Design and Characterization of the Berkeley
Multimedia Workload
Nathan T. Slingerland and Alan Jay Smith
Report No. UCB/CSD-00-1122
December 2000
Computer Science Division (EECS)
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
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Name
ADPCM Encode
ADPCM Decode
DJVU Encode
DJVU Decode
Doom
Ghostscript*
GSM Encode
GSM Decode
JPEG Encode
JPEG Decode
LAME*
Mesa Gears*
Mesa Morph3D*
Mesa Reflect*
MPEG-2 Enc. DVD
MPEG-2 Enc. 720P
MPEG-2 Enc. 1080I
MPEG-2 Dec. DVD
MPEG-2 Dec. 720P
MPEG-2 Dec. 1080I
mpg123*
POVray3
Rasta*
Rsynth
Timidity
Total
Arithmetic Mean
Source
Lines
300
300
25,419
25,419
57,868
248,363
5,473
5,473
33,714
33,714
19,704
119,830
120,401
119,883
7,605
7,605
7,605
9,832
9,832
9,832
7,790
151,346
24,589
7,089
40,514
1,099,500
43,980
Instructions
Dynamic
478
64,020,339
478
49,687,192
131,541
394,242,073
127,475
328,761,829
295,086
1,889,897,116
326,773
970,395,449
54,228
375,971,389
54,228
126,489,950
75,460
177,977,854
81,382
80,176,365
22,078
7,989,818,554
462,942
296,287,705
465,167
239,456,087
467,373
2,752,665,912
78,549
17,986,999,069
78,549
47,606,551,352
78,549
111,041,463,652
248,779
1,307,000,398
248,779
3,992,213,571
248,779
8,038,214,930
87,313
574,034,774
227,214
6,017,197,975
114,943
25,120,492
48,121
402,500,964
81,256
4,588,632,916
4,105,520 217,315,777,907
164,221
8,692,631,116
Static
Loads
Executable Size (bytes)
Static
Dynamic
32,768
1,507,328
4,302,782
32,768
1,507,328
4,302,782
1,318,912
42,663,936
68,204,647
1,277,952
21,495,808
59,700,283
2,359,296
27,066,368
500,225,773
4,579,328
32,964,608
188,116,952
385,024
1,048,576
55,009,077
385,024
1,048,576
10,711,683
557,056
11,141,120
41,182,069
598,016
11,141,120
16,419,065
376,832
7,274,496
1,688,230,256
4,210,688
51,445,760
36,839,087
4,218,880
51,642,368
28,181,931
4,251,648
61,407,232
431,196,702
475,136
49,283,072
3,257,725,765
475,136 127,008,768
8,581,717,942
475,136 284,622,848 20,148,301,625
1,540,096
16,908,288
219,595,775
1,540,096
42,467,328
673,343,544
1,540,096
93,847,552
1,341,912,185
729,088
3,407,872
166,675,525
2,179,072
16,384,000
1,562,189,592
876,544
5,767,168
5,925,648
625,264
3,997,696
102,351,142
892,928
26,279,936
1,340,471,112
35,932,784 993,329,152 40,532,832,944
1,437,311 39,733,166
1,621,313,318
Stores
616,116
1,229,491
27,458,767
31,845,270
109,222,846
96,837,718
14,010,892
3,812,483
14,156,413
4,585,079
720,826,607
38,449,257
42,865,365
221,523,544
554,222,287
1,563,082,541
3,349,482,784
76,688,056
243,881,680
464,649,094
45,334,678
683,690,648
1,989,604
39,223,906
594,047,710
8,943,732,836
357,749,313
User Time
(sec)
(M cycles)
0.116
53.0
0.063
31.5
0.696
348.0
0.492
246.0
2.134
1,067.0
1.175
587.5
0.468
234.0
0.186
93.0
0.218
109.0
0.094
47.0
18.361
9,180.5
0.480
240.0
0.548
274.0
3.524
1,762.0
17.798
8,899.0
48.013
24,006.5
113.605
56,802.5
1.894
947.0
5.749
2,874.5
11.988
5,994.0
0.733
366.5
11.105
5,552.5
0.037
18.5
0.852
426.0
2.046
1,023.0
242.375 121,182.5
9.695
4,847.3
System Time
(sec)
(M cycles)
0.037
18.5
0.086
43.0
0.020
10.0
0.030
15.0
0.954
477.0
0.129
64.5
0.003
1.5
0.000
0.0
0.012
6.0
0.026
13.0
0.099
49.5
0.019
9.5
0.023
11.5
0.023
11.5
0.309
154.5
0.550
275.0
0.261
130.5
0.032
16.0
0.087
43.5
0.133
66.5
0.003
1.5
0.146
73.0
0.002
1.0
0.025
12.5
0.160
80.0
3.169
1,584.5
0.127
63.4
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‡-š…JJ¡J—-eŠHˆ‹¢<‡bcJd e•ŠJb_‡bkŠHe¡[eXŠHen‡*cJ—bX¢œJˆ JËX±]©ˆ Ë …J—-e–”ŒË —b¡JœX«
d šnb ŠJ«‡-š¼‡-œJe —-e«…Jd ‡«Ò¡J—-e«en‡-eŠ–ˆ †§ ïteeâÜ_ª[bXŠƒ§ Òe—-d‹’ ðªX˜Uš —,š‡-œJe—
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˜Uš —0‡-œJeˆ —™š_¤™ƒ¤“š —-Öd šnb Š¯±
à
100%
100%
Audio
Speech
Document
Video
3D
80%
70%
CINT95
CFP95
90%
60%
Integer Instruction Coverage
Integer Instruction Coverage
90%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0%
1
6
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
56
1
61
6
11
16
Bits to Represent Integer Data
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
56
61
Bits to Represent Integer Data
!
