Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
Development
Engineering
Innovation
Since 1981
Manitoba HVDC
Poland
PSCAD Seminar
J.C. Garcia, W. Wiechowski
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Research Centre
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
Applications of EMT Type
Programs in Smart Grids and
Distributed Generation
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
 Winnipeg, Manitoba,
Canada
 Software Group
S ft
G
 Research Laboratories
 Classroom
 40+ Staff
40 S ff Members
M b
Winnipeg
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
 Commercial Products
 PSCAD®/EMTDC™
 DC Line Fault Locator System  Ice Vision ‐ Ice Detection System for AC Ice Melting Program
 Training g
 General Power Systems
 PSCAD
 Engineering Services
Engineering Services
 Research Services
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
PSCAD/EMTDC Users
 Our users are utilities, manufacturers, industrial research centers, and consultants including three large HVDC equipment manufacturers
 ABB, Siemens, Areva, Toshiba, Mitsubishi, Hitachi, Fuji, and many others
 More than 2,000 professional and 30,000 educational More than 2 000 professional and 30 000 educational
licenses, in 76 countries worldwide
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
Smart Grids & DG
A popular definition of Smart Grids
“Aggregate of multiple networks with multiple operators
employing varying levels of communication and
coordination. Smart grids increase the connectivity,
automation and coordination between these suppliers,
consumers and networks that perform either long distance
transmission or local distribution tasks.”
A smart grid may include:
 “an intelligent monitoring system (communications) that
keeps track of all electricity flowing in the system”
 “the
“ h capability
bili off integrating
i
i
renewable
bl electricity
l
i i such
h as
solar and wind (DG)”
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
PSCAD & DG
Modernizing the grid to meet such requirements implies:
 A need for the revision on the distribution protection
system
 Sou
Sources
ces o
of s
short
o c
circuit
cu current
cu e (DG)
( G) where
e e there
e e was
as
previously only load – Use of FCL’s
 Studies on the penetration of DG in the network
 Power quality (harmonics introduced by the use of
converters)
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
Fault Current Limiters
Challenge:
 Network reconfigurations and the introduction of DG can
increase in short circuit levels
Solution(s):
 Replace breakers and busbar equipment (too costly $$$)
 Introduce devices that limit the short circuit current:
 One time use: resistors triggered by explosive
mechanisms
 Re-usable:
R
bl S
Superconductor
d t resistors,
i t
Magnetic
M
ti devices
d i
(variable inductors)
Custom Components in PSCAD: FCL devices
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
Magnetic Fault Current Limiter
PSCAD implementation of a Super Conducting Fault Current
Limiter
9
10
4
5
11
DC source
1
6
2
8
7
A
3
B
10
9
11
DC(+)
DC(-)
1.0 [ohm]
2.5
RL
2
ABC
ABC
Superconducting
FCL
P+jQ
Q
Load
B [T]
1.5
1
0.5
B
USED
0
0
10000
20000
30000
H [A/m]
40000
50000
Custom Components in PSCAD: FCL devices
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
Fault Current Limiter
Need for reducing short circuit levels
Requirement for small voltage drop
during normal operation
and large voltage drop during short
circuit
L
A
l
n2
9
1
9
4
6
10
2
10
5
7
11
8
3
11
Custom Components in PSCAD: FCL devices
Research Centre
Manitoba HVDC
Fault Current Limiter
9
Need for reducing short circuit levels
1
9
0.80
0.60
AC line current (kA)
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20
-0.40
-0.60
0 60
-0.80
Iwithout_FCL
Iwith_FCL
4
6
10
2
10
5
7
11
8
3
11
Requirement
q
for small voltage
g
drop during normal operation
and large voltage drop during
short circuit
Manitoba HVDC
Large Scale Smart Grids
Research Centre
