circuit breaker and isolate the faulted line from the system [4].
In this research, to complete this task successfully, fault analysis has to be conducted in every location in power system by assuming the fault condition. The goal is to determine the optimum protection scheme by determining the fault current and voltage at every location. In reality the power system consists of thousand of buses which complicate the task of calculating these parameters without using the software computer such as PSCAD, Power World or Matlab [4].

8
1.4
Type of faults
There are two type of faults in power system that occur in transmission line namely balanced and unbalanced faults and it is also known as a symmetrical and asymmetrical faults respectively. Most of the faults that occur in power system are not the balanced three phase faults but the unbalance fault [1].In the analysis of power system under the fault condition, it is necessary to analyse all type of faults in order to obtained good results.
2.1.1
Series Faults
Series faults is a fault that caused an open circuit or open conductor and take place when unbalance series impedance condition of the line present. Practically a series fault, the example is when the circuit breaker control the line do not open all three phases, one or two phase of the line may be open while the other is closed [1]. Series fault are characterized by increase of voltage and frequency and fall in current in the fault phase of power system.

9
2.1.2
Shunt fault
The shunt fault is most commonly happen in power system. It involves power conductor or conductor to ground or short circuit between conductors. The most important characteristic of shunt faults is the increasing of the upper current and fall in voltage and frequency. Shunt fault can be classified in four categories.
1.
Line to ground fault: this type exist when one phase of any transmission line have a connection to the ground by wind, falling tree, ice or any other accident.
This type of fault most commonly happen in power system that is 70% under this category [11].
2.
Line to Line fault: One phase could have connection with another phase or line to line fault. Commonly this category is 15% happen of fault in transmission line
[11].
3.
Double line to ground: two phases have becoming a contact with have a connection with a ground. Especially this type of fault is caused by failing tree or so on and percentage of this category is 10% [11].
4.
Three phase fault: in this case as falling tree, failure of equipment or line breaking and touching the remaining phase can cause three phase faults. In reality this fault is not commonly happen and it only 5% happen in power system
[11].
The first three of these faults are known as asymmetrical faults and the last one is symmetrical fault.

10
1.5
Method of analysis
In order to analyze any unbalance system, C.L Fortescue introduced a method called symmetrical components in 1918 to solve this system using a balance representation [6].This method is considered the base of all traditional fault analysis approaches of solving unbalanced power system [4].
The theory suggests that any unbalance system can be represented by a number of balanced systems equal to number of its phasor. The balanced system representation are called symmetrical component. In three phase system there are three sets of balance symmetrical component that can be obtain there are positive sequence, negative sequences and zero sequences component. The positive sequences consist of set of phasor which have same the original system. While the negative sequences is opposite with the positive sequences while the zero sequences has three component in phase with each other that also depend on connection of transformer in this system.
1.6
Fortescue theory
A three phase balance fault can be as a short circuit with fault impedance that called Z
f
between the phase and the ground. When Z
f
is equal to zero it can be defined as a solid fault. However, this fault is rarely happened in reality [8].

11
Analyzing any symmetrical fault can be completed by using impedance matrix or by Thevenin method. To solve the unbalance fault, Fortescue theorem suggested that it can be solved by using the different each phase sequence. These components consist of positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence.
2.1.3
Positive Sequence Component
This positive sequence component are equal in magnitude and angle by each other is
120 degree with same sequences the original phase. The current and voltage of positive sequence is same cycle order of the original source. In typical counter clockwise rotation electrical system, positive sequence are shown in figure 3.1 .It also same with positive current phasor. This sequence is also called the “a b c” sequence and usually sign by symbol “+” or “1”.
Figure 2.1 Positive sequence components

12
2.1.4
Negative Sequence Component
This negative sequence also component that equal magnitude and the angle that have a 120 degree by each phase and similar to the positive sequence component, different between this sequences and positive sequences is they are opposite phase sequence from the original system. The negative sequence is defined by “a c b” sequence and usually denoted by symbol “-” and “2” [9].The phasor of negative sequence are shown in Figure
2.2 where the phasor are anti clockwise. This sequence commonly happens only in case unsymmetrical fault in addition to positive sequence component.
Figure 2.2 Negative sequence components
2.1.5
Zero Sequence Components
This zero sequence their component of three phasor which are equal their magnitude as positive sequence and negative sequence but their displacement is zero.
The phasor component is in phase with each other. This sequence is illustrated in Figure