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d#Wj]cX2g 1Q\65kHd#g 145X#Zd#TPX2_)5 3!d#TjaDX23l365']c14g \Z>36X2Vm\6e45365 02.]
\65 3ln.aI\6eBop#q#RrW4. \!]!s:Wjd2]c5'aDX2TSaQbITjd#V`.^. Tj]
\6361j^\6. X2TS^X214TF\!]
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100%
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90%
90%
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²
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80%
80%
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70%
70%
µ ¦
60%
60%
50%
50%
40%
40%
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30%
30%
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20%
20%
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10%
10%
¥ ¶“I˜ ­½jœ»® ¼ ••
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²
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0%
¥  šŒ˜ ­½jœ»® ¼ ••
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0%
1
3
5
7
9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Run Length
À/d#W4g 5ÂÁI8ÂNDûJ/O4ÄÅ;ÆÇ9GHO4J/ÆÈÊÉÈ/OQGHO4Æ#='CFGH;? =';Æ2?ËRËÌjÍjÎUÏjÐÒÑcÓ
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Branch Coverage
ž !£
¥ š —6¯>¶˜ ¥ š —6¯>¶
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100%
100%
Cumulative Branch Coverage
˜ l­ ¦4¥ œ® ¦ •¯>‘ ¢6°±
Branch Coverage
‚ƒ„F…†l‡‰ˆ
100%
90%
90%
80%
80%
70%
70%
60%
60%
50%
50%
40%
40%
30%
30%
20%
20%
10%
10%
0%
Cumulative Branch Coverage
tvu'w
x#y u'z {`|>}w
~cI€ 
0%
1
3
5
7
9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Run Length
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0.8
Multimedia
SPEC95
Lee84
0.7
Probability
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
100%
0.1
0.0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Run Length
Coverage of Total CPU Cycles
80%
1
!#"$&%'(#)*)*+-,-+."0/21436587 97 :;
:=<7>?; @9ABC:=<7 @D$57>#E7FEHGI:;#3 7 :;#E=JK90E=;#G0>>#E5L7>
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E=;#3_^ `aB$b=cdfe
60%
40%
20%
0.10
Miss Ratio
470 User [Smit82]
470 Supervisor [Smit82]
VAX 780 [Clark83]
0.04
Timidity
Rasta
Rsynth
mpg123
POVray3
MPEG2 1080I Decode
MPEG2 720P Decode
MPEG2 1080I Encode
MPEG2 720P Encode
MPEG2 DVD Decode
Mesa Reflect
Mesa Morph3D
Lame
Mesa Gears
JPEG Decode
GSM Decode
JPEG Encode
GSM Encode
Doom
Ghostscript
Ÿ M§a(AƒH+-h%O¨ª©+-inHh( «AU!A‘h(Aikj*$¬
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J ;$5Be
SPEC95
0.06
MPEG2 DVD Encode
SPEC92 [Gee93]
DJVU Decode
DTMR [Smit87]
DJVU Encode
ADPCM Encode
Agarwal Mul3 [Agar88]
0.08
ADPCM Decode
0%
Berkeley Multimedia
VAX 8800 [Clark88]
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0.02
0.00
1K
2K
4K
8K
16K
32K
64K 128K 256K 512K 1M
2M
Cache Size (Bytes)
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Sales of Entertainment Software (Billions)
$7
$6
$5
$4
$3
$2
40%
$1
35%
$0
1996
1997
1998
/10 2&346587&91:;=<1>@?BACDB>FEG?IHKJLMC(NO>
1999
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bc5ed6f‡foxxi 0ghyfO‰60 k&l\dfo465"dk&†85yƒ\fO‰d0 †8xi 0gd‰60gh"hjk&†8x\fo465e„}‰6kŽƒkO