Smart Grid: “a grid that uses state of the art technology to reroute power in optimal ways to respond to a wide range of
conditions”
When talking in large scale it means:
 Being able to control power flows in networks, FACTS,
HVDC LCC,, HVDC VSC
 To have the option of isolate trouble areas while minimizing
the impact to the whole network – HVDC, ex: the blackout
in eastern North America - Quebec
Q
Manitoba HVDC
Multi-terminal VSC in PSCAD
Five-terminal
Five
terminal example
640kV(+/-320kV) DC Network
500km transmission Line
AC1
T1
aN
P = 2.398
Q = -60.78
V = 419.9
A
V
Vs: 420.0
PHs: 0.0
Bus1
aN
VSC T1
D1
TLMIDMOD
VSC T2
D2
DC
AC
DC
P control
t l
Vac control
P controll
Vac control
Vs: 420.0
PHs: 0.0
VSC T3
VSC T4
AC
400km transmission Line
DC
DC
AC
Vdc control
Vac control
P control
Vac control
P = 906.8
Q = -107.5
V = 420.3
3
a
Vs: 420.0
PHs: 0.0
us3
a
T5
Islanded (fixed
frequency with Vac
control)
Inverter
Feed 200MW, 230 kV
Load
us5
a
VSC T5
DC
AC
Islanded
AC3
A
V
TL43
us
a
Cable35
A
V
AC2
Vs: 420.0
PHs: 45.0
T3
Vdc control
Vac control
Inverter
This is the DC slack bus
to balance the total
power
12km cable
P = 3.399
Q = -72.1
V = 420
T2
aN
A
V
500km transmission Line
Cable14
TL32
P control
Vac control
Porder = 1200MW
Rectifier
a
P = -401.2
Q = -53.36
V = 420.7
T2
P control
Vac control
Porder = -400MW
Inverter
150km cable
P control
Vac control
Porder = 800MW
Rectifier
AC4
AC
P = 207.8
Q = 77.5
V = 233.4
5
a
A
V
P+jQ
66.667 /ph
25.0 /ph
Research Centre
Manitoba HVDC
Multi-terminal VSC in PSCAD
Five-terminal
Five
terminal example
Research Centre
Advantages of VSC over LCC:
Multi-terminal operation
Decoupled control of P and Q. There is no-longer need for a
source of reactive power
C supply
Can
l lload
d centres
t
Disadvantages
Not yet implemented
Need for DC interrupting devices (DC breakers)
Manitoba HVDC
Multi-terminal VSC in PSCAD
Five-terminal
Five
terminal example
Research Centre
Factors to be taking into account when modeling:
Development of control strategies, pole control and supervisory
controls.
t l Diff
Differentt control
t l modes:
d
1. Real Power P
2. Reactive Power
3 AC Voltage
3.
4. DC Voltage
5. Islanded Operation
•Operation
Operation as an Statcom when islanded
Manitoba HVDC
Multi-terminal VSC in PSCAD
Five-terminal
Five
terminal example
Current technologies
PWM 2 and
d 3 llevell converters
t
(ABB HVDC Light)
Li ht)
Moving towards MMC
Modular Multilevel Converters (Siemens)
Alstom VSC
VSC’s
s (previously Areva
Areva’s)
s)
Research Centre
Manitoba HVDC
VSC in PSCAD: State of simulation
technology
Research Centre
Modeling Multi-Level converters require modeling individually of
each level.
• Large computational burden
• It creates the need for creating more computational efficient
algorithms
• Current
C
td
development
l
t off MMC model
d l for
f PSCAD uses a timeti
varying Thevenin’s equivalent of the converter
•
It is not an approximated interfaced model, it is equivalent to
modeling the entire network
150
Vout_M
120
Vout_R
110
50
100
0
90
-50
(kV)
(kV)
100
80
-100
70
-150
150
60
50
Vout_M
Vout_R
Manitoba HVDC
Thevenin’s approach to MMC
modeling
+
i1l
-
FP1
Vc1
Ic1
+
N1
-
FP13
Vc13
Ic13
+
FP2
Vc2
+
FP14
Vc14
-
Ic2
-
Ic14
+
FP3
Vc3
+
FP15
Vc15
-
Ic3
-
Ic15
+
FP4
+
FP16
-
Vc4
Ic4
-
Vc16
Ic16
+
-
FP5
Vc5
Ic5
+
-
FP17
Vc17
Ic17
+
FP6
Vc6
+
FP18
Vc18
-
Ic6
-
Ic18
+
FP7
Vc7
+
FP19
Vc19
-
Ic7
-
Ic19
+
FP8
+
FP20
-
Vc8
Ic8
-
Vc20
Ic20
IcT
+
FP9
Vc9
+
FP21
Vc21
-
Ic9
-
Ic21
+
FP10
+
FP22
-
Vc10
Ic10
-
Vc22
Ic22
FP11
Vc11
Ic11
+
+
FP12
Vc12
+
FP24
Vc24
-
Ic12
-
Ic24
-
N1
-
n2l
FP23
Vc23
Ic23
VcT
+
-
+
Research Centre
TTU
(96)
TTL
Files:
my_pscad_library.pslx
SubMod96.pscx
SubMod_EQUV.pscx
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
DG: PhotoVoltaics
In the stable region if the output
power is less than the input power,
the remainder shows itself in an
increased DC-bus voltage which
causes a subsequent decrease in
power input
input, creating an ultimately
stable system without additional
control mechanisms.