13
2.3. Under an asymmetrical fault condition, this zero sequence is symbolized in term of voltage and current where a ground or fourth wire exists. It occur when ground current return to power system through any grounding point in electrical system. In this type of fault, the positive and negative component also present with the connection depends on type of fault condition. This sequence is known by the symbol “0” [9].
Figure 2.3 Zero Sequence Components
The following are three sets of component to represent three phase system of voltage in a positive, negative and zero component.
Positive:
Negative:
Zero:
The addition of all symmetrical components will show in the original system phase component V a
, V b
and V c
are shown in equation (2.1):
(2.1)

14
The “a” operator is define by
a=1
∠
0° (2.2)
The following relations can be derived from Figure 2.2
With using the “ a ” operation it can be translated into set of equation to represent each sequence a) Zero sequence components:
(2.3) b) Positive sequence components:
(2.4) c) Negative sequence components:
(2.5)
Thus, the original system phasor can be expressed in term phase “a” component only.
Equation 2.1 can be rewritten as:

15
(2.6)
In matrix form
A is defined as:
(2.7)
(2.8)
Therefore equation 2.7 can be written as :
(2.9)
The equation can be reverse in order to obtain the positive, negative and zero sequence from the system phasor:
(2.10)

16
Therefore, the inverse of matrix A is
(2.11)
Equation 2.11 can be applied for the phase of current and voltage. Moreover, it can be express the line current and line the line voltage of any type of fault in any condition.
1.7
Fault Analysis in Power System
In general when fault occurs in the power system, unbalance situation or any asymmetrical situation will interfere with the normal current flow in power system and force voltage and current different to each other.
It is important to identify whether the fault occur is of series or shunt fault type in order to get an accurate fault analysis of an asymmetrical three phase system. When fault occur cause by unbalance fault in the line impedance and doesn’t involve to ground, or any type of interconnection between phase conductors it is known as a series fault.
Besides that, when fault occur in interconnection between phase conductor or between conductor(s) and ground or neutral it is known as shunt fault [3] .

17
In reality, the series fault does not occur frequently compared to shunt fault. For this reason, this research will only focus on the shunt fault in analyzing the power system.
2.1.6
Three phase fault
Three phases fault is categorized as a symmetrical fault. Although it is least frequent fault, it is the most dangerous fault. Some of the characteristic of the three phase fault are very large fault current when summation all of three phases and usually the voltage level is zero for each phase where the faults take place [3].
The representation of a balance three phase fault is shown in Figure 2.4 where F is a fault point with impedance Z f
and Z g
. Meanwhile Figure 2.5 shows the sequences of the network interconnection diagram.
Figure 2.4 General representation of a balanced three phase fault

18
Figure 2.5 Sequence network diagram of a balanced three phase fault
From Figure 2.5 internal voltage source is only appeared in the positive sequence network. Therefore the, current for each of the sequence can be expressed as
Solving the equation (2.13), yields
(2.12)
(2.13)
(2.14)

Substitute equation (2.14) in equation (2.15)
(2.15) therefore,
(2.16)
Therefore line to line voltage are
If Z f
is equal to zero,
(2.17)
(2.18)
19

20
The phase voltage become
(2.19)
And the line voltage is,
2.1.7
Single Line to Ground Fault
Single line to ground faults is usually a fault that is “short circuit” and occurs when one conductor connected to the ground and contact with a neutral wire. The general representation of a single line to ground is shown in Figure 2.6 where F is a fault point with impedance Z
f
. Figure 2.7 is sequences network diagram at single line to ground fault. In fault calculation for single line to ground phase A will be assumed to be connected to the ground [1].
(2.20)

21
Figure 2.6 representation single lines to ground
Figure 2.7 sequence network diagram single line to ground fault
Therefore in single line to ground, the magnitude current of zero, positive and negative sequences are equal
(2.21)

Since
Then, current will be
While the sequence voltage can be obtained from
(2.22)
(2.23)
(2.24)
If single line to ground occurs on phase b or c, the voltage can be
Therefore
(2.25)
(2.26)
22

23
2.1.8
Line to Line Fault
A line to line fault will occur when overhead or underground transmission line systems of two conductors are short circuited. One of the characteristic of this fault is that it is very hard to predict its upper and lower limit of voltage. It is when the fault impedance is zero it will be highest asymmetry occurred at the line to line fault occur
[3].
The general representation of the line to line fault is shown in Figure 2.8 where F is the fault point with impedance Z f
. Figure 2.9 shows the sequences network diagram.
In this type of fault phase b and c will be assumed as a connected circuit [1].
Figure 2.8 representation line to line faults

Figure 2.9 sequence network diagram line to line fault
From Figure 2.9, the current can be obtained as:
(2.27)
And the sequence current can be determined as:
(2.28)
Fault current at phase b and c is
(2.29)
24