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k&li “B2&5yl5y4fO‰65d‰fO‰60gh0 †‡fo2&5edyŒ–•aƒ5cbc5ed6ffol\„—vxI5ylIq{z˜€mrd
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|&~š@0gd3\foi 0 efO‰60 k&lBfol\„|&~žš@0g„(5ykF2#fo†85edMƒ5y465}0 l#‰65y4f&hu‰60 š@0 ‰“U0gd
0 †8xIk&4‰fol#‰eŒbck#d‰xI5yk&xi 5s0 l#‰65y465ed‰65e„}0 l465yl\„(5y460 l2,d‰fO‰60ghs0 †‡fo2&5ed
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2&465efO‰65y4hjk&†8x3(‰fO‰60 k&l\foi‚hjk#d‰eŒ
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„(0gf0gd"5yl\hjk(„(5e„UfO‰8­o¢o§O¥(¦#®&§ŒŽbck&46580 †8xIk&4‰fol#‰6i “&”1’I5ehyfo3\d5‡k&li “
n…k&34n…4fo†85edfo465"5yl\hjk(„(5e„c0 lFbc5e„(0gf&‹5yl\hƒG”\‰6ƒ5"n…3i iw’I5yƒ\fŸš@0 k&4kon
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i 5ef&d‰f_n…3i is2&46k&3x—konMx0ghu‰63465edF¯‰“@x0ghyfoi i “—®Oˆ7e°Un…4fo†85ed‘80gd}465jˆ
#30 465e„±0 l—k&4„(5y4‡‰6khyfox(‰63465‰6ƒ5hjk&46465ehu‰Ž4fO‰60 k_konŠru”‹fol\„±€
n…4fo†85s‰“@xI5edyŒ
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465efoi\5j³´k&4‰a†‡f&„(5‰6kMµ&5y5yx‡‰6ƒ5{hjk(„(55j¶Žhj0 5yl#‰ak&4mn=f&d‰eŒwrlf&„„(0 ‰60 k&l
0 ‰0gdai 0 †80 ‰65e„Ž‰6k8†8k&lk(hƒ46k&†850 †‡fo2&5ed‹0 ‰6ƒ„(0 †85yl\d0 k&l\d‹‰6ƒ\fO‰fo465
5yš&5ylxIkO‹5y4d‹kon1‰‹k\Œ
·&€m¡‹q©5yl\hjk(„(0 l2fol\„F„(5ehjk(„(0 l2‹k&46µ(d0 ‰6ƒUf¢&¢#­e¥‚7y¦#¸‡d0 y5e„
0 †‡fo2&5kon,f–46k#d5–=f–d†‡foi iŠ0 †‡fo2&5F0 ‰6ƒ˜3l@3\d3\foiŠ„(0 †85yl\d0 k&l\d‘uŒ
ª0 2&ƒ5y4465edk&i 3(‰60 k&l0 †‡fo2&5edfo465{’I5ehjk&†80 l28†8k&465Šhjk&†8†8k&lc„(35{‰6k
„(0 2&0 ‰foi@xƒko‰6k&2&4foxƒ@“0 lMƒ0ghƒ,hyfo†85y4f&d‚‰“@x0ghyfoi i “Šhyfox(‰63465a·&€m¡‹q
0 †‡fo2&5edfO‰465edk&i 3(‰60 k&l\d‹konfO‰i 5ef&d‰°o¦#§O¥(¦#®&§Ž¹ ºfo†‡f&¸&®e»¬Œ
rl\hjk&46xIk&4fO‰60 l2‡~€a²‹b¼fol\„œq,Œ ­o¢(7Š0 l‰6ƒ5Md6fo†85Š’I5yl\hƒ†‡fo46µ
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Load
Store
CBranch
Cond Move
Add/Sub
Multiply
Logic
Shift
Compare
FP CBranch
FP CMove
FP Convert
FP Misc
FP Load
FP Store
FP Add/Sub
FP Multiply
FP Divide
FP Sqrt
FP Compare
Call/Return
Branch
Other
1995
Multimedia
MediaBench+ [Fritt99]
SPEC95
7e|
1/ 0 2&3465Š|9wÃjÄ1ÅyJyNOÆ1ÇoJe;=?Iėȣ;…É—ÊM?ID_ËwC(NO;=Åe?IÄ
•aƒ5,„(5j‰fo0 i 5e„œ„(“@l\fo†80ghŠ0 l\d‰6463\hu‰60 k&lœ†80 ¥c’465efoµ(„(kOln…k&4s5ef&hƒ
hjk&†8xIk&l5yl#‰{foxxi 0ghyfO‰60 k&lckon‰6ƒ58‹5y46µ&5yi 5y“†M3i ‰60 †85e„(0gfŽ‹k&46µ@i k#f&„
hyfolŽ’I5n…k&3l\„‡0 l•1fo’i 5ed7&”¢(”@fol\„}|Œw•aƒ5{d6fo†850 l(n…k&46†‡fO‰60 k&l‡n…k&4
p@€m¡a²‹¸#¤M0gdx465ed5yl#‰65e„}0 l•1fo’i 5eda¦\”I¤(”fol\„°Œ
Ì ÍÏÎЏÑj
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Pa —×—Ø_RUV
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kon‰6ƒ58hjk&l#‰60 l@3k&3\dl\fO‰63465Mkon‹fo3\„(0 kd0 2&l\foigdyŒ{Ù5y0 2&ƒ@’Ik&460 l2d6fo†,ˆ
xi 5edfo465Š‰“@x0ghyfoi i “š&5y46“hji k#d5"0 lœ†‡fo2&l0 ‰63\„(5&Œ•aƒ5y465jn…k&465&”\4fO‰6ƒ5y4
‰6ƒ\fol}5yl\hjk(„(0 l2M5ef&hƒfo3\„(0 k,d6fo†8xi 5s0 l\„(5yxI5yl\„(5yl#‰6i “}f&d0gda„(k&l5s0 l
x3igd5,hjk(„(5M†8k(„(3igfO‰60 k&l…€a²‹bF‘k&4s4fŸÐ„(0 2&0 ‰foiwfo3\„(0 k\”\‰6ƒ5,x465jˆ
hj5e„(0 l2d6fo†8xi 5,0gd{3\d5e„f&d{f}x465e„(0ghu‰6k&4sn…k&4s‰6ƒ5Žhj346465yl#‰{d6fo†8xi 5&”
0 ‰6ƒ,k&li “Š‰6ƒ5„(0 ³´5y465yl\hj5a’I5y0 l2Š #3\fol#‰60 y5e„,fol\„,d3’\d5e #35yl#‰6i “Š5yl(ˆ
