Conservation is a state of harmony between men and land.
Aldo Leopold
CONSERVATION AND EDUCATION ACTIVITES REPORT
2011-2012
The 2011-2012 year was packed with some new and great conservation, education and wildlife initiatives.
It was an exciting year, and everyone at the Toronto Zoo contributed to our success. The CEW Division
remains the backbone of the "invisible Zoo", and our dedicated staff is grateful to all other Divisions for
the support and resources they provide.
Some of the highlights for 2011-2012 include:
Wildlife Health Centre (WHC) –
In 2011, design of a new 20,000 sq. ft. WHC was commenced. This building will replace the current
hospital with a much larger state-of-the-art facility. A number of the rooms, including treatment and
surgery, will be visible from a large atrium to escorted tour groups, allowing close observation of any
procedures. There will also be a new pathology suite.
2012 Bioblitz –
Toronto Zoo hosted the first ever Bioblitz for the Rouge Park, partnering with the Royal Ontario Museum
(ROM), the Rouge Park Alliance, Rouge Park Conservation Center, the Toronto Region Conservation
Authority (TRCA) and Ontario Nature. The event proved to be the most successful in North America for
2012. Over 1410 species were identified in a 24 hour collecting period from 3:00 pm June 15 until 3:00
pm June 16. Special thanks must be given to the staff of the Toronto Zoo, Rouge Park, students, and the
University of Guelph.
Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Team Program –
In 2011, 67 young marmots took their first steps on Vancouver Island. In total, 375 captive-born marmots
have been reintroduced to the island since the first release in 2003. This year, 68 marmots were born in
the wild, bringing the wild marmot population up to 320-360 individuals.
With the great success of the captive breeding program, the plan is to continue to increase the number of
marmots released each year. Survival rates are encouraging as captive-born animals have now survived
several hibernation periods and are now reproducing in the wild. As well, Vancouver Island marmots can
now be found on several mountains where previous extirpations had occurred. In 2006, joint efforts
between the four facilities were recognized as the program was presented with a Canadian Association of
Zoos and Aquariums Conservation Award. In 2011, the Toronto Zoo and Calgary Zoo were awarded the
Association of Zoos and Aquariums North American Conservation Award for their joint effort in the
recovery program. We are very excited about our continued and growing success in the recovery of this
highly-endangered Canadian species.
Carpooling Program –
Over 500 zoo employees must commute to and from the zoo from areas all across Southern Ontario. To
alleviate the carbon footprint, CEW- staff initiated the Zoo’s first Carpooling Program in October 2009.
The program’s objective was to make the commute to and from the zoo more convenient, while
significantly reducing gas emissions and our overall carbon footprint. In 2012, the Carpooling Program
expanded by reserving 5 parking spaces for carpoolers consisting of 3 or more occupants, as well as
hybrid and electric vehicles. This is an incentive to encourage staff to choose more environmentally
friendly ways to get to work.
William A. Rapley, D.V.M., M.Sc.
Executive Director
Conservation, Education & Wildlife
Adjunct Faculty
Department of Biological Sciences
University of Toronto at Scarborough
Vice Chair and Board Member
Canadian Organization for Tropical Education and rainforest Conservation (COTERC)
Advisor Graduate Faculty, Biology Department
York University
Adjunct Professor
Ontario Veterinary College
University of Guelph
Past President and former Board Member
Canadian Committee for IUNC (CCIUNCN)
Acting Chair, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
Species at Risk Program Advisory Committee
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. MANDATE & RESOURCES
1.1
Toronto Zoo Vision & Goals
1.2
Toronto Zoo Conservation, Education and Wildlife Staff
1.3
Conservation, Education and Wildlife Facilities
1.3.1 Wildlife Health Centre
1.3.2 Reproductive Physiology Laboratories
1.3.3 Wildlife Nutrition Centre
1.3.4 Curatorial and Records Branch
1.4
Affiliates and Partnerships
1.4.1
University Collaborations
1.4.2
Affiliated Researchers
1.4.3
Partnerships
7
9
15
15
16
17
18
19
19
21
22
2. CONSERVATION-EDUCATION INITIATIVES
2.1
Education Branch
2.2
Volunteers
2.3
Education Programs
2.3.1 Formal Education Programs
2.3.2 Non-formal Education Programs
2.3.3 Informal Education Activities
2.4
Curatorial Projects
2.4.1 Academic and Business Collaborations
2.4.2 Public Involvement & Curriculum Links
2.4.3 Animal Outreach and Discovery
25
25
26
26
27
28
29
29
30
46
3. CONSERVATION-RESEARCH INITIATIVES
3.1
Habitat- and Species-Specific Research
3.2
Captive Breeding and Reintroduction
3.3
Veterinary Research
3.4
Reproductive Research
3.5
Nutrition Research
3.6
Behaviour Research
49
59
64
66
71
75
4. HORTICULTURE INITIATIVES
4.1
Horticulture Centre
4.2
Botany
4.3
Natural Areas Management
4.4
Invasive Species Management Program
78
79
80
81
5. GREEN INITIATIVES
5.1
Green Vision Statement
5.2
Green Eco-Zoo Team
5.3
Green Plan 2011
5.4
Green Policies and Reports
5.5
Green Events, Programs and Projects
5.6
Energy and Waste Management
5.7
Partnerships
85
85
85
86
86
91
93
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
4
APPENDICES
I.
TORONTO ZOO DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
96
II.
INTERNATIONAL CONSERVATION PROGRAMS
97
The World Conservation Union (IUCN)
Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CSBG)
International Species Information System (ISIS)
Studbooks
®
Species Survival Plan (SSP )
Taxon Advisory Group (TAG)
Scientific Advisory Group (SAG)
Conservation Action Partnership (CAP)
AZA-Nutrition Advisory Group
AZA-Wildlife Conservation Management Committee (WCMC)
Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI)
Canadian Organization for Tropical Education and Rainforest Conservation (COTERC)
III.
MEMBERSHIPS
100
IV.
ADVISORY / INTEREST / PRESERVATION GROUP AFFILIATIONS
103
V.
PROJECTS SUPPORTED BY THE ENDANGERED SPECIES
RESERVE FUND (2012)
107
VI.
OPERATING PROJECT LIST (2012)
108
VII.
TORONTO ZOO PUBLICATIONS (2011-2012)
109
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
5
The Conservation, Education and Wildlife
Division is located in the Centre of the same
name and works closely with the Animal Care
branch. In order to fulfill the conservation
mandate of the Zoo, the division prepares and
implements numerous initiatives to preserve
habitat, and also carries out significant
research in the fields of animal and plant
conservation. Emphasis in this division is
placed on stewardship, education, outreach
and maintaining biodiversity and natural
ecosystems both on and off site.
To ensure that optimum standards of animal and
plant husbandry are met, the Conservation,
Education and Wildlife Division is divided into
three branches. These three branches work
in co-ordination with one another, coming
together in dynamic ways for the health and
safety of the plants and animals. It is the
integration of the Toronto Zoo’s efforts in
the fields of clinical behaviour, nutrition,
veterinary medicine and pathology,
reproduction and species-specific research that
contributes to our animals maintaining healthy
and active lifestyles.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
6
CONSERVATION, EDUCATION AND WILDLIFE STRATEGIC PLAN 2012
Goal 1: Maintain Conservation, Education and Wildlife as the primary Zoo focus
Objective 1 – Focus involvement in projects using priority conservation initiatives as outlined in the Strategic
Plan
Objective 2 – Maintain and exhibit self-sustaining captive populations for the preservation and promotion of
biodiversity
Objective 3 – Support Recovery Plans of Species of Concern as designated by country of origin
Objective 4 – Be considered a resource for schools and teachers
Objective 5 – Provide public programs and activities
Objective 6 – Provide an enjoyable learning experience for Zoo visitors who do not attend a program
Objective 7 – Increase awareness of Toronto Zoo’s CEW mandate to general public
Goal 2: Reduce the Zoo’s ecological footprint and take a leadership role in green initiatives
Objective 1 – Implement a Green Plan to guide Zoo procedures, policies, and staff and volunteer behaviour
toward sustainable operation management
Objective 2 – Activate people to become better Environmental Citizens
Objective 3 – Support measures for the protection, rehabilitation, interpretation and enhancement of natural
areas within and around the Zoo site, provincially, nationally and internationally to meet key focus areas
Objective 4 – Engage other Zoo branches in delivering and facilitating CEW goals
Goals 3: Secure financial and staff resources to implement the Conservation Strategy
Objective 1 – Based upon the Toronto Zoo Vision Statement, obtain sufficient funding to support and
maintain the interactive Education and Conservation goals
Objective 2 – Strengthen partnership with Development
Objective 3 – Seek external partnerships and collaborations for funding
Objective 4 – Maintain financial accountability and restraints consistent with income and resources
Objective 5 – Revenue generation
Objective 6 – Support and promote the Endangered Species Fund
Objective 7 – Provide a financial plan to meet objectives for CEW Strategic Plan
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
8
CONSERVATION, EDUCATION AND WILDLIFE DIVISION
1.2 Toronto Zoo Conservation, Education and Wildlife Staff
Curatorial
William A. Rapley, D.V.M., M.Sc.
Dr. Rapley is the Executive Director of the
Conservation, Education and Wildlife Division of
the Toronto Zoo. Dr. Rapley serves as an adjunct
professor for the Pathobiology Department of the
Ontario Veterinary College (OVC), University of
Guelph, as an advisor in the Faculty of Graduate
Studies at York University, and as an adjunct
faculty member for Department of Biological
Sciences at the University of Toronto,
Scarborough campus. Presently he serves on the
Species at Risk Program Advisory Committee
(SARPAC) for the Ontario Ministry of Natural
Resources and as Vice-Chair for the Canadian
Organization for Tropical Education and Rainforest
Conservation (COTERC).
Dyann Powley
Dyann became Assistant to the Executive Director of
Conservation, Education and Wildlife in May 2011. She is responsible for administrative support for the
Conservation, Education and Wildlife Division and holds a Diploma in Veterinary Technology and
Certificate in Medical Transcription.
Eldon Smith
Eldon is the Director of Wildlife at the Zoo. He coordinates activities for the wildlife branch, project
management for the division, and manages the overall budget. In addition, Eldon provides assistance to
the Curatorial Assistant for animal import/export issues. Eldon Smith retired at the end of January 2012.
Eldon was a great contributor to the Division and will be missed.
David Barney, Ph.D.
Dr. Barney took the position of Acting Director of Wildlife in January 2012 (formerly manager of the
Wildlife Care Branch). He holds a M.Sc. degree in Nutrition and a PhD. in Animal Behaviour and Nutrition.
He is a member of the Nutrition Advisory Group and the Comparative Nutrition Society. He serves as an
adjunct professor at the University of Guelph in the Department of Animal and Poultry Science, and is
involved in nutritional and behavioural experiments at the Toronto Zoo. Dr. Barney is also a faculty
member of Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare.
Maria Franke-Gunther, M.Sc.
Maria is the Curator of Mammals and is responsible for the mammal collection, including conservation
recovery programs at the Toronto Zoo. She holds a M.Sc. in Biodiversity Management and a Diploma in
Endangered Species Management through Kent University – Durrel Institute of Conservation and
Ecology.
Bob Johnson, M.Sc.
Bob is the Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles and works closely in partnership with Andrew Lentini,
Curatorial Keeper of Amphibians and Reptiles, to implement Toronto Zoo’s Strategic Plan objectives to
engage and inform our visitors and to manage the Amphibian and Reptile conservation and education
programmes.
C. Lee
As C urator of F ishes and Marine Invertebrates, C . Lee is involved in conservation education initiatives,
and increasing zoo participation in native aquatic species is of primary interest.
Thomas Mason, B.Sc.
As C urator of B irds and Invertebrates at T oronto Zoo, T om is responsible for two of the
most diverse taxon at the T oronto Zoo. He is the institutional representative (IR ) for
most of the orders of birds represented in the AZA taxon advisory groups.
T he C urator of C onservation P rograms and is responsible for guiding the Zoo
toward sustainable management of on-site operations and facilities, and for
communicating sustainable life and learning themes with visitors, staff and
Volunteers, and the broader regional, national and international community.
T his position chairs the T oronto Zoo G reen T eam C ommittee.
Lydia Attard, B.Sc., M.Sc. (Student)
L ydia is the C uratorial Keeper of Invertebrates. S he is involved with
maintaining the T oronto Zoo's diverse Invertebrate collection in the
Invertebrate Breeding C enter (IBC ) and establishing their husbandry protocols.
S he assists the C urator with exhibit design and species selection. S he also
provides assistance and direction to the keepers caring for the Invertebrates on
exhibit.
Kyla Greenham, M.Sc.
As the C uratorial Keeper of F ishes and Marine Invertebrates, K yla is responsible for the day to day
operation of the F ish L ab; which includes developing husbandry protocols, technical support, staff training
and assisting the C urator of F ishes with managing the F ish C ollection. Her duties also include
participation in conservation programs, such as the L ake Victoria S pecies S urvival P lan, Atlantic S almon
C lassroom Hatchery, S eahorse C onservation, F ish R escue and Outreach.
Andrew Lentini, Ph.D.
Dr. L entini is the C uratorial Keeper of Amphibians and R eptiles. He is the Institutional R epresentative for
the AZA E astern Massasauga R attlesnake S S P and a member of the E astern Massasauga R attlesnake
R ecovery T eam. Andrew is the husbandry co-coordinator for the AZA P uerto R ican C rested T oad S S P
and a member of the AZA L izard, S nake, C helonian, and Amphibian T AG s.
Elaine Christens, M.Sc.
E laine provides curatorial research support, as well as maintaining the C onservation, E ducation and
Wildlife C entre’s L ibrary.
Andrea Drost, B.Sc. (Hons) Zoology
As the C uratorial Assistant, Andrea was responsible for coordinating activities for the curators and
organizing the procurement and shipment of plant and animal specimens to and from the Zoo. S he
assisted both C anadian and foreign parties and outside agencies with information for shipping animals
not at the T oronto Zoo. Andrea took a position as a Wildlife S upervisor in J uly 201 2.
Rebecca Dalton, B.Sc. (Hons) Zoology
R ebecca was appointed the C uratorial Assistant position in J uly 201 2. R ebecca is responsible for
coordinating activities for the curators and organizing the procurement and shipment of plant and animal
specimens to and from the Zoo. S he assists both C anadian and foreign parties and outside agencies
with information for shipping animals not at the T oronto Zoo.
Elaine Gabura, B.Sc. and Debby Martin, B.Sc.
Elaine and Debby are the Registrars for the Zoo’s animal collection and are members of the Zoological
Registrar’s Association.
Julia Phillips, M.Sc.
Julia is the Coordinator of the Adopt-A-Pond Wetland Conservation Programme. She is responsible
for overseeing the
development
of
education
and
research
programming to
engage
communities throughout Ontario in the protection of wetland wildlife and habitat. This position also
oversees the administration of three citizen science monitoring initiatives: Ontario Turtle Tally, Frog Watch
Ontario and the Wetland Guardians Registry.
Crystal Robertson
Crystal leads the stewardship, outreach, and marketing initiative of the Adopt-A-Pond Wetland
Conservation Programme. She uses the principles and tools of Community-Based Social Marketing to
research and develop outreach programs and presentations for specific audiences with the aim of eliciting
behaviours that benefit reptiles and amphibians.
Vithuja Vijayakanthan, Hons B.Sc.
Vithuja is the Coordinator of the Great Lakes Program. She is responsible for booking and delivering
presentations at schools and community events and developing the Program’s educational materials. She
visits more than 13, 000 students in over 600 classrooms annually. Vithuja also represents the Great
Lakes Program at various events, reaching over 5, 000 participants each year. Vithuja has always been
passionate about the environment, traveling, and lifelong learning, and is dedicated to conservation
education.
Mary Kate Whibbs, B.Sc. (Hons), B.Ed.
Mary Kate is the Coordinator of the Aqua-Links Program. She is responsible for the planning, delivery and
expansion of the program, which links students in Canada with students in East-Africa on the topic of
water conservation. She facilitates this linking over the internet, monitors and troubleshoots classroom
hatcheries in Canada and coordinates field trips for the live fish release. She also teaches participating
students directly about water conservation issues in both of these significant freshwater regions of the
world.
Kim Wheatley
Kim is the Aboriginal Programme Coordinator for the Ways of Knowing Partnership Turtle Island
Conservation programme. Kim's Anishinaabe heritage facilitates First Nation community partnerships
focused on the preservation of biodiversity incorporating First Nation Traditional Knowledge throughout
Ontario.
Education
Heather House, B. A. (Hons), B.Ed., Certified Interpretive Guide
Heather is the Manager of Education and one of two Zoo School co-principals. She manages and directs
education, volunteer and public program functions while ensuring efficient utilization of human and
financial resources.
Kelly Bentley, B.A. (Hons), Museum Management & Curatorship Certification, M. A. Candidate,
Certified Interpretive Guide and Trainer
Kelly is the Supervisor of Volunteer Services & Programs, responsible for developing and overseeing all
aspects of the Volunteer program and informal learning opportunities at the Zoo, as well as the day to day
operations of the Education Branch.
Steve Jones, B.Sc. (Hons), B.Ed., M.Ed Certified Interpretive Guide
Steve is the Supervisor of Education Programs responsible for developing and overseeing all aspects of
public and school programs, as well as the day to day operations of the Education Branch. Steve
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
11
oversees a variety of education staff, including 36 seasonal camp staff, and is also co-principal of
summer Zoo School.
Shawn Blackburn, B.Sc. (Hons), Fish and Wildlife Diploma, Certified Interpretive Guide
Shawn is the Programs Coordinator, responsible for developing, planning, advertising, and scheduling
public programs for the Education Branch. This includes Zoo Camp, Serengeti Bush Camp, spring and
fall programs, and youth badge programs.
Jacquie Kostoff, B.Sc. (Hons), B.Ed.
Jacquie is the Education Coordinator responsible for developing and promoting a variety of curriculum
related programs and resources for school groups, plus providing professional development opportunities
for teachers. She also oversees the day-to-day operation of school workshops which includes assisting
with training and scheduling of workshop leaders.
Pinky Rivera, B.A., B.Ed. (Hons)
Pinky is the Education Assistant and is responsible for registration and administrative duties relating to
education programs. She also assists in the preparation of program materials/resources and in the day to
day operations of the Branch.
Nia Gibson B.Sc. (Hons), B.Ed., Certified Interpretive Guide
Nia is the Coordinator of Education for Sustainable Development Programs.
She is responsible for the planning and teaching of Zoo School, an opportunity
for students to earn their Grade 11 Biology credit. Nia also coordinates the
ECOexecutives program, a full day series of workshops dedicated to engage
the corporate world and inspire them to carry out their operations in a more
sustainable manner.
Karen Conway, M.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons), Certified Interpretive Guide
Karen is the Co-coordinator of Volunteers; as such, she is responsible for recruiting, training and
coordinating approximately 250 year-round, 60 summer, and 60 student Volunteers. She is also involved
in the design and development of interactive educational stations operated by Volunteers both on and off
site, and oversees the Zoo's extensive biofact collection.
Denise Hill-Fox, B. Sc. (Hons), B. Ed.
Denise is the Interpretation Coordinator, and is responsible for maintaining the Education Branch’s biofact
collection (skins, skulls, feathers etc.) as well as the interpretive areas on the Toronto Zoo site (e.g. Touch
Tables, Wetlands Kiosk, Kesho Park Headquarters, etc.). This position also assists with the day to day
operations of the Volunteer Program.
Wildlife Health
Graham Crawshaw, B.Vet.Med., M.S., M.R.C.V.S, Dipl. A.C.Z.M.
Dr. Crawshaw is the Senior Veterinarian at the Toronto Zoo, and holds an adjunct professorship,
Pathobiology Department, Ontario Veterinary College at the University of Guelph.
Emeritus Kay G. Mehren, B.V.Sc., D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M.
Dr. Mehren continues as veterinary member of the Zoo’s Animal Care and Research Committee. Kay is
an active participant and advisor in many zoo and veterinary organizations such as the Ontario Animal
Care Review Board, the American College of Zoological Medicine, American Association of Zoo
Veterinarians, Wildlife Disease Association, Ministry of Natural Resources, Aquatic Research and
Development Section, Animal Care Committee and Canadian Council on Animal Care.
Wally Nazarewycz
Wally is a Registered Master Laboratory Animal Technician. He has worked in the Wildlife Health Centre
since 1991 as the Wildlife Health Supervisor and Veterinary Technologist.
Gabriela Mastromonaco, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.
Dr. Mastromonaco is the Curator of Reproductive Programs at the Toronto Zoo. She is an adjunct
professor in the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph and a member of the
Reproductive Sciences Advisory Group. Her research has focused on the use of nuclear transfer
technology as a method for genetic preservation and embryo production in wild cattle species, and the
effects that the technology has on the developmental potential of the embryos.
Jaap Wensvoort, B.Sc., M.Sc.
Jaap is the Nutritionist at the Toronto Zoo, managing both the food production unit and nutrition research
program. Jaap is a member of the Nutrition Advisory Group, Comparative Nutrition Society and the
European Nutrition Group.
Christopher Dutton, B.Sc., B.V.Sc., M.Sc., Dipl. A.C.Z.M.
Dr. Dutton is a Staff Veterinarian at the Toronto Zoo, and holds an adjunct professorship, Pathobiology
Department, Ontario Veterinary College at the University of Guelph.
Simon Hollamby B.A., B.V.Sc., M.S., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., M.R.C.V.S.
Dr. Hollamby is a Staff Veterinarian at the Toronto Zoo, and holds an adjunct professorship, Pathobiology
Department, Ontario Veterinary College at the University of Guelph.
Iga Stasiak, D.V.M.
Iga is a second year graduate student in the Zoo Animal Medicine and Pathology D.V.Sc. program at the
Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph and the Toronto Zoo. She is a graduate of the Ontario
Veterinary College. She subsequently completed an internship in small animal medicine and surgery at
the Michigan Veterinary Specialists. She has been a research assistant helping with a loggerhead sea
turtle health assessment. Her research project is focused on the role of hepcidin in iron regulation in
bats.
Pauline Delnatte, D.V.M.
Pauline joined the program in September 2010. She is a graduate of the National Veterinary School of
Toulouse, France. She completed an internship in exotic pet medicine and bird of prey rehabilitation at St
Hyacinthe Veterinary College in Quebec, and spent a year in mixed practice before the residency. Her
research concerns the prevalence of a newly identified avian bornavirus in wild waterfowl and the
susceptibility of domestic poultry species to this virus.
Horticulture
Anna-Marie (Rie) Burrows, B.Sc. (Grounds keeping)
As the Manager of Grounds keeping and member of the Green Team at Toronto Zoo, Rie
oversees the Horticulture, Material Collection and Custodial units at the Toronto zoo. Rie
is involved in a number of projects on site involving the development of green initiatives.
Rie is actively involved in the Waste Diversion projects on site, helping to introduce new
initiatives to divert waste from landfill, and participates on the Waste Diversion committee.
Bruce Cullen, B.Sc. (Horticulture)
Horticulture supervisor Bruce Cullen is responsible for the intensive grounds maintenance
demanded daily by Toronto Zoo. These activities include: installation, use, and
maintenance of an extensive site-wide irrigation system, heavy equipment operation,
interlock installation and repairs, design and installation of exhibits, and browse collection.
David Ross, Horticulturalist (Horticulture North & Materials Collection)
Supervisor of Horticulture and Material Collection, David is responsible for garden maintenance,
installation and design and works to provide safe efficient collection and disposal of materials at the
Toronto Zoo. David is involved with implementing green initiatives through landscapes such as
developing naturalized grasslands and focusing on the use of native plants which will help conserve water
and energy.
Wildlife Care
Eric Cole, B. A., B.Sc. (Hons)
Eric joined the Toronto Zoo in 1991, and was president of the AAZK Toronto chapter from 2003 to 2007
and served as co-chair for the 2001 AAZK National Conference. He was appointed Animal Care
Supervisor in June 2007 and was responsible for the African Savanna and Elephant areas of the Zoo. In
2011 he assumed responsibility for the Americas and Canadian Domain. Eric is currently Acting Wildlife
Care Manager.
Nicole Presley, B.Sc.
Nicole started as a full-time Keeper at the Toronto Zoo in January 1996, and currently oversees the
IndoMalaya Pavilion and Paddocks and the Toronto Zoo Behavioural Husbandry Program. She has been
a member of the American Association of Zoo Keepers since 1998 and has served on the AAZK Toronto
Chapter board from 2002-2010. She has been involved with the AAZK National Membership Resources
Committee since 2006. She is also a member of the Animal Behaviour Management Alliance.
Karen Hamilton
Karen joined the Toronto Zoo as a Keeper in 1996 in the Indo-Malaya section, and continued working as
a Keeper in several other areas of the Zoo. She is a founding member of the Animal Behaviour
Management Alliance and was co-chair for the first conference hosted outside of the USA for the
International Association of Avian Trainers and Educators. She joined the team of Supervisors in 2009.
Currently she supervises the Outreach and Discovery area.
Chris Dulong
Chris has worked the majority of his career with Elephants, Hippos and the Africa savanna area. He is an
active member of the Elephant Managers Association and served on the board from 2003 to 2009 and as
president in his last year. Chris is currently an instructor for the AZA's Principles of Elephant Management
annual course, and has moved to the position of Wildlife care Supervisor of Elephants, Hippo, Africa
Savanna and Penguins earlier this year.
Jeff Young, Hons. B.Sc.
Jeff began his career at the Toronto Zoo in 1990 as a Keeper, after completing a degree in Marine
Biology. In 1996, he became the Curatorial Keeper of Fishes and Marine Invertebrates, a position that
was held for 14 years. He moved to the Americas Pavilion as the Grade 4 Keeper in 2010. Jeff was
appointed to the position of Wildlife Care Supervisor in February 2012 and currently oversees the
Americas Pavilion, Tundra, Mayan Temple and Canadian Domain.
Dan Pearson
Dan Pearson joined the Toronto Zoo in 1979 as a keeper, and after working in several areas of the zoo
became the Grade IV keeper of the Demonstration Unit (now Outreach and Discovery). Dan is a
founding member of the International Association of Avian Trainers and Educators, serving as the
International Board member for a total of eight years. Dan became the Acting Wildlife Care Supervisor
for Australasia and Eurasia in May of 2012.
Oliver Claffey
Oliver Claffey started as a Zoo Keeper at the Toronto Zoo in 1974. Active in the American Association of
Zoo Keepers since 1976, Ollie served as National President from 1990 to 1992. He has been involved
in many breeding successes through the years including Tawny frogmouths, Hairy-nosed wombats,
Tasmanian devils, Black-footed ferrets, Siberian tigers, Przeswalski’s horses, Snow leopards and
Komodo dragons. Oliver retired in April 2012.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
14
Robert Smerage
Robert began his Zoo career in 1969 as a
Keeper at Toronto’s Riverdale Zoo. In 1974 he
moved to the new Toronto Zoo and worked
with the Zoo’s Orangutan collection for over
twelve years. He has worked on breeding the
Renault’s ground cuckoo, which resulted in
the first captive breeding in Canada. As an
Animal Care Supervisor, he was been
responsible for various areas of the Zoo,
most currently, Americas/Canadian Domain.
Robert retired in September 2011.
Andrea Drost, B.Sc. Honours Zoology
Andrea started as a full-time Keeper at the
Toronto Zoo in March 1995 and worked in
various areas of the Zoo. In 1997 she joined a
dedicated keeper team to the Black-footed Ferret and later the
Vancouver Island Marmot and was fortunate enough to be involved in the
captive breeding and release programs for these animals. In 2001 Andrea moved into the
position of Curatorial Assistant which had the responsibility of managing all imports and exports of
animals to and from the Toronto Zoo. In her time in this position she was responsible for over 2000 live
animal shipments both domestically and internationally. In 2012 Andrea joined the Wildlife Care
Supervisor team and currently has responsibility of the Africa Rainforest Pavilion.
1.3 Conservation, Education and Wildlife Facilities
1.3.1 Wildlife Health Centre
The Wildlife Health Centre (WHC) is
home to staff of the Wildlife Health and
Reproductive Physiology branches.
Facilities include two reproductive
research laboratories, an animal
hospital, animal holding areas and a
necropsy room. Within these, Wildlife
Health staff can meet most medical
and surgical needs of the Zoo’s
Animal Collection.
A clinical
laboratory is available for routine
analysis of blood, fecal, urine and
microbiology samples, and for water
quality testing to monitor the status of
aquaria and exhibit moats.
The
clinical area includes a large treatment
room, X-ray room, sterile surgery and
an ICU/nursery.
It is equipped to
provide gas anesthesia, dentistry, and
ultrasound and endoscopic examinations in addition to standard clinical procedures.
The animal holding areas of the WHC include indoor and outdoor hospital/quarantine enclosures for birds
and mammals.
In addition, the WHC’s Research Wing incorporates separate quarantine and
holding/breeding rooms for reptiles, amphibians, fishes and invertebrates, including the conservation
breeding programs of the Puerto Rican crested toad, Eastern massasauga rattlesnake, ngege,
seahorses, and several invertebrate species. The black-footed ferret and Vancouver Island marmot
breeding programs also come under the auspices of this department.
Construction of the Quarantine Wing was completed in March 2008. The 5000 sq. ft. extension houses a
variety of new arrivals to the zoo. Included in the Wing are hoofed stock pens, multipurpose rooms for
small mammals, birds and reptiles, and a strong room for larger carnivores and primates. The facility was
designed to meet Canadian Food Inspection Agency requirements for medium security quarantines.
In 2011, design of a new 20,000 sq. ft. WHC was commenced. This building will replace the current
hospital with a much larger state-of-the-art facility. A number of the rooms, including treatment and
surgery, will be visible from a large atrium to escorted tour groups, allowing close observation of any
procedures. There will also be a new pathology suite. It is hoped that construction will start in 2012.