25
Sequence voltage will be obtained as
(2.30)
Finally the line to line voltage can be expressed as
(2.31)
2.5.4 Double Line to Ground Fault
A double line to ground fault represents a serious event that cause a bigger asymmetry in a three phase symmetrical system and it may spread into a three phase fault when not clear in appreciated time. The main problem when analyzing this fault is to make an assumption of the fault impedance Z f
and value of the impedance toward ground Z g
[3].
The general representation of a double line to ground fault is shown in Figure
2.10 where F is a fault point with impedance Z
f
and the impedance from line to ground
Z
g
. Figure 2.11 shows the sequence network diagram. Commonly this fault will be

26 assuming in phase b and c and will be used as an example in fault analysis calculation
[1].
From Figure 2.10 representation line to line faults to ground
Figure 2.11 sequence network diagram line to line fault to ground
In Figure 2.11 it is observe that
(2.32)

(2.33)
The total fault current flowing into neutral is
(2.34)
The phase voltage is equal to
(2.35)
The resultant phase voltage from the relationship given can be expressed as
(2.36)
And line to line voltage is:
(2.37)
27

28
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction of PSCAD
PSCAD was first introduce in 1988 and began it long evolution as a tool to generate the data files for the EMTDC simulation program. Version one was experimental to doing the simulation. Even though it represented a speed evolution of the productivity, since user of EMTDC could draw the system, side can be create the text listing. In 1994, it was introduced as a commercial product as Version 2 targeted for

29
UNIX platforms. It also can suite associated software tool that performed circuit drafting, runtime, plotting/control and off line plotting [8].
PSCAD (Power Systems CAD) is a powerful and flexible graphical user interface to the world-renowned, EMTDC solution engine. PSCAD enables the user to schematically construct a circuit, run a simulation, analyze the results, and manage the data in a completely integrated, graphical environment. Online plotting functions, controls and meters are also included, so that the user can alter system parameters during a simulation run, and view the results directly [8].
PSCAD comes complete with a library of pre-programmed and tested models, ranging from simple passive elements and control functions, to more complex models, such as electric machines, FACTS devices, transmission lines and cables. If a particular model does not exist, PSCAD provides the flexibility of building custom models, either by assembling them graphically using existing models, or by utilizing an intuitively designed Design Editor [8].
The following are some common models found in systems studied using PSCAD:








Resistors, inductors, capacitors
Mutually coupled windings, such as transformers
Frequency dependent transmission lines and cables (including the most accurate time domain line model in the world!)
Current and voltage sources
Switches and breakers
Protection and relaying
Diodes, thyristors and GTOs
Analog and digital control functions

30





AC and DC machines, exciters, governors, stabilizers and inertial models
Meters and measuring functions
Generic DC and AC controls
HVDC, SVC, and other FACTS controllers
Wind source, turbines and governors
PSCAD, and its simulation engine EMTDC, have enjoyed close to 30 years of development, inspired by ideas and suggestions by its ever strengthening, worldwide user base. This development philosophy has helped to establish PSCAD as one of the most powerful and intuitive CAD software packages available [8].
The PSCAD users' spectrum includes engineers and scientists from utilities, manufacturers, consultants, research and academic institutions. It is used in planning, operation, design, commissioning, preparing of tender specifications, teaching and research. The following are examples of types of studies routinely conducted using
PSCAD [8]:







Contingency studies of AC networks consisting of rotating machines, exciters, governors, turbines, transformers, transmission lines, cables, and loads
Relay coordination
Transformer saturation effects
Insulation coordination of transformers, breakers and arrestors
Impulse testing of transformers
Sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) studies of networks with machines, transmission lines and HVDC systems
Evaluation of filter design and harmonic analysis

31





 Control system design and coordination of FACTS and HVDC; including
STATCOM, VSC, and cycloconverters
Optimal design of controller parameters
Investigation of new circuit and control concepts
Lightning strikes, faults or breaker operations.
Steep front and fast front studies.
Investigate the pulsing effects of diesel engines and wind turbines on electric networks.
3.2 Component
This chapter will discuss in detail the components that have been used in this project. Several components in this project also have a setting to ensure the system will function properly when fault occurs and also reclosed back the circuit by the circuit breaker when post fault occurred. In this project there are two type of analysis that has been analyzed with two different circuits that have been design in PSCAD simulator.
One is simple circuit and another is more complex circuit. Therefore, the understanding on each of the component characteristic and setting is very important in order to build and design automatic tripping circuit. It is because by selecting the wrong component the whole circuit will not functioning properly and it will take a long time to figure out the problem.