hjk(„(5e„‚Œa¹ €fol\¸&|Ÿ»G•aƒ5{ #3\fol#‰60 y5y4af&„fox(‰dm‰6kM‰6ƒ5{4fO‰65kon1hƒ\fol2&5kon
‰6ƒ5fo3\„(0 kœafŸš&5jn…k&46†Ú’I5y0 l2hjk&†8x465ed6d5e„‚ŒF^’i k(hµ_„(0gfo2&4fo†Úkon
~€a²‹b¾hjk(„(0 l280gddƒkOl0 lc/10 2&3465,7&7&Œ
bœfol@“}„(0 ³´5y465yl#‰0 †8xi 5y†85yl#‰fO‰60 k&l\dkonw‰6ƒ5M~€a²‹bXfoi 2&k&460 ‰6ƒ†
5j¥(0gd‰eŒ•aƒ5,‹5y46µ&5yi 5y“}†M3i ‰60 †85e„(0gfŽ‹k&46µ@i k#f&„}0 l\hji 3\„(5ed‰6ƒ5"n…465y5yi “
fŸšOfo0 igfo’i 5Url#‰65y4f&hu‰60 š&5_bc3i ‰60 †85e„(0gf«d6dk(hj0gfO‰60 k&lې…rbœs‘chjk(„(5ehoŒ
GSM Decode
GSM Encode
Ghostscript
Doom
DJVU Decode
DJVU Encode
ADPCMC Decode
ADPCM Encode
Total
Load Byte
Load Word
Load Long
Load Quad
Store Byte
Store Word
Store Long
Store Quad
Cond Branch
Cond Move
Add/Sub Long
Add/Sub Quad
Multiply Long
Multiply Quad
Logic
Shift
Compare
FP Cond Branch
FP Cond Move
FP Convert
FP Misc
FP Load Single
FP Store Single
FP Add/Sub Single
FP Multiply Single
FP Divide Single
FP Sqrt Single
FP Compare Single
FP Load Double
FP Store Double
FP Add/Sub Double
FP Multiply Double
FP Divide Double
FP Sqrt Double
FP Compare Double
Call / Return
Branch
Other
TOTAL
6,778,280
0
0
18,370
1,110,224
1,142
5,648,543
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
228,569,938 2,455,961 3,682,713 18,169,163 13,077,300 123,617,409
62,724,290
4,843,102
7,634,766
602,032,274 1,850,037
623,285 30,173,547 40,779,567 285,229,832 176,650,287 66,725,719
3,606,089
8,765,064
0
0
19,266
1,110,228
111,806
7,522,543
1,221
1,218
3,784,458
0
0
148
8
71,909
3,711,174
1,219
0
84,841,453
1,229 1,227,981 11,817,826
6,488,672
18,447,727
43,409,507
3,448,511
3,421,624
184,517,792
614,622
1,246 12,722,245 13,735,778
71,531,192
75,840,453 10,072,256
462,900
274,588,131 6,138,696 2,457,213 31,923,427 21,518,650
89,629,454 115,354,014
7,566,677
6,891,957
87,707,764 8,588,491 9,814,016 10,168,642
7,289,807
21,953,713
20,350,475
9,542,620
7,718,788
271,787,383 9,713,090 8,590,946 39,856,714 34,805,838 132,388,734
41,588,802
4,843,259
3,242,829
727,606,475 7,988,694 7,375,318 60,129,890 45,205,778 302,327,509 206,076,272 98,503,014 29,479,377
3,483,045
0
0
3,717
398,786
2,010,261
993,570
76,711
2,437
26,112,640
0
0
66
35
1,923,442
3,045,834 21,143,263
3,376,297
580,467,353 13,760,955 12,287,159 82,855,123 55,911,711 186,830,035 159,859,898 68,962,472 30,378,018
503,710,372 7,986,162 7,983,708 61,741,563 42,277,854 240,749,591
68,968,089 74,003,405 39,100,492
128,484,307 8,588,491 3,680,256 23,205,150 14,652,977
36,263,419
31,225,252 10,868,762 11,545,826
369,635
0
0
257
48
277,025
92,303
2
2
249
0
0
0
0
0
249
0
0
4,793,117
0
0
4,277,677
48
415,533
99,857
2
2
9,878
0
0
1
0
0
9,877
0
0
632,395
0
0
187
1
415,524
216,683
0
0
45,776
0
0
3
1
0
45,772
0
0
2,145,208
0
0
2,138,796
0
0
6,412
0
0
3,220,312
0
0
3,208,194
0
0
12,118
0
0
1,077
0
0
0
0
0
1,077
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,742,578
0
0
3,208,326
67
415,537
118,645
3
3
7,257,405
0
0
1,069,410
16
278,463
5,909,516
0
0
1,137,857
0
0
1,069,398
0
0
68,459
0
0
258,818
0
0
40
19
138,512
120,246
1
1
147,726
0
0
0
0
138,508
9,218
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
341,241
