High EER at 46ºC Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Air Conditioner Project
By
AMAD For Technical Consultation and Laboratories.
And
Proctor Engineering Group, Ltd.
Contents
1. Project overview by (Mr. John Proctor).
2. Data Collection
–
–
–
–
–
–
Energy Consumption by (Mr. John Proctor).
Consumers Survey’s Results by (Mr. John Proctor).
Distributers’ Survey Result by Eng.Emad Essa.
Manufacturers’ Survey Result by Eng.Emad Essa.
Governmental and related Organizations Survey by (Mr.
John Proctor).
International Standards by (Mr. John Proctor).
3. Phase out of R-22 by (Mr. John Proctor).
4. Saudi Energy & Emissions by Dr. Ahmed Al
Moqbel.
5. Next Phase by (Mr. John Proctor).
6. Panel discussion.
Project Goals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Reduce peak-electric demand from new residential air
conditioners in Saudi Arabia by 15% to 25%
Reduce energy use of these new residential ACs by 10% to 25%
Support the national industry in the introduction of new air
conditioners with higher efficiency at high outdoor temperatures.
Support the potential revision of standards to improve the
performance of air conditioners at high outdoor temperatures.
Obtain information in the status-quo of air conditioners and the
manufacturing capability of the national AC industry.
Develop an air conditioner design appropriate for the high
temperature climates in Kingdom.
Determine the minimum EER that will achieve optimized life cycle
costs for the consumer.
Steps
1. Determine Design Conditions
2. Model Baseline Units
3. Determine Manufacturing Capabilities
4. Evaluate Components Individually
5. Insert Component Revisions into Baseline Model
to Develop Climate Specific Designs
6. Life Cycle Cost Analysis
7. Build two Proof of Concept Air Conditioners
8. Lab Test and Optimize
9. Advise Concerned Committee on Standards
Modification
Problems
Three problems associated with residential air
conditioning:
1. ACs low efficiency at high temperatures.
2. ACs waste capacity by dehumidifying indoor air that is
already sufficiently dry
3. The alternative refrigerants (410A and 407C) are less
efficient at high temperatures than the R-22 refrigerant they
replace
Project Objectives
•
•
•
•
Enlist and build support in the industry for manufacturing
appropriate air conditioners for the Saudi climate.
Create and prove hot climate low-electrical peak, life-cycle
cost optimized air conditioner design methodology for split
and window units.
Build one mini-split and one window AC with reduced peak
watt draw and improved life-cycle costs within current or
reasonably available manufacturing capabilities.
Have first costs increase of 5% to 25% depending upon
features
Project Phases:
1)
Information Collection
2)
Baseline Testing and Evaluation
3)
New Design High Temperature ACs
4)
Provide Supporting Data for Potential Standards
Revisions
Component Evaluation
Main System Components
–
–
–
–
–
–
Compressors
Condensers
Evaporators
Expansion Devices
Fans and Motors
Controls
Analyze Cost/Benefit of different types of components
Analyze how these components perform at multiple
program design conditions
Basic Approach to Improvement
•
•
•
•
•
•
Decrease superheat
More efficient condensers and evaporators
Properly sized and more efficient motors