32
3.2.1 Three-Phase Voltage Source ( Model 3)
This component models a 3-phase AC voltage source, where the user may specify the positive sequence and zero sequence source impedances, or select an ideal source (i.e. infinite bus). Source impedance is modeled as series RL impedance (as opposed to parallel RL) [11].
Provision is included for the display of source rated voltage, frequency and MVA, as well as positive-sequence impedance data. This source must be controlled externally.
The external inputs are described as follows [11]:
 V: Line-to-Line, RMS Voltage Magnitude [kV]
 Ph: Phase Angle [°]
It can connect a slider to these external inputs for a convenient runtime manual adjustment, or use a control system output for dynamic adjustment. The source impedance may be entered in either rectangular format (R +jX) or polar format.

33
3.2.2 Three-Phase two-Winding Transformer
This component models are three-phase, two-winding transformer and is based on the classical modeling approach.
Options are provided so that the user may choose between either a magnetizing branch (linear core), or a current injection routine to model magnetizing characteristics.
If desired, the magnetizing branch can be eliminated altogether, leaving the transformer in 'ideal' mode, where all that remains is a series leakage reactance.
This component is the equivalent of three, one-Phase, two Winding Transformers connected in a 3-phase bank, where the user can select the winding interconnections to be Y or on either side. Inter-phase coupling is not represented in the classical transformer models. An equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 3.1, using 1-phase transformers [11]:
Figure 3.1 Three-phase two winding transformer

34
3.2.3 Three-Phase Fault Setting
This component is used for generating faults on a three phase AC circuit. Lineto-line as well as line-to-neutral faults are available and fault current variable names can be specified in each phase and monitored via output channels if desired. An external connection is supplied to the component so that the user may connect any type of external fault circuit directly to the fault common point.
The Three-Phase Fault is controlled through an input signal, where the fault logic is:
 0 = Cleared
 1 = Faulted
The type of fault can be configured internally, or through the convenient use of an on-line dial control as shown in Figure 3.2 [11]:
Figure 3.2 Three phase fault setting

35
The following is a list of input control dial values that correspond to specific fault types:


0 = No Fault
1 = Phase A to Ground
 2 = Phase B to Ground
 3 = Phase C to Ground
 4 = Phase AB to Ground
 5 = Phase AC to Ground
 6 = Phase BC to Ground


7 = Phase ABC to Ground
 8 = Phase AB
9 = Phase AC
 10 = Phase BC
 11 = Phase ABC
The fault control signal can be configured automatically by using the Timed Fault
Logic component, or the Sequencer components. The fault may also be controlled manually through the use of on-line controls, or through a more elaborate control scheme.[11]
3.2.4 Three-Phase Breaker
This component simulates the operation of three-phase circuit breaker operation.
The ON (closed) and OFF (open) resistance of the breaker must be specified along with its initial state.

36
This component is controlled through a named input signal (default is BRK ), where the breaker logic is:


0 = ON (closed)
1 = OFF (open)
Three-Phase Breaker operation is virtually identical to that described for the Single-
Phase Breaker. The breaker control can be configured automatically by using the Timed
Breaker Logic component, or the Sequencer components. The breaker may also be controlled manually through the use of on-line controls, or through a more elaborate control scheme.[11]
Figure 3.3 three phase breaker
3.2.5 Multimeter
T he multimeter performs virtually all possible system quantity measurements, all contained within a single, compact component. The multimeter is inserted in series

37 within the circuit (3-phase, single-line or 1-phase), so bulky Node Loops are not required. The component measures the following quantities:






Instantaneous Voltage
Instantaneous Current
Active Power Flow
Reactive Power Flow
RMS Voltage
Phase Angle
Users can adjust the output quantity units by adjusting the various input system base values. Both power and RMS voltage can be displayed dynamically on the component graphic.[11]
Figure 3.4 multi meter
3.2.6 Overhead Line Configuration
The Overhead Line Configuration component is used to define the basic properties of an transmission corridor with conductors in air, as well as to provide access to The Transmission Line/Cable Configuration Editor.

38
This component must be used along with the Overhead Line Interface component as described in Constructing Overhead Lines.[11]
Figure 3.5 transmission line
3.2.7 Variable Real/Integer Input Slider
The Variable Real/Integer Input Slider is part of a family of specialized, userinterface controls, where the user can manually adjust the output during a simulation run. This family of components also includes the Rotary Switch (Dial), the Two State
Switch and the Push Button.
This component outputs a manually adjustable REAL or INTEGER type value between a specified maximum and minimum limit. In order to control this component interactively, the user must link it to a Control Panel user-interface. The corresponding control panel interface is shown below.[11]

