College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
Chapter Two
INTRODUCTION TO DATA AND INFORMATION
Nian Khidr Aziz, MSc.
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering
Salahaddin University-Erbil
nian.aziz@su.edu.krd
Mobile #: 07504492622
©2015 , Nian Khidr Aziz, Salahaddin University-Erbil, www.su.edu.krd
College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
1. Introduction to Computer Systems
 Computer systems are found everywhere.
 Computers have become almost as common as
televisions. But what is a computer?
A computer is a system made of two major components:
hardware and software.
 The computer hardware is the physical equipment.
 The software is the collection of programs (instructions)
that allow the hardware to do its job.
©2015 , Nian Khidr Aziz, Salahaddin University-Erbil, www.su.edu.krd
College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
2. Computers
An electronic device which is
capable of receiving
information (data) in a
particular form and of
performing a sequence of
operations in accordance
with a predetermined set of
procedural instructions
(program) to produce a
result in the form of
information or signals
©2015 , Nian Khidr Aziz, Salahaddin University-Erbil, www.su.edu.krd
College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
Computers; More Definitions
Computers are devices perform pre-specified
mathematical manipulation.
or,
Computers are millions of electronic switches make
ON and OFF according to pre-specified procedures.
These procedures are called PROGRAMS.
©2015 , Nian Khidr Aziz, Salahaddin University-Erbil, www.su.edu.krd
College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
3. Data and Information
Data can be defined as a representation of facts
(examples: Signs, Sounds, characters, numbers, photos,
…etc.), concepts or instructions in a formalized manner
which should be suitable for communication,
interpretation, or processing by human or electronic
machine.
Data is represented with the help of characters like
alphabets (A-Z,a-z), digits (0-9) or special characters(+,,/,*,<,>,= etc.), or any other symbols.
Data is not information. Data requires interpretation to
become information.
Information is organized or classified data which has some
meaningful values for the receiver.
©2015 , Nian Khidr Aziz, Salahaddin University-Erbil, www.su.edu.krd
College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
4. Analogue and Digital Data
Analog and digital signals are used to transmit
information.
In analog technology, information is translated into
electric waves of varying amplitude.
In digital technology, information is translated into binary
format (zero or one)
©2015 , Nian Khidr Aziz, Salahaddin University-Erbil, www.su.edu.krd
College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
5. Numbering Systems
A number system is a way to represent numbers.
We are used to using the base-10 number system, which
is also called decimal (1-9).
But there are other number systems like:
Base-16 (hexadecimal, 0 –F)
Base-2 (binary, 0,1).
©2015 , Nian Khidr Aziz, Salahaddin University-Erbil, www.su.edu.krd
College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
6. Binary Number Digits
1 digits, 21
0
1
2 digits, 22
00
000
01
10
001 010
11
011
100
101
110
3 digits, 23
111
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
4 digits, 24
©2015 , Nian Khidr Aziz, Salahaddin University-Erbil, www.su.edu.krd
College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
7. Binary Coding
Binary to Decimal
Decimal to Binary
Binary to Hexadecimal
Digit
8
Digit
4
Digit
2
Digit
1
12 =
1
1
0
0
6=
0
1
1
0
Binary
1111
0001
1100
1001
Hex
F
1
C
9
1111000111001001 B= F1C9 H
©2015 , Nian Khidr Aziz, Salahaddin University-Erbil, www.su.edu.krd
College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
8. Binary, Hex, Decimal
©2015 , Nian Khidr Aziz, Salahaddin University-Erbil, www.su.edu.krd
College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
9. Data Types
Numeric (example: INT, Decimal)
Binary (example: bit, BYTE, WORD)
Text (String) (example: CHAR, VARCHAR, LONGTEXT)
Memo (long text or numbers)
Time (example: HH:MM:SS)
Date (example: YYYY:MM:DD)
Currency (example $, ID)
Video
Audio
©2015 , Nian Khidr Aziz, Salahaddin University-Erbil, www.su.edu.krd
College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
10. File
In Computer Literature,
file is record of data in
a storage medium.
Files are created by
Software (Applications) ,
which define
the file type.
©2015 , Nian Khidr Aziz, Salahaddin University-Erbil, www.su.edu.krd
College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
Thank You
Questions?
©2015 , Nian Khidr Aziz, Salahaddin University-Erbil, www.su.edu.krd