Wildlife Health Centre Resources
The Wildlife Health Centre includes veterinarians, technicians, animal keepers, and an administrative
clerk. These people care for the wide variety of animals housed in the WHC and work closely with the
zoo’s curators, nutritionist and wildlife care staff to provide a broad preventative medicine program for the
zoo’s animal collection.
New animal keepers on zoo staff undergo a three-month training program in the WHC during which time;
three curatorial keepers provide orientation to specialized areas of care for invertebrates, fish and
reptiles/amphibians. In addition, new keepers gain experience in pen set-up, diet arrangements,
restraint/handling, quarantine and disinfection.
Diagnostic, medical, surgical and pathology procedures are performed at the zoo, providing immediate
care to all animals in the collection. In special circumstances, outside specialists in human or veterinary
medicine, many of whom have volunteered their time and expertise to treat complex cases, are
consulted. Occasionally, an animal may be sent to the Ontario Veterinary College for diagnosis,
treatment or consultation. Wildlife Health Staff are actively involved in research and provide support to
other investigators on research projects that will increase the Toronto Zoo’s ability to care for the animal
collection and contribute to conservation efforts. Since 1973 there has been collaboration with faculty of
the Ontario Veterinary College and the University of Guelph for pathology, diagnostic and research
activities. Wildlife Health Staff also add to the general knowledge of zoological medicine through
presentations, publications and professional training programs as adjunct faculty.
1.3.2 Reproductive Physiology Laboratories
The Reproductive Physiology branch consists of two laboratories.
Staff members in this area include a full-time Curator of Reproductive
Programs, two full-time research assistants and a varying number of
graduate and seasonal students. All staff members are dedicated to
research and the practical applications of reproductive technologies as
they pertain to promoting and enhancing conservation and breeding
programs, both at the Toronto Zoo and other institutions across North
America.
The purpose of the Reproductive Physiology research program is
twofold; first, to systematically conduct research with domestic and
non-domestic animals for the purpose of increasing the knowledge
base of reproductive biology in wildlife species, and second, to use this
information to assist in population management, and to overcome conservation and breeding barriers
either through enhancing natural breeding or developing methods for assisted reproduction. Due to the
multi-faceted scope, this program is well integrated into the veterinary, conservation, education, research
and animal management activities of the Toronto Zoo. Being the only one of its kind in Canada, the
program also serves as an information and service resource to other Canadian zoos and to various
®
SSPs and TAGs across North America.
Endocrinology
Establishing reproductive characteristics through basic research is a critical component for improving
reproduction in conservation breeding programs for wildlife species. Reproductive hormone profiles can
be characterized and assessed from non-invasive samples, such as urine and feces, or, in trained
animals, from serum or saliva. The hormone data can be used to conduct reproductive evaluations of
estrous cycles, predict the timing of ovulation and detect pregnancy. These data can also be used to
study the effectiveness of contraceptives in females and assess breeding potential and seasonality in
males, thus evaluating reproductive status and improving species management.
Furthermore,
assessment of corticosteroids provides valuable information on the animal’s response to external stimuli.
This information is important for understanding the effects of exhibit design and enrichment programs on
the animal. Novel studies investigating the levels of corticosteroids in hair and feathers may allow us to
gain a better understanding of the effects of chronic or long-term elevations in these hormones on overall
health. Endocrinology studies are conducted on a variety of species including: Bactrian camels,
cheetahs, gorillas, Indian and white rhinos, lions, tigers, Vancouver Island marmots, giraffes, tree
kangaroos, zebras, jaguars and wood bison.
Gamete Biology
The study of gamete and embryo physiology provides basic information that is necessary to better
understand the complexities of their function and survival. These data are crucial for the development of
advanced reproductive techniques, including semen handling and evaluation, artificial insemination, in
vitro fertilization and gamete/embryo cryopreservation, which can provide alternative methods for the
preservation of genetic material and management of captive and wild populations. Assisted reproductive
technologies (ARTs) can be used to: 1) overcome poor reproductive function, 2) increase reproductive
yield, 3) distribute genetics of valuable individuals or 4) overcome health or behavioural issues (e.g.,
physical handicaps, mate incompatibility). As part of the genetic banking program at the Toronto Zoo,
animals are evaluated for chromosome content to identify any chromosome abnormalities that may
contribute to reduced fertility. Identification of carrier individuals ensures proper breeding management
by reducing the perpetuation of chromosome defects in the population and, thereby, reducing the
occurrence of embryonic and fetal losses. As part of Toronto Zoo and SSP® recommendations,
monitoring and banking of Toronto Zoo animals, as well as implementation of ARTs
when necessary, are routinely carried out.
1.3.3 Wildlife Nutrition Centre
In 1974, Toronto Zoo was the first zoo in North America to employ a full-time
nutritionist and, to date, remains the only zoo in Canada to do so. As a pioneer
in the development of scientifically-designed feeding programs for captive
exotic species, the Toronto Zoo’s Wildlife Nutrition Centre has developed diets
for a diversity of species to maintain optimal health and well-being. The Wildlife
Nutrition Centre is comprised of two components that work together to improve
animal health and wellbeing; the Food Production Unit and the Nutrition
Research Unit.
Food Production Unit
The Toronto Zoo has a centralized Food Production Unit which produces
nutritionally and economically sound diets to feed the over 6000 specimens that
comprise the zoo’s animal collection. Animals are fed based on species-specific diet sheets that outline
the amount of each food item in the animals’ daily diets. Each food item is then carefully measured and
packaged for every species and, in some cases, for each individual. By ensuring proper nutrition, this
unit enhances the animals’ wellbeing and supports preventative medicine.
Five nutrition assistants work from 6:00 am to 2:30 pm every day to ensure that diets are prepared as per
specifications and delivered on site to be fed by the animal care staff. The practical knowledge and
concerns of the Food Production Unit, the Wildlife Health Unit, the Curatorial department and the Wildlife
Care Department grow into areas of study for the Research Unit. Significant amounts of fresh browse are
provided and significant amounts of browse are preserved for winterfeeding to zoo animals by the Wildlife
Nutrition Centre staff (see project description under Conservation-Research Initiatives).
Nutrition Research Unit
The Nutrition Research Unit, in conjunction with the Food Production Unit, continues to build on a
program to improve the current nutrition knowledge of non-domestic species. For many exotic animals,
metabolic and nutrient requirements are unknown; therefore, the zoo continues registering, testing and
improving various feeding formulas to ensure the health of those animals and their offspring. A series of
special feed formulations, such as the Toronto Zoo carnivore diets, have been made available
commercially. Their production has been outsourced and they are being used at other zoological
institutions throughout North America to provide balanced diets to an expansive population of exotic
carnivores. Royalties received through the sale of zoo diets support further zoo nutrition studies at
Toronto Zoo. Diets are reformulated as the knowledge of zoo animal nutrition improves. Factors that
affect nutrient requirements such as nutrient digestibility, physiological state, and age, breeding
requirements and general health, changes throughout an animal’s lifetime are taking into consideration.
The Nutrition Research Unit collaborates closely with the University of Guelph and the University of York
to perform research, summer projects and post graduate research. In addition, the Nutrition Research
Unit works in conjunction with international zoo organizations and special research institutions to create
dietary changes that may improve reproduction, health, behaviour, and the general well-being of the
animal collection. Utilizing the experience of keepers, curators and veterinarians, the nutrition information
is used to develop complete captive management plans for our animals.
1.3.4 Curatorial and Records Branch
The curators provide direction to staff in the use of progressive animal care and management practices.
Moreover, they plan and co-ordinate exhibits and renovations in collaboration with other Zoo
departments. The curators oversee the animal and plant collections, including additions and removals,
planning and construction of displays, husbandry techniques, as well as educational initiatives.
The Curators develop and implement conservation projects. These projects increase the zoo’s profile at
the municipal, provincial, national, and international level, and also provide support for research initiated
by staff. Programs are encouraged in behavioural enrichment, breeding, eco-education, wetland
preservation, as well as habitat restoration and protection. Throughout the year, assistants are employed
with the aid of grants to develop and work on various conservation initiatives. The following list
represents areas highlighted within the Conservation, Education and Wildlife Division:
♦ Amphibians and Reptiles
♦ Birds
♦ Fishes and Marine Invertebrates
♦ Invertebrates
♦ Mammals
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
18
Registrar
The primary responsibility of the registrars is management of the Conservation, Education and Wildlife
animal database. This includes information collection, entry, maintenance and development. The
registrars also perform a number of important tasks for the organization and safety of the Zoo’s Animal
Collection, including:
♦
♦
♦
Providing statistical information and reports from records, including the
Annual Animal Collections Inventory,
Informing the Manager of Administration, curators and veterinarians of
significant trends apparent from records by way of written and oral
reports,
Coordinating with Facilities & Site staff to maintain and update animal
areas within the Site Identification Code System,
The registrars are the Toronto Zoo contacts for the International Species
Information System (ISIS). They provide data on relevant Toronto Zoo
animals to the International and Regional Studbooks, as well as
®
correspond and provide data on SSP species at the Zoo.
Research Library
The Toronto Zoo Library has a wide selection of conservation resources and an
expanded library database. The library’s collection includes diverse selections of
journals, newsletters, a vertical file system for clippings and articles, as well as a
large number of books covering various animal and plant subjects. The library is open to all staff and
students. In addition, external students and researchers can also use the Zoo Library by making a
special appointment with the library staff.
1.4 Affiliates and Partnerships
1.4.1 University Collaborations
To further increase resources offered at the Zoo, a number of external researchers work on various
projects. As a result, strong partnerships have been developed with other research institutions. The
Toronto Zoo encourages various students and researchers to work in collaboration with the Zoo on
projects related to their area of interest.
YORK UNIVERSITY – Animal Behaviour
As part of its multi-disciplinary approach towards conservation research, the Zoo
has developed a partnership with the Psychology and Biology Departments of York
University. Dr. Suzanne MacDonald, a Professor at York University, collaborates as
®
the Zoo’s Animal Behaviourist. Currently, the Zoo is working with the various SSP
programs, integrating behavioural and hormonal research into the breeding of endangered species.
As a result of this partnership, not only are Dr. MacDonald and her students able to use the Zoo as a
research facility, but the Zoo also has the opportunity to benefit from important and unique research. Dr.
William Rapley is a faculty advisor for these programs and assists with student supervision, project review
and examination.
UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH
Ontario Veterinary College Veterinary Fellowships
Specialty training in zoological medicine and pathology has been offered in collaboration
with the Ontario Veterinary College (O.V.C.) since 1979. Presently, two graduate
veterinarians are gaining first-hand clinical experience and working on original research
projects as part of their three-year Doctor of Veterinary Science degree programs. The
objective of the program is to train veterinarians to become clinically competent in
zoological medicine, and to develop a strong understanding of diagnostic tools and the
ability to perform pathological studies. Graduates of the program will have the background
to practice and teach zoological medicine and to carry out conservation work and research,
with the capability to contribute fully to the scientific activities expected in a modern zoo or wildlife-related
organization.
Post-graduate Studies in Biomedical Sciences
Post-graduate level training has been offered in reproductive physiology and biotechnology for M.Sc. and
Ph.D. programs and post-doctoral fellowships for over 15 years. Students gain a thorough understanding
of experimental design and in-depth knowledge of reproductive physiology and laboratory techniques
associated with different aspects of assisted reproductive technologies as applied to zoo species.
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (Scarborough Campus)
In 2008 Conservation, Education and Wildlife staff, including Curators, Vets,
rd
th
Nutritionists and the Executive Director, taught a 3 / 4 level course in the Biology
and Environmental Science program at UTSC. Lectures ranged from population
management to animal care to greening initiates. After wonderful reviews from students and staff at
UTSC, Toronto Zoo was invited to teach the course again. The course generated financial support for the
Toronto Zoo’s Endangered Species Reserve Fund. Dr. William Rapley has an adjunct appointment to
UTSC.
TRENT UNIVERSITY
The Toronto Zoo collaborates with the Natural Resources DNA Profiling and
Forensic Centre. Dr. Bradley N. White and Dr. Paul J. Wilson are presently working
on Puerto Rican crested toad, Blanchard’s cricket frog and Polar bear projects. The Wildlife Forensic
DNA Laboratory works with a broad spectrum of species of Canadian and Ontario animals and plants.
Past collaboration included Trumpeter swans, Massasauga rattlesnake and Tarantula Identification for
CITES.
Post-graduate Studies in Environmental and Life Sciences
Post-graduate level training has been provided for M.Sc. and Ph.D. programs for over 2 years. This new
collaboration has resulted in students gaining technical and theoretical expertise in reproductive and
stress hormones and their effects on population dynamics in wild and captive species.
Laurentian University
Collaborations on undergraduate and post-graduate research studies have
been on-going for over 2 years. This new collaboration has resulted in
students gaining technical and theoretical expertise in sperm characteristics
and stress hormones and their effects on population dynamics in wild and captive species.
1.4.3 Partnerships
AGF Funds Inc.
Association of Reptile and Amphibian Veterinarians
AZA (American Zoo and Aquarium Association)
Banrock Station Wetlands Foundation Canada
Biodôme de Montréal
Bullfrog Power
Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency
Canadian Museums Association
Canadian Wildlife Federation
Canadian Wildlife Service
CAZA (Canadian Association of Zoos and Aquariums)
Cochrane Polar Bear Habitat
COTERC
Conservation Ontario
Ducks Unlimited
Direct Energy
Endangered Species Recovery Fund of Canada
ELSA Wild Animal Appeal of Canada
Evergreen Foundation
Environment Canada
First Nations Partnerships
Federation of Ontario Naturalists
Georgian Bay Biosphere Reptile Awareness Program
Geoffrey H. Wood Foundation
Grasslands National Park – Saskatchewan
Government of Canada, Habitat & Stewardship Fund
Helen McCrea Peacock Foundation
Greater Georgian Bay Reptile Awareness Program
International Bear Management Association
Human Resources Development Canada
Kawartha Turtle Trauma Centre
K.M. Hunter Charitable Foundation
KPMG LLP Charitable Foundation
Marmot Recovery Foundation
Milliken Meats Limited
Morris Animal Foundation
Mountain Equipment Cooperation
National Heritage Information Centre
National Science & Engineering Research Council of
Canada
Natural Sciences and Engineering
Nebraska Herpetological Society
Ontario Ministry of Education
Ontario Ministry of Energy
Ontario Ministry of Environment
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
Ontario Ministry of Transportation
OMNR – Species at Risk
Ontario Nature
Ontario Parks
Ontario Streams
Ontario Power Authority
Ontario Vernal Pool Association
Ontario Streams/Habitat Stewardship Environment Canada
Parks Canada
Ontario Veterinary College Pet Trust
Pond Life (Liverpool, UK)
Polar Bears International
Recovery of Nationally Endangered Wildlife
Ralph Kirk Endowment Fund
(RENEW) Recovery Teams
Rentokil Tropical Plants
Research Council of Canada
Rouge Park Alliance
Royal Botanical Gardens
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
22
Royal Ontario Museum
RBC Blue Water Project
Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment
Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture
Sydenham Conservation Foundation
Shell Environment Fund
The Richard Ivey Foundation
The Henry White Kinnear Foundation
Tippet Foundation
The W. Garfield Weston Foundation
Toronto Humane Society
Toronto Atmosphere Fund
Toronto Regional Conservation Authority
Toronto Parks and Recreation
Turtle S.H.E.L.L. Tortue
Toronto Zoo Development Division
University of British Columbia
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Vancouver Island Marmot Foundation
US Fish and Wildlife Service
Wildlife Preservation Canada
Weston Family Foundation
World Wildlife Fund, USA
World Wildlife Fund, Canada
Young Canada Works – Canadian Museums Association
Youth Assisting Youth
Association of Reptile and Amphibian Veterinarians
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
23
The Education Branch
enriches the Toronto Zoo. It
is a place where an urban
population can connect with
the natural world. The
influence of the Education
Branch can be felt
throughout the Zoo in
virtually all of its activities
and programs. The
opportunities to observe
animals and their habitats
first-hand give visitors a
valuable experience in
connection with nature. This
bond creates an
unparalleled opportunity to
foster education.
In addition to the programs
to follow, the Education
Branch is also involved with:
ongoing development and
revision of educational
materials; development of
interpretive graphics; website
fact sheets; requests for
information; marketing of
educational programs;
Volunteer training; guided
tours; ‘Browse’ and ‘It’s
Happening’ newsletters; and
special events.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
24
2. CONSERVATION EDUCATION INITIATIVES
2.1 Education Branch
The Education Branch enriches the Toronto Zoo. It is a place where an urban population can connect
with the natural world. The influence of the Education Branch can be felt throughout the Zoo in virtually
all of its activities and programs. The opportunities to observe animals and their habitats first-hand give
visitors a valuable experience in connecting with nature. This bond creates an unparalleled opportunity to
foster conservation through education.
In addition to the programs mentioned below, the Education Branch is also involved with: ongoing
development and revision of educational resources, interpretive graphics/displays; marketing of
educational programs; volunteer training; guided tours & outreach; plus assistance at special events.
2.2 Volunteers
The Volunteer Services Unit recruits, trains and
co-ordinates a large group of volunteers who
help to support the objectives of the Zoo,
providing an educational experience for Zoo
visitors and inspiring people to live in sustainable
ways that promote the well-being of our natural
world.
There are currently 372 Volunteers at the
Toronto Zoo consisting of
Year-Round
Volunteers, Summer Volunteers and Zoo
Ambassador Student Volunteers. All Volunteers
assist in the delivery of the Zoo’s educational
programs, helping to raise public awareness of
and involvement in conservation, interpreting the
zoogeographic and ecological relationships of the animal and plant kingdoms, and most importantly,
enhancing the experience of each Zoo visitor with whom they come in contact. These individuals are vital
to the Zoo’s many programs and activities. Volunteers conduct guided tours, operate interpretive areas
around the Zoo, assist at special events, and present Outreach Programs in the community. YearRound Volunteers undertake a rigorous training course and must complete an exam and practical before
taking part in the duties of a Zoo Volunteer. These individuals agree to a two-year commitment consisting
of four hours per week with a minimum of 75 hours/year.
During the summer, 60 additional Volunteers are recruited to assist during this very busy season. At
Kesho Park headquarters they take on the role of Park Ranger. At the Backyard Wildlife kiosk in the Kids
Zoo, Volunteers educate visitors on the importance of reptiles, amphibians, insects and spiders, and at
the Wetlands Kiosk they help visitors to discover the diversity of life in the Zoo’s ponds.
Zoo Ambassadors are secondary or postsecondary students who lend a hand at special events
throughout the year. They also assist with Zoo Kids, a day camp for four and five year olds during the
summer months, helping to instill a love for nature and wildlife in the very young.
As a whole, Volunteers contribute a total of 27,000 hours of their time per year to the Zoo, interacting with
just fewer than 600,000 people. They are an invaluable resource for conservation and education at the
Toronto Zoo.
2.3 Education Programs
2.3.1 Formal Education Programs
Student Workshops
The Toronto Zoo offers intensive and comprehensive
student workshops that fulfill provincial curriculum
requirements and provide a fun and educational
learning experience.
Formal programs combine
lessons in a stimulating classroom setting with guided
tours and interactive activities.
Workshops cover
science topics for Grades 1 to 7 and are supported by
detailed packages of pre- and post-visit classroom
activities that teachers receive before the workshop.
Annual participation is about 10,000 students. A
generous grant from a donor supported 485 students
from disadvantaged schools in the former city of York,
to attend Zoo workshops this past school year.
Teacher Workshops
Teacher workshops are offered for teacher candidates
from the faculties of education at York and Western
Universities, as well as the University of Toronto.
Workshops are also conducted on a request basis for
professional development days for local school boards.
“Teacher’s Day” is offered twice a year, in September
and April, as an opportunity for teachers to come to the
Zoo for a free visit with family members to learn the
value of the Zoo as a learning destination by taking part
in guided tours and attending our Education Centre
Open House. The Toronto Zoo also seeks other promotional opportunities to showcase the Zoo to
teachers, principals, and parents as an excellent resource for bringing conservation and the science
curriculum to life.
Zoo School
The Toronto Zoo is registered with the Ministry of Education as a
private school for the delivery of Grade 11 Biology, University
Preparation (SBI3U) credit courses. Using the Zoo as a living
classroom, students not only learn the complexities of biological
systems, but see them in action through interactive lessons, behindthe-scenes tours, and discussions with Zoo staff. This intensive four
week program is delivered in two sessions throughout the summer, one
in July and one in August. For 2011 and 2012, both sessions were
filled to capacity with 18 students per session.
Resources for Teachers/Educators
A variety of resources are available on the Zoo website to assist teachers/educators in planning a Zoo
visit and supporting them in the delivery of certain topics in the classroom or at the Zoo. Science
Curriculum Resource Booklets and Self-Guided Tour Scripts are available for grades 1-7 that support
important concepts in the Life systems strand of the Ontario Ministry of Education and Training Science
Curriculum for elementary grades. For secondary level students, Zoo assignments, available for
download, challenge students to observe, read, think, record data, and make their own discoveries while
at the Zoo. Topics covered include: biomes, urbanization, and climate change, sustainability of
ecosystems, biodiversity, environmental science, anthropology, and evolution.
Internship Programs
In 2011-2012 the Education Branch hosted five interns from three different institutions. Two interns from
Queen’s University assisted in the development of teacher's resources available to download from the
Zoo’s website. Two OISE/University of Toronto students assisted
with the development of a new Teacher Resource Guide for giant
pandas, and also designed an educational poster to help market
school programming. In addition, one student enrolled in Early
Childhood Education at Ryerson assisted with Zoo Camp and
implementing new activities/games for the children. Internship
programs such as these contribute immensely to the productivity of
the Branch, allowing us to develop/revise the programs and
resources we do, while at the same time provide practical work
experience for these students helping them advance in their
careers.
Operation Conservation
With the generous support from The Geoffrey H. Wood Foundation
and Tippet Foundation, Operation Conservation, a two day
immersive program at the Zoo, continues to touch the lives of
youth from the Jane-Finch and Malvern communities, helping to
expand their horizons and empower them to become positive role
models in their schools and communities.
Each year,
approximately, 220 grade six students attended this program, and
are treated like VIP’s with behind the scenes tours, and hands-on
educational activities.
2.3.2
Non-formal Education Programs
The Education Branch offers a wide variety of public programs throughout the year catering to audiences
of all ages. From tots to teens, Girl Guides to Scouts, there’s something to help everyone connect with
nature.
In 2011, over 1,560 people participated in a variety of public program offerings including: Parent & Tot,
Critter Crew, Zoo Crew, EnviroRangers, plus family and adult focused programming.
Family programs such as, Rise n’ Shine with the Penguins, designed to coincide with the new
endangered African penguin exhibit, attracted an additional 145 participants in 2011 who enjoyed
breakfast, an informative talk, and interactive activities.
Youth Badge Programs were delivered to over 440 scouts, guides, brownies and cubs in the past year.
This is one of the longest operating Zoo education programs, providing youth with the opportunity to earn
any one of 14 environmental badges by attending a half day program at the Zoo.
Zoo Kids and Zoo Camp, our week long summer day
camps, continue to be highly popular, providing wild
experiences for children where learning is disguised as fun!
Overall, in 2011, 1,723 children, ages 4 – 16, enjoyed
weekly tours, games/activities, and unique opportunities to
create enrichment items for the animals. In support of
“International Year of the Forests”, weekly activities were
designed to educate campers about the importance of
forests for animal habitat, plus each camper received an “I
am a Friend of the Forest” button.
Serengeti Bush Camp continues to provide a unique
overnight camping experience. There’s nothing quite like
having the Zoo to yourself at night and the sights and
sounds that go along with it! Operating from May to Labour
Day weekend, school classes, scouting and guiding groups
as well as families attend on different nights throughout the
spring and summer. In 2011, 2,787 participants enjoyed a
variety of interactive educational activities, tours, behind the
scenes opportunities, and roasting marshmallows over the
campfire. T-shirts, crests, and ball caps were also available
for purchase by participants as a keepsake of their one
‘wild’ night at the Zoo.
2.3.3 Informal Education Activities
Education also takes place in unstructured learning
situations such as interacting with a volunteer, exploring one of the many interpretive displays throughout
the Zoo site, attending an animal show or keeper talk, and through free play, interactions and discussions
of observations/experiences with family members during a visit.
Volunteer-led Interpretive Experiences
Education is stressed throughout the Zoo with a variety
of Volunteer-led interpretive experiences. The Zoo’s
372 dedicated Volunteers are trained specifically to
facilitate learning through a variety of means such as
guided tours, operating interpretive areas/activities
around the Zoo site, helping out with special
events/programs, and delivering outreach presentations
in the community.
In 2011, Volunteers contacted over 593,790 people
providing visitors with an opportunity to ask questions
and actively examine biofacts such as skulls, furs,
feathers, and teeth/claws. The Wonders of Wetlands
Kiosk, Kesho Park, Research Tent and Backyard Wildlife Kiosk in the Kids Zoo inspire discovery and
learning, while encouraging the public to live in harmony with nature.
2.4 Curatorial Projects
2.4.1 Academic and Business Collaborations
Toronto Zoo staff members in the Conservation, Education and Wildlife
Division have adjunct university appointments, through which they provide
lectures, advice and/or assistance to student programs. Graduate studies
are available through Zoo collaboration and include M.Sc., Ph.D., D.V.Sc.,
and Post-Doctoral programs. Each summer approximately fifteen university
students complete their summer research at the Toronto Zoo. Research
project topics range from green plans and wetland conservation to nutrition
and reproduction.
University courses in Conservation Biology have special lecture tours
conducted at the Zoo. These include the University of Toronto (Scarborough
and Main campuses), McMaster University, the University of Guelph,
Queen’s University and McGill University.
UTSC Course – BIOC62 – The Role of Zoos in Conservation
th
Since 2007, the Zoo’s scientists and educators have co-instructed a 3/4 year course at the University of
Toronto at Scarborough. The course is a lecture / discussion format that examines the changing role of
zoos through time and emphasizes contemporary topics such as: captive breeding and reintroduction of
species vs. new technologies to assist reproduction in wild populations; the importance of nutrition and
behavioural enrichment in captive animals; zoos and public involvement/education; endangered species
in Canada; and habitat restoration. The UTSC provides a donation to the Zoo’s Endangered Species
Recovery Fund for our staff involvement.
THE TORONTO BIODIVERSITY GROUP
In 2006, the Zoo joined with other interested parties to help make the people of Toronto aware of the
plight of migratory birds in cities. Over a billion birds die annually from colliding with buildings. This group
has been working to reduce this problem. Two publications have been produced, one on developing bird
“friendly” buildings, and a second on the birds of Toronto. In 2010, the group widened its horizons to
include other aspects of the wildlife of Toronto. Publications include reptiles and amphibians, spiders and
butterflies. Trees and fishes are also being produced. All work is voluntary and a subcommittee is
developed for each of the topics. Zoo staff has had involvement in many of the booklets being produced.
The booklets are part of the City of Toronto’s contribution celebrating the Year of Biodiversity.
Nutrition Internship Program
In 2009, in cooperation with the University of Guelph, a Nutrition Internship position was approved to
support training in Zoo nutrition. The internship is at MSc-level (by thesis) or higher and involves a
minimum of two years research work in an animal nutrition related subject.
The Nutrition Intern works 50 % in the Food Production Unit to allow for practical experience and the
other 50% in the Research Unit using the results of this research project for a thesis.
The NSERC Industrial Partnership
In 2010, Toronto Zoo joined with PhD candidate Crystal Vincent to approach the National Sciences and
Engineering Research Council of Canada to lobby for Toronto Zoo to be an “Industrial Partner”. The
successful applicant becomes eligible to work with Masters and PhD students on projects that will lead
towards the student degree at the same time enhance work carried out by the Zoo. Toronto Zoo was
successful in their application and Crystal Vincent is the first student. Crystal finished her program with
Toronto Zoo in the spring of 2012 looking at the differences that male and female insects resisted and
tolerated disease.
ECOexecutives Program
ECOexecutives the Zoo's unique sustainability workshop
series engages the corporate world by connecting
biodiversity to their bottom line. This business sector is the
economic engine of our province and also the largest
contributor of carbon emissions. Executives visit the Zoo for
inspirational behind the scenes tours, a closer look at the
Zoo's green technologies, and lessons in sustainability issues. They leave motivated to return to their
businesses and implement change. ECOexecutives has seen over 120 members of the Ontario business
community.
More information can be found at ECOexecutives.org.
2.4.2 Public Involvement & Curriculum Links
In many ways, education and conservation are inseparable. For many of the Zoo’s research efforts to
have an impact, the public must be made aware of the significance of good environmental stewardship
and the need to maintain biodiversity in natural ecosystems. The Conservation, Education and Wildlife
Centre have several projects that reflect the Zoo’s dedication to the preservation of fellowship between
biodiversity and the public.
The Toronto Zoo’s conservation efforts coincide with global initiatives such as the declaration of UNESCO
of 2005 to 2015 as the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (UNDESD).
The agency’s proclamation stated its focus as “advocacy, communications and networking directed at
facilitating all educators to include sustainable development concerns and goals in their own programs.”
This exciting and challenging initiative has been embraced by the Zoo and, as a result, educational
programming and messages have been amended to support this theme. Our collaboration with other
zoos, aquaria, government and non-government organizations provides motivation, collective experience
and an increased critical mass to deliver the message to many more people.
ADOPT-A-POND WETLAND CONSERVATION PROGRAMME (with support from Environment
Canada's Habitat Stewardship Program, OMNR's Species at Risk Stewardship Fund, OMNR's Species at
Risk Research Fund, Rouge Park, Shell Canada, Natural Resources Canada's Science and Technology
Internship Program, Environment Canada's Science Horizons Program, CAZA's Conservation and
Education Fund and the Sustainability Network's Environment and Diversity
Mini-Grants).
