IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 9, Issue 2, Ver. III (Mar - Apr. 2014), PP 87-91
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Railway Track Pedestrian Crossing between Platforms
G.Prabhavathi, B.Sanjana, Ms.S.P.Dhivya(Ap/Ece)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engg. SNS College of Engineering Coimbatore,India
Department of Electronics and Communication Engg. SNS College of Engineering Coimbatore,India
Abstract: This project is used for automatically close or open the mobile platforms in between the track trains.
Normally the mobile platform connects the two platforms through which the passenger can walk on the platform
to reach on the next platform Sensors are placed on the two sides of track. if the train reaches one sensor the
mobile platform will automatically close and allows the train to go through the tracks and then when the train
leaves the second sensor the mobile platform will automatically open the bridging platforms.The
microcontroller will sense the presence of train by using infrared sensor. so on sensing the train on one path
controller will give pulses to the stepper motor to close the mobile platform automatically.
Index Terms: IR-Sensor, Dc Gear Motor,Pic Microcontroller .
I.
INTRODUCTION
The present railway systems in india are not automated which are fully manmade. In railway stations
normally we use bridges.It is very difficult for the elderly persons or handicapped persons to use the bridge .This
paper finds a good solution.Mainly the tracking of a train is sensed by sensor,this is used for automatically
close/open the mobile platform.Sensors are placed on two sides of track to sense the motion of train.The
microcontroller will sense the presence of trains by using infrared sensors. So on sensing the train on one path
,the controller will give pulses to the stepper motor to close the mobile platformautomatically.
.
II.
COMPONENT OF AUTOMATED SYSTEM
Embedded system is a system which comprises both hardware and software to perform specific function .It is
design to do some specific task ,rather than to be a general purpose computer for multiple task.The hardware
components to be used are :
1.IR SENSOR:IR SENSOR is a device that emits and detects infrared radiation in order to sense some aspect
of its surroundings.It can sense the heat of an object and detection motion.The radiation is invisible to our eyes
but can be detected by an infrared sensor that accepts and interepts it.
2.LCD:It is a type of display used in digital watches and many portable computer .It utilize two sheets of
polarizing material with a liquid solution between them .
3.LED:It is a semiconductor light source used as an indicator lamps and are used for lighting.
4.DC MOTOR:The gear having smaller radius will cover more RPM than the one with larger radius .The
comparison between input and output gear gives the gear ratio.
III.
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND SPECIFICATION
POWER SUPPLY:The main components used in power supply are transformer,rectifier,filter and
regulator.The 230V ac supply is converted into12V ac supply through the transformer.The output of the
transformer has the same frequency as in the input ac power.The ac power is converted into dc power through the
diodes.The bridge diode is used to convert the ac supply to dc supply.This converted dc supply has the ripple
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Railway Track Pedestrian Crossing Between Platforms
content and for the normal operation of the circuit,the ripple content of the dc power supply should be as low as
possible because theripple content of the power supply will reduce the life of circuit.
1.TRANSFORMER: Transformers convert ac electricity from one voltage toanother voltage.Step-up
transformers increase voltage ,step-down transformer reduce voltage.Power supplies use a step-down transformer
to reduce the high main voltage to a safer low voltage.
2.RECTIFIER: The rectifier is a device such as a semiconductor cableof converting sinusoidal input
waveform units into a unidirectional waveform with a non zero average component.The input to the circuit is
applied to the diagonially oppposite corners of the network and the output is takenfrom the remaining two
corners.
3.FILTER: The capacitors are used as filters in the power supply unit.Shunting the load with the
capacitor,effects filtering.The action of the system depends upon the fact the capacitor stores energy during the
conduction period and delivers this energy to the load during the inverse or non conductng period.
4.REGULATOR:The voltage regulator comprise a class of widely used IC’s.Regulator IC units contain the
circuitry for reference source,comparator amplifier,control device,over load protection all in a single IC.IC units
provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage,a fixed negative voltage or an adjustable set voltage.
5.MICROCONTROLLER:Separate code and data spaces .A small number of fixed length instructions.Most
instructions are single delay cycle upon branches and skips.The program isalso mapped into the data space and
writable. It consist of a memory which is used to permanently save the program being executed.
6:DC MOTOR:The gear having smaller radius will cover more RPM than the one with larger radius.The
larger gear will give more torque to the smaller gear than vice versa.Multiple gears are connected
together,conservationof energy is followed.
7.LED:The wavelength of light emitted ,and thus its color,depends on the band gap energy of the materials
forming the p-n junction.In silicon or germanium diodes,the electrons and holes recombine by anon-radiative
transition,which produces no optical emission, because these are indirect band gapmaterials.
IV.