0
0
45
29
277,021
64,145
1
1
35,362,106
3,694
3,694
694,314
2,767,115
11,163,007
20,530,276
200,006
130,732
43,923,076
615,831
615,831
2,365,197
3,572,166
10,672,945
25,201,200
879,906
248,610
6,179,370
0
0
197,754
492,037
592,001
4,893,800
3,778
2,557
3,832,804,553 68,305,953 58,343,366 401,034,456 305,194,760 1,537,871,251 1,080,368,856 381,685,911 147,244,527
!"#$&%(')*'$#,+.-/0012 '-3465879;:<>=?A@
0B
0
0
15,456,331
25,884,799
1,634
860
6,319,031
8,474,206
15,106,646
3,675,691
15,260,411
47,610,800
72,511
87,041
17,141,706
20,495,821
8,592,463
10
0
10
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
17
3
0
5
0
0
5
1,204,598
4,252,300
18,291
189,655,193
MPEG-2 Encode 1080I
MPEG-2 Encode 720P
MPEG-2 Encode DVD
Mesa Reflect
Mesa Morph3D
Mesa Gears
LAME
JPEG Decode
JPEG Encode
Load Byte
Load Word
Load Long
Load Quad
Store Byte
Store Word
Store Long
Store Quad
Cond Branch
Cond Move
Add/Sub Long
Add/Sub Quad
Multiply Long
Multiply Quad
Logic
Shift
Compare
FP Cond Branch
FP Cond Move
FP Convert
FP Misc
FP Load Single
FP Store Single
FP Add/Sub Single
FP Multiply Single
FP Divide Single
FP Sqrt Single
FP Compare Single
FP Load Double
FP Store Double
FP Add/Sub Double
FP Multiply Double
FP Divide Double
FP Sqrt Double
FP Compare Double
Call / Return
Branch
Other
TOTAL
15
0
159
159
162
122,165
306,034
664,346
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6,248,862
459,878,385 21,420,844
8,880,796
139,251,544
194,914,155
544,343,003
1,185,685,540
11,496,870 596,936,807 44,726,472 20,256,382 356,383,122 2,625,563,425 6,898,662,249 16,305,754,765
772
0
213
31
469,362
123,360
307,343
665,390
742
0
20
20
191
8,657
24,873
66,680
1,118,200
178,110,997 18,195,886 27,752,573
69,577,276
76,057,310
218,381,584
454,170,322
3,555,461
246,104,361 18,472,289
9,686,634
140,438,735
192,284,043
568,493,171
1,155,058,459
4,680,797
729,201,213 24,205,977 30,349,047 175,610,619
591,653,260 1,619,341,331
3,633,131,334
111,929
102,951,015
383,487
1,417,693
6,932,320 1,057,999,331 2,729,061,499
6,591,019,353
6,704,149
923,467,907 26,052,645 31,957,466 214,777,548 3,372,050,729 8,761,537,176 20,987,857,118
24,481,292 1,919,286,567 28,672,641 41,197,029 426,805,595 3,452,872,410 9,122,615,725 21,383,188,351
317,228
34,649,358
173,063
549,197
67,448,117
69,067,294
187,416,894
419,775,140
59
5,433
2,258
2,186
2,047
3,225,646
7,898,780
23,808,528
12,291,636 409,973,330 53,315,410
8,181,138
311,058,130 1,014,579,305 2,770,825,984
6,196,522,815
13,887,427 195,885,030 50,690,180
6,870,900
660,969,527 2,845,393,313 7,464,996,665 17,696,147,219
2,287,275
716,176,409 19,475,327
1,575,842
91,377,573
601,297,661 1,628,584,283
3,677,923,284
10
146,364,112
523,637
2,337,432
1,017,957
599
574
582
0
272,767
0
0
0
64,800
172,800
391,680
10
35,295,991
570,896
3,632,567
19,501,744
124,654,521
332,410,521
751,250,841
0
3,200,104
47,418
234,562
136,824
8,338,432
22,234,407
50,396,975
1 221,027,815
2,529,198 10,694,972
6,134,444
25,109,096
66,944,891
151,730,177
0
219,890,932
1,199,333
4,765,064
14,836,491
55
55
55
0 117,891,963
1,165,539
6,219,499