Adopt-A-Pond is a wetland conservation programme with six major off-site
initiatives and a number of projects and events that take place on site at
Toronto Zoo. Adopt-A-Pond also works to develop resources to assist
community stewards in wetland preservation and restoration projects. The
st
programme is proud to be celebrating its 21 anniversary in 2012! Originally
established by a zoo-affiliated Amphibian Interest Group aiming to encourage
local action in response to world-wide declines of amphibian populations, the
programme has grown substantially in size and scope over time. Its general
mandate, however, has remained the same: to promote conservation of wetland biodiversity through
community-based education and stewardship. Currently 32% of the world’s amphibians and 38% of the
world’s turtles (seven of eight Ontario species) are considered to be at risk of extinction, making
conservation programmes that educate people about these fabulous creatures just as relevant today as
they were 20 years ago. Under the umbrella of Adopt-A-Pond there are six distinct initiatives: Ontario
Turtle Tally, Frogwatch Ontario, Wetland Guardians, Urban Turtle Initiative, Healthy Waters - Healthy
Wildlife, and Turtle Island Conservation.
• FROGWATCH ONTARIO
Frogwatch Ontario is a citizen naturalist program designed to
engage individuals and families in wetland stewardship by
providing them with a fun way to learn about the diversity of
amphibians and the significance of wetland habitats. By listening
for frog and toad calls in local wetlands Frogwatch Ontario
participants learn the importance of community wetlands and
provide critical information that helps conservationists learn about
climate change, chart population trends and determine range maps for common and declining amphibian
species.
Since the inception of Frogwatch Ontario in 1999, Environment Canada, with assistance from Toronto
Zoo, has created a Frogwatch program in every other province in Canada. Additionally, the USA and
Australia have now started similar programs using Frogwatch Canada as a model.
The main objective of Frogwatch Ontario is to educate and empower local landowners, families, and
community groups to visit a favourite wetland habitat two to three times a week in the spring and early
summer months to record the species of frogs and toads that are heard calling. Male frogs or toads call
or ‘sing’ in the spring to attract mates, and each unique species can be recognized based on the
distinctive call it makes. Learning these calls allows every-day naturalists to become scientists, giving
them the ability to record their observations and report them to a central depot. Data is submitted online
or through the mail, organized in a central database,
and then forwarded to the Natural Heritage
Information Centre (Ontario Ministry of Natural
Resources) for the development of species
distribution maps which help to track population
dynamics throughout the province.
Information
about the presence or absence of frogs and toads in
Ontario’s wetlands will ultimately help scientists
determine factors that are affecting amphibian
declines at the global level.
Frogwatch Ontario staff offer training programs for
naturalist clubs and community groups interested in
contributing to this program. In addition, every
individual that joins receives a resource package
which includes a CD of all the frog calls in Ontario
(also translated into Ojibway and Mohawk
languages), a colour identification guide of the
amphibians of Ontario, a poster of the amphibians of
Ontario and information on how to submit sightings
to our online database.
Since the inception of Frogwatch Ontario in 1999,
over 710 participants have become involved. Ninetytwo new participants joined in 2011 and long-time
observers continued to participate in the program,
with 355 people reporting calls and sightings in 2011 that also reported frog calls and sightings in
previous years (total participation in 2011 = 447 people). With the passing of every year, the Frogwatch
Ontario database continues to grow, as does the awareness for the plight of frogs and toads. Our
growing dataset provides the power necessary for scientists to clearly visualize long-term trends in frog
and toad abundance!
For more information on Frogwatch Ontario visit: torontozoo.com/AdoptAPond/FrogwatchOntario.asp
• ONTARIO TURTLE TALLY
Ontario Turtle Tally is a community-based citizen naturalist program
designed to inspire people to care for local wetland habitats and turtle
populations. By submitting sightings of turtles seen in local wetlands to an
online database Ontario Turtle Tally participants can provide critical
information that helps conservationists map distributions of species across
the province and determine priority areas for conservation. The objective
of the program is to educate and empower citizens so that they can make
a difference for wetlands and wildlife.
In 2008 the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) listed seven of
Ontario’s eight native turtle species as Species at Risk (i.e. Endangered, Threatened or Special
Concern), fueling the need to collect turtle sightings from all corners of the province. Participants are
provided with information about each of Ontario's turtles and encouraged to record data when they see a
turtle crossing the road, nesting, or even basking on a log. Observers are asked to record as much
information as possible, but species identification and location are the fields of primary interest in our
online database. Even if the turtle is seen during a one-time wetland visit Ontario Turtle Tally wants to
hear about it! We are able to respond to reports from participants to help turtles. For example, road
mortality reports have resulted in the installation of Turtle Crossing signs at mortality hotspots, the
construction of turtle nesting areas in response to loss of nesting habitats; and in another area, a two year
research project with MTO and local landowners on the habitat use of Blanding’s turtles and the use of
tunnels and exclusion fencing to
protect
turtles
form
road
mortalities.
Ontario Turtle Tally staff offer
training programs for naturalist
clubs and community groups
interested in contributing to the
program.
In addition, every
individual that joins receives a
resource package which includes
a colour identification guide of the
turtles of Ontario, a poster of the
turtles of Ontario and information
on how to submit sightings to our
online database.
Involvement
has
increased
dramatically since Ontario Turtle Tally began in 2003. In total, the program has received over 6700
submissions from 1671 participants, 394 of whom registered in 2011, and 249 of whom registered before
the end of July in 2012 (submissions often include more than one sighting). Long-time observers also
continue to participate in the program.
Observation numbers of common and rare species reflect, generally, their abundance in Ontario. For
example, for records collected in 2011 alone, over 2,040 Midland Painted turtles have been observed
compared to 193 Blanding's and 34 Spotted turtles.
For more information on Ontario Turtle Tally visit: torontozoo.com/AdoptAPond/TurtleTally.asp
• CANADIAN WETLANDS GUARDIANS REGISTRY
The Wetland Guardians program works with landowners, community groups,
conservation authorities, park managers and government employees to protect,
restore, and link wetland habitats for wildlife. We also create turtle nesting areas,
snake hibernacula, and amphibian and reptile refugia where habitat has been
degraded or is otherwise unavailable. Wetland Guardians staff offers advice and
expertise towards collaborative projects with land managers who have identified
critical habitats in need of protection, improvement or restoration.
From July 2011 to July 2012 ten site consultations were made to improve wetland
habitat for wildlife. Thirty-eight land managers were involved in pro-active consultations, two 20 m x 20
nesting sites were built for turtles and 260 m of wetlands bisected by a provincial highway were protected
by the installation of fences to mitigate death of wetland wildlife on roads.
Participants in the Wetland Guardians program are encouraged to share information on their habitat
improvement or restoration project by contributing to the Wetland Guardians Registry. The registry
serves as a Canada-wide forum where stewards can provide details about the challenges and successes
they’ve had with wetland stewardship in their own communities, contributing to a growing inventory of
protected wetland areas and providing future stewards with a context for discussion about best
management practices.
The Wetland Guardians Registry is designed to promote wetland awareness, stewardship and protection.
Wetland Guardians can “adopt” a local wetland by entering it into an online database of important
Canadian wetlands. Wetlands can be
large (>10 Ha) or small (backyard
ponds). The information collected from
participants includes a visual account of
an existing wetland and a written account
of community wetland features with
stories, experiences, wildlife sightings
and sounds, restoration techniques and
protection efforts. The network created
from these registries enables Wetland
Guardians to share their creation and
protection stories with a Canada-wide
community of stewards striving to
improve
wetland
awareness
and
conservation.
Some resources provided to Wetland
Guardians include on-site (at the Toronto
Zoo) and off-site workshops, a quarterly
conservation newsletter and the Adopt-APond Wetland Curriculum Resource Manual. Guardians are also encouraged to get involved with Turtle
Tally and FrogWatch. It’s a perfect fit!
Officially launched in 2004, The Wetland Guardians Registry currently has over 145 registered guardians.
For
more
information
on
the
Wetland
Guardians
Registry
visit:
torontozoo.com/AdoptAPond/WetlandGuardiansRegistry.asp
reach a size where they can avoid ending up as a meal for animals like a raccoons, pike, and herons. In
2012, eggs were collected from a portion of wild turtle nests to incubate and hatch at Toronto Zoo. The
hatchlings will be raised for 1 – 2 years in captivity before being released back into wetlands in Rouge
Park, and new turtle cohorts will be raised each year for the next several years to increase population
sustainability.
The data collected from 2008-2012 will be used to create successful artificial nest sites in areas where
traditional sites have been destroyed or degraded and build overwintering wetland habitat where current
habitat availability is low. Important basking habitat will also be constructed in Rouge Park to ensure that
focal species can achieve proper thermoregulation. All constructed and restored habitat will be monitored
for turtle usage and ecological function. The GIS-based hydrological assessments and ground-truthing
surveys will be used to determine the most ecologically sound locations for turtle habitat restoration
activities in subsequent years.
An additional research component was added
in 2010 and 2011 to learn more about turtle
movement and habitat use in an area along
Highway 24 (southwest of Brantford) where the
Ministry of Transportation Ontario (MTO)
established fencing beside wetland areas to
prevent turtle road mortalities. Working in
close partnership with MTO, and with support
from the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources’
Species at Risk Stewardship Fund, UTI
researchers used radio-telemetry equipment to
track turtle movements during nesting,
foraging, overwintering and spring emergence
forays in wetlands adjacent to the highway.
Radio-telemetry work combined with routine
roadkill surveys helped to determine whether
turtles used pre-existing sub-highway culverts
as movement corridors to pass between roadside wetlands, and whether road mortality mitigation fencing
provides an effective means for preventing turtle deaths on roads. Data collected from this research was
analyzed in 2011 and used to provide government stakeholders, landowners adjacent to roads, and
conservation agencies with a detailed report on the effectiveness of road mortality mitigation structures
and best management practices for preventing turtle mortality on roads.
To date we have partnered with Laurentian University, University of Toronto, University of Waterloo, Trent
University, Niagara College, Sir Sanford Fleming College and several other academic institutions to
conduct research on turtles, perform genetic analyses, collaborate on habitat restoration projects, and
partner on co-op placements, and undergraduate and graduate student supervision.
•
HEALTHY WATER: HEALTHY WILDLIFE
The Healthy Waters, Healthy Wildlife (HWHW) program offers
opportunities for individuals and community groups to learn about
threats to local wetland species and get involved in stewardship
projects that can build community spirit and preserve the natural
heritage values that exist within the region. Through Community
Based Social Marketing research HWHW staff identified a number of potential target audiences for such a
program, but determined that waterfront property owners should serve as the primary audience for pilot
programming. Waterfront property owners as a whole are anticipated to have the most significant impact
on turtle and wetland conservation in Ontario.
current biodiversity and Species at Risk recovery strategies.
Environment Canada’s Aboriginal Funds for Species at Risk.
This programme is supported by
Turtles are an important cultural teaching tool utilized in many FN communities. Through Turtle
Teachings, First Nations people acquire their roles, responsibilities and interconnected relationships to all
that exists in Creation. It is through these teachings, historically oral in nature, that TIC integrates
Traditional Knowledge and Western Science as directed by our FN advisors.
There are five defined objectives to guide TIC which are as follows;
1. To foster respect for self, community, Mother Earth and the Creator.
2. To recognize and record significant landscapes valued by First Nations communities.
3. To integrate Traditional ways of knowing with western science to monitor, protect, respect and
restore landscapes, biodiversity and species at risk.
4. To integrate language, art, and crafts to sustain traditional ways of knowing and living.
5. To facilitate understanding of diversity of First Nation culture and ways of knowing among nonAboriginals.
Aboriginal youth are vastly underrepresented in the sciences and opportunities are lacking for FN youth to
contribute to conservation programs. TIC provides a variety of mentorship opportunities through summer
internships for First Nation youth, training in Species at Risk conservation efforts and First Nation
community cultural mapping initiatives.
The goals of these projects include: a) demonstrating the value of alternative ways of learning integrating
TK and western science and in wetland biodiversity recovery strategies, SAR conservation initiatives and
b) exploring the significance of turtles in North American Aboriginal culture (e.g. Creation stories of North
America as Turtle Island). This is a means of knowing and valuing turtles as a unifying symbol across
time and through oral tradition that sustains Aboriginal culture. The outcome of these projects
demonstrates that TK can be maintained as a cultural and spiritual perspective as well as a basis for
learning while using scientific methodologies to collect and analyze data. TIC assists FN partners in
“mapping” areas of biological, cultural, economic, spiritual and social importance to facilitate the
preservation of TK. Non-Aboriginal and Aboriginal cultures can value turtles. First Nations cultural and
ecological concepts can be a source of knowledge that supports conservation.
TIC's programme focus continues to be a combination of TK and Western science surrounding turtles,
wetland biodiversity, SAR and their habitats. This direction includes Traditional Knowledge teachings that
focus on conservation and sustainability practices including the Traditional Knowledge concepts of 7
Generations and the 13 Moons Lunar Calendar. TIC utilizes the Ways
of Knowing Guide and Ways of Knowing Map to facilitate awareness
of SAR. This on-line mapping is a geo referenced way to record
significant cultural and natural landscapes to archive FN community
knowledge through their own unique perspectives. For example, with
information on milk snake overwintering areas, we partnered with the
Mississaugas of the New Credit FN to construct a snake hibernacula
or "Winter Snake House”. TIC maintains language based resources,
outreach presentations, and cross cultural awareness presentations
both off and on the Toronto Zoo site. Utilizing specially created
spaces such as the First Nation Art Garden. This garden immerses
Toronto Zoo visitors in FN world views utilizing visual artworks that
depict FN traditional turtle teachings.
A number of TIC resource materials are available to support wetland
biodiversity and SAR conservation efforts.
These resources
contribute to language preservation and usage in Mohawk
(Haudenosaunee Iroquois) and Ojibway (Anishinaabe) communities.
They include native language based turtle crossing signs, Ontario frog and Toad Calls CD's, language
based SAR identifier guides, the Ways of Knowing Guide and the NEW Walking with Miskwaadesi &
Walking with A'nó:wara Curriculum based educational bundle that utilizes a First Nation cultural lens to
integrate Western science and Traditional Knowledge science. TIC's programme supports all FN
communities in Ontario.
• ADOPT-A-POND WETLAND CONSERVATION PROGRAMME WEBSITE
The Adopt-A-Pond Programme’s website (torontozoo.com/adoptapond) is easy to navigate and contains
information on all of our resources, projects and events, including:
o
o
o
o
o
o
Species identification pages for Ontario's reptiles and amphibians (with sound clips for frogs and
toads)
FrogWatch, Turtle Tally and Wetland Guardians registration forms and online databases
Resources area with information on wetland and wildlife stewardship practices
An events page detailing upcoming workshops, festivals and other important proceedings
Games pages featuring our "At Risk" turtle survival challenge and other short games, quizzes and
interactive activities
Curriculum resources focused on Wetlands, Ontario Turtles, and The Massasauga Rattlesnake
ADOPT-A-POND OUTREACH EVENTS AND PRESENTATIONS
There is no better way to garner support for conservation than to
go out and ask for it – and this is what 300 Toronto Zoo volunteers
and AAP Programme staff do with classroom students, community
groups and education programs on a weekly basis. Staff are
enthusiastic, knowledgeable, and approachable. Adopt-A-Pond
outreach events cater to the audience, and are flexible enough to
suit any group. Generally, there is no fee for an outreach
presentation (with some exceptions); however, it is the client’s
responsibility to reimburse the AAP Programme for transport of
staff to and from the event (e.g. mileage charge). Adopt-A-Pond hosts public events several times per
year, usually taking place on or near Toronto Zoo property. For example, our Annual Spring Toad
Festival is held every year on the first weekend of May at the Americas Wetland Exhibit at the Zoo.
In 2011, 42 outreach events were attended by Adopt-A-Pond staff, reaching a total audience of more than
1600 people. Focus groups were held with two different target audiences to better understand their
needs for implementing wetland conservation projects. Audiences addressed included settlement
agencies in the Greater Toronto Area and waterfront property owners.
• COMMUNITY BASED SOCIAL MARKETING
Previous work by many conservation organizations has focused primarily on informing and educating the
public about conservation issues. This was done on the assumption that if a particular level of knowledge
could be achieved, positive behavioural changes would follow. However, research suggests that the
relationship between knowledge and behaviour is much more complex than this, and often times having
knowledge of an issue will not elicit an associated behaviour change. The process of Community Based
Social Marketing (CBSM) recognizes the complexity of this relationship, and aims to develop programs
that foster a change in behaviour rather than simply a change in attitude. For this reason, the Adopt-APond Wetland Conservation Programme has identified CBSM as a potential tool for changing behaviours
related to turtle species at risk.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
38
The process and tools of CBSM allow practitioners to develop marketing campaigns that target a specific
group(s) and utilize messaging and approaches that research suggests to be effective for that group. The
preliminary step in this process is to identify groups whose lifestyles relate to the threats to turtles and
who may be able to undertake actions that can benefit these animals. Adopt-A-Pond has identified
waterfront property owners (both private and commercial) and field naturalists as two such groups. In
addition to these two groups, several others were identified whose actions may have a less significant
impact on turtles but who consist of youth who are committed to environmental literacy and have a high
level of enthusiasm, namely eco-schools/eco-camps and girl guides/boy scouts.
Survey and focus group research as well as evaluation of ongoing outreach initiatives and trial programs
has allowed Adopt-A-Pond to build audience profiles of each of these groups. These profiles include the
probability of individuals engaging in particular behaviours, the impact these behaviours may have on
turtles if adopted, the barriers and benefits associated with these behaviours, and the appropriate
phrasing and delivery of behaviour change messages. This research has led to increased audience
targeting within the Adopt-A-Pond outreach program and in time is anticipated to lead to more
involvement in the Ontario Turtle Tally as well as the adoption of behaviours (e.g., the creation of
naturalized shorelines, nesting beaches, etc.) that have positive benefits for turtle species at risk. In the
future, all program development will be guided by community input and feedback, and as such, should be
better designed to have maximum impact and deliver the necessary resources and information that
important key groups require.
ADOPT-A-POND RESOURCES
•
IDENTIFICATION GUIDES
Species identification guides are available for the amphibians (frogs,
toads, salamanders, and newts), turtles, lizard, snakes, and larval
amphibians (tadpoles and salamander larvae) of Ontario. ID guides are
laminated field sheets with full-colour species illustrations and are built to
withstand the wear and tear of wetland adventures. All ID guides are
free to individuals interested in participating in monitoring projects,
teachers and group leaders (e.g. naturalist group leaders or park
interpreters). We are currently developing a new folding-style version of each identification guide
to improve portability in the field, as well as egg identification guides for all of Ontario's
amphibians and reptiles; look for these to become available in 2013!
•
WETLAND CURRICULUM RESOURCE (350 pp)
This guide includes four basic study modules: Water, Wetland Ecology, Amphibians, and
Environmental Issues. Each module outlines the expected learning outcomes and provides
background information for educators.
The
resource package consists of a variety of student
activities geared to different levels, answers to the
questions posed in the activities, and blackline
master sheets for classroom photocopies.
A
variety of educators participated in the creation of
this guide and the activities have been written to tie
in with the learning outcomes outlined in the
Ontario School’s Common Curriculum. In fall 2009
this resource was updated to contain more
accurate curriculum links, more cross-curricular
activities and a more comprehensive First Nations
Component.
Wetland Curriculum resource
packages are available under the Resources
section of the AAP website, and limited hard copies
can be obtained while supplies last.
•
TURTLE CONSERVATION CURRICULUM GUIDE (156 pp)
The Turtle Conservation Curriculum Guide contains six units with educational activities, and a
seventh unit containing the glossary and appendices. Unit topics include Turtle Biology and
Ecology, Ethics and Culture, and Turtle Conservation.
A table describing the science
expectations met within the curriculum is provided on the first page of each study unit.
Curriculum activities are designed to promote inquiry and research skills, and include both indoor
and outdoor lessons that will help students become familiar with field and lab applications. Turtle
Conservation Curriculum resource packages are available under the Resources section of the
AAP website, and limited hard copies can be obtained while supplies last.
•
LIVING WITH WILDLIFE: MASSASAUGA RATTLESNAKE EDUCATOR CURRICULUM GUIDE
(128 pp)
This resource contains background information designed to familiarize educators with the
Massasauga rattlesnake. The curriculum package is aimed at helping educators feel confident
while facilitating activities involving the Massasauga rattlesnake, and provides lesson preparation
tools that will assist in communicating important facts about snake biology and ecology, safe
snake handling practices, community-based participation in the recovery process, and changing
persisting negative attitudes towards this often misunderstood species. The engaging activities
included in this resource are cross-curricular and appropriate for various grade levels. Most of
the activities do not require additional resources. Specific curriculum expectations met by each
activity are listed. Massasauga Rattlesnake Educator Curriculum Guides are available under the
Resources section of the AAP website, and limited hard copies can be obtained while supplies
last.
•
THE URBAN OUTBACK ~ WETLANDS FOR WILDLIFE (89pp + appendices)
This publication outlines issues which first motivated the Toronto Zoo, the Ontario Horticultural
Association, the Canadian Wildlife Service, and scientists across Canada to focus their attention
on wetland conservation and the decline of amphibian populations. The guide also includes
information that will help to protect existing wetlands and improve habitats for species other than
fish and birds, the traditional beneficiaries of wetland projects. If you simply want to know how to
build a pond, the section on frog-friendly backyards has information on pond construction and
maintenance. The Urban Outback is available under the Resources section of the AAP website,
and limited hard copies can be obtained while
supplies last.
•
AT RISK VIDEO GAME
Adopt-A-Pond’s newly released video game
“AT RISK: The Turtle Survivor Challenge” is
an
excellent
resource
for
teachers,
conservation leaders and members of the
community to introduce students of all ages to
the variety of threats that face Ontario’s
turtles, and actions we can take to protect
local species from extinction. This fun and
realistic video game challenges the player to
survive through four different seasons as
either a Blanding’s Turtle or a Painted Turtle,
navigating natural and human-induced threats
in each separate challenge. Some challenges focus on naturally occurring threats such as the
risk of predators and the difficulty in finding a mate while other challenges focus on humaninduced threats such as wetland pollution and degradation, habitat fragmentation and the
introduction of exotic species. Information about how the game links to Ontario’s curriculum
expectations is available on the AAP website, and game-associated links to modules from AAP’s
Turtle Conservation Curriculum are provided under the Games section of the AAP website, so
that teachers can take advantage of the interactive resource as a teaching tool to enhance
lessons in ecology and biology.
•
TURTLES OF ONTARIO: A STEWARDSHIP GUIDE
Our new 80-page turtle stewardship guide will provide individuals of all audiences with critical
advice about Ontario's turtles. Photos, maps, species profiles and examples of stewardship
projects that aid in the recovery of turtle species at risk provide valuable information and key facts
about each of Ontario's eight species. This publication also contains information about primary
threats to turtles in the wild and recommends simple action steps that Ontarians can take to help
protect these animals. A resource for committed individuals and communities, the guide will be
distributed to stewards across Ontario.
•
TURTLES ON YOUR PROPERTY: WHAT TO KNOW AND DO
A great compliment to our turtle stewardship guide, this new 14-page booklet gives landowners
living near wetlands a how-to guide for getting to know the turtle species on their property, and
learning how best to protect them. Inside the cover you can find a quick reference guide to the
turtle species of Ontario, tangible action items for would-be turtle stewards, and advice on how to
secure funding for small-scale environmental projects that protect species at risk on your
property. A great tool for landowners, this booklet will be distributed to conservation and
stewardship groups throughout Ontario.
AQUA-LINKS - Lake Victoria Education Initiatives
Building upon the success of the Great Lakes Outreach Program, the goal of
Aqua-Links is to educate students about the water quality issues facing these two
Great Lakes regions of the world, and the importance of conserving this precious
resource by putting them in direct contact via the internet. This linking is made
possible through contacts gained from the Lake Victoria Species Survival Plan in
East Africa. The program objectives are accomplished through classroom visits
and lessons by program coordinators in both countries. Additionally, students in
Toronto raise Atlantic salmon - a locally endangered species - right in the
classroom and release them into the wild, while students in Uganda gain hands-on experience at
NaFIRRI – the National Fisheries Resource Research Institute – with locally endangered cichlids.
2011/2012 marks year 3 of the Aqua-Links program with growth and successful linking of students and
teachers in Southern Ontario with partner classrooms in East Africa. This year, students from 10 schools
across 6 school boards in Ontario learned about aquatic conservation concerns and strategies in East
Africa as well as right in their own backyards.
ATLANTIC SALMON - Classroom Hatchery: for the Atlantic Salmon Recovery Program
The Atlantic salmon restoration project’s objective is to assist the Atlantic Salmon Recovery Team to
provide classroom aquaria to rear Atlantic salmon, and links with the Great Lakes Outreach Program.
Since December 2008, the Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters through Chris Robinson (Atlantic
salmon Restoration Program Coordinator) has worked with the Toronto Zoo for assistance in purchasing
equipment, and to hold salmon eggs for rearing at the Zoo from January to April. Each January
approximately 100 “eyed” Atlantic salmon eggs are reared at the Zoo and distributed to participating
Aqua-Links schools. Each spring students from the Aqua-Links program release their fry at specific
locations on designated rivers. Aqua-Links participants in 2011-2012 reared and released approximately
800 Atlantic salmon fry into local waterways helping to restore this native species.
Aqua-Links program delivery in East Africa
Classroom hatchery set-up
BLACK-FOOTED FERRET - Educational Outreach Program
Toronto Zoo runs an outreach campaign for its captive breeding and release programs. We have
developed a curriculum-based black-footed ferret outreach program for students in grades 4-6. Topics
including conservation, endangered species, habitats and the food chain are discussed in an interactive
and interesting manner. The full teacher activity guide can be downloaded from the Zoo's website:
http://www.torontozoo.com/conservation/bffguide.asp
Parks Canada and Toronto Zoo collaborated to produce a detailed online black-footed ferret game which
can be viewed on the Parks Canada website:
http://www.pc.gc.ca/apprendre-learn/jeunes-youths/sec1/pa-bff/index_E.asp.
As the black-footed ferret is native to Canada, these projects will assist the national recovery efforts by
increasing awareness and support.
CANADIAN ORGANIZATION FOR TROPICAL EDUCATION & RAINFOREST CONSERVATION
The turtle season was extremely busy this year. Turtles were coming to the beach as early as March 14
and eruptions and adults were still emerging at the October 31 season last official day. Students from
North America and Europe participated and as many as four walks per day were taking place at the
height of the season. The station had a record number of visitors with 42 volunteers, students and
researchers visiting at one time. Projects included identification of plants taken by leaf cutter ants, plant
cycling, mammal monitoring, community enrichment and environmental education and studies on snake
th
morphometrics. Migratory bird studies continued for its 19 year. There was a change in the COTERC
Board of Directors and a new Executive Director began in June of 2012. It is expected that several new
efforts in fund raising and planning will take place in the coming year. Three Toronto Zoo staff are now on
the Board including: Tom Mason, Nia Gibson and the new Chair; Shawn Blackburn.
The COTERC AGM was held at Toronto Zoo following their display at the International Migratory Bird Day
event.
GREAT LAKES OUTREACH PROGRAM
The Great Lakes Program is a free, curriculum-based outreach
program offered for the 2011/2012 school year. The program has been
running successfully for over ten years. Students, educators and their
families are encouraged to “Keep Our Great Lakes Great!”, while
learning about five local fish species at risk, and water conservation.
During the 2011/2012 school year, more than 700 classroom
presentations were made, reaching more than 19, 000 students and educators at
over 160 schools. Outreach presentations are curriculum-based and complementary planning
resources for teachers are provided for Grades 1, 2, 7 and 8. The Program focuses on these five species
at risk: Atlantic salmon (extinct), redside dace (endangered), eastern sand darter (threatened), American
eel (threatened), and lake sturgeon (threatened). In addition to classroom outreach, the Great Lakes
Program has a presence at many community events throughout Ontario. The Program message
enforces that our actions have direct consequences on our natural resources and the environment.
Financial supporters include the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Species at Risk Program, the
Environment Canada Habitat Stewardship Program, Rouge Park and Toronto Zoo Endangered Species
Fund.
FISH RESCUE
Many calls to donate unwanted pet fishes to the Zoo are received throughout the year. As it is not
possible to hold them here, the Toronto Zoo works with a diverse group of partners including: the Royal
Ontario Museum (ROM); Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR); Canadian Association of
Aquarium Clubs; and the Pet Industry Joint Advisory Council on a home hobbyist awareness program.
This program tries to relocate unwanted aquaria species by distributing flyers Ontario-wide through
schools and pet shops and by establishing a website resource. By reducing the number of foreign
aquarium fish and plants that are released by owners into Canadian ecosystems, the Fish Rescue
program hopes to avoid problems with these introduced species that out-compete and prey on native
flora and fauna.
Great Lakes: REDSIDE DACE (Clinostomus elongatus) - Conservation and Community
Involvement
The Redside dace is federally recognized as an endangered species (COSEWIC). Since the redside
dace was formerly found in the Rouge River located on Toronto Zoo property, it represents a
conservation program in the Zoo’s own backyard. The redside dace is now a Recovery Plan species and
the Zoo is a participant in the development of this program. In 2009 the Recovery Strategy for the
redside dace was completed. C. Lee is a member of the Redside Dace Recovery Team for this
endangered species.
The Zoo is undertaking rehabilitation projects for the
Morningside Tributary and local rivers with our partner
Ontario Streams. An important component of this
project is community involvement. During the spring
and summer, the Zoo hosts volunteer days to bring
local residents out to the Morningside Tributary and
encourage them to contribute to conserving their
natural resources.
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATORY BIRD DAY
th
Toronto Zoo celebrated its 13 annual International
Migratory Bird Day this year. Every year visitors come
to the Zoo, learn about bird conservation and celebrate
the return of our migratory birds. Conservation groups
from Ontario join us in talking to visitors and lucky visitors wishing to see the “wilds” of the Zoo get to
wander through the “core” woods looking for the elusive migrants hiding in the forest. The day was
shared with the Science Rendezvous group from the University of Toronto Scarborough Campus. Other
people displaying at the Zoo included: Wildlife Preservation Canada, Rouge Park, Scott’s Canada,
Toronto Field Naturalists and COTERC.