More efficient fans
Less air resistance through the air pathways
Smaller and more efficient compressors
Data Collection
Data Collection Methodology
• Statistical Information about the Energy
Consumption
• Consumers Survey (Random 600)
• Distributers Survey (Random 50)
• Manufacturers Survey (5)
• Governmental and related Organizations
Survey
Energy Consumption
Electricity Consumption by Sector
Electricity Consumption by Air Conditioning
• Electrical energy consumed in buildings (residential commercial and
governmental)
75%
• Air-conditioning percent of building electricity consumption
70%
• Therefore air conditioning percentage of Saudi electricity
consumption
52%
• The Saudi load factor is .536 resulting in Air Conditioning is
75% of the TOTAL electrical peak
Consumers Survey’s Results
Sample and Weighting Percentages
10%
10%
20%
10%
3%
20%
20%
6%
8%
10%
30%
Sample
18%
5%
30%
Weighting
Jeddah
Riyadh
Qassim
Dammam
Abha
Hail
Jizan
AC Percentage by Type
2983 Air Conditioners
3.9 0.4
20.6
Window
Mini Split
Cassette
Concealed
75
ACs per Household
Average Number of ACs
City
4.7
Jeddah
5.7
Riyadh
3.9
Qassim
5.2
Dammam
3.2
Abha
4.4
Hail
7.2
Jizan
5.0
Kingdom
Reported
Summer
AC
Schedule
Consumer Reported Summer Schedule
90%
Units Reported Operating
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
Jeddah Connected
Capacity 76,885 BTUh
30%
Riyadh Connected
Capacity 117,145 BTUh
20%
10%
0%
1
3
5
7
9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Time of Day
Reported Summer AC Schedule
Consumer Reported Summer Schedule
90%
Units Reported Operating
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
Weighted Connected
Capacity 97,500 BTUh
30%
20%
10%
0%
1
3
5
7
9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Time of Day
Summer and Winter Monthly Bills
City
Jeddah
Riyadh
Qassim
Dammam
Abha
Hail
Jizan
Kingdom
Summer
221
434
277
418
353
273
631
359
Winter
93
206
144
142
270
149
386
172
Buy a Special Hot Climate Air Conditioner?
• 90 % of customer say YES
• Willingness to pay additional cost
• Median values of acceptable increased cost vs.
savings
5% more for 5% savings
10% more for 10% savings
15% more for 15% savings
15% more for 20% savings
20% more for more than 20% savings
Air Conditioner Replacement Schedule
%
Rate
4.1
Less than 3 years
29.9
3-6
48.7
6-10
13.8
10-15
3.4
More than 15 years
Factors in Buying AC
Lowest Score =
Highest Importance
Quality is always
number 1
Other factors vary
by region
Factor
Score
Quality
1.9
Brand
3.1
Price
3.2
Warranty
Low Power
Consumption
4
4.1
Service
4.6
Thermal Insulation
% of Homes Insulated
City
No
Yes
87.5
12.5
Jeddah
51.3
48.7
Riyadh
98.3
1.7
Qassim
72.6
27.4
Dammam
85.0
15.0
Abha
75.0
25.0
Hail
74.6
25.4
Jizan
73.4
26.6
Kingdom
Family Size
3.4
9.6
15
52.4
19.6
One
Two
Three
Four
Five and Above
Distributers’ Survey Result
Window Air Conditioner
7
10.5
24000
18000
5.27
EER 6
12.3
7
8
9
10
11
Window 18000 EER Range
35.00
30.43
30.00
26.09
25.00
20.00
%
15.00
10.00
13.04
13.04
8.70
4.35
5.00
4.35
0.00
5-5.5
6.5-7
7-7.5
7.5-8
8-8.5
8.5-9
GT 12
Window 24000 EER Range
35.00
30.43
30.00
25.00
20.00
17.39
17.39
%
15.00
13.04
10.00
8.70
8.70
4.35
5.00
0.00
7-7.5
7.5-8
8-8.5
8.5-9
9-9.5
9.5-10
10-10.5
Window Air Conditioner
1250
1600
24000
1650
18000
1068
Price 500
1000
1500
Price
2000