D
Va
Solar Radiation
(0-1000 W/m2)
V+
G
Tcell
Solar cell
temperature
(0 -100 oC)
VV
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
DG: PhotoVoltaics
The goal is to operate the PV system in an stable fashion while
delivering maximum power: Maximum Photo-voltaic Power
Tracking (MPPT)
Manitoba HVDC
DG: PhotoVoltaics
Connection methods to the system
Research Centre
Manitoba HVDC
• PSCAD is now used for a variety of ‘novel’
applications.
 Wind, DFIG, VSC Solar PV ......
Research Centre
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
However, basic ac system studies are still the most
popular application of PSCAD.
Lightning (insulation coordination)
GIS switching – Very Fast Transients (VFT)
Switching over-voltages (SOV,TOV)
Breaker TRV
Ferro resonance
Other resonance issues (transformer , capacitor
banks )
banks...)
 Protection and relaying related
 Motors and generators (starting, sub
synchronous resonance..)
resonance )
 Power quality
Post contingency analysis – What went wrong and
how do we avoid such events.






Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
Few Interesting (recent) applications:
.
1)
2)
3)
4)
Transformer Bushing failure in a power plant
System black start restoration studies
Fault current limiting devices
Protection
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
Transformer Bushing failure in a power plant
 Gas insulated bus-bars connect the GIS to the generator
transformers.
 Number of transformers failed over a period of about 2 years.
 Perform apparatus inspections and perform engineering
studies (simulations) to investigate the causes for the 380 kV
transformer bushing
g failures.
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
Transformer Bushing failure in a power plant
• Transformers are connected to the switching station
through long GIB’s.
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
Transformer Bushing failure in a power plant
PSCAD model of a GIS station – Investigating very fast transients (VFT)
350
a1
D724
T
BUST781
ET771
300[pF]
2[uH] 2.6
6[nF]
300[pF]
2[uH] 2.6
6[nF]
Power
Transformer
0.2
0.2
ET781
T
BUST771
Power
Transformer
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
Transformer Bushing failure in a power plant
a1
80 [pF]
PT
EART
THINGSWITCH
25 [pF]
25 [pF]
25 [pF]
D3Y_
_
DISCONNECTOR
D3R_
25 [pF]
25 [pF]
EARTHINGSWITCH
25 [pF]
 Ferroresonance
 Harmonic impacts
 GIS Very Fast Transients.
Transients
BREAKER
CB1R_ CB1Y_ CB1B_
25 [pF]
 Switching,
Switching and temporary over voltages
EART
THINGSWITCH
25 [pF]
25 [pF]
Electrical studies:
D1R_
D1Y_
2.4 [pF]
2.4 [pF]
2.4 [pF]
b2
b1
D1B_
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
Transformer Bushing failure in a power plant
Switching transients
Esov - PP9 Bushing
1.50
1.00
PU
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
Time ... 0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
GIS switching
it hi
related
l t d VFT - MHz
MH range
4.0
E_ST3_DER
3.00
3.0
2.50
2.0
2.00
1.0
1.50
0.0
1.00
-1.0
0.50
-2.0
0.00
-3.0
-0.50
-4.0
-1.00
E_GT1_2
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
System black start restoration studies
Getting a power system back into operation after ‘black-outi nott an easy task
is
t k and
d should
h ld be
b carefully
f ll planned
l
d (Black
(Bl k
start restoration plans)
Some issues:
Can we energize lines , transformers and loads through
available generating units?
 System has very little damping due to low load. Resonance
issues.