39
Figure 3.6 Variable Real/Integer Input Slider
3.2.8 Timed Fault Logic
The output of this component is used specifically for controlling the fault state and duration of fault.
The Timed Fault Logic component may be linked to a Single-Phase Fault or
Three-Phase Fault as follows [11]:
Figure 3.7 Timed Fault Logic

40
3.2.9 Timed Breaker Logic
The output of this component is used specifically for controlling Single-Phase
Breaker and Three-Phase Breaker component states.Using this component, the user may initially set the state of the breaker being controlled to OFF (open) or ON (closed). One or two breaker options may also be selected.
The first operation and second operations will either be OFF (open) or ON
(close) depending on the initial state. The output of this block should be connected to a
Data Label with the Breaker Name of the breaker being controlled.The Timed Breaker
Logic component may be linked to a breaker component as follows [11]:
Figure 3.8 Timed breaker Logic

41
3.2.10 Graph Frames
A Graph Frame is a special Runtime object used for accommodating Overlay or
Poly Graphs. And can be placed anywhere on the canvas in Circuit view. Once a Graph
Frame has been added, you may then proceed to add as many Graphs to it as you wish.
Graph Frames are used exclusively for plotting Curves versus time. That is, the
Graph Frame horizontal axis is always the EMTDC simulation time. If you need to a plot a Curve as a function of another variable, see XY Plots.[11]
Figure 3.9 Graph frames

42
3.2.11 RTP/COMTRADE Recorder
The RTP/COMTRADE Recorder component can record up to a total of 28 simulated data signals. The user can store the recorded data in one of three standard formats:



RTP (Real Time Playback)
COMTRADE 91
COMTRADE 99
Although designed especially for seamless use with the Real Time Playback (RTP) relay testing equipment, it can also be used for convenient recording in both
COMTRADE 91 and COMTRADE 99 formats.[11]
Figure 3.10 RTP/COMTRADE Recorder

43
3.3 Methodology
Method is something that very important when doing something analyses especially analyzes the problem in power system. To do the analysis of fault at certain location, we must consider the complete circuit functioning using the simulation. For doing the analysis, we must design a circuit that have component of power system and continue with fault type and location.
Fault that will discuss is single line to ground, double line to ground, line to line fault and three phase fault. The input output and setting of component will be set using the PSCAD simulator. Lastly the result will be shown at the output channel.
3.3.1 Circuit design and construction
In this research, the circuits have been design in two different system according to the analysis of fault. First circuit is a simple circuit single line diagram transmission lines that analyze each type of fault occurred in system. The second circuit is more complex and the aim is to analyze the current and voltage of fault in different location.

Diagram 3.11 Simple circuit single diagram transmission line
Diagram 3.12 Complex circuit single diagram transmission line
44

45
3.3.2 Fault Type and Location
In PSCAD simulation, the various type of fault is being set according to the location. As well as the fault start and duration in power system. It means that when fault is applied to the system, the circuit breaker will open in duration of fault and disconnect the system.
Figure 3.13 Fault Type and Location

46
3.3.3 Place Input, Output, Controller and Setting
This setting is very important to ensure the system can run without any problem.
Without the channel or output device, the PSCAD cannot create the plotting and no result will be obtained.
Figure 3.14 Place Input, Output, Controller and Setting
3.3.4 Run Simulation and Run Time
After complete all the circuit design setting and requirement, the users need to run the circuit in order to get the result. To run the simulation, it must click the button
“run” in the main toolbar. Figure 3.15 shows the location run button in the tool bar.

47
When the button is press, PSCAD will go several processes before stating the EMTDC simulation.
Figure 3.15 Run Simulation and Run Time
These will be a result if there is no error in the setting circuit in the drawing or all connection is perform well connected. If error occurs in the system, warning will appear and users need to perform the correction. There is a warning signal (icon) in the PSCAD because PSCAD cannot generate the FORTRAN and the file data. If there is no error the result will appear with the graph and also measurement will be produced depending on the selecting the node.
3.4 Conclusion
This chapter explained in detail regarding the PSCAD software that being in this research. The software is powerful in analyzing system under fault condition.

48
CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This topic will discuss is the simulation result in detail. It will also describe the outcome of five different types of faults that occurs in power system circuit as mention earlier. The fault that will discuss is single line to ground, double line to ground, line to line and three line phases to the ground fault.
This chapter will analyze two of different circuits with different analysis. First analysis will describe the characteristic of each fault that occur at same location. The

49 second analysis is focus on the characteristics of current and voltage in different location. Circuit in first analysis is simpler compared to the second analysis.
4.1
First analysis
In this section, the purpose of the analysis is to obtain the characteristic of various type of shunt fault that commonly occur earlier on transmission line. There are four type of shunt fault that will be highlighted such as single line to ground, double line to ground, three phase to ground and line to line fault. In this research, fault occurred at similar location that is location 4. Based on the obtained results the comparison between the simulation and theoretical are being made.
4.1.1
No Fault Condition
Figure 4.1 and 4.2 show the result when no fault applied in power system. Since no fault condition, the shape of the voltage and current waveform remain the same as a supply at all phases. There are no voltage drop and over current occurred on transmission line. From these two figures it can be observed that there is no tripping of circuit breaker and no relay is operated.