20,595,157
0
0
0
0
55,158,946
1,536,887
9,101,388
15,504,440
0
0
0
0
107
82,767
300,343
6,298,739
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
666,137,380
316,513
1,410,613
796,176
304,651,610
812,395,578
1,839,703,114
7 172,085,563
77,989
246,179
276,695
41,824,510
111,520,480
252,033,775
0 211,622,317
420,617
748,692
833,540
238,100,487
634,928,421
1,435,971,645
5 283,179,814
657,442
1,209,000
1,291,749
193,841,936
516,905,904
1,168,945,600
0
6,412,767
39,844
74,780
63,310
43,791
115,791
261,711
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5 123,259,938
628,315
2,893,093
1,334,390
8,381,249
22,349,224
50,657,712
118,436
228,692,817
240,020
781,907
2,894,763
37,412,334
105,899,033
225,832,078
340,679
119,897,378
614,638
1,147,484
9,952,889
44,581,752
130,471,099
267,119,979
31,437
0
3,145,932
4,460,302
3,210,474
71,726
183,629
409,699
87,673,319 9,123,017,523 319,583,856 238,934,970 2,765,781,650 17,124,288,962 45,279,329,001 105,906,144,267
!"#$&%(')*'$#,+.-/0012 '-3465879;:<>=?A@
BC
35
41
0
0
63,079,368 202,288,004
179,230,670 571,901,170
15
19
11
7
40,077,380 122,519,230
36,027,525 124,744,760
55,647,468 172,647,314
19,019,746
54,255,467
167,347,931 537,902,984
269,748,022 810,825,802
1,728,774
8,269,976
61,801
163,533
257,107,844 726,921,975
304,799,082 896,164,794
54,915,683 167,099,953
22
25
0
0
24
27
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
34
38
126
127
0
0
11
12
0
0
0
0
13
15
6,972,866
28,356,792
9,265,477
39,502,927
1,543
2,841
1,465,031,472 4,463,567,834
Timidity
Rsynth
Rasta
POVray3
mpg123
MPEG-2 Decode 1080I
MPEG-2 Decode 720P
MPEG-2 Decode DVD
Load Byte
Load Word
Load Long
Load Quad
Store Byte
Store Word
Store Long
Store Quad
Cond Branch
Cond Move
Add/Sub Long
Add/Sub Quad
Multiply Long
Multiply Quad
Logic
Shift
Compare
FP Cond Branch
FP Cond Move
FP Convert
FP Misc
FP Load Single
FP Store Single
FP Add/Sub Single
FP Multiply Single
FP Divide Single
FP Sqrt Single
FP Compare Single
FP Load Double
FP Store Double
FP Add/Sub Double
FP Multiply Double
FP Divide Double
FP Sqrt Double
FP Compare Double
Call / Return
Branch
Other
TOTAL
41
19
20,097
40,755
97
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
374,745,728 13,125,436 208,667,745 1,238,950
1,854,468
80,330,481
1,094,954,975 24,035,008 1,168,422,770 3,574,014 36,597,256 190,893,124
19
677
414
8,386
7,110
0
7
1,626
159
20,853
11
0
237,738,683 10,330,487
49,671,406
449,601
1,585,238
66,351,065
222,620,103
6,269,897
457,320,333
794,400 10,596,980
46,014,900
341,081,043 24,583,711 414,865,553 2,128,693 18,485,990
99,413,559
114,571,768
1,937,309
8,483,484
274,493
672,444
7,499,293
1,021,455,786 23,614,547
73,121,209 1,827,995
3,497,338
125,613,355
1,671,789,426 80,113,829 993,210,785 4,914,902 68,975,084 475,088,661
9,036,080
2,140
14,186
28,847
79,398
90,551,054
368,151
272
9,349
12,930
11,584
464
1,558,167,551 41,523,867 600,640,884 1,664,309
6,558,450
115,248,825
1,891,265,922 30,665,422 217,473,019
822,593 11,030,248 427,123,484
335,191,806
2,021,424
149,077,006 1,223,935 17,792,131
96,668,577
25
4,907,522