2500
Window 18000 Price
1800
1650
1560
1550
1600
1400
1200
1190
1200
1190
1100
1100
1200
1100
1120
1068
1200
1100
1000
Price
800
600
400
200
0
5.27
5.27
6.70
7.20
7.50
7.88
8.00
8.09
8.20
8.26
8.49
8.80
8.90
12.30
Window 24000 Prices
3000
2500
2500
2150
2000
1600
1520
1500
1320
1350
7.25
7.50
1350
1350
7.88
8.00
1600
1500
1440
1300
1300
8.75
9.10
Prices
1250
1000
500
0
7.03
7.70
8.18
8.24
8.39
9.40
9.60
10.50
Mini-Split Air Conditioner
6.24
11.5
24000
10.29
18000
5.62
EER 6
7
8
9
10
11
Mini-Split 18000 EER Range
50.00
45.00
43.14
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
%
20.00
13.73
15.00
11.76
10.00
7.84
5.88
5.00
3.92
3.92
3.92
3.92
9.5-10
10-10.5
1.96
0.00
5.5-6
6-6.5
6.5-7
7-7.5
7.5-8
8-8.5
8.5-9
9-9.5
Mini-Split 24000 EER Range
45.00
39.62
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
%
20.00
16.98
15.00
11.32
9.43
10.00
9.43
5.66
3.77
5.00
1.89
1.89
0.00
6-6.5
6.5-7
7-7.5
7.5-8
8-8.5
8.5-9
9-9.5
9.5-10
11-11.5
Mini- split Air Conditioner
1900
3300
24000
1650
18000
1068
Price 500
1000
1500
Price
2000
2500
3000
Manufacturers’ Survey Result
Most common for Window 18000 BTU /HR
8.8
8
Brand - 4
6
6.3
8.5
Brands
Brand - 3
7.68
7.78
Brand - 2
5.7
5.74
7.6
7.7
Brand - 1
5.4
EER
5.4
Most common for Mini-Splits 24000 BTU/HR
8.8
8.9
Brand - 4
6.4
6.8
Brands
9.28
Brand - 3
7.72
7.57
Brand - 2
6.14
6.15
7.82
8
Brand - 1
5.77
EER
5.93
Governmental and related
Organizations Survey
Stakeholder Information
Opinion of Minimum EER 7.5 at 35 C
and EER 5.4 at 46 C
100
80
60
40
20
0
Very Low
Reasonable
High
Very High
Opinions about EER value for window and mini-split air conditioners' which is
suitable to be applied at 46 0C and must be committed to apply in Saudi
Arabia air-conditioners, manufactured here and imported.
Insufficient Response to Date
Enforcement Methods for EER Compliance
1. Manufacturer self certification
2. Certification by accredited lab
3. Random testing of units from marketplace by
government or independent laboratory
There was consensus that #3 would be
effective.
There was no consensus on the other two.
International Standards
Global Efficiency Regulations
EER
13
12.0
11.7
11
9.7
10.9
10.2
9.6
9
11.2
10.6
10.1
11.5
11.0
10.6
11.6
11.5
10.9
10.2
10.6
9.9
9.6
8.9
9.2
8.5
7.8
8.2
9.0
8.5
10.5
9.5
9.0
8.0
8.2
7.5
7.5
7
10.5
10
9.5
5
3
USA
Europe
Average In Market
Korea Thailand China
Minimum Current Standards
India
Saudi
Next Levels
UAE
Kuwait
Phase out of R-22
Effect of R-22 Replacements
9
8
8.6%
8.8%
7
11.1%
6
R-410A
1
0
R-22
2
EER at 35 C Unit A
EER at 35 C Unit B
Eng Mohammed El Gallad King Saudi University
R-410A
3
R-22
R-407C
R-407C
4
R-22
R-22
R-407C
5
EER at 46 C unit C
Domanski and Payne NIST
Saudi Energy & Emissions
• Saudi Arabia’s energy consumption per capita is 6.8 toe in
2009 (about 7,700 kWh / cap )
• World average energy consumption per capita is 1.8 toe in
2009 (2500 kWh / cap)
• That’s Mean 4 Times and growing Annually by 6%.
• Capacity for the production of electricity in Saudi Arabia in
2010 (45 GW).
• 52% goes to Residential.
• 18% goes to the factories
• 30% goes to commercial ,governmental, agricultural sectors
and public services
- The consumption of primary
energy per capita in Saudi
Arabia is (6.8TOE) (tons of
oil equivalent), compared to
the global average (1.8
TOE).