50
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 4.1: voltage and current waveform when no fault (a)phase A (b)phase B (c) phase C

51
Figure 4.2: Trip signal when no fault
4.1.2
Single Line to Ground Fault
Figure 4.3 and 4.4 show the voltage and current waveform when Rotary switch
(dial) on position 1 which is represent the single line to ground fault. This single line fault to the ground is phase A that attached to the ground. Fault is applied at 0.02s and duration of fault is 0.12s. When single line fault happen the protection scheme will send tripping signal to the circuit breaker (CB).
For the voltage waveform, when phase A is connected to the ground cause by fault, their voltage drop to zero in phase A when fault is applied at 0.2s. While the voltage for other phase B and C, are remain the same as a supply until circuit breaker opened or disconnected the circuit at 0.31s.When circuit breaker opened and closed the voltage waveform is in the shape of transient in all phases.
For the current waveform we can identity that the phase A will at over current when fault is applied at 0.2s. According to the theory in chapter 2, when fault occur their

52 current will greater or triple bigger than normal or no fault condition. At no fault condition the value current is 0.33A and at fault condition the current will increase to
5.70A. There is no flowing current into system when circuit breaker is open at 0.3s
.
(a)
(b)
(c)

53
Figure 4.3: voltage and current waveform when single line to ground
(a)phase A (b)phase B (c) phase C
Figure 4.4: tripping signal when single line to ground fault
4.1.3
Double Line to Ground fault
Figure 4.5 and 4.6 show the voltage and current waveform when Rotary switch (dial) on position 4 which representation double line to ground fault. This double line fault to the ground occurs when phase A and phase B is connected to the ground. Fault is applied at 0.02s and duration of fault is 0.12s.When double line fault occurs at location 4 the protection scheme will send tripping signal to the circuit breaker (CB)
.
For the voltage waveform, when phase A and phase B have been connected to the ground caused by fault, their voltage are drop to zero after fault is applied at
0.2s.While the other phase C, the voltage remain the same as a supply until circuit

54 breaker open or disconnect the circuit at 0.31s.When circuit breaker opened and closed the voltage waveform is in the form of transient in all phases.
For the current waveform we can identity that the phase A and phase B will over current when fault is applied at 0.2s. According to the theory in chapter 2, at fault condition the current will greater or triple bigger than normal or no fault condition. At no fault condition the value of current is 0.33A at phase A and phase
B and at fault their current will increase to 5.47A at phase A and 3.84A at phase B respectively. Fault current in this system is the summation of both phases. There is no current in this system when circuit breaker is open or disconnect at 0.31s
.
(a)
(b)

55
(c)
Figure4.5 :voltage and current waveform when double line to ground (a)phase A (b)phase B (c) phase C
Figure 4.6: tripping signal when double line to ground fault

56
4.1.4
Three Phase to Ground Fault
Figure 4.7 and 4.8 show the voltage and current waveform when Rotary switch
(dial) on position 7 which representation three line to ground fault. This three line fault to the ground occurs when all phases attached to the ground. Fault is applied at 0.02s and duration of fault is 0.12s.When there is a three line fault in the system, the protection scheme will send tripping signal to the circuit breaker (CB).
For the voltage waveform, when all phases are connected to the ground caused by fault, their voltage drop to zero when fault is applied at 0.2s..When circuit breaker opened and closed the voltage waveform is at transient in all phases.
For the current waveform we can identity that all phases will over current when fault is applied at 0.2s. According to the theory in chapter 2, when there is a fault their current will greater or triple bigger than normal or no fault condition. At no fault condition the value current is 0.33A at phase A and phase B and 0.32 A at phase C.
However when there is a fault the highest current is phase A is 5.35 A, followed by phase B and phase C which is 3.74 A and 3.54 A respectively.
The total fault current is the summation of fault current in phase A, phase B and phase C. There is no current in this system when circuit breaker is open or disconnect at
0.31s
.