73,396,753
36,086
323,668
5,667
0
0
144,920
0
0
0
27
2,505,992
38,627,179
156,160
5,743,677
2,726,238
0
237,267
18,090,629
55,508
9,090,274
95,850
1
174,526
113,434,481 1,482,896 59,164,116
28,840
0
0
16,842,015
758,711 24,531,599
28,840
0
0
3,488,004
791,053 29,327,417
0
0
0
2,501,900
603,908 33,642,190
0
0
1
18
12,893
76,887
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
38 133,283,472 505,378,130
645,861
8,769,336
4,545,582
127 30,350,707 163,485,923
135,300
2,503,074
1,469,625
0 66,730,827 387,030,229
758,369
5,082,577
414,510
12 56,501,913 471,006,459
842,775
6,860,928
3,244,682
0
2,027
16,238,995
9,459
8,974
293,974
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
4,907,970
73,169,225
36,685
323,651
5,667
40,089,593
3,526,246
82,756,960
203,227 14,098,018
2,034,885
52,499,179
4,866,779
110,117,016
273,435 14,421,800
3,852,961
3,532
8,613
15,581,145
12,676
7,308
0
8,965,579,638 566,229,533 6,432,288,380 25,840,658 391,719,321 1,839,544,163
!"#%$'&()&#"+*-,.//01&,2354768:9;<=>
?@
203,609
4,368
1,277,742
0
20,286,152,750 6,311,668,533
39,377,367,969 3,910,491,909
140,775
4,875
76,928
1,284
8,802,366,731 1,834,586,505
16,032,718,297
766,064,611
27,176,517,027 3,671,161,958
1,659,393,881
210,976,189
14,182,186,682 1,570,606,154
42,891,794,268 8,910,951,772
36,269,264
11,378,150
10,701,568
216,590
31,091,936,453 2,639,514,258
14,845,120,527
5,397,662
11,934,177,897 1,488,018,106
161,423,661
4
0
0
14,092,818
4
14,000,070
0
14,041,880
0
10
0
3
0
29
0
29
0
0
0
0
0
134,913,182
24
29,788,745
7,380
16,313
0
25,462
2
14,041,707
0
0
0
161,423,561
2
4,655,213,074
362,997,717
6,265,383,589
546,379,574
5,924,683
4,890
239,798,691,184 32,240,432,521
130.li
129.compress
126.gcc
124.m88ksim
099.go
Total
Load Byte
Load Word
Load Long
Load Quad
Store Byte
Store Word
Store Long
Store Quad
Cond Branch
Cond Move
Add/Sub Long
Add/Sub Quad
Multiply Long
Multiply Quad
Logic
Shift
Compare
FP Cond Branch
FP Cond Move
FP Convert
FP Misc
FP Load Single
FP Store Single
FP Add/Sub Single
FP Multiply Single
FP Divide Single
FP Sqrt Single
FP Compare Single
FP Load Double
FP Store Double
FP Add/Sub Double
FP Multiply Double
FP Divide Double
FP Sqrt Double
FP Compare Double
Call / Return
Branch
Other
TOTAL
2,828
191,876
158
4,379
0
1,277,742
0
0
10,606,481,834
93,448,183 2,227,539,341 1,047,014,859
5,352,162,900
352,592,763 12,119,747,714 17,642,372,683
2,626
128,066
454
4,754
1,175
71,372
788
2,309
5,419,868,490
31,381,127
797,025,009
719,505,600
2,335,438,878
157,229,445 3,649,016,338 9,124,969,025
9,775,921,461
201,257,598 4,821,119,923 8,707,056,087
629,773,595
11,262,020
796,889,938
10,492,139
8,184,968,577
57,356,939 3,139,682,863 1,229,572,149
13,811,128,016 243,056,322 10,743,903,825 9,182,754,333
24,282,243
598,978
127
9,766
9,982,386
488,715
420
13,457
12,955,858,568 235,079,954 7,025,496,706 8,235,986,967
4,785,358,102
95,967,619 7,961,280,532 1,997,116,612
6,825,931,243
67,197,600 2,181,244,044 1,371,786,904
44
191
161,423,393
29
0
0
0
0
111
76,163
14,016,511
29
59
12
13,999,999
0
173
25,324
14,016,383
0
10