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
System black start restoration studies
 Restoration steps are determined and documented – step by
step
 System single line drawings are used to illustrate each step
 Electrical studies are necessary to verify that the selected
restoration actions (steps) can be implemented without damaging
equipment
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
System black start restoration studies
T Line_01_01
26.326 km
Eng
#1
#2
#1
P+jQ
QILWAH
#2
P+jQ
MIKHWAH
Bil Jurshi
E1
Timed
Breaker
Logic
Open@t0
E3
S/H
in out
hold
38 km
BRKG
T Line_01_a
53.618 km
S2M
TLine_01_02
_ _
#1
TLine_01_03
#1
#2
#1
#2
Vref0 Vref
#2
T Line_01_b
P+jQ
AD DUQAH
BRKG
P+jQ
Iqunt
P+jQ
Exciter (ST3A)
VT
Ef0
IT 3
Ef
If
NAMERA
QUNFUDAH TOWN
E2
Ef0
Iqunt
3
Ef0
Etcps
67 km
E1
9 km
95 km
T Line_02_02
TLine_02_01
TLine_01_07
A
V
1 unit 80 MVA
TLine_01_04
T Line_02_03
row1
T Line_01_06
E2
Ef If
36 km
S
Te
#1
TLine_01_05
row1
#2
Tm
E3
w Tm
QUNFUDAH CPS
Tm0
TM01
THORYBAN
W1
Etcps
TCPS
49 km
TLine_01_08
TLine_01_09
TLine_02_05
1.0
#2
#2
86 km
TLine_02_04
TLine_02_05_2
#1
#1
D - +
47 km
P+jQ
SUFFAH
P+jQ
*
13.333
G
1 + sT
D - +
F
W1
TLine_01_10
G
1 + sT
F
SABTAL JARAJ
S/H
in out
hold
TM01
S/H
in out
hold
L2N
68 km
72 km
T Line_01_12
T Line_01_11
S2M
TLine_02_06
#2
#1
#1
#2
Vref0 Vref
P+jQ
P+jQ
AL BIRK
TLine_01_13
TLine_02_07
Exciter (ST3A)
VT
Ef0
IT 3
Ef
If
MAJARDAH
94 km
Neuclear plant : Con...
P1
Q1
Ef
Ef0
3
Ef0
Ef If
A
V
P = 325.6
Q = 227
V = 0.9996
100 km
82 km
5.73182
TLi
TLine_01_15
01 15
3.91242
S
Te
1 unit = 150 MVA
Ia
A
V
TLine_01_14
Ea
#1
a
#2
E132
Tm
w Tm
TLine_02_08
#2
#1
W
P+jQ
#1
Tm0
TM0
P+jQ
TLine_01_17
MUHAIL NORTH
67 km
TIME
TIME
1.0
D
-
+
*
13.333
F
W
44 km
T Line_01_16
#2
#2
TM0
TLine_02_09
MUHAIL
-
+
F
S/H
in out
hold
L2N
#1
P+jQ
D
G
1 + sT
G
1 + sT
S2M
L2N
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
System black start restoration studies
Transformer Energizing
1.50
Transformer energizing:
1.00
0.50
PU
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
2.00
Itf
1.50
1 00
1.00
kA
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
x
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
Transformer Energizing
1.50
E_49900
1.00
0.50
PU
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
2.00
Itf
1.50
1.00
0.50
kA
 Energizing a transformer from
the HV side
E_49900
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
x
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
System black start restoration studies
Transformer energizing:
 Energizing a transformer from the HV side
TLine1
#2
X
RRL
X
#1
#3
BRK
0.1
TLine2
X
X
220 km
TLine2
Analog Graph
1.6k
|Z+|(ohms)
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
Ohms
RL
280 km
0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
Frequency
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
System black start restoration studies
Long line energizing through small generating units
Self excitation issues
1.20
Vrms_machine
1.00
0.80
PU
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
S/H
in out
hold
1.50
S2M
1.00
Vref0
Vs
P1
0.50
Vref
Exciter (ST4B)
VT
IT 3
If
PSS2B
P
w
0.00
Ef0
Ef
W
-0.50
-1.00
Ef
Ef0
Ef If
A
V
Ia1
Ib1
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
BRKL
S
Te
-1.50
Sudair Bus
3
Ef0
A
V
Ea
#1
#2
BRKG
TL_SUD_P...