57
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 4.7 : Voltage and Current waveform when three phase to ground
(a)phase A (b) phase B (c) phase C

58
Figure 4.8: tripping signal when three phase to ground fault
4.1.5
Line to Line Fault
Figure 4.9 and 4.10 shows the voltage and current waveform when Rotary switch
(dial) on position 8 which representation line to line fault. This line to line fault occur when phase A and phase B that have been connected each other. Fault is applied at 0.02s and duration of fault is 0.12s.When line to line fault happen the protection scheme will send tripping signal to the circuit breaker (CB).
For the voltage waveform, when phase A and phase B are connected to each other caused by fault their voltage drop when fault is applied at 0.2s. Although the voltage drop at both phases their value and waveform is equal to each other. While the other phase C, their voltage remain same as a supply until circuit breaker open or disconnect the circuit at 0.31s.When circuit breaker opened and closed the voltage waveform is transient in all phase.

59
For the current waveform we can identity that the phase A and phase B are having an over current when fault is applied at 0.2s but not as higher as fault connected to the ground. Fault current in this system is total fault current in both phases. No current in this system when circuit breaker is open or disconnect at 0.31s until the circuit breaker reclosed back.
(a)
(b)

(c)
Figure 4.9: voltage and current waveform when double line
(a)phase A (b)phase B (c) phase C
Figure 4.10:tripping signal when double line to fault
60

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4.2
Second Analysis
In this section the characteristic of the voltage and current waveform with different location will be analyzed at different location and different type of fault that obtained from PSCAD simulation.
4.2.1 No Fault Condition
Under no fault condition, the value of current and voltage are equal to the supply in all location. At this condition, the value of voltage and current in all phases are 158.17
V and 1.04 A respectively

62
4.2.2
Single Line to Ground Fault
From the graph shown in Figure 4.11 and 4.12, there are four different locations in circuit power system that have been highlighted. Location at no fault condition is at
“0” is no fault condition is applied to the system. Fault is applied to the system at 0.2 s at duration of fault of 0.12 s before the circuit breaker trip the circuit at 0.31 s.
When fault is applied at 0.2 s, their voltage value at location 1 is approximately equal to the value of voltage at no fault condition. The voltage drop at location 1 is between the range of 3 V to 2 V, compared to other location that has higher different of voltage drop .In this type of fault, when a phase is connected to the ground, their voltage supposed to drop to zero. However, this simulation obtained some values due to but the impedance of fault Z f
in the location.
Figure 4.11 :voltage with different location single line to ground

63
For the current, the value of fault current at location 1 is approximately equal to the current at no fault condition compared to other location. At location 2 and location 3 the highest current is in phase A caused by short circuit to the ground.
Figure 4.12 :Current with different location single line to ground
4.2.3
Double Line to Ground fault
For double line to ground fault, the value of voltage at location 1 is also approximately equal to no fault condition. It is because the location 1 is near to the generator therefore the continuity of voltage flow from the supply generator at this location didn’t affect the system. According to the range of voltage value in all phases, the voltage in phase A and B are drop in all location except location 1, because the phase
A and B is connected to the ground. However it didn’t drop to zero, due to impedance fault Z
f
.

64
Figure 4.13 :voltage with different location double line to ground
Figure 4.14 shows the current magnitude with different location for double line to the ground. It can be seen that the average value of current in phase A and B are higher compared to the phase C. The current is at location 1 is approximately equal to the current at no fault condition except phase B that drops lower than other phases.
While the current in phase C approximately equal in all location. The average current at phase A and B are equal at location 3 and 4. It is probably due to the fault location is near to the generator thus have small impedance.
Figure 4.14 :Current with different location double line to ground

65
4.2.4
Three Phase to Ground Fault
Figure 4.15 shows the voltage magnitude with different location of three phase to ground fault. It can be seen that the average voltage is drop in all phases and all locations except at location 1. Different voltage fault at location 1 and voltage at no fault condition is small compared to other location. It due to continuity power flow from the generator that makes this location 1 didn’t affect at all when fault is applied. The average voltage at location 3 and location 4 are equal, due to the small impedance at this location and can be neglected.
Figure 4.15 : Voltage with different location three phase to ground
Almost all location in circuit system is over current in all phases except location 1 that is approximately equal to the no fault condition. At location 1, the fault didn’t affect by protection scheme and the value at this location almost equal to no fault condition.

66
Figure 4.16 :Current with different location three phase to ground
4.2.5
Line to Line Fault
For Figure 4.17 shows the voltage magnitude with different location of line to line faults. For this type of location the voltage started drop at location 2 and approximately equal to location 3 and 4 in all phases. Meanwhile the average at the location 1 is equal to the voltage at no fault condition. It is due to the continuity of power supply from the generator that caused the voltage didn’t drop at location 1 when fault occurred.