ONTARIO ROAD ECOLOGY GROUP
The Ontario Road Ecology Group (OREG) is a conservation program
championed by the Toronto Zoo. Road ecology is the study of the interaction
between roads and the environment, including wildlife populations. The Group
is made up of government and non-government scientists and transportation
planners that facilitate working partnerships, guide policy, collect and exchange
data, raise awareness and promote stewardship in relation to road ecology.
With funding from Environment Canada, Toronto Zoo continues to support
road ecology projects in Ontario and educate participants about integrating
road ecology into policy and planning to help communities attain sustainable
development.
PROJECT CRAYFISH
This year confirmed the presence of a tenth species of crayfish in
Ontario. For the first time the spiny-cheek crayfish, Orconectes limosus
was collected in eastern Ontario. Numbers of some species seem to
have dropped and one other appears to have spread everywhere in
southern Ontario. Unfortunately, there is little being done to record
what is happening and what effects may come of it. Toronto Zoo
studied the crayfish community in the Rouge in 2009. The most
apparent changes were seen with two species, Orconectes propinquus
and the invasive Orconectes rusticus. It appears that where ever the
two species met the native, northern Clearwater crayfish lost ground to
the larger more aggressive rusty crayfish. At this time the only
purebred Clearwater crayfish that could be found was upstream of a
couple barriers (dams and culverts) in the upper reaches of the Rouge.
If those barriers are breached, the Clearwater crayfish will disappear
from this water system.
Toronto Zoo has joined with other interested parties to create a resource to understand what is happening
in these populations. In 2007, Toronto Zoo produced a pamphlet to help people identify the crayfish found
in Ontario. The pamphlet was then assessed for its usefulness in the field. It has proved to be very
helpful and thus in 2009, a second edition has been produced. Rules for the capture and use of crayfish
have been updated and can be found in the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources website. Remember
that it is illegal to move live crayfish between river drainages.
SEAFOOD WATCH PARTNERSHIP (Monterey Bay Aquarium, Toronto Zoo)
The Toronto Zoo has been a partner of Seafood Watch since 2008. In June 2010,
the Zoo’s Marketing and Communications staff hosted its third annual “Seafood for
Thought” fundraiser event. Over 350 guests joined the Zoo for the event, which
featured sustainable seafood dishes cooked by several of Toronto’s top chefs, as
well as speeches, and displays that highlighted “sustainable foods” for Torontonians,
and the effects bycatch have on marine species such as sharks.
Over 2000 Seafood Watch pocket guides have been given to students participating
in the 2011/2012 Great Lakes Program, and over 4000 have been distributed to Zoo visitors at the
Conservation Connection Centre and by Zoo volunteers.
In 1997, Monterey Bay Aquarium, California initiated Seafood Watch, a program dedicated to raising
awareness on sustainable seafood issues, and encouraging sustainable consumer behaviour. 80% of
world fish stocks are overfished, or being fished to capacity. This program categorizes seafood into three
levels of sustainability recommendations (Best Choices, Good Alternatives, or Avoid), which are then
made available to the public via pocket guides, staff, mobile phone applications, and the Zoo’s website.
SHARK CONSERVATION
The movie Jaws and media sensationalism behind shark attacks detract from the fact that sharks are
important components of ocean ecosystems. An annual average of only 4.4 shark related fatalities
occurred from 1999-2009. People are more likely to die from other causes such as car accidents, heart
disease, and lightning. Upwards of 73 million sharks are harvested per year, 50% of which is due to
bycatch. Tuna and swordfish fishery catches can sometimes be 30-100%+ sharks. In most areas, shark
populations have decreased by over 90%, including the Northwest Atlantic which borders Canada’s east
coast. Removal of top predators such as sharks from the food web causes cascading effects that may
result in ecosystem degradation and fishery collapse. A century-old bay scallop fishery has already
collapsed due to this, and many other bivalve fisheries may follow. The main economic driver for the
shark trade is increasing affluence and demand for shark products, including shark fin soup within ethnic
communities.
The Toronto Zoo aims to raise awareness of
sustainable seafood and shark conservation issues,
dispel myths surrounding sharks, and to ultimately
decrease consumption and use of shark products.
2010 was the shark conservation program’s first year,
and extensive background research on shark
conservation status, shark products (including their
health claims), eco-system cascades and impacts of
fisheries has been done. In addition, effective social
marketing techniques have been researched so future
efforts are sensitive to the fact that shark conservation
has cultural implications. Early development of the
Toronto Zoo’s shark conservation program will focus
on promoting Seafood Watch, working with existing international organizations, and collaborating with
university environmental and cultural clubs. A great white shark conservation poster has already been
made and placed on the Zoo site to educate visitors; additional brochures, pamphlets, and a new
webpage will be available in the future.
VENOMOUS AND DANGEROUS REPTILE TRAINING WORKSHOPS
Workshops provide a framework to address staff health
and safety; and place the risks of dangerous reptiles in
perspective; and to promote the benefits snake
conservation. These workshops provide techniques for
understanding and avoiding snakebite, analyzing first aid
and treatment options to improve outcomes, and
realistically assessing of the potential danger from snake
bite.
To assist in understanding the threats that
dangerous reptiles may present to specialized
professionals, Toronto Zoo provides all day training
workshops for:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Canadian Forces deployed to Afghanistan and Sierra Leone (with training manual)
Toronto Animal services
Durham Animal services
Toronto Emergency Medical Services
St. John’s Ambulance
Poison Control Centre
Emergency department; Sunnybrook and Scarborough Centenary hospitals
Safety training for consultants and contractors working in areas with dangerous reptiles
Workshops cover snake identification, antivenom therapy, safety and handling, emergency kits, and
recognizing dangers from giant snakes, large lizards, crocodilians, poisonous amphibians and zoonotic
diseases (i.e. diseases passed between animals and humans). Toronto Zoo staff are on call to assist in
the case of medical emergencies associated with snake or other reptile bites and escapes.
BIOBLITZ
Toronto Zoo hosted the first bioblitz for the Rouge Park ever held. Partnering with the Royal Ontario
Museum (ROM), the Rouge Park Alliance, Rouge Park Conservation Center, the Toronto Region
Conservation authority and Ontario Nature, the event proved to be the most successful in North America
for 2012. Over 1410 species were identified in a 24 hour collecting period from 3:00 pm June 15 until 3:00
pm June 16. Special thanks must be given to the staff of the ROM, the Zoo, the Park and staff and
students from the University of Guelph. This single event probably enhanced Toronto Zoo's reputation
among researchers across North America more than any other single thing done in 2012.
2.4.3 Animal Outreach and Discovery
Meet-the-Keeper Talks
Toronto Zoo keepers provide educational talks to visitors at scheduled
times throughout the day. These talks vary in length from ten to fifteen
minutes, during which visitors are able to ask their own questions to gain
a greater appreciation for the zoo animals. During Meet-the-Keeper
talks, keepers discuss the age and names of individuals along with topics
such as their feeding habits in the wild and captivity, family dynamics,
gender-based differences, threats to survival in the wild, and
conservation efforts that are currently in place or are needed to
guarantee species survival.
Not all animals have keeper
talks, but those featured include:
Polar Bear, African Penguin,
Komodo
dragon,
Orangutan,
Grizzly Bear, Snake, Gorilla, Indian Rhinoceros, Elephant, White
Rhinoceros, Cheetah, Lion, Giraffe, and Hippopotamus. In
addition to this, Zoo visitors can also watch otter feedings and
feedings at the breathtaking Lake Malawi Aquarium.
Amazing Animal Show
The Amazing Animal Show is an interactive opportunity for visitors to see first-hand some of the zoo’s
amazing animals, in action! Located at the Waterside Theatre, this show is a must-see for visitors of all
ages, captivating their awe and interest as the performers fly overhead or show-off their incredible natural
talents through activities on stage. Throughout the show, the commentator discusses information
pertaining to the species in the show, as well as information specific to the animal on display. The end of
the performance is left to a question and answer period for those who
are interested in learning more about the animals.
Sharks at Stingray Bay - A Touching Experience
Only the Toronto Zoo offers up interaction and fun with the exclusive
live exhibit, Sharks at Stingray Bay - A Touching Experience.
Situated in our Group Events Tent within Discovery Zone, Sharks at
Stingray Bay features nurse sharks and bamboo sharks, as well as
cownose and Southern stingrays. The exhibit aims to increase
public knowledge and appreciation of these creatures through
hands-on experience. Visitors can participate in special feedings
and learn all about these mysterious animals during Meet-theKeeper talks.
Kids Zoo
The Kids Zoo opened in 2004. It is a dynamic and interactive feature geared
toward children nine years of age and younger. Kids Zoo stimulates the senses
of young children as they explore touch tables, storyboards, and use their
imagination. This area is divided into different Canadian habitat sections, each
packed with several fun and interactive activities. The Kids Zoo represents the
Toronto Zoo’s belief that early positive exposure to animals fosters greater
compassion and concern for animals later in life.
Waterside Theatre
This spectacular theatre, which opened to the public in 2003, invites
visitors to participate in family-friendly events such as animal shows,
cultural festivals and concerts. The theatre is completely barrier free and
is pleasantly landscaped with surrounding natural plantings. Utilizing the
surrounding grass section, it can seat up to 1,300 people for an event and
it houses a state-of-the art sound system and animal holdings. Waterside
Theatre is a must-see destination for kids of all ages and is free with the
price of general admission.
Animal Outreach Program
The Toronto Zoo’s outreach program introduces some of the Zoo's
amazing animals to the community and to further the Zoo's vision of
"inspiring people to love, respect and protect wildlife and wild spaces."
The animals used in Outreach events, including Bactrian camels,
reindeer, bald eagles, falcons, and a variety of reptiles and invertebrates,
all have some background doing events.
Please visit torontozoo.com/Animal Outreach for more details.
Our goal is to provide staff expertise
and resources for the recovery of local,
national and international Species at
Risk and to preserve biodiversity in
urbanizing environments.
We link
exhibits at the Zoo with field
conservation projects to ensure the
protection of habitats which sustain
wild populations.
Zoo signage promotes awareness of
such
programs
and
identifies
significant
habitats
and
habitat
management
programs.
Symposia
related to these issues are held at the
Toronto
Zoo
to
foster
cross
institutional collaborations.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
48
3. CONSERVATION-RESEARCH INITIATIVES
3.1 Habitat- and Species-Specific Research
AXOLOTL - Axolotl and Lake Xochimilco, Mexico, Creating Sanctuaries and Habitat Restoration
(B. Johnson, L. Zambrano, E. Valente)
The goal of this project is provide lake
remediation and to save a species from
extinction. The axolotl is a Critically Endangered
Species only found in Lake Xochimilco, in
Mexico City. The Toronto Zoo participated in a
stakeholder meeting to develop conservation
actions with Mexican partners. These include
long term biological monitoring and research on
metapopulation structuring within the lake and
captive assurance populations; ecotoxicology of
lake sediments; impacts and control of
introduced species; zoo based disease
screening and pathology studies of captive and
wild axolotl populations; zoo and community
outreach programs; community based social
studies to evaluate stakeholder attitudes and
participation; collaborations with local food
producers, farmers (chanamperos) and fishers to restore traditional agricultural practices; and training for
Lake Xochimilco boat operators (remeros) to provide ecotourism income and axolotl conservation
awareness.
Perhaps the most important aspect of support for these projects is the re-enforcement of fledgling
conservation partnerships among different and diverse stakeholders. Conservation of the Lake
Xochimilco ecosystem in the face of overwhelming ecological challenges will require sustaining such
partnerships and integrating results to benefit residents of the Lake Xochimilco community, those earning
a living from ecotourism, the health of communities around the lake, removal of invasive species, and
remediation of the stressed lake ecosystem itself. Indeed, the axolotl and whole Lake Xochimilco
ecosystem will benefit from non-traditional sustainable collaborations.
The completion of an “Axolotl Species Habitat Action Plan” provides an opportunity to contribute to
existing in-country led and executed conservation priorities. These in situ projects will support a
stakeholder driven Conservation Action Plan and foster newly developed partnerships and collaborations
under the umbrella of GIA-X, a multi partner alliance of stakeholders for axolotl and Lake Xochimilco
conservation. Partners include Government agencies; two universities; researchers and graduate
students; educators, biologists and sociologists; farmers, fishers, remero boat operators; two Mexico City
zoos; with participation of the AZA ATAG.
With over 9 million visitors a year Chapultepec Zoo has axolotl education programs developed by zoo
educators. Additional support is required for printing of resources to be distributed to zoo visitors and
education programs. Chapultepec Zoo will provide disease screening and pathology for all captive axolotl
colonies and as a resource in case of sudden mortalities of axolotl within Lake Xochimilco. Toronto Zoo
supports zoo based collaborations.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
49
BLANCHARD’S CRICKET FROG - Genetic Assessment of Historic and Extant Blanchard’s Cricket
Frog (Acris crepitans blanchardi) (P. Wilson, K. Beuaclerc, B. Johnson)
This study will examine DNA profiles of Blanchard’s cricket frogs across the present and historic range of
live and museum specimens. Museum specimens will represent the original Canadian range and frogs
from the United States will determine potential source animals for release on Pelee Island, Ontario
(Recovery Plan Objective). The Recovery Plan for the cricket frog has been submitted; its focus is on
renewed field surveys for extant populations and to map habitats.
BUTTERFLY INVENTORY (T. Mason, North American Butterfly Association, Toronto Entomologist’s
Association, Rouge Park)
Since 1993, the Zoo has participated in an annual butterfly survey conducted
across North America, from Canada to Mexico. The survey is conducted for,
and in association with, the North American Butterfly Association (NABA)
st
and the Toronto Entomologist’s Association (TEA). Every year on July 1 ,
the survey is performed to examine the cycling of butterflies in East
Toronto. The Eastern Toronto count covers a 15-mile diameter, including
the Rouge Valley, the eastern portion of the Don Valley and Petticoat
Creek. The 2010 count found 42 species. The early spring and constant
warm damp weather created quite a change in the species count and the
types of butterflies observed. The total inventory takes place between the
months of May and September. Over 70 species have been observed in the
Rouge since the Zoo began the surveys.
CONSERVATION OF URBAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES (B. Johnson)
For over 27 years, data on the distribution of amphibians and reptiles has been
collected for the Toronto area. The distribution data is mapped in a GIS
database and used in species inventories and watershed planning. Reptile
and amphibian conservation hotspots and threatened habitats are identified.
Habitat restoration projects are also identified, including the construction of
snake hibernacula, turtle nesting areas, and signs for turtle and amphibian
road crossings. Although data is used for the recovery of threatened
species, maintaining the abundance of common species is a parallel goal in
the urban landscape. Identifiers for all of Ontario’s amphibians and reptiles
can be found under ‘Identifiers’ on the Adopt-A-Pond website
(www.torontozoo.com/adoptapond).
Our primary research focus is in
partnership with the Rouge Park Alliance and Toronto and Region
Conservation Authority to provide habitat use data for amphibian and reptile
species at risk and to develop and implement management recommendations.
A Stewardship Guide for turtles at risk provides a focus on conservation of urban
turtle populations.
CONSERVATION PARTNERSHIPS FOR RECOVERY OF CANADIAN
AND OTHER AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES (B. Johnson; TZ Endangered
Species Recovery Fund; Adopt-A-Pond)
Toronto Zoo Amphibian and Reptile curatorial staff, through the Endangered Species Reserve Fund,
targets programmes that demonstrate innovation, community partnerships, and applied research projects
for the recovery of species at risk. Past and current projects include:
•
•
•
Blandings turtle research in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario
Fox snake hiberanculum construction, Ontario
Black rat snake interpretive programme, Murphy’s Point Provincial Park, Ontario
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
50
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Altona Forest amphibian breeding pond construction, Ontario
Facilitating Species At Risk monitoring and habitat protection in First Nations communities.
Nk”Mip Indian Reserve Western rattlesnake habitat use and fencing project, British Columbia
Okanagan Valley Tiger Salamander and pond restoration, British Columbia.
Red-sided garter snake habitat protection, Manitoba
Leatherback sea turtle fishermen surveys and newsletter, Nova Scotia
Puerto Rican crested toad Juan Rivero Zoo outreach student guides, Puerto Rico
Wyoming toad population and habitat surveys, USA
Oregon Spotted frog population monitoring, British Columbia
Axolotl population surveys Lake Xochimilco, Mexico
Axolotl husbandry and rearing facility, Chapultepec Zoo, Mexico
Beaded lizard community outreach programme, Guatemala.
El Valle Amphibian Conservation Centre, Panama.
Asian turtle crisis- training of biologists and veterinarians, Vietnam/Thailand.
Asian turtle crisis- printing of turtle awareness and conservation booklet in Mandarin for Chinese
Zoo Association, China
False gharial crocodile population monitoring in two Indonesian Parks
West African dwarf crocodile population monitoring, Ivory Coast.
Madagascan tortoise conservation
Community Based conservation of the Golden Mantella frog in Madagascar
CROCODILES AND TORTOISES - Mitigation of the impacts of bushmeat on crocodiles and
tortoises in African parks (B. Johnson, A. Lentini, zoo staff Africa, Wildlife Health Centre)
Bushmeat is a term used to describe the hunt of wild animals in their habitat for their meat, traditionally for
self consumption by hunters without regular access to markets or meat from domesticated animals. The
bushmeat market is not limited to gorillas and other primates but also includes crocodiles, turtles, monitor
lizards and other reptiles. This practice has been taking place for thousands of years and kept in balance
due to low human populations and inaccessibility of forests to humans. However, in the last century,
overexploitation and illegal hunting of wild animals have placed many species at risk of extinction.
Factors contributing to the bushmeat trade are:
• Logging: Large scale logging is clearing the forests of Central West Africa, so what used to
be impermeable habitat is now an access road to the inner parts of the forests. This makes it
possible for hunters to capture animals in distant areas.
• Poverty: Bushmeat is cheap to obtain and considered a luxury item in the cities. With no
alternatives available, many villagers living in poverty hunt wild animals to either eat them as
a source of protein, or to sell them to traders as a supplement to their income. Traditional
hunters have increased impact with shotguns in combination with snares and traps.
• International demand: Many animals are
kept alive to be transported illegally in the international
pet trade, or butchered for their body parts, such as
skins, shells, bones, or limbs to be used as decorative
items, fashion items or in traditional medicine. With
higher accessibility to the animals’ habitats and
growing human populations, hunters capture or kill
animals that may be some distance away as a valuable
source of income.
The dwarf crocodile is listed as Vulnerable by IUCN
and listed in Appendix I by CITES, which means trade
in this species is prohibited. The Crocodile Specialist
Group (CSG) is a network of Biologists, government
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
51
officials, NGO representatives, farmers, traders, fashion leaders, and private companies, who work
together for the conservation of crocodilian species. This group examines means to utilize the dwarf
crocodile in a sustainable manner while protecting the crocodile’s natural habitat and wild populations.
CSG Experts collect information about the species’ distribution in the wild and monitor its trade in
bushmeat markets. Home’s hinge-back tortoise is listed as Vulnerable by IUCN. The Tortoise and
Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group is a network of over 7,000 scientists working to conserve this species.
Information about the species distribution in the wild is updated regularly, and its trade is monitored
closely. This group also develops plans to establish protected areas in natural habitats of the hinge-back
tortoises, particularly where they are worshiped as holy animals. The Toronto Zoo provides support to
protect the biodiversity of several African parks and conservation partnerships.
ELEPHANTS – Using Science to Understand Zoo Elephant Welfare (J. Brown, M. Franke) REF. NO.
2011-03-01
The purpose of this study is to
determine the environmental
and husbandry factors that are
most important to elephant
welfare.
Using a multidisciplinary approach, we will
establish
science-based
benchmarks for assessing
individual elephant welfare by
studying
the
population
housed at Association of Zoos
and Aquariums (ZAZ) –
accredited
zoos
(290
elephants in 8 facilities).
When completed, this project
will provide detailed, sciencebased welfare outcomes that
can be used by managers to
optimize care and promote
well-being of zoo elephants. The primary goal of this study is to produce scientific data that will aid
decision-making with regard to best practices in elephant management.
FRESHWATER MUSSELS - Field Research and Public Awareness Campaign
The Great Lakes Program launched
a 2011 initiative for freshwater
mussels, as a field research project
and a public outreach campaign
entitled "I am Important, I am
Protected". In spite of being cited
by the IUCN as one of the world's
most
endangered
species
assemblages, freshwater mussels,
especially those in Lake Ontario
inland waters, are little studied and fairly unknown. To fill this knowledge and awareness gap, the
Toronto Zoo is focusing its efforts on Central Ontario's Kawartha Lakes and Kingston regions, with plans
to expand in the future.
A field study to determine species presence has been initiated for 2012 in the Kawartha Lakes region and
multiple locations within the Rouge watershed, including sites on Toronto Zoo property. The public
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
52
awareness campaign will introduce these unique invertebrates to the public, highlighting their role in
keeping our waters clean. As part of this initiative, the Toronto Zoo has developed resources such as a
Campaign poster, several Species fact sheets, and a Mussel species database. Only by fostering an
appreciation and understanding of freshwater mussels can we hope to engage the public in their
conservation.
LAKE VICTORIA – Cichlids Species Survival Plan (C. Lee)
The perch-like fishes of Lake Victoria, Africa have the dubious distinction of being documented in the
IUCN Red Book as the greatest extinction in recent times. North American Zoos are working together
holding breeding populations of these fishes under an SSP. Toronto Zoo has been an active participant
since the program’s inception in the late 1980s. We currently hold five species including the pelagic
Oreochromis esculentus. The Toronto Zoo’s Aqua-Links program focuses on connecting students in
Ontario with E. African classes and represents a novel approach to public awareness of Great Lakes
issues.
Madagascar Freshwater Fishes Breeding and Conservation efforts (T.McCaskie & C. Lee)
The Toronto Zoo has sent a keeper to Madagascar in 2010 and 2011. We hold and exhibit three species
of Madagascar fishes. We have developed breeding guidelines for these species and having
successfully bred all three species and dispersed two to other AZA institutions. We are on our second
generation for all three species.
In 1998 Bedotia marojejy was found in abundance in Madagascar. Last year we tried to find this species
again with no luck. The villagers received mosquito nets which they fished with during the day and
prevented malaria at night. The mosquito nets prevent all fish from going through where the old
traditional fishing baskets allowed the fry to go through. There has been talk about reintroducing this
species back into the wild. There are several institutions inquiring about this species.
In 2013 when I return to Madagascar I plan to do a mark and recapture census on Paretroplus
menerambo. Paretroplus menerambo were considered extinct in 2004. In 2010 Alex Saunders and I
confirmed that the species was not extinct and established that their habitat was pristine except for the
exotics located in the lake. We also plan to start collecting information on Sauvagella robusta, which
makes up about 60 percent of Lake Tseny's fishery.
MASSASAUGA RATTLESNAKE - Long-term monitoring of an eastern Massasauga rattlesnake
population in Southwest Michigan (Project Investigators: L. Faust, M. Redmer, J. Earnhardt, M.
McCuistion: Toronto Zoo participants: A. Lentini, R. Vos, T. Long)
Toronto Zoo is participating in multi-year population surveys being conducted as part of a field
conservation project run by the Massasauga Species Survival Plan (SSP) at the Edward Lowe
Foundation, a private foundation with property in SW Michigan. The Massasauga is listed as a
Threatened species in Canada and is a candidate species for
federal listing in the USA. This long-term monitoring project uses
mark-recapture methods for up to five years to study population
dynamics over time for these snakes.
Field research has been combined with the annual Massasauga
SSP meeting with participants surveying via visual searches and
snake-friendly traps (funnel traps with drift fences and
coverboards). Snakes that are located are captured to collect
morphological data, blood samples, and individually marked
using transponders (PIT tags). The snakes are then re-released
at their capture location. The numbers of snakes recaptured at
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
53
subsequent surveying sessions will then be used to help estimate the ratio of marked to unmarked
animals in the population, rates of population growth or decline, and individual survival.
The Toronto Zoo team made a significant contribution by finding nearly 25% of all snakes processed
during the 2011 SSP meeting. Temperature data we were able to collect combined with habitat
observation we made will be helpful in establishing target environmental and habitat parameters for
Toronto Zoo snakes.
MASSASAUGA RATTLESNAKE – Management, Outreach, Research and Husbandry Program (A.
Lentini, B. Johnson)
The Massasauga is Ontario’s only venomous species and Toronto Zoo is a founding member of the
National Recovery team for this species. The Massasauga is considered endangered, threatened or of
special concern within its current range. The Zoo holds two public workshops “Living with Wildlife” that
features the Massasauga and other species at risk snakes. An SSP was established in 2006 to enhance
conservation efforts in the field while increasing public awareness through educational programs and
exhibits. An AZA Husbandry Manual for the care and breeding of these rattlesnakes was developed for
the SSP. Toronto zoo actively participates in a multi-year field project conducted by the SSP in southwestern Michigan. The goal of the research is to gather baseline demographic data, habitat use and
behavioral ecology for this species in the wild.
MILK SNAKE - Population Monitoring in Rouge Park. (A. Lentini, B. Johnson) REF No. 2011-05-01
Milk snake reports for Rouge Park have been anecdotal. Road mortalities and a forest to meadow habitat
corridor were documented in 1984 and hibernacula locations plotted for the Rouge Park Natural Features
inventory. Multiple dead-on-road findings of milk snakes were recorded in the 2010 OREG road mortality
survey. A comprehensive study of the Rouge Park milk snake population and habitat use is necessary to
better understand the ecology (e.g. abundance, habitat use, distribution, movements, road mortality
impact on population sustainability, etc.) of this Species At Risk (SAR). This study will ultimately result in
the development of a Management Plan that may include habitat restoration and more comprehensive
road mitigation measures (i.e. ecopassages) that target protection of this SAR. Mitigation (habitat
mitigation, stewardship and snake crossing road signs) may be necessary to raise awareness and help
reduce the occurrence of snake/vehicle collisions. The tablelands between the Little Rouge and Rouge
Rivers, south of Steeles Avenue, are being investigated with the cooperation of Rouge Park tenants and
landowners to search anthropogenic habitats near buildings and abandoned structures (foundations,
wells and barns).
Coverboards have been laid out across the study site to attract snakes already present in the area.
Coverboards are checked regularly for evidence of snake use, snakes, rodents and other features of
interest are also noted. Data collected will be submitted to Rouge Park to inform habitat restoration (e.g.
hibernacula, gestation and egg laying sites) and will enable OREG to prioritize road mitigation practices to
restore habitat permeability.
ODONATE SURVEY (Bev Edwards, Richard Aaron, Rouge Park Volunteers, Rouge Park, Tom Mason,
Lydia Attard)
This year, the Rouge Park began a monitoring program for the dragonflies and damselflies of the Rouge
Park. Toronto Zoo had done a survey using one student and had established a base of 30 species on the
Zoo property. With Bev Edwards as the lead, a large survey group was utilized to cover much of the
valley with a result of 58 species being covered. This is a great contribution to the knowledge of
biodiversity within the Park.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
54
PUERTO RICAN CRESTED TOAD – Management, Outreach, Husbandry, Research and Reintroduction Program (A. Lentini, B. Johnson, E. Gabura, D. Martin, C. Dutton, G. Crawshaw)
Toronto Zoo has maintained an assurance population of this species since its re-discovery in 1985.
Captive animals provide a genetic resource to supplement wild populations through re-introduction of
over 125,000 tadpoles. An AZA Husbandry Manual for the care and breeding of the Puerto Rican crested
toad was developed at the Toronto Zoo and has been translated into Spanish. An International Studbook
was completed and published. This important document provided essential demographic and genetic
data to the Species Survival Plan (SSP) to genetically and demographically manage the species for reintroduction to the wild. Research into a potential nutritional imbalance (hypovitaminosis A) is currently
being conducted.
RESEARCHING THE USE OF CELL CULTURES FOR FRESHWATER FISHES CONSERVATION (G.
Mastromonaco, C. Lee, M. Filice, K. Greenham)
th
In November 2010 at the 4 International Seahorse Husbandry Symposium held at Chester Zoo, Chester
England, the IUCN's Freshwater Fishes Specialty Group announced the development of a regional cell
culture bank of native endangered fishes as a priority endeavour in response to the global decline of
freshwater and marine fishes. The mandate is to systematically bank genetic material in the form of
gametes, embryos, cells and DNA from as many species as possible around the globe.
Although cryopreservation of gametes and embryos is the most beneficial resource for future fish
population management, reproductive cells can be difficult to handle and cryopreserve. Complex speciesspecific protocols are required to optimize post-thaw survival. An equally important source of genetic
material is found in somatic cells. These cells are easily acquired and, being more robust, survive the
freeze-thaw process with greater success. Studies in mammals have shown that culture characteristics are
influenced by culture establishment techniques; however there is very little information in published
literature for fishes. An understanding of cell culture parameters is necessary in fishes so that the
production of healthy cell lines can be ensured. The goals of this study are to evaluate tissue storage and
processing techniques on the viability, longevity and normality of fish cell cultures. This will provide us with
the information required to establish adequate protocols for initiating a genome resource bank for
endangered freshwater fishes.
RESPONSE TO ASIAN TURTLE CRISIS AND BUSHMEAT TRADE (B. Johnson; A. Lentini; zoo staff
Africa, Indo Malaya; Animal Health Centre)
With 90 species, Asia has the richest turtle and tortoise diversity in the world. However, in recent
decades, the future of almost every such species has been put at risk for various reasons.
10- 20% of South East Asia land cover is forest, which is the natural habitat for most turtle and tortoise
species in the region, and ten percent of the world’s turtle and tortoise species are found in the forests of
Indonesia alone. In recent years there has been a sharp increase in demand for forest products from the
region and deforestation rates have been steadily increasing. Loss of natural forest threatens over 65 of
the 90 turtle and tortoise species in South East Asia.
A second major problem is that increasing income in the region and decreasing numbers of turtles and
tortoises in the wild has triggered a massive, mainly illegal, trade in hundreds of thousands of turtles and
tortoises a year. Turtles and tortoises have been used by Southeast Asian cultures for thousands of
years for nutritional, medicinal and cultural purposes. However, the more recent rise in demand for these
species has led to unsustainable and illegal harvesting of turtles and tortoises from the wild, including
species listed as threatened by IUCN and/or CITES species at risk with either restricted or prohibited
trade.
