Timothy Hughes - Thorium Energy
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A Compact Proton Accelerator An Industrial Perspective Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG End User Perspective We need 10x neutrons per second How much does a neutron cost to produce? Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG Cost of Neutron Production • Infrastructure size • Return on investment Capital Costs Energy Costs Reliability • Service Costs • Penalty clauses • Customer dissatisfaction • Lost reputation Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG • Running Costs A Compact Proton Accelerator : Outline • Introduction to Neutron Spallation Drivers : LINAC • Commercial Considerations of a Spallation Driver • Proposal for a Spallation Driver • Accelerator Activities Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG A Compact Proton Accelerator : Outline • Introduction to Neutron Spallation Drivers : LINAC • Commercial Considerations of a Spallation Driver • Proposal for a Spallation Driver • Accelerator Activities Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG Why Spallation? Spallation is the most energy efficient neutron production route Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG Spallation Neutron Production High Intensity Proton Beam Neutron Spallation Target Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG Application Users Accelerator Based Neutron Production RF Converter Heat Cavity Losses Heat Wall plug Target Losses Heat RF Power Proton Beam Target Neutrons Waste heat recovery may significantly increase overall efficiency Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG Spallation Process Efficiency Yield Y – neutrons per proton (n/p) as function of particle energy U and target atomic number A U Y (U , A) = ( A + 20) ⋅ 10 − 0.012 10 V JM Carpenter, “Pulsed Spallation Sources for Slow Neutron Scattering” NIM 145 (1977) 91 Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG State of the art high power LINAC Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) Ion Source RFQ Alvarez DTL Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG CH Cavity Spallation Driver : LINAC Energy Balance U2 PRF = + I beam ⋅ U Z ⋅L Losses in the accelerator Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG Beam power A Compact Proton Accelerator : Outline • Introduction to Neutron Spallation Drivers : LINAC • Commercial Considerations of a Spallation Driver • Proposal for a Spallation Driver • Accelerator Activities Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG The energy cost of a neutron : J/neutron Length – 100m Z – 35MΩ /m • There is an optimum at surprisingly low energies (~ 400MV) Energy – 500MeV Z – 35MΩ /m • Large beam currents improve efficiency Energy – 500MeV Z – 35MΩ /m • Longer accelerators generally have incrementally higher efficiency Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG Energy Costs Application Need 1018 neutrons/sec Hygiene Factors Compact – 100m Physics Limits Cost Optimise for End Energy Duty Cycle Definition Calculate Energy Useage • 100m long LINAC • 500MeV end energy • 10MW beam power • 50% wallplug efficiency Space Charge – 200mA pulsed beam Kilpatrick Limit – 5MV/m E field Peak Pulse RF Power – 1GW 200mA pulsed beam 100m length Z – 35MΩ /m Optimum Energy – 500MeV 1018 neutrons/sec @ 500MeV = 20mA CW 1018 neutrons/sec @ 1.64 x 10-11 J/neutron with ηRF – 75% 10% duty cycle 21MW Energy Cost @ 0.04 $kWh – 8.4M€ per annum Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG Energy Costs Application Need 1018 neutrons/sec Hygiene Factors Compact – 100m Physics Limits Cost Optimise for End Energy Duty Cycle Definition Calculate Energy Useage • 100m long LINAC • 500MeV end energy • 10MW beam power • 50% wallplug efficiency Space Charge – 200mA pulsed beam Kilpatrick Limit – 5MV/m E field Peak Pulse RF Power – 1GW 200mA pulsed beam 100m length Z – 35MΩ /m Technology Focus Areas Optimum Energy – 500MeV 1018 neutrons/sec @ 500MeV = 20mA CW 1018 neutrons/sec @ 1.64 x 10-11 J/neutron with ηRF – 75% 10% duty cycle 21MW Energy Cost @ 0.04 $kWh – 8.4M€ per annum Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG Commercial Perspective : Capital Costs Ctotal = Cin + Cacc + C RF + C front + Ccryo Cin = tunnel Cacc = accelerating structure Crf = RF Cfront= front end (13k€/m) (125k€/m) (see grapth) fixed cost (5M€) ~ 40M€ for 1018 neutrons/sec IF 60 cents/W RF costs 10 cents per W 10 cents/W 1 cents/W Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG Capital Costs Ctotal = Cin + Cacc + C RF + C front + Ccryo Cin = tunnel Cacc = accelerating structure Crf = RF Cfront= front end (13k€/m) (125k€/m) (see grapth) fixed cost (5M€) ~ 40M€ for 1018 neutrons/sec IF 60 cents/W RF costs 10 cents per W ~ 20M€ for 1018 neutrons/sec 10 cents/W IF 1 cents/W RF costs 1 cent per W Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG Capital Costs Ctotal = Cin + Cacc + C RF + C front + Ccryo Cin = tunnel Cacc = accelerating structure Crf = RF Cfront= front end (13k€/m) (125k€/m) (see grapth) fixed cost (5M€) ~ 40M€ for 1018 neutrons/sec IF 60 cents/W RF costs 10 cents per W ~ 20M€ for 1018 neutrons/sec 10 cents/W IF 1 cents/W RF costs 1 cent per W RF Technology Focus Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG Reliability Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG Reliability Technology Focus Front End RF Power Target Design Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG A Compact Proton Accelerator : Outline • Introduction to Neutron Spallation Drivers : LINAC • Commercial Considerations of a Spallation Driver • Proposal for a Spallation Driver • Accelerator Activities Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG Spallation Driver Proposal 1018 neutrons/sec 40M€ capital cost 8M€ energy costs 99.99% uptime Control System IS Fu nn el IS RF Q Funnel DTL 1H – DTL 1H – DTL 1H – DTL 1H – DTL 1H – DTL 1H – DTL Q RF IS 5m, 2MeV 10m, 50MeV 100m, 500MeV IS l nne Fu Low Energy “Defence in Depth” Mid to High Energy “Adaptive Self Healing Array” Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG 200mA 5% DC 500MeV Mid and High Energy Section Control System Adaptive Control system (Ai,φi)………………………………………………… (An,φn) Optimized parameter set Solid State Direct DriveTM RF Sources Array of independent cells • Self healing array of accelerating substructures • Each cavity individually controlled (phase, amplitude, frequency) • Control System dynamically redistributes according to fault modes Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG Low Energy Section 100mA beam Funnel DTL 200mA beam 100mA beam • Multiple layers of redundancy • Pre-acceleration before DTL injection mitigates space charge Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG A Compact Proton Accelerator : Outline • Introduction to Neutron Spallation Drivers : LINAC • Commercial Considerations of a Spallation Driver • Proposal for a Spallation Driver • Accelerator Activities Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG Accelerator Activities 40M€ capital cost 8M€ energy costs 99.99% uptime GOAL Control System IS High Current Ion Sources IS RF Power High Current RFQ Fu nn el Cavity Design RF Q Funnel DTL 1H – DTL 1H – DTL 1H – DTL 1H – DTL 1H – DTL 1H – DTL Q RF IS l nne Fu 5m, 2MeV 10m, 50MeV Control System IS Funneling Low Energy “Defence in Depth” Mid to High Energy “Adaptive Self Healing Array” Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG 100m, 500MeV 200mA 5% DC 500MeV RF Power: Solid State Direct Drive™ (a Solid-state RF Modules (b Solid-state RF Modules Circumferential slit Power combiner Power combiner Isolation Cavity Current Flow Circumferential slit • Distributed independent RF sources enable Ultra High Power • Independent control of each cavity • No external RF source, waveguide or mode coupler • Distributed topology enables Robust Design Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG RF Power: Solid State Direct Drive™ p+ n+ Gate p UGS=0 V Source n+ UGS=2 V p+ UGS=4 V I D [A] Source n- Drift region UGS=6 V UGS=8 V UGS=10 V 4H n+ Substrat 2mm UGS=-16 V UGS=-12 V UGS=-14 V Drain V DS [V] Silicon Carbide vJFET • SiC is intrinsically 10x faster than Silicon • Significantly enhanced power compared to Si. • Radiation hard • Hyperfast body diode survives reflected RF power • Large positive Rdson temperature coefficient Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG Solid State Direct Drive™ 20kW RF power module – SiC solid state 1 MW RF power test cavity [1] O Heid, T Hughes IPAC 2010 [2] O Heid, T Hughes LINAC 2010 [3] O Heid, T Hughes HB2010 [4] M Hergt et al, PP Conf 2010 First Results Summer 2010 [1,2,3,4] Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG Solid State Direct Drive™ • Cost – 10 cents/Watt • Efficiency – 80% wall plug - RF power conversion • Reliability – redundant, gracefully degrading system Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG THANK YOU – SICED, SiCrystal, INFINEON: Radiation-hard ultra fast high power switches – MIT Boston, FIAS Frankfurt, Univ of Huddersfield : Advanced materials – Rossendorf Dresden, Dreebit Dresden, IAP Frankfurt : Advanced ion sources – IAP Frankfurt, BINP Novosobirsk, MEPHI Moscow, FNAL Illinois, LBNL California, JFZ Juelich, Univ Oxford: Accelerator Physics – MIT Boston, CT PP: Advanced control systems Timothy Hughes Corporate Technology Siemens AG