Esov
Tm
Ia2
1e6
Ib2
Tm0
TM0
Timed
Breaker
Logic
Closed@t0
W
Steam Gov 4
Wref
1.0
Cv
w
Tm1
Steam_Tur_1
Wref Tm2
B
+
TIME
S2M
+
F
TIME
Timed
Breaker
Logic
Open@t0
BRKG
BRKL
L2N
1.50
Esov - PP9 Bushing
Ef - Machine field voltage
1.00
0.50
0.00
PU
Cv
PU
w Tm
w
Ea - Machine terminal
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
1.00002
W
0.99982
x
1 50
1.50
2 00
2.00
2 50
2.50
3 00
3.00
3 50
3.50
4 00
4.00
4 50
4.50
5 00
5.00
5 50
5.50
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
Breaker Transient Recovery Voltage - TRV
RRL
RL
Ib
Main : Graphs
600
TRV
400
T_line
200
Iflt
Va
Timed
Fault
Logic
ABC
BREA1
30 [pF]
0
30 [pF]
I_CB1
BREA1
Vb
-200
+
650 [pF]
C_LIM
200
000
0.1
108
133.5
5 [pF]
-400
00
Limiting
g Reactor
+
650 [pF]
C_LIM
-600
x
0.190
0.200
0.210
0.220
0.230
0.240
30 [pF]
BREA2
30 [pF]
0.180
30 [pF]
Main : Graphs
800
TRV_env_A30
TRV_env_A30
TRV
TRV_env_A60
TRV_env_A60
TRV_env_A100
TRV_env_A100
TRV_env_B30
TRV_env_B30
TRV
TRV_env_B60
TRV_env_B60
TRV_env_B100
TRV_env_B100
TRV_env_C30
TRV_env_C30
TRV
TRV_env_C60
TRV_env_C60
TRV_env_C100
TRV_env_C100
600
DS
400
DS1
200
50 [pF]
DS
0
DS2
-200
50 [pF]
-400
-600
DS
DS3
-800
50 [pF]
800
600
400
200
0
50 [pF]
-200
SA
-400
16000 [pF]
-600
#2
12000 [pF]
#1
-800
800
600
3.599e-4
400
Sub Transient
Reactance
200
0
0.00085
250 [[nF]]
-200
-400
RL
Tim ed
Breaker
Logic
Closed@t0
30 [pF]
TRV
-600
-800
x
0.1980
0.2000
0.2020
0.2040
0.2060
0.2080
0.2100
0.2120
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
Breaker Transient Recovery Voltage - TRV
Iflt
Va
Timed
Fault
Logic
ABC
BREA1
30 [pF]
Main : Graphs
600
30 [pF]
BREA1
I_CB1
Timed
Breaker
Logic
Closed@t0
30
0 [pF]
TRV
TRV
400
200
Vb
V
0
-200
-400
-600
x
+
650 [pF]
C_LIM
20000
133.5 [pF]
0.108
Limiting Reactor
+
C_LIM
650 [pF]
0.180
0.190
0.200
0.210
0.220
0.230
0.240
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
CT Saturation
Mal‐operation of an earth fault relay during transformer energising.
f
ii
BRK1
Is
Inrush current caused unequal saturation of the 3 CTs, resulting in a ‘burden’ current.
,
g
COU
UPLED
PI
SE
ECTION
PSCAD case:
Earth_fault_relay.psc
(
(required ThreCt.psl and a custom Fortran file)
i d Th Ct l d
t
F t
fil )
E
Ea
ct_3_new _.f
Ia BRK2
1
2
3
0.01 [o
ohm]
#2
#1
Is
Timed
F lt
Fault
Logic
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
CT saturation studies
CT of phase A saturated during energising of a single phase transformer in a distribution feeder.
i l h
f
i di ib i f d
Main,CT1 : Graphs
Is
Ib (A)
BRK1
12 0
12.0
Ib
-2.0
B (T)
B1
COU
UPLED
PI
SE
ECTION
2.00
-0.25
ct_3_new _.f
Ia BRK2
1
2
3
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Is
#1
0.00
#2
-20
0.01 [o
ohm]
Ia (Amps)
E
Ea
120
Ia
Timed
F lt
Fault
Logic
Manitoba HVDC
Research Centre
Open discussion and closing comments
Present your questions to PSCAD Developers and to
your fellow PSCAD users.
Tell us of you PSCAD experience:
- How can we do better?