67
Figure 4.17 : Voltage with different location line to line fault
Figure 4.18 shows the magnitude current at different location. It is observed that at location 1, the current almost equal to the current at no fault condition in all phases. However at location 2 the value of current started increase in phase A and B due to connection between two phases. The current at location 2, 3 and 4 is almost equal in phase A and B. While, in phase C the current is approximately equal to all location with no fault condition.
Figure 4.18: Current with different location line to line fault

68
4.3
Conclusion
As a conclusion when fault is applied at 0.2 s at all location in the system, it will affect the waveform of voltage and current for every phase. However the result at location 1 is approximately equal to no fault condition. Therefore it can be concluded that the fault that located near to plant or generator is difficult to detect and more protection scheme must be installed at this location.

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusions
The six bus system interconnected has been constructing by using PSCAD simulation. The system have applied different type of fault such as single line to ground, double line to ground, three phase to the ground and line to line fault. From the simulation, waveform of voltage and current are obtained. These systems are also considered the different location and their result will be depending on situation. The test on the system based on different location is also considered and the result shows the impact of the location on the value of voltage and current waveform.
The purpose of the protection scheme that have been used widely in TNB transmission and all over the world is to sense the fault that occur on transmission line.

70
The equipment has ability to detect any fault that occur on the system and consequently clear the fault. The equipment is called auto-synchronize relay and the function is to connect the system as usual when fault is clear on transmission line.
By using PSCAD simulation, it is also can simulate the real faults that occur in the power system. This simulation enable user to detect the fault in a very short time.
This project basically investigate the system under various type of faults under four types of fault that is single line to ground, double line to ground, three phases to ground and line to line fault. This is done by PSCAD whereby it is very useful in terms of generating voltage and current waveforms under normal and transient condition.
The automatic tripping of circuit breaker by using relay system will protect the generator, transformer and other electrical equipment that connected to the network. By comparing the waveform with theoretical concept the type of fault can be determined directly.
5.2 Recommendation
More study on the research can be done suc as: a) Use a standard ieee circuit such as 9 or 12 bus. b) Incorporated with others software to observed the power flow when fault occur at certain location on transmission line.

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REFERENCES
[1] TuranGonen, “Electric Power Transmission System Engineering, Analysis and
Design”, Crc Press Taylor and Francis Group.
[2] Paul M. Anderson, “Analysis of Faulted Power Systems”, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1995.
[3] Miroslav D. Markovic, “Fault Analysis in Power Systems by Using the Fortescue
Method”, TESLA Institute, 2009.
[4] Jun Zhu. “Analysis Of Transmission System Faults the Phase Domain”, Texas A&M
University. Master Thesis, 2004.
[5] C.L. Wadhwa, “Electrical Power Systems”, pp 306, New Age International, 2006
[6] D. C. Yu, D. Chen, S. Ramasamy and D. G. Flinn, “A Windows Based Graphical
Package for Symmetrical Components Analysis”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
Vol. 10, No. 4, pp 1742-1749, November 1995.
[7] http://helios.acomp.usf.edu/~fehr/carson.pdf
[8] Norliana B. Salimun. “Phase Coordinates In Faulted Power System Analysis”,
UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia. Master Thesis, 2010.
[9] John Horak, “A Derivation of Symmetrical Component Theory and Symmetrical
Component Networks,” Georgia Tech Protective Relaying Conference, April 2005.
Available at www.basler.com.
[10]. T.K Nagsarkar and M.S Sukhija, “Power System Analysis”, New York Oxford
University Press, pp.14-25, 2005

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[11] instruction of PSCAD simulation “PSCAD POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION
V4.2”,July 13,2006

A1: PSCAD Version 4.2.1
APPENDIX A
73

APPENDIX B
No Fault Condition
B1: Voltage and Current at no condition fault
Single Line to Ground Fault
B2: Phase B to the Ground Fault
74

B3: Phase C to the Ground Fault
Double Line to Ground Fault
B4: Phase A and Phase C to the Ground Fault
75

B5: Phase B and Phase C to the Ground Fault
Three Phase to Ground Fault
B6: Three Phase to the Ground Fault
76

Line to Line Fault
B7: Phase A and Phase C Fault
B8: Result Single Phase to Ground Fault
77

B9: Result Double phase to Ground Fault
B10: Result Three Phase to Ground Fault
78

B11: Result Line to Line Fault
79

APPENDIX C
C1: Circuit diagram on Complex circuit second Analysis
C2: Setting and Control in PSCAD at different location
80

C3: Single Line to the Ground Fault at different location
C4: Double Line Fault to the Ground at different location
81

C5: Three line to the Ground Fault at different location
C6: Line to Line Fault at different location
82