INFRARED SENSOR
An infrared sensor is an electronic device that emits and detects infrared radiation in order to sense
somenaspect of its surrounding .It can measure the heat of an object, as well as detect motion.In a typical infrared
sensor like a motion detector radiation enters the front an reaches the sensor itself at the center of the device.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF IR
The IR detector is only looking for infrared that`s flashing on and off 38500 times per second .It has built in
optical filters that allow very little light except 980nm IR .It also has an electronic filter that only allows signals
around 38.5kHz to pass through .When IR rays gets emitted from led ,it moves in the direction it is angled. When
any obstacle interferes in the path, the IR rays get cut and it produces secondary wavelets which propagates
mostly in return direction or in a direction opposite to that of the primary waves, which produces the net result
like reflection of IR rays .
TYPES OF INFRARED SENSORS
 ACTIVE INFRARED SENSOR
Active sensors employ both infrared source and infrared detectors .They operate by transmitting
energy fron either a light emitting diode or laser diode .A led is used for a non-imaging active IR
detector ,and a laser diode is used for an imaging active IR detector.

BREAK BEAM SENSOR
This type of sensor consist of a pair of light emitting and light detecting elements .Infrared source
transmits a beam of light towards a remote IR receive creating an electronic fence.
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Railway Track Pedestrian Crossing Between Platforms

REFLECTANCE SENSOR
This type of sensors house both an IR source and an IR detector in a single housing in such a way
that light from emitter LED bounces off an external object and is reflected into a detector .Amount of
light reflected into the detector depends upon the reflectivity of the surface.
V.
Led And Its Specifications
LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for lighting .When a light
emitting diode is switched on ,electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device ,releasing energy in
the form of photons .This effect is called electroluminance,and the color of the light is determined by the energy
band gap of the semiconductor.
WORKING PRINCIPAL OF LED
The LED consist of a chip of semiconducting material doped with impurities to creates p-n junction.
Charge carriers electrons and holes flow into the junction from electrodes with different voltages. When an
electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy level and releases energy in the form of a photon.
The of the light emitted , and thus its color,depends on the band gap energy of the material forming the pnjunction.The materials used for the LEDs have a direct band gap with energies corresponding to nearinfrared,visible,or near-ultraviolet light.
COLORS AND MATERIALS
COLOR
WAVELENGTH
MATERIAL
Infrared
Gallium arsenide
Red
Aluminium gallium
Orange
Indium phosphide
Yellow
Gallium phosphide
VI.
Dc Gear Motor
DC motor works over a fair range of voltage .The higher the input voltage more is the RPM of the motor
.if the motor works in the range of 6-12V ,it will have the least RPM at 6V and maximum at 12V.
RPM=K1*V, where ,
K1=induced voltage constant
V = voltage applied
WORKING OF DC GEAR MOTOR
The working of the gears is explained by the principal of conservation of angular momentum.The gear having
smaller radius will cover more RPM than the one with larger radius,the larger gear will give more torque to the
smaller gear than vice versa.RPM and torque are inversely proportional.The gear having more torque will provide
a lesser RPM and converse .
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Railway Track Pedestrian Crossing Between Platforms
The gear connecting the motor and the gear head is quite small,it transfers more speed to the larger teeth part
of the gear head and makes it rotate.The larger part of the gear further turns the smaller duplex part.The small
duplex part receives the torque but not the speed from its predecessor which it transfers to larger part of other gear
and so on.
VII.
Relay Drive
A relay is an electrically operated switch.Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching
mechanism,but other operating principles are also used .Relays find application where it is necessary to control a
circuit by a low-power signal.Relay found extensive use in telephones exchange and early computer to perform
logical operations.Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts,instead using a semiconductor
device triggered by light to perform switching.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
A small electronic relay consist of a coil surrounding a soft iron core,an iron yoke,which produces a low
reluctance path for magnetic flux,a movable iron armature,when the relay id de-energized there is an air-gap in
the magnetic circuit. In this condition ,one of the two sets of contacts in the relay is closed ,and the other set is
open.Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function .When an electric current
is passed through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts the armature ,and the consequent moment of the
movable contact or contacts either makes or breakes a connection with a fixed contact.If the set of contacts was
closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection ,if the
contacts were open.
VIII.
RESULT
This experiment is used for automatically close/open the mobile platform .It saves the time for passengers to
cross the next platform. Thus the sensing is made continuously whenever the train arrives and pass through .
IX.
CONCLUSION
Thus the tracking of train is sensed continuously,which automatically close/open the mobile platform is
partially automated which is beneficial for passengers to crossthe rail grade crossing.The system into a fully
automated instead of climbing the staircase.This efficient method will be more compact for scheduling the train
timings for reaching the particular destination and also for crossing the suitable platforms.
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Railway Track Pedestrian Crossing Between Platforms
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