Certified Wood Products are one solution to this crisis, as they come from forests managed in a
sustainable way. This means that forest products, such as wood, timber, and fruit, are obtained
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
55
responsibly, avoiding the destruction of wildlife habitat while providing dependable livelihood for humans.
This project spreads awareness of the Asian turtle crisis and bushmeat trade, and educates visitors on
how they can help to conserve turtle and tortoise species by supporting Certified Wood Products.
The project also encourages donations to support turtle conservation for our Endangered Species fund
and public donations. Keepers have also organized ‘Toonies for Turtles’ fundraising events which draw
attention to some of our rarest species and breeding programmes. The Toronto Zoo provides funding for
turtle conservation partnerships to help turtles in the wild and supports:
• Asian Scholarship Program to train South East Asian Biologists to help turtles and tortoises in trouble
in their countries of origin.
• Conservation education partnerships with Chinese Association of Zoological Gardens.
• Creation and production of turtle conservation pamphlets.
• Support of the Turtle survival Alliance, which provides funding for:
Research and protected areas to help wild turtles and tortoises
Support of park staff, who care for thousands of turtles and tortoises
confiscated from food and pet markets
Captive breeding programs to save turtle and tortoise species from extinction
Support for researchers and officials monitoring the illegal turtle trade
Training of Trade Enforcement Inspectors
The Toronto Zoo also helps turtles and tortoises on the zoo’s site:
• Our Indo-Malaya animal keepers have contributed their expertise to protect assurance populations
(captive populations of wild species to save the species from extinction) through captive breeding
programs for:
Spiny turtle (Heosemys spinosa)
Malaysian painted turtle (Callagur borneoensis)
Black breasted leaf turtle (Geoemyda spengleri)
Burmese star tortoise (Geochelone platynota)
Brown tortoise (Manouria emys emys)
Vietnamese box turtle (Cistoclemmys galbinifrons)
• Accommodating, relocating and providing medical care for turtles and tortoises confiscated on their
way to food and pet markets by the Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
(OSPCA), the Humane society of Canada and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency.
• Encouraging individuals on exhibit to breed by providing them with spacious enclosures with
appropriate egg laying areas, specialized diets, monitoring their behaviour, health, reproductive
physiology, and x-raying females to monitor egg development of South East Asian turtles.
• Partnership in the Asian Giant River Turtle Consortium.
RESPONSE TO GLOBAL AMPHIBIAN DECLINES (B. Johnson, A. Lentini, zoo staff Africa, Americas,
Australasia, Indo Malaya; Wildlife Health Centre)
Global declines of amphibians require an urgent response.
For many years staff at Toronto Zoo has contributed to the
recovery of endangered amphibians (i.e. member of
American and Canadian Zoo Associations Amphibian
Taxon Advisory Groups, Puerto Rican crested toad,
Wyoming toad, Fowler’s Toad, Cricket Frog, Oregon
spotted frog and Dusky Salamander Recovery Teams).
This is in part due to our success in breeding many
amphibian species to maintain demographically and
genetically managed assurance populations in case of loss
of wild populations and developing educational resources
for community involvement in backyard conservation. In fact, our popular Adopt-A-Pond Program was
initiated by zoo staff to protect and restore wetland habitats in response to 1989 reports of amphibian
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
56
declines. Unfortunately, amphibians face ongoing threats. We are now witnessing a crisis that is
decimating a whole vertebrate class. The causes of decline are not easily reversible, nor immediately
preventable and traditional conservation approaches have been inadequate in meeting these challenges.
Recent extinctions and extirpations have occurred around the world, including those in Canada. Many
amphibian extinctions are not random. The primary cause of recent population declines appears to be
chytridiomycosis, a pathogenic fungal infection commonly referred to as chytrid. Because there are many
cases where chytrid fungus is decimating populations from pristine habitat, conventional in situ
conservation techniques are not going to work.
A recent IUCN/SSC Amphibian Conservation Summit, attended by the Toronto Zoo’s Curator of
Amphibians and Reptiles, developed an Amphibian Conservation Action Plan that called for emergency
conservation centres for ex situ assurance colonies within the natural ranges of affected populations.
While there is a global response to declining amphibian populations, the zoo community has proposed
the development of a global network of captive breeding programs that are linked to conservation within
countries where amphibian declines are occurring or predicted to occur. In mounting a rapid response to
these issues, the Toronto Zoo and our partners continue to seek sponsors for these facilities that will
serve as amphibian rescue centres operated within range countries. These centres will also provide
opportunities for zoos to support and train those who live with the frogs. Toronto Zoo has provided
support for the first in situ captive breeding facility, the El Valle amphibian conservation Centre,
coordinated by Houston Zoo at El Nespero Zoo in El Valle, Panama. Toronto Zoo, after an appeal for
assistance, sent two keepers to Panama to participate in an international frog rescue and set up of the El
Valle Amphibian Conservation Centre. Most recently we provided funding for additional amphibian
breeding facilities at Summitt Zoo in Panama City. As a result of our success in amphibian reproduction
at the Toronto Zoo and experience with over 25 years of pond construction and reintroduction of zoo-bred
tadpoles in Puerto Rico, we will be receiving captive bred rescue frogs from Central America. It is sad
indeed to know that the frogs to be received have already become extinct in the wild as a result of an
emerging disease we seem unable to stop.
More recently, Toronto Zoo funded staff to assist the Wyoming toad Recovery Team and SSP in field
surveys to determine over winter survival of toads introduced to the wild on newly protected watersheds.
Toronto Zoo opened an Amphibian Breeding Centre and a new Amphibian Rescue centre with 2 new
dedicated isolation rooms to increase our capacity to hold and breed at-risk amphibian species from
Canada and amphibian decline hotspots.
TURTLE SPECIES AT RISK– Head-Starting Program (A. Lentini, B. Johnson, J. Phillips, E. Nadeau)
Toronto Zoo participates in head-starting programs for two species of Canadian turtles. Working with
partners in the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Parks Canada, hatchling Species At Risk turtles
are being raised at Toronto Zoo until they are two years old and ready for release back to the wild.
URBAN TURTLE INITIATIVE – Management of Turtle Populations in Rouge Park (B. Johnson, J.
Phillips; Crystal Robertson; Shannon Ritchie)
The Urban Turtle Initiative (UTI) is a research project that began in 1999, in an effort to determine critical
habitat use by Snapping turtles in areas of Rouge Park situated on or near Toronto Zoo property. Since
the project’s initiation, two additional Species at Risk (COSEWIC), the Northern Map turtle (Graptemys
geographica) and the Blanding’s turtle (Emydoidea blandingii), have been added to the project’s focus.
Additionally, the project’s original study area has now expanded to include Rouge Park wetland areas
southward to Lake Ontario and northward to Highway 407. and a new study area was added to the
project in 2010: wetlands adjacent to the Highway 24 corridor southwest of Brantford.
Between 2002 and 2008, radio-telemetry equipment was used to track turtle movements from emergence
in spring through to spring/summer foraging habitats and nesting grounds, and then to winter hibernation
sites. Data collected included coarse and fine habitat characteristics, GPS and GIS movement
information, and observations of individual turtle behaviours. Preliminary analysis of selected data
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
57
showed that small wetlands and seepage areas are important over-wintering habitats; foraging sites and
nesting beaches may be in distinct areas; male snapping turtles may hold linear territories in river habitat;
and the surrounding urban landscape has an effect on the individual movement and the overall population
connectivity of all urban turtle species.
With support from the Rouge Park Cultural and Natural Heritage Fund and Environment Canada’s Habitat
Stewardship Fund, data from over nine years of UTI research was collected and combined with literature
reviews and conference proceedings to write a Turtle Management Plan for the Rouge Park valley and
tablelands in 2007. In 2008, the project initiated a 3 year plan to increase significant turtle habitat in
Rouge Park based on information provided by the Management Plan for Turtle Populations in the Rouge
Park prepared by Adopt-A-Pond’s Urban Turtle Initiative, the Recovery Strategy for Species at Risk
Turtles in Ontario prepared by OMSTARRT (Ontario Multi-Species Turtles at Risk Recovery Team), and
the Turtle Management Workshop held at Toronto Zoo in March 2008. Research in 2008 focused on a
nest site characterization analysis to determine the physical characteristics of successful nest sites in the
Park, whereas research in 2009 focused on mapping the current distribution of high quality turtle habitat
throughout the Rouge and locating suitable areas to target for building new nesting areas and over
wintering sites using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). In 2010, the focus of the UTI’s research in
Rouge Park has shifted to ground-truthing previously identified high quality turtle sites to confirm their
value as potential habitat, and to monitoring movements and habitat use of Blanding’s turtles currently
using restored wetlands.
The data collected over the past few years will be used to create
successful artificial nest sites in areas where traditional sites have
been destroyed or degraded (online resources detail the steps to
constructing turtle nesting habitat) and build over wintering wetland
habitat where current habitat availability is low. Important basking
habitat will also be constructed in Rouge Park to ensure that our
focal species can achieve proper thermoregulation. All constructed
and restored habitat will be monitored for turtle usage and
ecological function. The GIS-based hydrological assessments will
be used to determine the most ecologically sound locations for
ground-truthing and turtle habitat creation/restoration activities in
subsequent years.
An additional research component was added to the UTI in 2011 to
learn more about turtle movement and habitat use in an area along
Highway 24 (southwest of Brantford) where the Ministry of
Transportation Ontario (MTO) established fencing beside wetland
areas to prevent turtle road mortalities. Working in close
partnership with MTO, and with support from the Ontario Ministry of
Natural Resources’ Species at Risk Stewardship Fund, UTI researchers are using radio-telemetry
equipment to track turtle movements during nesting, foraging, overwintering and spring emergence forays
in wetlands adjacent to the highway. Radio-telemetry work combined with routine road kill surveys will
help determine whether turtles use pre-existing sub-highway culverts as movement corridors to pass
between roadside wetlands, and whether road mortality mitigation fencing provides an effective means for
preventing turtle deaths on roads. Turtle movement and road mortality data will ultimately be paired with
literature studies of road mortality mitigation techniques to provide government stakeholders, landowners
adjacent to roads and conservation agencies with information on the efficacy of road mortality mitigation
structures and best management practices for preventing turtle death on roads.
Running parallel to the Urban Turtle Initiative’s research objectives is AAP’s goal to communicate turtle
conservation issues and habitat stewardship practices to as many people as possible. Environment
Canada’s Habitat Stewardship Program (HSP) and the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources’ Species at
Risk Stewardship Fund have provided AAP with the financial support to achieve this objective by
sponsoring a Social Marketing and Stewardship Coordinator, two Wetland Evaluation Technicians, two
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
58
Turtle Research Technicians, a GIS consultant, habitat assessments, stewardship workshops and
meetings, the writing of a Turtle Stewardship Guide, and the production of several other outreach
resources over the past two years.
3.2 Captive Breeding and Reintroduction
The Toronto Zoo works with a number of species in captive breeding and reintroduction programs in three
main categories:
Toronto Zoo Animal Reintroduction & Recovery
Program Participation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Black-footed ferret
Loggerhead shrike
Vancouver Island marmot
Trumpeter swan
Puerto Rican crested
toad
Massasauga rattlesnake
Wood turtle
Blanding’s turtle
Atlantic salmon
Wyoming toad
Mallorcan midwife toad
Wood bison
Re-introduction underway
where Toronto Zoo exhibits
and BREED these species for
survival
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Przewalski’s horse
Golden lion tamarin
Scimitar-horned oryx
Axolotl
Oregon spotted frog
African penguins
Blue and yellow macaws
Karner blue butterfly
Sumatran orangutan
Re-introductions with Toronto
Zoo
Staff involved
•
•
•
Bald eagle
Wild turkey in Ontario
Piping plover
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
59
BLACK-FOOTED FERRET - Conservation Recovery Program (M. Franke, G. Crawshaw, P. Roberts,
K. Murphy)
In 1992, the Toronto Zoo joined the recovery program for the
endangered black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes). Since then, ferrets at
the Zoo have produced 102 litters and 439 kits, many of which have
been reintroduced to the United States, Mexico and Canada. The most
genetically-valuable animals are kept in the Species Survival Plan
program for future breeding. This program is a high priority for the Zoo
as we attempt to re-establish black-footed ferret populations across
North America. 2009 marked the first Canadian release of black-footed
ferrets into the wild – the crowning achievement of the Canadian
recovery program.
The black-footed ferrets historical range included the western parts of
the Canadian prairies (southern Alberta to southern Saskatchewan) but
the species was listed as extirpated in 1978 by COSEWIC. In 2003, the
Toronto Zoo spearheaded black-footed ferret recovery in Canada and in
2004, in partnership with Parks Canada, US Fish & Wildlife Service, the
Calgary Zoo, private stakeholders and other organizations, a joint Blackfooted Ferret/Black-tailed Prairie Dog Recovery Team was established to set up the reintroduction of
black-footed ferrets into Canada.
The area in and around Grasslands National Park (GNP), Saskatchewan contains the largest black-tailed
prairie dog population in Canada and prairie dogs are protected within the park borders. As prairie dogs
are the primary prey of black-footed ferrets, this site is ideal for ferret reintroductions. Prior to the release
of ferrets into GNP, Toronto Zoo staff helped survey the park's prairie dog population. Zoo veterinarians
also conducted a study to determine the risk of infectious disease transmission to ferrets from GNP's
other wildlife.
As a result of extensive planning, 34 ferrets were released on to Canadian soil in October 2009. In each
of the two following years, 15 additional ferrets were released into the park. GNP now supports Canada’s
first wild population of black-footed ferrets since they disappeared from the country several decades ago.
Since the reintroduction, frequent monitoring sessions take place to examine the threats to black-footed
ferret populations, how populations are faring in the wild, and to determine when the wild population
needs to be supplemented with additional animals. With funding from the Canadian Wildlife Federation
and the Toronto Zoo Endangered Species Reserve Fund, Toronto Zoo staff took part in the first postrelease monitoring sessions in 2010. This research revealed an excellent winter survival rate and soon
afterwards three ferret kits were observed – the first Canadian-born kits in over 70 years!
In addition to population monitoring, the Zoo helps maintain the health of the wild ferrets. In 2010 and
2011, Toronto Zoo veterinarians traveled to GNP to assess the health of the adult ferrets and to vaccinate
any new wild-born kits. As well, the new kits are microchipped so they can be identified again in the
future. Annual monitoring and health assessments will continue to ensure the survival of released
animals.
Reintroducing the black-footed ferret into Canada is of great conservation significance as we established
a population in the species’ most northern historical range. By reintroducing an extirpated species back
into the Canadian prairies, the Toronto Zoo and its many partners have proven that species-at-risk
recovery programs can be successful. Along with our international collaborators, we are very excited and
hopeful for the recovery of the black-footed ferret.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
60
EASTERN LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE - Captive Breeding Program (T. Mason, Wildlife Preservation
Trust, McGill University, CWS, OMNR)
In 2010, shrikes from Toronto Zoo were sent to Carden to be
part of the captive breeding and release experiments for the
recovery program of this species. In 2011, 46 shrikes were
released in the wild. Over the years over 500 shrikes have been
released and it is now recognized that a significant proportion of
the birds returning to breed each year have been produced
through captive breeding. Despite this survival rate of the birds
was not as high as expected. Increased predation, increased
numbers of mosquitoes and the presence of West Nile Virus all
were factors that affected birds in captivity and the wild. The
loggerhead shrike recovery program has gained some
recognition in conservation circles and several zoos in the United
States have expressed interest in becoming involved. This could
be a tremendous aide to the future of our program.
KARNER BLUE BUTTERFLY - Captive Breeding (T. Mason)
In 1991, the last Karner blue (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) was observed in Ontario. The Toronto Zoo
joined the Karner Blue Recovery Team in 1992 to actively pursue the re-introduction of this species into
Ontario. For five years a protocol was developed and produced to rear this species in captivity. Since
recovery efforts of the release sites were lagging behind captive breeding efforts, Toronto Zoo stopped
working on the captive breeding and put more emphasis into the study of the microhabitats of restored
release sites. In 2002, Gary Lee compiled reports, and acted as a coordinator for the Recovery Team.
Thomas Mason and Gary Lee also participated in a Karner blue workshop in Toledo, Ohio. The program
has experienced a lull in the past three years. In 2010 the Zoo worked on bringing government officials
and NGO representatives together to further the cause of this beautiful species. In 2008 the Karner Blue
was upgraded from “Endangered” to “Extirpated”. This simple change has caused several changes in the
way that governments look at the species. The Karner Blue has gone from Provincial jurisdiction to
Federal jurisdiction and the movement in the conservation of this species now will require different
assessments and studies. Toronto Zoo will continue to work on returning it to Canada.
SPIDER SURVEY OF ROUGE PARK (Gerbin Blagoev, Tiffany Yau, Tom Mason)
2012 was spent finishing the identification of spiders collected in the 2011 survey. Also some intensive
survey work during the June bioblitz produced another 20 species for the Park. One species collected
was the Northern purseweb spider, Sphodros niger. This was the first time this rare mygalomorph
(primitive spiders including the tarantulas) was found within the Toronto City limits. In total less than 20
have ever been found in Ontario and just over 100 have ever been seen. Other finds included several
new species for Ontario, 30 new species for the City of Toronto and one new species for Canada. In 2013
it is hoped that the project will continue, working with the Canadian Institute for Biodiversity at the
University of Guelph.
KUDA (Hippocampus sp.) - Captive Breeding and Conservation (C. Lee, K. Greenham)
The Kuda seahorse (Hippocampus kuda) is one of the more heavily exploited species in both traditional
medicines and marine aquarium trades. The Toronto Zoo Seahorse Breeding and Conservation program
working with Project Seahorse is designed to investigate improved husbandry and breeding protocols of
captive seahorses. The breeding program will assist aquariums to meet Marine Fishes Taxanomic
Advisory Group recommendations to obtain captive bred animals and reduce harvesting of wild fishes for
exhibit purposes. In 2011, Toronto Zoo raised over 400 Kuda seahorse fry with 100 juveniles being sent
to other zoos and aquariums across North America for exhibit. In past years, juveniles have been
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
61
shipped as far as Africa for aquarium exhibits. Toronto Zoo will continue to investigate nutritional
deficiencies and requirements identified by a previous research project. In November 2011, preliminary
th
breeding results were presented at the 5 International Seahorse Husbandry Symposium.
MANAGED COOPERATIVE BREEDING PROGRAMMES (B. Johnson; A. Lentini)
Many species at risk of extinction have managed assurance populations. Toronto Zoo Records staff,
Curatorial staff, Animal Health Centre and Nutrition staff maintain studbook and animal care data to
ensure that populations are managed scientifically to maintain demographic and genetic health. Animal
Care staff maintains appropriate breeding pairs and environmental conditions to facilitate breeding
recommendations each year. Through the Curatorial Collection plan, all amphibian and reptile species in
the collection are managed to sustain their populations and are linked to conservation of the species and
its habitat in the wild through conservation programmes. In addition to Toronto Zoo’s own conservation
priorities, some species programmes are managed cooperatively between zoos and these include formal
programs for 4 amphibians and 21 reptiles of the 70 species in our collection.
OREGON SPOTTED FROG - Amphibian Rescue Centre (ARC) Husbandry and Reintroduction
Program (B. Johnson; A. Lentini)
Due to population crashes in the wild, the Oregon spotted frog received an emergency listing as
endangered In Canada and is only known from three
breeding ponds in British Columbia. At the request of
the BC government and the National Recovery Team,
Toronto Zoo will hold an assurance colony to ensure
that the remaining genetic biodiversity is not lost and to
provide frogs for re-introduction to the wild. One of two
isolation quarantine rooms in Toronto Zoo’s Amphibian
Rescue Centre (ARC) is dedicated to this species.
PUERTO RICAN CRESTED TOAD - Captive
Reproduction in the Male Puerto Rican Crested
Toad (A. Lentini, B. Johnson, G. Mastromonaco, S.
Hayden; Dr. V. Trudeau, University of Ottawa;
Environment Canada)
The Puerto Rican crested toad is a threatened species
found in southern Puerto Rico. In collaboration with the
®
US Fish and Wildlife Service and the AZA SSP , tadpoles
hatched at the Toronto Zoo are released in Puerto Rico each year for the purposes of sustaining and
rebuilding the wild population. However, captive reproductive success remains erratic for unknown
reasons. The objective of this study is to determine the optimum husbandry protocol required to induce
spermination, and thus ensure consistent reproductive success of this species in captivity. Different
environmental conditions and hormone treatments are being tested and the males’ responses in terms of
sperm production will also be assessed. To date dosages of hormones have been compared and HCG
has proved to be more effective in male sperm production then LHRH. Additional study will determine the
impact of cooling on sperm production and compare HCG and LHRH in female toads.
PUERTO RICAN CRESTED TOAD – Management, Outreach, Husbandry, and Re-introduction
Program (A. Lentini, B. Johnson, E. Gabura, D. Martin, G. Crawshaw)
Toronto Zoo has maintained an assurance population of this species since its re-discovery in 2004.
Captive animals provide a genetic resource to supplement wild populations through re-introduction of
over 125,000 tadpoles. A management program for the care and breeding of the Puerto Rican crested
toad was developed at the Toronto Zoo. It has been updated as an AZA Husbandry Manual and
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
62
translated into Spanish. This captive management protocol covers various aspects of care for this
threatened species and it guides over 20 institutions in the SSP. A complete historical studbook was
completed and published and an International Studbook completed. This important document provided
essential demographic and genetic data to the Species Survival Plan which made breeding and transfer
recommendations based on the mean kinship value and age of toads. This management tool provides
the data to genetically and demographically manage the species for re-introduction to the wild. The
Husbandry Manual and Studbook Keepers will publish an annual studbook update on the AZA website
SEAHORSE - Captive Breeding, Research and Conservation (K. Greenham, C. Lee)
Toronto Zoo holds two species of seahorse and participates in
conservation for these species on several levels. The Kuda
seahorse (Hippocampus sp.) is one of the more heavily
exploited species in both traditional medicines and marine
aquarium trades. The Toronto Zoo Seahorse Breeding and
Conservation program has supported in situ conservation efforts
working with Project Seahorse in the Philippines and Vietnam.
As well, Toronto has designed improved husbandry and
breeding protocols for captive seahorses. The breeding program
assists aquariums to meet the AZA Marine Fishes Taxanomic
Advisory Group Collection Sustainability recommendations to
obtain captive bred marine species and reduce harvesting of
wild fishes for exhibit purposes. In 2011, Toronto Zoo raised
over 400 Kuda seahorse fry with 100 juveniles being sent to
other zoos and aquariums across North America for exhibit. In
past years, juveniles have been shipped as far as Africa for
aquarium exhibits.
Toronto Zoo research efforts will continue to investigate
nutritional requirements for captive seahorse building upon
previous projects on fatty acid composition of seahorse diets.
th
Toronto Zoo staff participated in the November, 2011 5
Seahorse Symposium at the Shedd Aquarium, Chicago.
VANCOUVER ISLAND MARMOTS - Conservation Recovery Program (M. Franke, H. Tomaso)
One of only six mammals endemic to Canada, the Vancouver Island
marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) is a critically-endangered species
found only on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. These animals live in
small family units and inhabit steep, alpine meadows. Unfortunately,
marmot numbers have steadily declined over the past 30 years, mainly
due habitat alteration and predation. In 2003, the population reached a
critical level with less than 30 individuals remaining in the wild. This made
the Vancouver Island marmot North America's most endangered mammal.
In 1997, the Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Team determined that a
captive breeding and reintroduction program was the only viable solution
to save the species from extinction. That year, the Toronto Zoo received
the first six wild-caught marmots and the program now includes three
other institutions: Calgary Zoo, Mountain View Conservation Centre and
the Tony Barrett Mount Washington Marmot Recovery Centre. Many
initiatives have been undertaken to identify and restore habitat for the
species and also to mitigate the disturbance of these areas. Two logging
companies on Vancouver Island are active in marmot recovery projects,
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
63
and educational outreach campaigns have been launched to raise awareness and funds for reintroduction
efforts.
The main goal of the Marmot Recovery Team is to establish a self-sustaining wild population of 400-600
individuals. Captive breeding efforts have been very successful at the Toronto Zoo. In 2011, we had 15
marmot pups born from four litters. Since our first litter in 2002, the Zoo's marmots have produced 109
pups. We currently house eight breeding pairs at the Zoo and there are more than 120 marmots living
amongst the four captive breeding facilities.
Captive-born marmots are released into the wild each year. In 2011, 67 young marmots took their first
steps on Vancouver Island. In total, 375 captive-born marmots have been reintroduced to the island
since the first release in 2003. This year, 68 marmots were born in the wild, bringing the wild marmot
population up to 320-360 individuals.
With the great success of the captive breeding program, the plan is to continue to increase the number of
marmots released each year. Survival rates are encouraging as captive-born animals have now survived
several hibernation periods and are now reproducing in the wild. As well, Vancouver Island marmots can
now be found on several mountains where previous extirpations had occurred. In 2006, joint efforts
between the four facilities were recognized as the program was presented with a Canadian Association of
Zoos and Aquariums Conservation Award. In 2011, the Toronto Zoo and Calgary Zoo were awarded the
Association of Zoos and Aquariums North American Conservation Award for their joint effort in the
recovery program. We are very excited about our continued and growing success in the recovery of this
highly-endangered Canadian species.
WYOMING TOAD - Amphibian Rescue Centre (ARC) Husbandry and Reintroduction Program (B.
Johnson; A. Lentini)
In 1990 Toronto zoo was invited to assist the US Fish and Wildlife
Service to provide management recommendations to ensure the
survival of the Wyoming toad. Since these first discussions the species
was declared extinct in the wild and only survives from captive
managed populations. One of two isolation quarantine rooms in
Toronto Zoo’s Amphibian Rescue Centre (ARC) is dedicated to this
species
AMPHIBIAN BREEDING CENTRE - Americas Staff
The Amphibian Breeding Centre in the Americas pavilion provides a
window into some of the zoo’s important breeding initiatives. This area is dedicated to explain the plight of
several Central American frogs, including the iconic Panamanian Golden Frog (Atelopus zeteki),
theatened by the chytrid fungus, an emerging disease that is responsible for global amphibian declines.
3.3 Veterinary Research
PIPING PLOVER - Canadian Wildlife Service Volunteer Veterinary Care and Advisors (C. Dutton, W.
Rapley)
The purpose of this project is to conduct a health assessment of any apparently diseased or injured wildreared Piping Plover chicks at Wasaga Beach or Sauble Beach, determine best course of action,
transport birds to most appropriate location for necessary treatment (on site, local veterinary clinic, or
Toronto Zoo) and return birds to the site in the attendance of Canadian Wildlife Service staff. Dr. Dutton
acted as an advisor. Staff at Toronto Zoo also helped the CWS find a local veterinarian to help in case of
emergency at the sites. Dr. Rapley has served as an advisor and observer for this project for CWS.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
64
SNAKES - Physiological and Pathological Effects of Surgical Implantation and Handling
Procedures in African House Snakes. (G. Crawshaw, A. Lentini) REF No. 2009-11-05
In a previous study at Toronto Zoo, the physiological and pathological effects of intracoelomic implants
were examined in a group of 24 Eastern massasauga rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus).
Inflammation and infection occurred despite careful surgical procedures and advanced veterinary care.
Reaction to the transmitters was likely a result of unsuitable implant coating. This study is designed to
continue that work by comparing the responses of the snakes to implants with different coatings.
We are also assessing if the stresses associated with surgery and handling are reflected in changes in
corticosterone in the shed skin of the snakes. This is a potential tool of great value to those caring for
captive wildlife, and for assessing ecological changes in wild animals. There is no published work on the
use of this technique in reptiles but handling stress was reflected in elevated stress hormone
(corticosterone) metabolite levels in the previous implant study. Initial studies at Toronto Zoo have shown
that it is possible to quantify corticosterone in shed reptile skin.
We are comparing the fecal and skin shed corticosterone concentrations, and examining the physiological
and pathological changes in snakes implanted with transmitters. All snakes have been randomly assigned
to three groups and received surgically implanted transmitters and are being maintained for 12 months
until surgical removal of the implants. At that time the reaction to the transmitters will be assessed by
histological and microbiological methods.
WATERFOWL – Prevalence of Avian Bornavirus Infection in Wild Waterfowl in Southern Ontario
and Susceptibility of Domestic Poultry to Experimental Infection with Avian Bornavirus (P.
Delnatte, D. Smith, E. Nagy, S. Hollamby) REF. NO. 2011-06-02
Avian Bornavirus, a newly discovered virus of birds, has recently been identified as a cause of neurologic
disease in wild waterfowl in Ontario, with several cases diagnosed at the Toronto Zoo (retrospective
study). This virus is the cause of a neurological disease in psittacine birds (proventricular dilation
disease), and other avian species may also be susceptible to infection. Infection spreads naturally
through the fecal oral route, thus wild Canada geese could be a source of environmental contamination.
Zoos and poultry industries are at risk, as both zoo and commercially reared birds (backyard, open range,
and organic producers) can be housed outdoors were contact with wild waterfowl can occur.
The first goal of this project is to collect blood samples and cloacal swabs from wild Canada geese,
Trumpeter swans, mute swans and mallard ducks, in order to determine the prevalence of this virus in
wild populations in Southern Ontario and at the Toronto Zoo. Samples will be collected in conjunction with
waterfowl banding activities carried out by the Canadian Wildlife Service (for the locations outside of the
Toronto Zoo) or purposely collected at the zoo. We will gain knowledge as to how common infection with
avian Bornavirus is in Ontario waterfowl and at the Toronto Zoo, helping us to understand and identify
cause of disease and mortality in wild birds, and to anticipate a potential impact on captive zoo birds or
domestic poultry species.