- The annual consumption
of electricity per capita in
Saudi Arabia is (7,700
KWh), with the knowledge
that the average world
consumption is (2,500 KWh)
per capita .
ABB 2009
- Energy sources in electricity
power plants in the
Kingdom, rely primarily on
fossil fuels of oil and natural
gas.
- 55% of the power plants
use oil and its derivatives.
- 45% use natural gas.
MOWE Annual report 2010
- The Installed capacity for
the
electricity in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in
2010 Reached (45 GW).
- 18% of that power goes
to the industrial sector.
82% goes to
residential, commercial, gov
ernmental and agricultural
and public services sectors.
MOWE annual report 2010
ABB 2009
- As a result of the burning of
fossil fuels during the
production of electrical
energy emitted harmful
gases and contaminated the
environment.
- Of the most important of
these gases
:
- carbon dioxide (CO2)
- sulfur dioxide (SO2)
- nitrogen oxide (NOx)
- carbon monoxide (CO)
Gasses Emissions Rate for different Power Plants Turbine Models
- Burning of fossil fuels leads
to emission of large
quantities of (CO2) into the
atmosphere.
- Found that the oil is the
largest
producer
of
greenhouse gas carbon
dioxide by up to 44 per cent
of the total fossil fuels
energy.
- The natural gas and coal
in the second most
important, accounting for
28 per cent each of total
greenhouse gas (CO2)
EPA 2008
CO2 per capita per country
EPA 2008
- Average amount of CO2 gas
emissions for all types of
turbines in Saudi Arabia is
(750 gCO2/KWh)
.
- Although this rate has
declined since 1990 by 0.6
per year, but it is still 1.5
times the global average
rate
ABB 2009
- The total CO2 emission in
Saudi Arabia in 2009 is 466
Million metric ton.
- Of these total amount of
emission, is 37.3 Million
metric ton comes from AirConditioners .
IEA 2009
Next Phase
More Respondents
1) Work with Government, Academia, and
other stakeholders
2) Obtain monthly usage data for large
sample of residential customers
3) Obtain load shape data for average and
peak days
4) Obtain documentation on selected units
from SASO
Next Phase
Baseline
1) Choose baseline and high efficiency units
for testing and modeling
2) Test baseline and high efficiency units
3) Tune simulation program to laboratory
results
Units for Testing and Modeling
• One standard efficiency split unit
(8.0 to 8.5)
• One high efficiency split unit
(9.0 to 9.5)
• One standard efficiency window unit
(7.5 to 8.0)
• One high efficiency window unit
(8.5 to 9.0)
Laboratory test units at 35ºC
and elevated outdoor temperatures (46ºC)
• Using Standards SASO 385, SASO 386/1998, SASO
2681/2007, SASO 2682/2007 and SASO 2663/2007 with
modifications as needed for this project.
• Test the four baseline units including:
– Steady state performance (Capacity and EER) at 35ºC and
46ºC
– Attempt development of cyclic testing to predict the kWh
consumption differences between the baseline and the
new designs.
This will inform life cycle cost calculations.
Compile and Analyze Data on Tested Units
• Combine the data from the laboratory testing with
other available data on standard designs to provide a
solid base for designing the improved air
conditioners.
• Reduce the data into a useful format for the
simulations of AC performance, peak energy
consumption, and annual energy use.
• This analysis will define the target performance of
the project prototypes.
Metrics
• The metrics to be defined are expected to include:
– EER at 35ºC,
– EER at 46ºC,
– Cyclic Efficiency
– Maintenance and repair schedule
– Initial Cost
– Operating costs (costs due to kWh consumption of the
unit, which is expected to decrease by (10% to 25%),
– Maintenance and repair costs (expected to remain
constant),
– Service life
• Deliverable:
Baseline Report
Tune Simulation Program to Laboratory Data
• Tune the simulation model (Oak Ridge National
Laboratories Heat Pump Design Model) to data for
AC performance and peak energy consumption.
Deliverable:
• Tuned AC Simulation Model
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