The second purpose of this research is to determine whether domestic chickens, ducks and geese are
susceptible to experimental infection with Avian Bornavirus, and if so, to characterize viral distribution,
seroconversion and viral shedding in order to develop a preliminary assessment of the danger to
Ontario's poultry industries. Pathologic lesions in the brain mimic those caused by other neurotropic
viruses, including paramyxoviruses such as Newcastle Disease virus (reportable in Ontario) and could be
an important cause of misdiagnosis.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
65
3.4 Reproductive Research
HORMONAL EVALUATION OF REPRODUCTIVE AND ADRENAL FUNCTION (G. Mastromonaco, C.
Gilman, S. O’Handley)
As part of service activities in the Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, urine, fecal and serum hormone
analyses are conducted to aid in:
• evaluation of normal reproductive cycles
• assessment of reproductive seasonality
• detection of early pregnancy
• evaluation of contraceptive effectiveness
• gender determination
• effects of stress and environmental changes
Services are provided for a variety of species, including: tiger, cheetah, gorilla, orangutan, caribou,
rhinoceros, zebra, wood bison and many others.
In order to understand reproductive and stress parameters in these species, research studies are carried
out using samples collected from captive and wild animals. These studies are done in collaboration with
other zoos, universities or wildlife organizations.
AFRICAN ELEPHANT – Assessment of Stress Levels in Captive Elephants through Fecal
Glucocorticoid Analysis (K. Jensen, J. Stone, C.D. Rollo) REF. NO. 2010-05-01
The secretion of glucocorticoids, a type of steroid hormone, is a classic physiological response to
environmental stress. In all mammals, glucocorticoids act by stimulating glucose metabolism to provide
the energy required for flight-or-fight responses in individuals undergoing crisis situations. However,
prolonged elevation of glucocorticoid levels has been shown to cause a number of health concerns,
including immune system suppression, diabetes, muscular breakdown, weight gain and reproductive
system suppression. These health conditions are particularly concerning for animals whose conservation
is already at risk, such as the African bush elephant.
Glucocorticoid levels of adult African elephants at the Toronto Zoo will be measures by sampling feces.
The goal of this study is to uncover the environmental pressures experiences by Toronto Zoo elephants,
in an attempt to optimize their care and habitat design. The preservation of this important keystone and
flagship species hinges on maintaining the physiological health of captive
and wild individuals.
BACTRIAN CAMELS - Development of Assisted Reproduction
Techniques to Revitalize the Bactrian Camel Population (G.
Mastromonaco, S. Hayden, C. Gartley, M. Franke, G. Crawshaw) REF
NO. 2003-05-02
The global wild Bactrian camel population is critically endangered. Once
found over a vast range in Asia, only 100 Bactrian camels now inhabit
Mongolia's remote Gobi Desert. The Toronto Zoo and its collaborator Dr.
Cathy Gartley, from the University of Guelph, have embarked upon an
intensive program to develop assisted breeding techniques that will allow
for the maintenance of the maximum degree of extant genetic diversity.
Semen collection and cryopreservation will be used to store sperm from
genetically valuable males and potentially transport such genetic material between captive populations.
To determine the appropriate timing for artificial insemination, a combined approach of fecal hormone
analyses and ultrasound imaging is being used to assess the phase of the female’s reproductive cycle
and optimal time for insemination. This will add to the database of knowledge that is building regarding
reproduction in this species.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
66
CHEETAHS - Non-surgical Artificial Insemination in Cheetahs (G. Mastromonaco, C. Gartley, M.
Franke) REF No. 2009-05-04
Artificial insemination (AI) is a valuable tool for overcoming behavioural
issues and allowing the dissemination of genetic material. AI has been
successfully implemented in cheetahs using a laparoscopic technique
whereby two small incisions are made in the abdomen and the sperm is
then injected into the uterine horns. This is considered minor surgery
and some time is required for the incisions to heal post-insemination.
However, recent advancements in AI technique and equipment in small
animals (canids and felids) bring about the possibility of obtaining
success using a non-surgical approach: transcervical insemination. With
this technique, a semi-rigid catheter is guided through the cervix using an
endoscope and the sperm is deposited directly into the uterus. No
incisions or healing time are required. This will decrease the amount of
time required to perform the insemination and, therefore, also decrease
the amount of anaesthesia being used on the female. This is a novel
approach in large non-domestic cats and a valuable, stress-reducing
modification to the AI technique. For both techniques, sperm collection
from the males is done using standard electroejaculation protocols for
large cats.
CYTOGENETICS - Cytogenetic Evaluation of Captive and Free-Ranging Non-Domestic Animals (G.
Mastromonaco, S. Hayden) REF NO. 2009-03-01
Screening for chromosome abnormalities is an important prerequisite for all animal breeding strategies as
they play a role in reduced fertility. Compromised reproductive performance is due to the production of
chromosomally unbalanced sperm and oocytes, which lead to the death of the embryos and/or fetuses at
early stages of development. In 2004, we reported a chromosome translocation in a female gaur at
Toronto Zoo. Characterization of the translocation indicated that it was an inherited chromosome
rearrangement, suggesting that other gaur in the captive population must be carriers of this abnormality.
Identification of carrier individuals ensures proper breeding management by reducing the perpetuation of
chromosome defects in the population and, thereby, reducing the occurrence of embryonic and fetal
losses. This allows a more effective use of the short reproductive lifespan of genetically valuable
individuals. Selection of normal donor animals for long-term banking of their genetic material is crucial to
the successful production of future embryos and offspring.
FISHES - Establishment and Characterization of Cell Culture from Freshwater Fishes (G.
Mastromonaco, C. Lee, M. Filice, K. Greenham) REF. NO. 2011-05-02
th
In November 2010 at the 4 International Seahorse Husbandry Symposium held at Chester Zoo, Chester
England, the IUCN's Freshwater Fishes Specialty Group announced the development of a regional cell
culture bank of native endangered fishes as a priority endeavour in response to the global decline of
freshwater and marine fishes. The mandate is to systematically bank genetic material in the form of
gametes, embryos, cells and DNA from as many species as possible around the globe. Although
cryopreservation of gametes and embryos is the most beneficial resource for future fish population
management, reproductive cells can be difficult to handle and cryopreserve. Complex species-specific
protocols are required to optimize post-thaw survival. An equally important source of genetic material is
found in somatic cells. These cells are easily acquired and, being more robust, survive the freeze-thaw
process with greater success. Studies in mammals have shown that culture characteristics are influenced
by culture establishment techniques; however there is very little information in published literature for
fishes. An understanding of cell culture parameters is necessary in fishes so that the production of healthy
cell lines can be ensured. The goals of this study are to evaluate tissue storage and processing
techniques on the viability, longevity and normality of fish cell cultures. This will provide us with the
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
67
information required to establish adequate protocols for initiating a genome resource bank for endangered
freshwater fishes.
LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE – Investigation of key physiological measures to evaluate loggerhead
shrike success in captivity (T. Luloff, G. Mastromonaco, G. Burness)
The loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) is currently classified as nationally endangered and ongoing
threats from habitat loss and other human-related pressures have resulted in a drastic decline in the
number of breeding pairs remaining in southern Ontario. The captive environment presents its own
challenges. Factors affecting reproductive output in captive animals include behavioural incompatibility,
suboptimal environmental conditions, general health status, and genetic make-up. Studies have shown
that chronic stress resulting from prolonged exposure to negative stimuli has a significant impact on
reproductive potential. Data from the different captive loggerhead shrike populations indicate that
breeding outcomes vary significantly with some sites having better success than the others. The
underlying factors for these differences are not known and, thus, modifications to improve offspring
production and survival cannot be made. Hormone analyses can be used to determine changes in
homeostasis in response to environmental stress, disease, and genetic factors. Chronic increases in
stress hormones are known to suppress reproductive hormone levels, as well as influence metabolism
and immune function. The goals of this study are: to evaluate reproductive and stress hormone levels in
feces and feathers from loggerhead shrikes in various southern Ontario captive breeding sites in an
attempt to understand the underlying factors influencing reproductive success among breeding pairs in
the different captive populations and ii) to evaluate triglyceride and antibody levels in serum to determine
downstream effects of potential stress. This study will provide valuable information to enhance
loggerhead shrike captive breeding programs.
POLAR BEAR - Non-invasive Reproductive Monitoring and Pregnancy Diagnosis in the Polar Bear
(T. Roth, M. Stoops) REF No. 2010-03-03
Zoos are strategically breeding polar bears in efforts to
develop a self-sustaining, captive population, and to
educate visitors about global warming and wildlife
conservation.
Unfortunately, high neonatal
mortality and poor reproductive success overall in
captive bears threaten the genetic health and
long-term viability of this species in zoos.
Furthermore, population management by the
SSP is particularly challenging because of the
pronounced seasonality of this species and
associated timing of breeding and cubbing
seasons. In a previous study, the use of fecal
hormone metabolite monitoring for characterizing
reproductive function in female bears was developed and
validated. The first goal of this research is to expand on
previous work by adding male bears to the study. Because so few bears have given birth over the last
two years, the database of pregnant bear hormone profiles is quite small. Continuous monitoring of bears
in breeding situations will hopefully add data to the database in an attempt to achieve levels of statistical
significance. This information hopefully will identify a means of distinguishing pregnancy from pseudopregnancy, so that zoos prepare accordingly for cubs or the next breeding season in a more timely
fashion. The second goal is to begin monitoring male bears for testosterone concentrations throughout
the year. This information is important to characterize the natural reproductive seasonality of males, to
help determine if peak reproductive function in males is synchronized with the females estrus and mating
behaviours, and provide some preliminary data on the potential effects of latitude and climate differences
on male polar bear reproductive function. The latter could have implications for the impact of climate
change on this species.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
68
REPTILE EMBRYO STUDY (Dr. J. Richman) REF NO. 2006-09-03
Presently, two types of reptiles are used to address questions about 1) molecular basis for tooth
replacement and attachment and 2) early cues that define the position and shapes of the jaw bones. In
studying the first question, snake embryos are used because they form several generations of teeth and
in one specimen early, middle and late developing teeth can be seen. Snakes were also selected
because the tooth roots are naturally fused to the bone. The relationship of the snake tooth studies to
human disease is very close. There are many conditions that affect the numbers of teeth in humans,
indeed extra or missing teeth are relatively common. Embryos will be collected from fertilized eggs of
several reptile species, and their tissues collected and cultured in the laboratory.
The second research question uses the turtle to analyze the earliest cues setting up the pattern of the jaw
bones. Human craniofacial abnormalities such as jaw size discrepancies and clefting are also common
but the causes are not well understood. Important differences in the jaws of mammals, birds and reptiles
will be studied. Through recombining tissues between different species and then culturing them to allow
development to proceed, it will be possible to determine whether there are differences or similarities in
gene networks that lead to distinct bone patterns such as fused and nonfused palates. These studies will
be some of the first information on the snake and turtle embryonic facial development and will significantly
increase our understanding of how human jaws and teeth evolved.
VANCOUVER ISLAND MARMOTS - Developing Assisted Reproduction Techniques in the
Vancouver Island Marmot (L. Graham, M. McAdie,) REF No. 2010-05-02
The Vancouver Island marmot is one of the most endangered mammalian species in the world. The
remaining population of marmots is now under intense reproductive management to maintain genetic
diversity of the captive population and to use the captive population to help increase wild populations to
sustainable levels. The overall goal of the proposed study is to develop assisted reproduction techniques
as one method of solving these reproductive issues. Sperm assessment can be used to diagnose fertility
problems in male marmots. Ovarian stimulation techniques can maximize the chances of genetically
valuable females breeding successfully with unfamiliar males in order to meet the genetic management
goals of the recovery program. Assisted reproduction techniques such as artificial insemination could help
avoid breaking established social ties between bonded pairs, increasing individual animals' welfare; and
semen cryopreservation would allow the fast-tracking of the re-introduction of genetically valuable males to
the wild population without the worry of losing their genes from the captive population. The animals to be
used in this study are assigned by the Vancouver Island Recovery Team and Captive Management Group
based on the needs of the Vancouver Island Recovery Program.
VANCOUVER ISLAND MARMOT – Sperm Collection in the Vancouver Island Marmot (L. Graham,
G. Mastromonaco, D. Whiteside, S. Hayden, M. Franke) REF NO. 2009-03-03
Currently, the remaining population of Vancouver Island marmots is under intense reproductive
management to increase wild populations to sustainable levels. While the captive breeding/release
program has been very successful, the development of methods for diagnosing fertility problems could
greatly improve the efficient management of breeding pairs. Furthermore, the development of assisted
reproductive techniques, such as artificial insemination, could help overcome some of the current
problems with uneven breeding success among individuals in the captive population. This study
represents one of the initial stages of a larger research program aimed at developing assisted
reproduction techniques for the Vancouver Island marmot. An important step in evaluating male fertility
and developing artificial insemination techniques is the development of standard semen collection and
evaluation protocols. Although semen can often be collected with an artificial vagina in many
domesticated species, the most commonly used technique for semen collection in non-tractable wild
species is electroejaculation. Samples collected using this method will provide information on sperm
characteristics and fertility parameters in captive marmots.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
69
VEILED CHAMELEON - Manipulation of the reproductive cycle in veiled chameleons (G.
Mastromonaco, R. Pimm, B. Johnson, A. Lentini) REF No. 2011-05-04
Captive female reptiles are
prone to the potential loss
of body condition resulting
from
the
continuous
production of eggs, or loss
of reproductive function
due to pre- or postovulatory egg retention.
There is great interest at
this time in developing a
reversible contraceptive to
prevent loss of ovarian resources and body condition and to maintain reproductive function in valuable
females. The goals of this study are to evaluate the effects of readily available contraceptives on
reproductive hormone levels in female reptiles in an attempt to block egg production. Veiled chameleons
(Chamaeleo calyptratus) will be used due to their size and ease of maintenance, but also because of our
previous work characterizing the reproductive cycles of normal and egg-bound females. Contraceptive
treatments will be initiated immediately following egg laying, at the start of the reproductive cycle. Fecal
samples will be collected daily and assessed for fecal estrogen, progesterone and testosterone
metabolites by enzyme immunoassay (previously validated for this species) for 2 cycles (~8 months).
Changes in hormone levels, skin color patterns, behavior, and numbers of eggs laid will be compared
among the treatment groups. This research will provide valuable information for the development of
contraceptive protocols to assist with the management of captive reptile populations.
WOOD BISON - Assisted Reproductive Technologies as a Method of Embryo Production (G.
Mastromonaco, A. King, P. Mackie, M. Franke, G. Crawshaw, Bison Reproduction Research Group
[BRRG]) REF NO. 2008-02-01
Wood bison are currently listed as threatened and the conservation of the remaining free-ranging
populations is at risk due to the ongoing presence of disease (tuberculosis, brucellosis). Reproductive
biotechnologies may be the best way to preserve the germplasm of the remaining individuals and develop
methods to produce non-infected offspring. Although related to domestic cattle, species-specific
differences in bison reproduction have limited the success of reproductive techniques. The first major
objective of the study is to examine basic mechanisms that are involved in embryo development. In vitro
produced domestic bison embryos are used to investigate cellular parameters that provide us with
valuable information to further our understanding of some of the problems related to embryo growth in
vitro. The second major objective of the study is to assist the BRRG with the development of appropriate
techniques for embryo production in bison, including ovarian synchronization, superovulation, artificial
insemination and embryo transfer. The Toronto Zoo bison are an ideal group of study animals due to the
free-ranging nature of their management. Their response to the treatments will more closely represent
that of the animals in the wild. Differences in stress levels and other factors that affect reproductive
function in these animals, compared to domesticated animals, may greatly influence the outcome of the
applied techniques. These data will ultimately be beneficial in understanding why in vitro embryo
production techniques have not been overly successful in a variety of bovid species.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
70
3.5 Nutrition Research
AN EVALUATION OF BROWSE SILAGE PRODUCTION AS A FEED COMPONENT FOR ZOO
HERBIVORES. (T. Lachance, J. Wensvoort and J. Atkinson).
This study was part of a M.Sc. study by thesis through the University of Guelph and has been completed
in 2011. The MSc degree by thesis was successfully defended in 2012.
Browse is the collective term for edible leaves, twigs, bark, buds and flowers from trees and shrubs. The
availability of browse is for many zoo animals an essential daily requirement for nutrition and welfare and
there is a strong demand for browse at Toronto Zoo.
Scientific studies have indicated that browse provides unique nourishment and is essential for the
animal's well-being. Zoo-animals that are genetically predisposed to consume browse and are provided
significant amounts of it every day generally have better health, increased welfare and increased
longevity. Common nutrients and also very specific compounds are provided by browse. Along with this
supply comes the variable morphology of branches, volume and generally a low nutritional density typing
browse as a "Slow Food" important to provide essential psychological stimulation for captive animals. For
example: Recent research findings at Toronto Zoo (Gorilla behaviour/nutrition study 2010) indicate
significantly reduced negative behaviour (i.e. Regurgitation and Re-ingestion of food), more time spent
foraging and digesting by captive Gorillas when browse supply was increased daily.
At Toronto Zoo, the plant species suitable to be used as browse have already been identified and fresh
browse is normally supplied from pruning in pavilions, greenhouses and open areas throughout the Zoo
site; however, especially in the winter season the amount supplied is not enough. For this reason a
research project has started to better provide preserved browse in the winter. Nutritional comparisons of
browse silage and bark, packing browse silage partly-mechanical instead of manual and evaluations of
browse harvesting were done. Besides the fresh browse, trees provided major amounts (approximately
20 truckloads per year) of branches (2-1/2 " thick) which are being used throughout the zoo as nutriment
and enrichment. These branches are debarked by the animals and are very much preferred.
In order to better fulfill the large demand for browse during the summer, new sites dedicated for fresh
browse supply had to be established inside the TZ perimeter fence and close to animal enclosures. The
collection and packing for preservation of browse (i.e. browse silage for use in the winter) can be done
farther away from enclosures because it is done with the mobile browse press.
Dedicated browse silage plantation
Collection and packing of browse silage has to be done efficiently as cost of labour is high. To secure
efficiency, plantations have to be relatively close by, large and easily accessible with an efficient lay-out.
These plantations require being limited to plants species already known to be acceptable to Zoo animals
in general and having a high resilience against regular pruning. Before planting the soil needs to be
prepared and tested, for residual herbicides. Planting should be in rows and spaced to allow efficient
harvest. Advice has been obtained from a forestry specialist from the NRCan/Canadian Forest Service.
Toronto Zoo has established one of such plantations (10.000 trees) in 2011, located just 10 minutes north
of the Toronto Zoo on land arranged in cooperation with the Toronto Regional Conservation Authority
(TRCA) and the Rouge Park (RP) and with help from NRCan/Canadian Forest Service and our
community partners.
This project has been presented on the biannual 2011 Nutrition Advisory Group (NAG) conference in
Kansas City, MO, USA and on the 2012 CAZA conference in Toronto, ON, Canada.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
71
FORMULATION OF A NEW FEEDER CRICKET DIET AND DEVELOPMENT OF FEEDING
PROCEDURES FOR FEEDER CRICKETS AT THE TORONTO ZOO (L. Attard, J. Wensvoort, J.
Atkinson) REF No. 2005-10-01
The purpose of this study is to formulate a Toronto Zoo feeder cricket diet and to evaluate this diet to be
used as a gut loading agent to provide improved and more balanced nutrition for reptiles and amphibians
at the Toronto Zoo. This study is part of a M.Sc. study by thesis through the University of Guelph and
experimentation is planned to be completed in 2012.
The first part involved the development of a new diet to feed to the crickets and for use as a dusting
powder to improve the nutritive quality of the crickets. The second part of the study involves the
examination of different cricket feeding strategies in order to determine which one provides the most
nutritious crickets. This strategy will then evolve into a new feeding protocol which will be implemented
throughout the Zoo in order to improve the nutritive quality of crickets as they are fed to the collection.
This project has been presented on the biannual 2011 Nutrition Advisory Group (NAG) conference in
Kansas City, MO, USA and a MSc thesis is in preparation.
FUTURE RESEARCH INTO THE NUTRITION OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES (J. Wensvoort, B.
Johnson, A. Lentini, G. Crawshaw, L. Attard, T. Mason)
Strategies are currently worked out in cooperation with curators and veterinarians for further
investigations in the next 10 years. These will include the dynamics of nutrients in feeder insects, the
comparison of the nutritional values of a variety of feeder insects, the validation of a new cricket gut
loading diet and investigations into the diets for tadpoles. It is currently considered as a Nutrition Intern or
a Veterinary Resident project.
PILOT STUDY: PALATABILITY STUDY WITH SURPLUS INVERTEBRATES. (E. Lee, T. Mason and J.
Wensvoort)
Insectivorous/omnivorous animals in their native environments will generally consume a wide range of
insect species. In captivity such animals may not have the options to express these natural feeding
behaviours which support a balanced diet and ensure that nutritional deficiencies do not develop.
A pilot study was carried out during the summer of 2011 in which several different surplus invertebrate
species were fed to several insectivorous/omnivorous species. Observations were made and documented
to establish the palatability of the invertebrate species.
Several successful prey and predator pairings have been identified. The collected data also indicate that
palatable prey species can induce increased physical and mental activities in the form of predatory
behaviours and learning.
There is a lot of scope in this project, including the dynamics of nutrients in feeder insects, the
comparison of the nutritional values of a variety of feeder insects, comparisons of native diets with
(captive) zoo diets, dynamics of nutritional behaviours and investigations into the diets for many species
On a larger scale this project has the potential to expand and encompass various fields in conservation,
natural resource management and environmental impact measurement.
GORILLA BEHAVIOUR AND NUTRITION STUDY (J. Wensvoort, E. Di Nuzzo, Allison Von Slack and E.
Hoellein-Less)
The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effect of a diet change on unnatural Regurgitation and Reingestion of Food (R/R) behaviour. There were two parts to the study. The first part of the study began
with observations taken on exhibit starting April 16th for a period of 32 days. During this time the gorillas
were on a diet of vegetables, fruit, gorilla chow/biscuits, gels, flax meal, tofu, browse/silage, hay, and
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
72
enrichment food including popcorn and cranberries. After this observation period ended, the gorillas were
slowly transitioned onto a new diet consisting of vegetables, flax meal, tofu, unlimited fresh browse and
enrichment food including almonds, sunflower seeds, and mixed shelled nuts. The second observation
period began September 13th for a period of 14 days. The main
differences in the two diets consisted of the absence of fruit and the
addition of unlimited browse to the second diet. All gorillas received
the new diet with the exception of Ngozi (nursing mother) and Nassir
(infant) who received breakfast and dinner rations of gorilla chow and
gel in addition to the new diet.
This study has been a great success because it has been found that
by giving the gorillas more browse they have decreased the abnormal
behaviour of R/R dramatically. In addition, foraging and feeding times
seem to be increased and the gorillas may be moving towards a
healthier lifestyle. By providing a variety of browse to the gorillas, they
are occupied for longer periods of time and have a more natural
method for foraging and eating. Quantity and variety of browse appear
to both be important factors to consider when providing a suitable
browse diet. As such, it is recommended that old browse be left on
exhibit until consumed as dried browse offers further variety to the
gorillas who seem to enjoy the differences provided by the dried
leaves. Also, a small supply of fruit does not seem to affect the gorillas overall well-being negatively as
they have been enjoying the apples from the apple browse during the study. Throughout the entire study,
only one bout of repeated R/R could be linked to apple consumption. Overall, the gorillas showed positive
outcomes during this study with a decrease in abnormal behaviour, an increase in foraging and feeding
activity, and an overall weight loss to improve health. A paper is in preparation.
CAPTIVE STUIDIES TO IMPROVE DIET ESTIMATES AND BIOENERGETIC MODELLING OF POLAR
BEARS IN THE WILD (G. Thiemann and B. Laforest of York University, I. Duncan of Guelph University,
G. Crawshaw, J. Young, E. Di Nuzzo and J. Wensvoort of Toronto Zoo, C. Robbins of Washington State
University, Peter Molnar of Princeton University, K. Rode of US Fish and Wildlife Service, S. Cherry of
Parks Canada.)
Sea ice habitat in many parts of the Arctic is changing rapidly through the effects of climate change. Many
species depend on the predictable availability of sea ice for such key natural processes as feeding,
migration and reproduction. One species which depends heavily on the sea ice for all three of these
processes is the polar bear. The ongoing reduction of sea ice habitat has led to predictions that the
foraging patterns and energy budgets of polar bears will shift accordingly, given the reduced hunting time
and altered prey availability associated with decreased ice cover. A deeper understanding of these
foraging shifts, and their consequences for polar bear energy budgets, will allow scientists to better predict
the effects of climate change on polar bear populations and give managers and policy makers the ability to
make more informed management decisions. An understanding of polar bear nutritional physiology is
critical for wild polar bear conservation, and can only be obtained through studies of captive polar bears.
By carefully observing and quantifying the amount of food the polar bears consume, and through a
detailed observation of their energy allocation to maintenance, movement and growth, an energy budget
can be created. The proposed study will validate and improve two widely employed techniques for
estimating the diets of free-ranging predators: stable isotope analysis and fatty acid signature analysis.
The polar bears in this study will be fed a controlled, nutritionally complete, highly palatable diet over a
time period sufficient to allow their bodily tissues to incorporate the components of the diet in a predictable
fashion. In coordination with the Toronto Zoo veterinary staff, and in correspondence with periods when
the bears are scheduled to be immobilized, small samples of blood, fat, fur and claw will be collected in a
way to minimize any pain or disturbance to the animal. These samples will then be analyzed to determine
how dietary components are integrated into the polar bears’ tissues. These data will then be used to
develop improved models for estimating the diets of polar bears in the wild. The results of this study will
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
73
provide critical insights into the ecological impacts of ongoing and future environmental change on polar
bears.
Within the framework of the above the following research projects were established at Toronto Zoo where
implementation was possible.
- A study of energy intake, growth and activity in a captive polar bear cub.
The ‘orphaned’ polar bear cub, Hudson, provided a unique opportunity to study food (energy) intake,
growth rate and activity in a growing polar bear. His daily food intake was regimented and intake and
growth were measured and documented from 16 weeks of age until 1 year. During the summer of 2012
ethograms were made during a period of 6 weeks and local weather data were documented. These data
will be combined and evaluated.
-Stable isotope and fatty acid signature validations.
Samples from a female polar bear (Aurora) were opportunistically obtained. Her "zoo diet" will be
homogenized for sampling.
Two male polar bears (Inukshuk and Ganuk) currently stationed at the Cochrane Polar Bear habitat will
be fed a mimicked wild diet (Meat bone and blubber) from sustainably harvested harp Seal (Pagophilus
groenlandicus) or Ring Seal (Pusa hispidia) for a period of 8 -12 weeks. The diet will be homogenized
and sampled. The bears will be immobilized and sampled after the feeding period.
These samples will be analysed for stable isotopes (carbon
and the results will be used for validation.
13
C and nitrogen
15
N) and fatty acid profile
-Validation of a body composition model as prepared by Molnar et al, 2009.
Whenever the opportunity arises the body mass and the recumbent body length of polar bears will be
measured and documented to validate Molnar's model.
Potential additional projects are:
-Calibration of photographic techniques for measuring body length to relate to recumbent body length.
-Collaboration in testing new Collar hardware.
-Body mass changes and appetite patterns in relation to season and psychological status.
-Development of Fecal Near Infra-Red Scans (FNIRS) related to diet.
MASS PRODUCING NATIVE INSECTS FOR THE PANAMA FROG RESCUE PROGRAM
(T. Mason, L. Perrotti of Roger Williams Park Zoo, Rhode Island)
For several years Toronto Zoo has helped with the Panama Frog Rescue Program run by Houston Zoo.
This has involved financial and active aid directly involved with the frogs. In 2007, Lou Perrotti, Manager
of Conservation Projects at Roger Williams Park Zoo in Rhode Island found out that EVACC, the El Valle
Amphibian Conservation Center in Panama was having to collect insects from the wild to feed the 500 +
frogs in their collection. He was asked to develop a system whereby native Panamanian insects could be
mass reared to be used as food for the frogs. This would reduce the time taken in procuring the food,
provide more consistent food for the frogs and reduce the impact on the insect populations in the wild. In
2008, Lou asked Tom Mason to join him in the program. In two trips to El Valle, the facility has been
successful in developing methods of producing 4 species of katydids and taught staff at EVACC how to
collect insect species such as termites in an efficient manner. Other invertebrates such as springtails and
sow bugs have also been cultured. It is hoped that the systems developed will aid in the maintenance
and conservation of the frogs and that what is learned can be transferred to similar conservation
programs around the world.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
74
POLAR BEAR ENERGETICS STUDY – Captive Studies to Improve Diet Estimates and
Bioenergetics Modeling of Polar Bears in the Wild (G. Thiemann)
The proposed study will validate and improve two widely employed techniques for estimating the diets of
free-ranging predators: stable isotope analysis and fatty acid signature analysis. The polar bears in this
study will be fed a controlled, nutritionally complete, highly palatable diet over a time period sufficient to
allow their tissues to incorporate the components of the diet in a predictable fashion.
In coordination with the Toronto Zoo veterinary staff, and in correspondence with periods when the bears
are scheduled to be immobilized, small samples of blood, fat, fur and claw will be collected in a way to
minimize any pain or disturbance to the animal. These samples will then be analyzed to determine how
dietary components are integrated into the polar bears’ tissues. These data will then be used to develop
improved models for estimating the diets of polar bears in the wild. By carefully observing and quantifying
the amount of food the polar bears consume, and through a detailed observation of their energy allocation
to maintenance, movement and growth, an energy budget will be created. At this time the Zoo’s bears will
not be immobilized for this study alone, although this may be requested subsequently if there is no
opportunity for sample collection. Attempts will be made to train animals for these procedures.
The results of this study will provide critical insights into the ecological impacts of ongoing and future
environmental change on polar bears.
3.6 Behaviour Research
CHEETAHS - Cheetahs in Captivity: Behaviour, Husbandry, Biomechanics and Genetics (T. Quirke)
REF No. 2010-03-02
The project focuses mainly on the behaviour of captive cheetahs in relation to husbandry practices, as
well as other variables in captivity in which cheetahs may be reacting behaviourally, e.g. visitors. The
main goal of the research is to determine what factors cause observed cheetah behaviour in captivity.
This information can then be used to understand the effect of captivity on cheetah behaviour, as well as
possibly resulting in changes to husbandry practices in order to improve the behavioural diversity seen in
captivity, while also decreasing the incidence of abnormal behaviours.
EFFECT OF VISITORS ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF ZOO ANIMALS (Dr. S. MacDonald)
The behavior of many species may be affected, both positively and negatively, by the presence of
visitors. The number of visitors, traffic patterns, and noise may all have an impact
on activity levels, social behavior, and overall health of the animals. This
summer, the behavior of the Sumatran and Siberian tigers, as well as
mandrills, will be assessed with the behavior of zoo visitors to those exhibit
areas.
ORANGUTANS - Behavioural Assessment
(Dr. S. MacDonald, H. Marsh, L. Adams, S. Ritvo)
The effects and documentation of effective enrichment techniques,
including finger-painting, spatial foraging tasks, and computer touch-screen
games will be recorded. The purpose of these tasks is to keep the
orangutans mentally stimulated and occupied while ‘off exhibit’ in the holding
area. All of the orangutans, including the juveniles, participate enthusiastically in
the various ‘games’.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
75
POLAR BEARS - Ongoing behavioural assessment (Dr. S. MacDonald, K, Kelly, M. Franke)
Behavioral observations have been done on a regular basis since 2009 to assess how the bears have
adapted to their new exhibit, and to each other. Activity levels (including mating behaviors, relative
frequency of play and stereotypical behaviors such as pacing) are assessed.
POLAR BEARS – Olfactory Communication in Polar Bears - Implications for Conservation in the
Face of Increasing Habitat Fragmentation (M. Owen, R. Swaisgood) REF No. 2010-03-01
Polar bears are largely solitary and breed seasonally. As such,
the need to find appropriate mates at the right time is dependent
upon effective, and long-range, social communication. Intraspecific communication in the polar bear is not well understood.
Theoretically, polar bears should rely on olfactory signals,
especially during the early phases of estrus to locate appropriate
mates. The goal of this research is to determine whether
chemical communication may be an important part of intraspecific communication for the polar bear. Scent discrimination
tests will be performed on captive adult polar bears and to test
the differential responsiveness to male versus female pedal scents, as well as estrus versus non-estrus
females. This study utilizes pedal swabs that have been collected from wild bears on Alaska’s North
Slope. Samples will be presented to captive bears at a variety of N. American zoos. Bears will have
olfactory access only to the scents and gustatory or tactile access will be precluded during scent
presentation. Scents will be presented to subject bears in a plexi-glass “sandwich.” Data collection
during scent presentation trials will follow methods developed and used in previous studies with polar
bears and giant pandas. All scent presentations will be videotaped and behavioural responses will be
decoded.
Polar Bear Provincial Park –Toronto Zoo ESRF supports studies on polar bear health, status and
determines the effects of global change on Polar Bear populations in the region.
SUMATRAN AND SIBERIAN TIGERS, CLOUDED AND SNOW LEOPARDS - Scent as an Enrichment
Tool in Felines (Dr. S. MacDonald)
The objective of this study is to examine the use of
scents, such as perfume, as enrichment devices.
Scents will be placed throughout the animals’ exhibit,
and the behaviour of the felines will be recorded to
determine which scents provide the most positive
stimulation.
VANCOUVER ISLAND MARMOTS - Maternal care
and pup development study (Dr. S. MacDonald,
Jean-Francois Nankoo, M. Franke)
Maternal behavior toward altricial young is an
important predictor of the pup’s resistance to stress in
later life. Maternal behavior has not been studied in
Vancouver Island marmots, Canada’s most endangered
mammal, and thus we know little about what types of behaviors occur, and whether there are individual
differences between marmot mothers in maternal care. In this study, 24-hour videotapes of the first
seven days post-parturition will be studied for four pairs of marmots. Maternal and paternal behavior will
be examined, including amount and frequency of pup care (grooming, licking, nursing), number and
duration
of
nest
leaves
by
the
mother,
and
parental
interactions.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
76
The Toronto Zoo is
about much more than
just animals! You may
be surprised to know
that the Zoo's plant
collection is even more
extensive than its
animal collection. The
programs developed in
the Horticulture Unit
include conservation
studies of endangered
plants and habitats and
an international seed
exchange. They are also
involved in restoration
ecology, wetland and
meadow creation, and
forest recovery projects
that occur on and off
site
4. HORTICULTURE INITIATIVES
4.1 Horticulture Centre
Horticulture’s heavy equipment operation is a
vital link to other units on site who depend on our
trained drivers and vehicles to regularly assist
them in providing continuous uninterrupted
service to the visiting public.
All staff undertakes tropical plant maintenance in
the Zoo’s five pavilions.
With limited light
sources and plant material that is continuously
stressed by indoor living, these enclosed
environments provide a special challenge.
Constant refreshing of distressed specimens is
an ongoing activity. In the pavilions insect pests
tend to multiply exponentially if given the
opportunity. Horticulture staffs are well versed in
biocontrol agents to curb their numbers. No
harsh chemicals are used in pavilions or on site
to control insect pests because of the potential threat to zoo animals and the fragile ecology of the Rouge
Valley. This poses a perpetual pest control challenge for supervisors and staff of the Horticulture branch.
A functional greenhouse is also maintained behind the scenes and serves as a plant hospital for the
restoration of exhibit-worn plants, plant propagation and production, a base of operations for overwintering, and a repository for vital stock plants that are continuously drawn upon for additional greenery
in the pavilions.
Horticulture’s heavy equipment and operators are also instrumental in the collection of various materials
on site. Organic waste, including animal manures and food waste from administrative facilities, is
regularly collected and taken to Toronto Zoo’s functional compost facility. From here, processed
(composted) organic material is reintroduced as top dressing for lawns and as an organic supplement for
flower and shrub beds.
Materials collection also includes the disposal of inorganic material as well. Disposable waste is regularly
taken to the transfer site, and contracted removal of recyclable waste takes place on a regular basis.
Hazardous waste removal is also arranged through a licensed contractor. New recycling programs
implemented this past year, include batteries, ink and laser printer cartridges and digital cameras.
In winter the heavy equipment is outfitted with an assortment of snow removal equipment to maintain the
site both for winter visitors and the keepers who must tend to the animals 365 days a year.
Salting/sanding the roads, ploughing, and ice-melting pedestrian pathways all become the responsibility
of Horticulture staff at this time of year. When spring arrives, a street sweeper and heavy equipment
sweeper attachment clear the roads of winter granular.
Several staff is members of the Association of Zoological Horticulture (AZH). AZH is an organization that
encourages horticulture staff from all over the world to communicate and share their ideas, successes
and failures when dealing with exhibits in a Zoo setting. The association offers courses that the staff can
take to further their knowledge of browse material, and exhibit design.
willow, raspberries, and popular. Landscaping completed at the Penguin Project in 2010 included
material that could be browsed for animals in the surrounding area.
AFRICAN RAINFOREST PAVILION
The African Rainforest Pavilion was renovated with a collection of plants native to Africa. The staff
contributed to the success of the newly renovated area, and continues to add more plants to enhance the
animal exhibits and planting beds surrounding them.
4.3 Natural Areas Management
WATERWAY
In 2009 a Waterway Committee was formed and consists
of Curatorial, Horticulture and Facilities and Services staff.
The committee will sit 4-5 times per year and will report to
the CEO. The committee builds upon over 20 years of
knowledge from a dedicated group of veteran staff, and will
work towards implementing recommendations from past
studies to improve water quality and wildlife value.
The artificial waterway has a history of chronic problems
associated with storm water runoff, nitrogen loading, and
algal blooms notably during the summer heat.
The
waterway is a partially closed loop system with pumps at
the terminus that send water flow back to a waterfall at the
system head. Some runoff at the terminus is held in a pond
at the south end of the Zoo. The system is approximately
2km long and extends throughout the tablelands of the site.
A Waterway Study was initiated at the end of 2004. After
careful investigation and discussion with the Zoo,
Harrington and Hoyle Ltd. landscape architects proposed
man-made structures such as fencing to restrict movement of waterfowl, as well as
dredging and wetland construction. Some recommendations from the study were implemented, and
many were not. Horticulture staff restricts the use of waterway water for irrigation, particularly on turf
areas accessible by the public. This study will continue to be used to plan future improvements to the
waterway.
Due to the size and nature of this project, as well as the Zoo’s high environmental expectations, we
anticipate waterway improvements to be ongoing for a number of years.
EDUCATION PORTABLE LANDSCAPE NATURALIZATION
Horticulture staff, the Adopt-A-Pond Wetland Conservation Program, the Education branch, and GEZT
members collaborated on an exciting new outdoor exhibit behind
the Discovery Zone, next to the Education Portable. This
area was transformed into a celebration of local, native plant
species, and into habitat for native animal species like toads,
frogs, butterflies, birds, and insects of all kinds. The display is
large and includes a “Carolinian” section, a boreal section,
and a temperate deciduous zone section. Some species of
plants were purchased, but many were salvaged from other
construction projects and development on the Zoo site. Notably,
2 hop trees (Ptelea trifoliata) were found by Horticulture staff and transplanted in the emerging gardens.
Hop trees are a rare tree species in Ontario, maybe only 600-800 individuals total, and are a member of
Rutaceae, known as the Citrus family. The 2 individuals found and planted in the “garden” may well
represent the most northern extent of the species range. In addition, we will be building a small wetland
and restoring the riparian edge of the waterway to accommodate the colonization of native insects, frogs
and birds.
AMERICAS PICNIC AREA LANDSCAPE NATURALIZATION
As part of the North Zoo Site Redevelopment project – Phase I Tundra Trek, Horticulture staff restored a
0.6Ha parcel of forest and designed a unique picnic site for Zoo visitors. The site was cleared of invasive
species, including an infestation of dog-strangling vine and replanted with our own native plants grown in
the greenhouses and other native plants from local providers. Picnic tables and a limestone/mulch
pathway allow visitors to eat their lunch or just have a break in a relatively secluded wooded grove! The
site is now a demonstration piece for visitors on the natural ecosystems we have in Ontario.
4.4 Invasive Species Management Program
Currently, Toronto Zoo is monitoring and actively managing several invasive species threatening the
Great Lakes and the Rouge Valley, including:
CANADA GOOSE (Branta canadensis)
A large population of Canada Goose remains on Zoo grounds throughout the year and causes
detrimental eutrophication in our waterways. Goose feces is either directly deposited into waterways or it
leaches in via rain and run-off. The Toronto Zoo is currently managing the growing population by
removing all goose eggs on site. Several techniques have also been used to eliminate or decrease the
goose population have been attempted, including:
•
•
•
A laser gun: a concentrated red laser beam projected towards the geese, aimed to intimidate the
birds; a non-invasive deterrent
Egg-oiling: In the spring, all nests are located and eggs are oiled. This method has substantially
decreased the number of goslings on-site
Horticulture staff and volunteers planted trees and shrubs along the waterway to reduce the
movement of geese from the waterway to the pathways during moulting season. Since Canada
geese prefer open grassy areas, the number of geese can be reduced on site by creating natural
areas with meadows and forests.
GARLIC MUSTARD (Alliaria petiolata)
What is it?
• An invasive species; the UN has proclaimed invasive alien species as the second
leading threat to biodiversity globally.
• Garlic mustard is a member of the mustard family and originates from Europe
and parts of Asia and Africa
• The biennial plant was introduced to North America in the 1860s
where it was used for culinary and medicinal purposes.
What's the big deal?
• Garlic mustard, when established, has the ability to greatly alter the
soil composition, killing off mycorrhizal fungi communities that are
necessary for native plant growth and success (this plant displaces and
strangles native vegetation and tree saplings).
What is being done at the Toronto Zoo?
The Toronto Zoo in partnership with several universities is conducting studies
on site to quantify mechanical and biological removal applications for DSV.
These studies will hopefully give insight into better management
methodology of DSV in the Toronto Zoo site and surrounding areas. DSV
samples are currently collected from the Toronto Zoo and Highland Creek
(University of Toronto Scarborough) to be used in research. In some
situations pesticides must be used to buffer our native plant and woodland
areas from the threat of DSV monocultures.
ZOO PLOT
The plots at the zoo were set up to
compare different methods of suppressing
or controlling the growth of the Dog
Strangling Vine (DSV), an invasive plant
species. Two methods of suppression are
being compared, one using mulch and the
other using both mulch and plastic placed
on the ground. In order to compare the
effectiveness of these conditions at
suppressing DSV growth, the number of
DSV plants growing in each condition is
being counted and the heights of the DSV
plants are being recorded. In addition, the
state (healthy, damaged) of the DSV
plants is also being noted. Furthermore,
the plants growing in the plots with DSV
are being identified to see which plant
species are able to coexist or compete
with DSV. These two experimental plots
are then compared to a control plot, where
the DSV is growing normally with no mulch or plastic to see if the experimental conditions are actually
effective in controlling the growth of DSV. The results from these plots can contribute to the design of an
effective method to control the growth of the invasive DSV.
.
.
An objective of the 21st
century zoo or aquarium is to
demonstrate to visitors the
connection between wildlife
conservation and human
sustainable development. The
Toronto Zoo has a strong
record of environmental
protection and of energy
efficient operation
management. The Zoo has
stimulated staff, volunteers
and the public to live
sustainably in balance with
Nature.
Education and passing on our
passion for biodiversity
conservation is something at
the heart of our Toronto Zoo
mission. By informing visitors
about the amazing animals we
have in our collection,
engaging them in discussions
on conservation issues and
providing tangible solutions to
people, we hope to foster an
appreciation of all living things
and an attitude towards
ecosystem stewardship, and
encourage people to lessen
their ecological footprint on
the earth.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
84
5. GREEN INITIATIVES
5.1 Green Vision Statement
The Toronto Zoo has a strong record of environmental protection and of energy efficient operation
management. The Zoo has stimulated staff, volunteers and the public to live sustainably in balance with
Nature. We understand and accept that climate change is a real threat to earth’s biodiversity, perhaps
most acutely to our own species. We accept that humans are largely responsible for global warming as a
result of our use of non-renewable energy resources and the emission of greenhouse gases. We
encourage people to lessen their ecological footprint on the earth.
5.2
Green Eco-Zoo Team
The Green Eco-Zoo Team (GEZT) is a non-technical advisory committee to the General Manager. The
organizational structure of the GEZT incorporates all divisions and units of the Zoo.
The GEZT was created in 2007 and replaced the
Environmental Protection Committee that had been in place
since 1995. The “Green Team” addresses the environmental
impacts of Zoo operations, policies and procedures, and
makes recommendations that will lessen our ecological
footprint in the Rouge Valley and on the earth. Dr. W. Rapley
and Nia Gibson co-chair the GEZT. Members appointed to the
committee are from a wide range of Zoo divisions and units.
Zoo staff and volunteers are encouraged to address issues
concerning our environmental impact on the site.
5.3
Green Plan 2010-2015
The Green Eco-Zoo Team (GEZT) met with a professional
facilitator over 3 intense meetings in 2007 to develop the
Green Plan 2007-2010.
In September 2010, the new Green Plan 2010-2015:
"Wildlife Conservation and Sustainable Living 2011" was
developed and was approved by the Board of Management
on April 7, 2011. The action-based, goal oriented plan will
guide the long-term sustainability of Zoo operations and our
impact on the Rouge Park and, more holistically, our earth.
The initial document represented our short-term goals while
providing the framework for a carbon-neutral Zoo by 2027.
The Green Plan sets out ambitious targets of a 95%
reduction of GHG emissions and a 40% reduction in water
consumption by 2027. Three broad strategies embodied the Plan: 1) creating a green corporate culture
at the Zoo, 2) developing and communicating leading edge education for sustainable development
programs at the local, regional and national levels, and 3) managing Zoo operations, facilities and natural
areas in a sustainable way. Nine 3-year action steps were developed for each broad strategy. Toronto
Zoo staff and volunteers embraced the plan and achieved 23 of the 27 action steps.
The GEZT continue to meet to discuss new initiatives and monitor existing ones, including our water and
energy use, and waste production.
They are discussed in this and future CEW Activity reports.
5.4
Green Policies and Reports
Environment First Policy (GEN-001)
The purpose of this policy is to encourage operational practices that promote a high standard of
environmental protection. As a result, the Zoo has undertaken many environmental initiatives in waste
and pollution reduction, energy and water conservation, and habitat restoration. The Environmental First
Policy was updated and approved by the Green Eco-Zoo Team in November 2007.
Environmental Purchasing Policy (FIN-007)
The purpose of this policy is to encourage eco-ethical partnerships with our many suppliers. The use of
this policy has created opportunities for our Graphics, Custodial and Stores Units to source new products
that illustrate a marked decrease in their overall ecological footprint. The Environmental Purchasing
Policy was updated and approved by the Green Eco-Zoo Team in November 2007.
Environmental Initiatives Report – Annual
The first Environmental Initiatives Report was submitted to the Board of Management in 1995. This
annual report summarizes the activities and items initiated across all divisions in the current year. The
Chief Executive Officer presents this report to the Board of Management in April of a given year.
Toronto Zoo Greenprint – 2007
Since the inception of the Zoo in 1974, staff and volunteers have been on the leading edge of the
environmental movement. Over the years, many small and large “green” initiatives have occurred, thanks
to our dedicated staff and volunteer base. Although the Environmental Protection Committee (EPC)
formed in 1995 to account for this movement and to maintain documents on progress, there was still no
single source that staff and volunteers could turn to for information on past activities. Linda Ervine, CEW
staff emeritus, authored an exhaustive account of all activities from 1989 through to 2006. This document
is dynamic and will continue to be updated by GEZT members, incorporating all new initiatives and
reports so that we will have an accurate account of our progress toward our targets described in the
Green Plan (described above). The Greenprint does need to be printed, as the virtual Table of Contents
allows users to surf the large document much like an online webpage.
5.5 Green Events, Programs and Projects
GEZT staff members from the Conservation, Education and Research
division coordinate and develop events for Zoo staff, volunteers and visitors,
as well as the broader community. In 2011/12, the several events were
attended and lectures/workshops/presentations were offered.
Events included:
• Solar cooling feasibility at the Education Centre and Retail Shop,
• Participation in Earth Hour (March),
• Earth Day – Party For The Planet (April),
• International Biodiversity Day (May),
• Presentations and seminars to Zoo Camps and programs,
• ‘Green’ training to Zoo volunteers and Camp Councillors,
• Booth at the City of Toronto Live Green Festival,
• Zoo Camp, Critter Crew, EnviroRangers and Operation Conservation include education for
sustainable development messages (waste management, energy efficiencies),
• University lectures, including McGill University, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Trent
University, McMaster University and the University of Guelph,
The roof of the Toronto Zoo Administrative Support Centre has been equipped with 50 solar thermal
panels. The system transfers the energy from the sun to the hot water supply for the building – reducing
carbon dioxide by 40 tonnes per year and natural gas use by 50%.
PhoneApes
TM
Program
In March 2010, the Toronto Zoo launched their very own cell phone recycling program named "Phone
Apes".
Since 2006, the Toronto Zoo has provided cell phone
recycling services and collaborated with 145 participating
zoos, aquariums and wildlife institutions across North
America toward educating visitors and the public about the
negative impact of the growing cell phone industry on
wildlife, particularly on Gorillas and their habitat in Africa.
Cell phone usage has spiked dramatically in the past
several years. In Canada alone, over 20 million phones
are retired every year. Cell phones contain a metal called tantalum which is excessively mined in Africa;
endangering and destroying Gorilla habitat, as well as the habitat of a great many other species. By
recycling cell phones, pagers, blackberries, and other electronic devices, we ultimately decrease the
demand for the raw materials used to make them. All money raised by the Toronto Zoo is donated to in
situ conservation of lowland gorillas.
Our program was awarded top honors among North American zoos, aquaria and wildlife organizations in
2007 and 2009. The Toronto Zoo has collected 20,787 phones between 2007 and November 2012 and
remains the most trusted cell phone recycler in the Greater Toronto Area & throughout Ontario
Green Macaques! Project
In June 2008, the Toronto Zoo opened its first
geothermal exhibit for the lion-tailed macaques. The
goal of the Green Macaques! Project is to raise
awareness about energy demand for space heating
and cooling in Ontario, and to educate and inspire our
visitors about sustainable alternatives. This exhibit
uses the earth’s radiant energy to heat and cool itself
throughout the year. Conventional space heating and
cooling represents ~60% of energy use in Ontario, and
the dominant source of fuel comes from the nonrenewable sector. Conservation and energy efficiency is very important, but to
achieve sustainable development a change in fuel source is necessary as well.
Natural Resources Canada states that geothermal systems (renewable energy),
have the least environmental impact of any space heating technology on the
market today.
The Green Macaques! Project was generously funded by the Ontario Ministry of Energy’s Community
Conservation Initiative, the Toronto Atmospheric Fund and Bullfrog Power. The exhibit demonstrates the
power of geothermal energy on a scale understandable by students and our public and is currently
undergoing expansion. The Toronto Zoo is in the process of installing an earth wall in the exhibit where
the geothermal piping will heat.
2
The 112m (1200sf) outdoor area of the exhibit will be an oasis of heat in the middle of winter, contrasted
against the snow and ice of the Rouge Valley. The Green Macaques! Project will visually and textually
demonstrate geothermal technology in action, and visitors will be permitted to touch and feel the warmth
of a (non-animal) section of the exhibit. The project was completed February 2009 – check the website
www.torontozoo.ca/conservation for updates.
Carpooling Program
Over 500 zoo employees must commute to and from the zoo from areas all across Southern Ontario. To
alleviate the carbon footprint, CEW- staff initiated the Zoo’s first Carpooling Program in October 2009.
The program objective is to make the commute to and from the zoo more convenient, while significantly
reducing gas emissions and our overall carbon footprint.
The program continues to grow as more employees sign up. Two large laminated maps of the area
encompassing employee travel were posted in the Administrative Support-Centre and the Front Entrance
buildings and a colour-coded sticker system was used to allow “drivers” and “passengers” to easily
determine where they could provide and find rides, respectively.
In 2012, the Carpooling Program has reserved 5 parking spaces for carpoolers consisting of 3 or more
occupants, as well as hybrid and electric vehicles. This is an incentive to encourage staff to choose more
environmentally friendly ways to get to work.
Green Roofs
Green roofs, also known as ‘living roofs’ or ‘eco-roofs’, are the wave of the future in sustainable design,
and the Toronto Zoo is surfin’ right along with them! While the term ‘green roof’ could mean many things,
it refers here to a roof with one or more extra membranes, including a waterproof and root-proof section
that is covered by various types of vegetation. Below, an illustration of the various layers that makes up a
green roof.
What will green roofs do for the Zoo and its
visitors?
•
Filter particles from the air and turn carbon
2
2
dioxide into oxygen. 1.0 m (10.76 ft. ) of uncut
grass can remove 0.2 kg of particulates from
the air and fulfill one person’s oxygen
requirements during one year!
•
Cool air around the building, reducing the urban
heat island effect. This effect describes the
phenomenon of cities being several degrees
hotter than the surrounding countryside due to
the replacement of natural landscape with hard, impermeable surfaces. Recent studies have
indicated that greening just 6% of the City of Toronto’s rooftops could reduce summer
temperatures by 1 – 2°C, saving an estimated $1.0 m illion in energy costs/year.
Australasia green roof
– June 2008
Australasia green roof
–August 2010
Polar bear holding, Tundra Trek, 5000sf intensive green roof – Year 2 (2010)
General Conservation Initiatives by Zoo Staff and Volunteers
Zoo staff and volunteers are by nature environmentalists. Many “green”
efforts happen every day at the Zoo, and we list just a few of them here:
• "Think Recycle" (GreenTEc) boxes have been placed on site to
collect cameras, ink cartridges, and batteries
• Zoo restaurants provide shade-grown coffee
• Paperless Meetings are regularly held by PR staff, GEZT meetings,
and large AHC meetings
• Marketing Dept. reduced the number of media kits printed by posting
resources online
• Zoo newsletter, Browse electronically issued by Education Dept. and
Development.
• Zoo staff and volunteers are provided with stainless steel water bottles (sponsored by Klean
TM
Kanteen ) to encourage the healthy use of municipal water
• Lights are turned off when facilities are not in use, including walk-in freezers in the ANC
• LCD computer monitors are replacing older, less efficient models
• Small compost containers provided to individual units for organic matter have succeeded in
diverting useful organic waste from the landfill
• Printed banners for marketing promotions have increased since 2003. Graphics staff has been
successfully recycling worn-out or outdated banners as drop sheets for the numerous painting
projects around the Zoo
• Wildlife Care staff routinely evaluate protocols to increase energy and water conservation
• Facilities and Services and Project Management staff adhere to and encourage consultants to
adhere to the City of Toronto Green Development Standard (links found on the Zoo website)
5.6
Energy and Waste Management
Energy Management
Achieving our Green Plan targets depends equally on staff conservation behaviour, and decisions made
and projects completed by our Facilities and Services staff. Energy and water consumption and waste
production must be reduced substantially over the next 20 years if we are to lower or eliminate our
ecological footprint on the Rouge Valley ecosystem and the earth.
Zoo operations required over 314,500,000 litres of treated, municipal water in 2008, down 222% since
2007, but almost equal to 2005 usage levels. Staff respect water as a fundamental resource and
conserve wherever possible, but most operations, from Wildlife Care to Splash Island to public services,
must also be respected. It will require creativity, wise use of new technologies, and a continued culture of
conservation to reach our goal of 40% reduction (from 1990 levels) by 2027.
The total cost of all fuel, including the 22.3% water component, for 2011 was $2,466,500. It is, therefore,
in our collective best interest to achieve our Green Plan targets.
The Total GHG Emissions by fuel type (tonnes of CO2) for 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010 (after
adjusting for billing period, weather conditions and energy costs). Our cumulative target goal for
2012 is also shown.
Year
Electricity
Natural Gas
Heating Oil
Petrol
Diesel
Propane
TOTAL
2007
2546
3556
51
199
131
68
6550
2008
2567
3434
51
170
160
79
6460
2009
2587
3578
42
174
187
84
6652
2010
2619
3206
47
136
69
44
6120
2011
2608
3504
51
150
56
50
6419
2012 target (6% below 1990 level)
5405
Smog Alert Plan
Staff continued to implement a Smog Alert Plan for the Zoo as a component of the City of Toronto
Corporate Smog Alert Response Plan. The plan is activated on Smog Alert days and Zoo operations are
modified to reduce emissions that contribute to poor air quality and smog. We have committed to
suspend pesticide spraying; postpone non-essential use of vehicles on and off site for deliveries and
errands; suspend the use of oil-based paints, solvent and cleaners unless required for disinfection;
suspend the use of horticultural equipment and sweepers except where required for public or animal
health and safety; and refuel essential vehicles early in the morning or after sundown whenever possible.
The GEZT reviewed the existing plan further improving the Zoo’s contribution to air quality.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
91
Waste Management
Co-mingled recycling started in earnest at the Zoo in 2002 in response to the closure of the Keele Valley
landfill site and the inevitable levy of 64$/tonne placed on garbage by the City of Toronto. Our waste
diversion rate in 2003 of 31% was the start of our aggressive plan to divert >80% by 2010, in alignment
with City operations. In 2006, our diversion rate was just over 50% and was 54% in 2007. New blue
boxes were added to keeper rooms and office areas, and the Get A G.R.I.P Program! Has organized area
monitors’ to coordinate staff and volunteer participation in this important process.
Management of our organic or wet waste is important because we produce ~2000 tonnes per year. In
2007, the Zoo processed 2150 tonnes of organic waste; processing includes the collection of waste from
animal areas, offices and other buildings, and the Horticulture Centre. In 2007, a detailed concept report
was submitted to Division Heads by the GEZT on the feasibility of anaerobic digestion as a means to
harness energy stored in organic waste. In December 2010, a MOU was signed with ZooShare Biogas
Co-operative Inc. a non-profit, non-share capital renewable energy co-operative to build and operate a
500 kW biogas facility.
A comprehensive composting system was initiated on site in 2003 to better educate school groups
continues to be a valuable example of organic recycling. Participants in Zoo programs are made aware
of the system’s function and importance. Individual units equipped with small green compost containers
continues to provide minor savings for the Zoo as the weight of organic waste that can be composted is
diverted from the landfill.
The total waste (metric tonnes) diverted from landfills itemized by material and year is provided
below:
MATERIAL
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Bones
33
16.8
17.1
4.36
4.2
Cardboard
63
69
42
44.57
44.06
Co-mingled recyclables
149
128
132
184.87
176.11
Fluorescent light-bulbs
0.25
.31
.38
1.12
0.95
Hazardous waste
products
0.75
4.1
5.2
4.2
5.9
Organic waste
2050
2130
28
29.5
30.6
Paper
4.1
9.5
6.2
6.8
8.2
Plastics
2.5
6.7
5.8
4.3
-
Skids / Pallets
1.6
10.5
11.2
22
14
Wood
36
38
27
47.55
23.93
Misc. Items*
7.1
49.5
81.2
95.6
181.68
Total weight recycled
Total weight to
landfill
308 tonnes
335 tonnes
361 tonnes
445 tonnes
490.53
255 tonnes
245 tonnes
182 tonnes
189 tonnes
204 tonnes
55%
58%
66%
Waste Diversion
* Misc. Items include oil filters, batteries, scrap metal, tires, cell phones, and furniture
70%
70%
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
92
West Nile Mosquito Monitoring Program
Wildlife Health Centre staff is leaders in animal disease research. As such, vets and student research
assistants have helped further policies on mosquito monitoring (larval and adult) as well as analyzing the
vectors responsible for the transmission of the West Nile Virus. All standing water, ditches and holding
containers and natural ponds are monitored and larval of the genus Culex are routinely eliminated with
the safe use of larvicides specific to these invertebrates.
Waste Diversion Committee
Horticulture and Materials staff participate with other City of Toronto ABCCD’s on this committee with the
objective to cumulatively achieve a 70% waste diversion level for all City of Toronto operations. The
committee continues to meet in 2012.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
94
APPENDIX I
TORONTO ZOO DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
The Toronto Zoo Development Division raises funds to support the conservation, education and research
endeavours of the Toronto Zoo. Philanthropic support from individuals, grant-making foundations and
corporations enables the Zoo to embark on and continue the various programs and projects that aim to
preserve our environment and maintain biodiversity. In addition to raising funds to support Zoo programs
and research, the Development Division represents the interests of its donors and stewards the gifts
entrusted to it.
The Development Division raises funds through:
Major gifts from individuals, corporations and other partners
Planned gifts, such as bequests, gifts of life insurance and stocks
Annual mailings to donors and prospects
Special events such as ZooDo and ZooRun
Third party events
Adopt-an-Animal Program
Wild Walk Program
Some of the Conservation projects and activities funded by the Development Division:
Veterinary Residency Fellowships
Veterinary Resident Research
Nutritional Research Program
Reproductive Physiology Research Program
Wildlife Health Centre
Adopt-a-Pond Wetland Conservation Program
Education Programs
Conservation Programs
To support the Toronto Zoo Development Division call 416-392-9114 or visit www.torontozoo.com
Mission of the Toronto Zoo Development Division:
The Toronto Zoo Development Division is dedicated to the financial
support of the Toronto Zoo in its efforts to conserve species
diversity through conservation, education and research.
APPENDIX II
INTERNATIONAL CONSERVATION PROGRAMS
THE WORLD CONSERVATION UNION (IUCN) Headquarters in Gland, Switzerland
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) was established in
1948 and is the world’s largest conservation-related organization. IUCN include over 1000 organizations
in 40 countries including states, government agencies and non-government organizations (NGOs) who
work in co-operation with conservation organizations, such as the World Wide Fund for Nature and
others, as well as the United Nations Environmental Program. The IUCN’s mission is to influence,
encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and
to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. It is the world’s
largest environmental knowledge network, and has six specialist volunteer commissions, including the
Species Survival Commission (SSC) with over 7,500 members. The SSC produces the Red List of
threatened animals, and is an unmatched source of information about biological diversity and its
conservation. Within the framework of global conventions, IUCN has promoted sustainability and helped
over 160 countries to prepare and implement national conservation and biodiversity strategies.
s
CONSERVATION BREEDING SPECIALIST GROUP (CBSG)
The Conservation Breeding Specialist Group is part of the IUCN and one of more than 120 Specialist
Groups belonging to the Species Survival Commission (SSC). CBSG is an international conservation
organization dedicated to protecting our planet’s biodiversity. Their mission is “to conserve and establish
viable populations of threatened species through conservation breeding programs and through intensive
protection and management of these plant and animal populations in the wild”. Global action programs
include Population and Habitat Viability Assessments (PHVA’s),
Conservation Assessment Management Plans (Camp’s), and Global
Captive Action Recommendations (GCAR’s).
Programs that are also
carried out by CBSG include Global Animal Survival Plans (GASP’s) and
Genome Resource Banks (GRB’s).
INTERNATIONAL SPECIES INFORMATION SYSTEM (ISIS)
The International Species Information System (ISIS) maintains computerbased information systems used by the worldwide zoological community.
ISIS members use the basic biologic information (age, sex, parentage,
place of birth, circumstance of death, etc.) collected in the ISIS system to
manage genetic and demographic programs for their animal collections.
The ISIS central database contains information on 2.6 million animals,
more than 10, 000 species, held in zoological institutions, and some
animals in the wild. Today, 800 institutions representing almost 80
countries share information about their arrival collections through the ISIS
network. The Toronto Zoo has participated in ISIS since 1974 and the
Registrars submit data on amphibians, birds, fish, mammals, and reptiles
monthly.
ISIS is currently implementing the Zoological Information Management
System (ZIMS).
ZIMS is a quantum leap forward in information
management for the thousands of museum professionals whose collections
include living creatures. ZIMS is a real-time unified global database on
animal health and well-being - the first such database in the world.
STUDBOOKS
A studbook is a true record of the history of a population held in a zoo or aquarium. It includes pedigrees
of animals, and a listing of the various locations in which animals have been held. The studbook traces
the entire history of each individual in a population; these collective histories are known as the
population’s genetic and demographic identity. Studbooks also contain a wealth of other information:
data on the general biology and ecology of the species and the status and distribution of wild populations.
Studbooks are primarily used for monitoring and managing populations in zoos and aquariums. The data
is used to make breeding decisions so that genetic variation can be retained and close inbreeding
avoided. The data can also be used to assess whether a population is stable, increasing, or decreasing
in numbers. Current editions of many studbooks are now available online via the AZA website.
®
SPECIES SURVIVAL PLANS (SSPs )
The Species Survival Plan program began in 1981 as a cooperative population management and
conservation program for selected species in zoos and aquariums in North America. Each SSP manages
the breeding of a species in order to maintain a healthy and self-sustaining population that is both
genetically diverse and demographically stable. Whole North American populations of rare animals, such
as Black-footed ferrets, are managed by coordinators who direct effective breeding and management
®
practices, which will ensure species survival. A high priority is given to research on SSP animals. As of
2012, the Toronto Zoo's SSPs include: 51 mammals, 31 birds, 12 reptiles, 2 amphibians, 4 fish.
TAXON ADVISORY GROUPS (TAGs)
Taxon Advisory Groups (TAGs) are another important element of conservation activities at the Zoo.
®
These programs, developed through the AZA, are similar to SSPs , but focus on entire taxa (related
®
groups) instead of one particular species. The goal of TAGs is to make SSPs more effective and
provide a broad international perspective for species and taxon management. TAGs promote
®
international co-operation and co-ordination of planning efforts by linking North American SSPs to
conservation initiatives world-wide.
SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY GROUPS (SAGs)
The AZA established Scientific Advisory Groups in 1991 to help facilitate, support, network and coordinate the relevant research activities of its member institutions. These AZA advisory groups focus on
particular scientific areas, such as nutrition and behaviour, and serve as support groups to the TAGs and
®
SSPs . SAG members include veterinarians, researchers, zoo and aquarium curators with appropriate
scientific training, as well as scientists, working in universities, government and other institutions, with a
commitment to sharing their particular expertise.
CONSERVATION ACTION PARTNERSHIPS (CAPs)
In recognition of the importance of conserving diversity of species in their natural habitat, the AZA
established the Conservation Action Partnerships (CAPs). CAPs' main focus is to help address the
conservation needs of regions rich in biodiversity. CAPs, established in 1991, are special committees
designed to help co-ordinate the conservation and scientific activities of AZA institutions working in
specific geographical regions of the world. Attention is being focused on regions abundant in unique
wildlife and habitat.
AZA - NUTRITION ADVISORY GROUP
Formed in 1994, the mission of the Nutrition Advisory Group is to promote the welfare of animals in
captivity by incorporating the science of animal nutrition into their husbandry. Their long-term goals are
to: 1) identify nutritional and dietary problems in zoos and facilitate their resolution; 2) establish a
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
98
mechanism for the review of nutritional and dietary information provided by AZA committees and
subgroups; 3) co-ordinate acquisition and dissemination of information regarding nutrition, such as
nutrient requirements, food composition, guidelines and diet records; 4) encourage and co-ordinate
nutrition-related investigations among zoos and collaborating institutions.
BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI)
Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) was founded in 1987 to link botanic gardens as a cooperating global network for effective plant conservation. BGCI provides technical guidance, data and
support for botanic gardens in almost 100 countries and has helped to create or strengthen national and
regional networks of gardens in many parts of the world. The Toronto Zoo is an associate member of this
organization and contributes to conference symposia and discussions, and receives materials and
information relevant to Zoo exhibits and presentations.
THE CANADIAN ORGANIZATION FOR TROPICAL EDUCATION AND RAINFOREST
CONSERVATION (COTERC)
COTERC is a charitable foundation first conceived by a keeper at Toronto Zoo. Since its inception staff
and volunteers at Toronto Zoo have played an essential role in support and directing the program. In
Canada, the Board of Directors includes biologists, educators, environmentalists, zoo professionals,
lawyers and media personalities. On the COTERC website (www.coterc.org), it is also possible to
download an Ontario curriculum based manual on rainforests for Grades 9, 10 and 11. In Costa Rica
COTERC is the owner of Caño Palma Biological Station. The station is at the south end of the Barro de
Colorado Wildlife Refuge. The habitat consists of lowland flooded forest, and is essentially a large
unexplored area only accessible by boat. Studies include migratory bird surveys, nesting birds, faunal
surveys of freshwater fish, amphibians and reptiles, large mammals and plants. The proximity to the
Caribbean also allows for sea turtle work to take place.
The station also works on sustainable
management of the forest. Staff at the station will learn and disseminate this information to local ecotourism centers wishing to minimize their impact on the area.
APPENDIX III
MEMBERSHIPS
Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA)
The American Zoo and Aquarium Association was founded in 1924, and is a professional organization
dedicated to the advancement of North American zoos and aquariums through conservation, education,
scientific studies and recreation. The AZA represents virtually every professionally operated zoological
park, aquarium, wildlife park and oceanarium on the North American continent. To become a member of
the AZA, a facility needs to be accredited. This process was designed to evaluate zoos and aquariums in
order to certify that an institution meets certain standards.
AFRICAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOOS AND AQUARIA (PAAZAB)
The African Association of Zoos and Aquaria (PAAZAB) was formed in 1989 at the National Zoological
Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa as an organization aimed at representing the interest of
bona fide zoos and aquaria on the African continent. The association upholds modern zoo best practices
in the provision of supportive environments for the animals, personnel and public; active involvement in
the maintenance of biodiversity; management for the wide benefit of the community and the provision of
education opportunities for learning about animals and their environments. The PAAZAB mission is
“Conservation Through Cooperation”. PAAZAB sees one of the primary functions of zoos and aquariums
as healing the relationship between man, animal and their mutual environments.
BIODIVERSITY
(BEAN)
EDUCATION
AND
AWARENESS
NETWORK
The Biodiversity Education and Awareness Network is a third Green
education group that was active in Ontario in 2007. Performing the
function of providing the education plan for the Biodiversity Strategy of
Ontario (2005) and functioning as a specialized sub-group of EASO,
the BEAN was very active in 2007. A working group consists of 30
members representing institutions, organizations, universities,
colleges, aboriginals, outdoor recreation, agriculture and media in
Ontario.
BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI)
Botanic Gardens Conservation International is an
organization that originated out of the IUCN
“Botanical Gardens and the World Conservation
Strategy” Las Palmas Conference of 1985. Its
mission is to build and maintain a world network of botanical gardens for plant conservation. It continues
to host botanical conservation conferences every few years and publishes journals, including informative
education for conservation review of programming around the world.
CANADA’S ACCREDITED ZOOS AND AQUARIUMS (CAZA)
The Canadian Association of Zoos and Aquariums is a non-profit organization established to promote the
welfare and encourage the advancement and improvement of zoology, recreation, education,
conservation and science. Established in 1975, CAZA is operated by the members for the members.
The Toronto Zoo has had an accredited membership with CAZA since 1975 and was in fact one of the
founders of the organization.
CANADIAN BOTANICAL CONSERVATION NETWORK (CBCN)
The Canadian Botanical Conservation Network originated in September of 1996 at the Royal Botanical
Gardens, Hamilton. The objective of this organization is to preserve the biological diversity of Canada's
rare and endangered native plant species, wild habitats and ecosystems through the education and
conservation programs of their member botanical gardens and arboreta. With funding for a coordinator,
the network is able to provide meaningful and timely support for communication between botanical
institutions in Canada, and with programs here and around the world. The Toronto Zoo is a founding
member of CBCN.
CANADIAN COUNCIL ON ANIMAL CARE (CCAC)
The CCAC comprises 22 national organizations, whose representatives include scientists, educators,
veterinarians and delegates from industry and the animal welfare movement. The CCAC conducts
assessment visits to each participating institution using animals at least every three years, and follow up
visits by the CCAC are also carried out. Assessments are based upon several documents, including the
CCAC guidelines and policies. Participants that have successfully completed the assessment process
and that have been assigned a CCAC status of Compliance or Conditional Compliance receive a CCAC
®
Certificate of GAP – Good Animal Practice .
CANADIAN MUSEUMS ASSOCIATION (CMA)
The Canadian Museums Association (CMA) is the national organization for the advancement of the
Canadian museum sector, representing Canadian museum professionals both within Canada and
internationally. The CMA works for the recognition, growth, and stability of the sector. It was established
by a small group of people in Quebec City in 1947. As the quantity of Canadian museums increased, so
did the need for the CMA. Today, the CMA has nearly 2,000 members, and supports them with training
and professional development programs, conferences, publications, networking opportunities, a body of
knowledge, and a dedicated staff. Over the past 60 years, Canada’s museums have developed an
international reputation for excellent programming, dedicated public service, and high standards of
professionalism.
CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF ONTARIO (CCO)
Founded in 1951, the Conservation Council of Ontario is a not-for-profit association with 58 member
organizations and over 60 individual, honorary and consulting members who work to promote effective
action on environmental issues. The CCO works for the conservation of natural resources and protection
of the environment for the common good and a sustainable future in Ontario. The CCO promotes
networking for conservation and environmental professionals at its meetings, works to inform and
influence decision makers in government, as well as the private sector, educates the public and conducts
research and consulting activities.
EDUCATION ALLIANCE FOR A SUSTAINABLE ONTARIO (EASO)
The Education Alliance for a Sustainable Ontario is a consortium of over 50 agencies, NGO’s, school
boards, colleges and universities in Ontario that support education for sustainable development
throughout the province of Ontario. The vision of EASO is to “provide a forum for collaboration and
leadership to advance education for thriving, diverse communities and ecosystems”. EASO aims to
integrate sustainability education in Ontario through policy, curriculum, capacity building and
communication.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
101
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AMUSEMENT PARKS AND ATTRACTIONS (IAAPA)
Founded in 1918, IAAPA is the largest international trade association for permanently situated
amusement facilities worldwide. IAAPA strives to help members improve their efficiency, marketing,
safety, and profitability while maintaining highest possible professional standards in the industry. The
mission statement of the IAAPA is to serve the membership by promoting safe operations, global
development, professional growth, and commercial success of the amusement parks and attractions
industry.
ONTARIO ENVIRONMENT NETWORK (OEN)
The Ontario Environment Network (OEN) is a non-governmental, non-profit, organization which serves
Ontario's environmental non-profit, non-governmental community.
Currently there are over 500
environmental groups in Ontario ranging from national to neighborhood-based, which focus on a wide
range of issues. The OEN’s goal is to increase awareness of these organizations and encourage
discussions about ways to protect the environment. The Network provides a central referral service for
anyone seeking environmental information, organizes workshops and conferences, publishes resource
materials and facilitates issue-specific caucuses. By linking environmental groups together, the OEN
assists them in sharing ideas and strategies.
POLAR BEARS INTERNATIONAL (PBI)
Polar Bears International is a non-profit organization dedicated to the worldwide conservation of the polar
bear and its habitat through research, stewardship, and education. They provide scientific resources and
information on polar bears and their habitat to institutions and the general public worldwide.
As the Arctic sea ice continues to diminish, members of PBI's Zoological Advisory Council have focused
their efforts on creating a set of contingency plans that will help save the polar bear as a species, with
major objectives including a rescue and rehab team, an orphaned cub and nuisance bear placement
team, a refuse and protection team and a research team.
RECYCLING COUNCIL OF ONTARIO (RCO)
Founded in 1978, the Recycling Council of Ontario is a not-for-profit organization committed to minimizing
society's impact on the environment by eliminating waste. Its mission
is to inform and educate all members of society about the generation of
waste, the avoidance of waste, the more efficient use of resources, as
well as the benefits and/or consequences of these activities. The
Toronto Zoo joined the RCO in 1990, and has made full use of its
resources for planning and implementing recycling and composting
programs.
WORLD ASSOCIATION OF ZOO AND AQUARIUMS (WAZA)
The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) is a modern
institution which works at a global level to build cooperative
approaches to common needs, to tackle common issues and to share
information and knowledge.
Since the beginning, International
Studbooks for rare and endangered species have been kept under the
auspices of WAZA. WAZA’s mission is to “provide leadership and support for zoos, aquariums and
partner organizations of the world in animal care and welfare, conservation of biodiversity, environmental
education and global sustainability”.
APPENDIX IV
ADVISORY/INTEREST/PRESERVATION GROUP AFFILIATIONS
Graham Crawshaw – Senior Veterinarian
MNR: Wildlife Animal Care Committee
MNR: Wildlife rehabilitation Advisory Committee
CAZWV Instructor: Chemical Immobilization of Wildlife Courses
Maria Franke-Gunther – Curator of Mammals
Vancouver Island Marmot: Captive Management & Recovery Team
Canadian Black-footed ferret & Prairie Dog Recovery Team
Black-footed Ferret Recovery Implementation Team
CAZA: Conservation Science Committee;
CAZA: Canadian Tiger CSSP Coordinator;
CAZA: Canadian Snow Leopard CSSP Coordinator
Institutional Representative (IR) and Member of the Following:
AZA TAG: Tiger TAG : Steering Committee (elected)
AZA TAG: Monotreme & Marsupial - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Antelope & Giraffe - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Ape - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Bear - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Bison - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Buffalo - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Cattle - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Canid & Hyaenid - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Deer - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Elephant - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Equid - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Felid - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Marine Mammal - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: New World Primate - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Old World Primate - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Rhinoceros - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Rodent - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Insectivore - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Lagomorph - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Sheep & Goat - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Small Carnivore - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Tapir - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Wild pig - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Peccary & Hippo - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA TAG: Chiropteran - Institutional Rep & Member
AZA SSP®: Black-footed ferret
AZA SSP®: Cheetah
AZA SSP®: Sumatran tiger
AZA SSP®: Amur tiger
AZA SSP®: White rhino
AZA SSP®: Indian rhino
AZA SSP®: Clouded leopard
AZA SSP®: Red panda
AZA SSP®: Przewalski’s horse
AZA SSP®: Golden lion tamarin
AZA SSP®: Grevy’s zebra
AZA SSP®: Tree kangaroo
AZA SSP®: Orangutan
AZA SSP®: Macaques
AZA SSP®: Snow leopard
AZA SSP®: Gorilla
AZA SSP®: Pygmy hippopotamus
AZA SSP®: Polar bear
AZA SSP®: Baboon
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
103
AZA SSP®:
AZA SSP®:
AZA SSP®:
AZA SSP®:
AZA SSP®:
AZA SSP®:
J aguar
L ion
S pider monkey
Malayan tapir
Gibbon
African elephant
Bob Johnson – Curator of Reptiles and Amphibians
CAZA TAG: Member – C AZA Amphibian TAG/C onservation C ommittee
AZA TAG: S teering C ommittee (elected)
AZA: Amphibian TAG
AZA TAG: Amphibian – Working Member
AZA TAG: Amphibian - Institutional R ep
AZA TAG: L izard - Working Member
AZA TAG: L izard - Institutional R ep
AZA TAG: Turtle - Working Member
AZA TAG: Turtle - Institutional R ep
AZA TAG: S nake - Working Member (Institutional R epresentative Andrew L entini)
AZA SAG: AZA R e-Introduction S cientific Group – Working Member
AZA E cological R estoration S cientific Group – Working Member
AZA SSP®: Komodo dragon S S P
AZA SSP®: Komodo dragon S teering C ommittee – member-elected
AZA SSP®: P uerto R ican crested toad S S P
AZA SSP®: P uerto R ican crested toad - Habitat R estoration
AZA SSP®: S E Asian F orest monitors S S P – Institutional R ep.
AZA SSP®: Golden F rog S S P – Institutional R ep.
AZA SSP®: Mexican beaded lizard S S P – Institutional R ep.
AZA SSP®: F alse gharial S S P – Institutional R ep.
AZA SSP®: R adiated tortoise S S P – Institutional R ep.
AZA SSP®: F lat shelled spider tortoise S S P – Institutional R ep
AZA SSP®: Burmese star tortoise S S P – Institutional R ep.
AZA SSP®: Wyoming toad S S P – Institutional R ep.
AZA SSP®: Massasauga rattlesnake (Andrew L entini, IR )
AZA P rofessional Training: Instructor, Amphibian Biology, C onservation and Management P rofessional
Development C ourse
IUCN: IUC N R e-introduction S pecialist Group – Member
IUCN Amphibian S pecialist Group
CBSG: Herpetology Group, Member
RENEW: Massasauga R attlesnake R ecovery Team – Advisor
RENEW: S piny S oftshell R ecovery Team – Member
RENEW: C ricket F rog R ecovery Team – C o-C hair
RENEW: F owler’s Toad R ecovery Team – Member
RENEW: Dusky S alamander R ecovery Team – Member
RENEW: Ontario Multi S pecies Turtle R ecovery Team – Member
RENEW: Oregon S potted F rog R ecovery Team – Advisor
RENEW: C horus F rog R ecovery Team- collaborator
Rouge Park: Natural Heritage C ommittee- Zoo R ep
US Fish and Wildlife Recovery Teams: P uerto R ican crested toad; Wyoming toad
C. Lee – Curator of Fishes and Marine Invertebrates
AZA TAG: F reshwater fishes – TAG C hair;
AZA TAG: Marine fishes – Member;
AZA TAG: Aquatic invertebrates – Member
AZA SSP®: L ake Victoria fishes – Member
CAP: C oral - Member
AZA: P roject S eahorse – Working Member;
AZA: Mycobacteria Working Group – Member
Recovery Team: R edside dace – Member
The Ocean Project: Institutional R epresentative
CSEB: C anadian S ociety of E nvironmental Biologists
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
104
Thomas Mason- Curator of Invertebrates and Birds
Lights Out Toronto: City of Toronto Biodiversity Committee – Steering committee
Recovery Group: Karner Blue Butterfly
Recovery Group: Loggerhead Shrike
AZA SSP®: Hornbill - Institutional Rep
AZA SSP®: African Penguin - Institutional Rep
AZA SSP®: Ciconiformes - Institutional Rep
AZA SSP®: Colliformes - Institutional Rep
AZA SSP®: Coraciformes - Institutional Rep
AZA SSP®: Ratites - Institutional Rep
AZA SSP®: Red Kneed Tarantula - Institutional Rep & Advisor
AZA SSP®: Tanagers - Institutional Rep
AZA SSP®: Softbills - Institutional Rep
AZA SSP®: Charadriiformes - Institutional Rep
AZA SSP®: Tawny Frogmouth - Institutional Rep
AZA SSP®: Flamingos - Institutional Rep
Panama Frog Rescue: Invertebrate Production Team Entomological Societies
ESO: Entomological Society of Ontario Member
ESC: Entomological Society of Canada member
TEA: Toronto Entomological Association
CAOAC: Canadian Association of Aquarium Clubs – Futures committee – Fish Rescue Coordinator
TZ representative for CFIA regulations: Import and possession of controlled arthropods into Canada for
education and exhibit purposes
COTERC: Canadian Organization for Tropical Education and Rainforest Conservation – Advisor
Ventanas del Corcovado: Conservation center in Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica Advisor
Gabriela Mastromonaco – Curator of Reproductive Programs & Research
AZA: Endocrine Science Advisory Group Steering – Committee Member
AZA: Reproduction Scientific Advisory Group – Member
Fleming College: Biotechnology- Technologist/Forensics Advisory Committee - Member
IETS CANDES Research Subcommittee – Member
IETS CANDES Technology Subcommittee – Co-Chair
Jaap Wensvoort – Wildlife Nutritionist
Comparative Nutrition Society – Member
AZA: Nutrition Advisory Group (NAG) – Member
AZA: Nutrition Advisory Group (NAG) Steering – Committee Member
David Barney – Acting Director of Wildlife
AZA: Nutrition Advisory Group (NAG) – Member
CAZA: Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare (U of G) – Advisory Faculty
William Rapley – Executive Director of Conservation, Education and Wildlife
Ontario Recovery Team: Trumpeter Swan, Member
IUCN: Canadian National Committee (CCIUCN) – Past President and Board Member
IUCN: Species Survival Commission (SSC) – Member
IUCN: Conservation Specialist Group (CBSG) Steering – Committee Member
IUCN: Commission on Communication and Education – Member
AZA: Green Scientific Advisory Committee
AZA: Nutrition Advisory Group (NAG) – Member
AZA: Field Conservation Committee Member - ARCS
AZA: Avian Scientific Committee (ASAG)
AZA SSP®: Waterfowl TAG – Member
AZA SSP®: Polar Bear – Member
AZA SSP®: Giant Panda – Member
AZA: Giant Panda Conservation Foundation – Member
CAZA: Conservation Committee Member
CCO: Conservation Council of Ontario – Member
COTERC: Canadian Organization for Tropical Education and Rainforest Conservation – former Board
Member and Vice Chair;
CSEB: Canadian Society for Environmental Biologists – Member
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
105
Brodie Club Toronto: Member
UNRCE: United Nations Regional Centre of Expertise on Education for Sustainable Development, Steering
Committee
EASO: Education Alliance for a Sustainable Toronto (East) – Steering Committee
OMNR BEAN: Biodiversity Education and Awareness Network – Steering Committee
SARPAC: Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario, Species at Risk Program Advisory Committee
POLAR BEARS INTERNATIONAL: Polar Bear Sustainability Alliance – Program Advisor, Advisory
Committee, Arctic Ambassador Centre, Chair
American Society of Mammalogists – Member
Canadian Society of Environmental Biologists – Member
Piping plover recovery Ontario - Advisor
Long point Causeway Project - Advisor
Parks Canada, Bruce Peninsula Park - Advisor
Rouge Park: Trial Advisory Committee – Member
Rouge Park: Heritage Committee – Member
Rouge Park: Alliance Committee – alternate
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
106
APPENDIX V
2012 PROJECTS SUPPORTED BY THE ENDANGERED SPECIES RESERVE FUND
PROJECT
Curator
BFF Canadian Reintroduction - Post release Monitoring
M. Franke
Cell cultures from Lake Victoria cichlids
G. Mastromonaco
Rouge Park Species at Risk Monitoring
B. Johnson
Healthy Waters, Healthy Wild Species at Risk Conservation
B. Johnson
Ape TAG
M. Franke
Loggerhead Shrike
T. Mason
Panama Frog Rescue Program (Invert Production)
T. Mason
Great Lakes Program
C. Lee
Toronto Zoo Aqua-Links
C. Lee
Asian Turtle Crisis Range Country Conservation
B. Johnson
NA Save the Rhino Campaign
M. Franke
Malayan Tapir
M. Franke
African penguins
T. Mason
Project Punde Kundo (Red Panda)
M. Franke
Madagascan tortoise
B. Johnson
Wyoming Toad SSP Disease Screening / Population Monitoring
B. Johnson
False Gharial Conservation in Indonesia
B. Johnson
Golden Mantella Frog
B. Johnson
Polar Bear Biodiversity Studies
W. Rapley
Giant Panda
W. Rapley
Lewa Veterinary Conservancy & Vet Program
G. Crawshaw
Golden Lion Tamarin Conservation
M. Franke
Hutan Reforestation Efforts in Kinabatangan
M. Franke
Sulawesi Habitat Preservation and Education Programming
M. Franke
Tree Kangaroo & Biodiversity Conservation in Papua New Guinea
M. Franke
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
107
APPENDIX VII
TORONTO ZOO PUBLICATIONS
2011-2012
ECOLOGY/FIELD CONSERVATION/REINTRODUCTION
Connolly, K., Powley, D. and Rapley, W. A. TORONTO ZOO CONSERVATION AND EDUCATION ACTIVITIES
REPORT 2011-2012. July 2012.
REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY/TECHNOLOGY
Wong, P. B. Y., Wiley, E.O., Johnson, W. E., Ryder, O.A., O'Brien, S.J., Haussler, D., Koepfli, K-P., Houck, M. L.,
Perelman, P., Mastromonaco, G., Bentley, A.C., Venkatesh, B., Genome 10K Community of Scientists, Zhang, Y-P
and Murphy, R.W. Tissue sampling methods and standards for vertebrate genomics. GigaScience (2012) 1:8 doi:
10.1186/2047-217X-1-8.
Mastromonaco, G.F., Houck, M. L. and Bergfelt, D. R. Disorders of sexual development in wild and captive exotic
animals. Sexual Development (2012) 6:84-95.
Seaby, R., Mackie, P., King, W. and Mastromonaco, G. Investigation into developmental potential and
nuclear/mitochondrial function in early wood and plains bison hybrid embryos. Reproduction in Domestic Animals
(2011) doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01936.x.
Morden, C.C., Weladji, R.B., Ropstad, E., Dahl, E., Holand, O., Mastromonaco, G. and Nieminen, M. Faecal
hormones as a non-invasive population monitoring method for reindeer. Journal of Wildlife Management (2011)
75:1426-1435.
Wang, Q., Chow, J., Hong, J., Smith, A. F., Moreno, C., Seaby, P., Vrana, P., Miri, K., Tak, J., Chung, E. D.,
Mastromonaco, G., Caniggia, I. and Varmuza, S. Recent acquisition of imprinting at the rodent Sfmbt2 locus
correlates with insertion of a large block of miRNAs. BMC Genomics (2011) 12:204 doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-204.
VETERINARY MEDICINE/PHYSIOLOGY
Lentini AM, Crawshaw GJ, Licht LE, McLelland DJ. 2011. Pathologic and hematologic responses to surgically
implanted transmitters in eastern massasauga rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus). Journal of Wildlife
Diseases 47: 107-125.
Crawshaw GJ. 2011. Amphibian Viral Diseases. In. In: Miller R.E, and Fowler M.E. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine
Current Therapy 7. Elsevier, St Louis. Pp 231-238.
Delnatte P, Berkvens C, Kummrow M, Smith DA, Crawshaw G, Ojkic D, DeLay, J. New genotype of avian bornavirus
in wild geese and trumpeter swans in Canada. 2011. Veterinary Record 169: 108.
Conservation and Education Activities Report 2011-2012
109