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
29
0
0
0
29
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
166
124,747
126,032,572
8,755,673
2,407
99,162
33,410
29,646,386
57
0
16,256
0
50
25,399
0
11
0
25,324
14,016,383
0
0
0
0
0
32
116
161,423,393
18
1,184,773,511
27,086,286 1,148,733,180 1,931,622,380
1,471,193,979
32,864,807 1,612,155,092 2,602,790,137
620,231
5,207,521
698
91,343
83,373,753,813 1,614,121,371 58,728,815,450 63,841,568,029
!#"%$&(')"+*,-./1023465
27
6,726
21,543,126
0
0
1,565,354,126 1,523,480,913
5,516,119,963 6,866,928,594
13,236
22,271,097
9,155
672,623
830,722,525
663,477,405
1,397,814,264 3,396,074,969
1,770,835,295 3,157,116,200
48,269,242
102,025,125
2,554,547,554
699,609,508
13,077,449,721 5,104,099,020
351,356,557
5,914,301
11,263,378
3,207,871
3,580,085,183 3,569,245,181
6,503,660,101 1,456,713,345
1,011,698,625 1,182,300,248
3,146
23,039,104
0
0
1,738
19,027,970
768
2
2,560
13,173,538
0
0
0
0
512
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4,819
129,071,358
18,244
120,552,685
768
6,235,284
901
54
0
0
0
0
2,245
29,977,299
67,727,733
715,117,073
206,288,294 1,107,885,168
3,576,457
46,533,817
38,496,833,836 29,985,292,878
4,297,168
0
9,846,588,005
11,899,050,852
4,323,643
405,338
5,577,098,386
6,210,697,290
9,321,380,743
210,133,987
4,689,488,512
15,408,800,218
13,811,033
15,996,312
13,778,986,525
2,816,736,335
1,722,940,998
146
0
146
0
4,754
5,180
0
0
0
0
0
5,010
38,592
0
52
0
0
94
1,523,955,054
3,019,716,938
99,895,700
86,164,357,011
157
0
3,973,533,592
3,390,856,209
8,331
921
1,010,734,940
124,579,571
1,154,389,215
11,356,832
1,043,875,007
15,708,814,609
0
6,681
154,114,602
1,111,793,336
75,927,103
790
0
525,354
0
587,522,250
0
0
0
0
0
0
9,005,902,290
5,287,084,381
7,048,350,750
4,697,880,622
196,366,064
0
391,683,020
21,370,628
28,243,403
1,066,052
55,025,986,710
35
0
2,569,385,580
2,354,565,240
116
14
642,788,573
1,589,856
643,857,110
2,106,485
642,065,146
19,421,858,511
0
56
8,638,288
644,505,894
1,062,711
20
0
2,105,374
263,169
10,204,542,186
2,773,276,741
8,702,401,329
4,671,675,403
212,864,982
0
0
11,046,996
1,051,681
8,413,200
13,671,469
0
0
15
1,062,698
1,059,317
284
53,535,858,479
!#"%$&(')"+*,-./103254687
9#:
103.su2cor
102.swim
101.tomcatv
147.vortex
134.perl
132.ijpeg
Load Byte
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Load Long
Load Quad
Store Byte
Store Word
Store Long
Store Quad
Cond Branch
Cond Move
Add/Sub Long
Add/Sub Quad
Multiply Long
Multiply Quad
Logic
Shift
Compare
FP Cond Branch
FP Cond Move
FP Convert
FP Misc
FP Load Single
FP Store Single
FP Add/Sub Single
FP Multiply Single
FP Divide Single
FP Sqrt Single
FP Compare Single
FP Load Double
FP Store Double
FP Add/Sub Double
FP Multiply Double
FP Divide Double
FP Sqrt Double
FP Compare Double
Call / Return
Branch
Other
TOTAL
367
0
5,361,953,769
2,939,948,803
1,186
79
1,080,380,301
398,120,773
1,292,906,173
166,804,151
1,245,749,364
18,748,637,165
3,230
4,225,520
699,549,220
677,164,377
299,308,720
61,280,454
0
346,981,596
145,002,333
361,723,911
148,353
75,516
14,552
1,250,372
0
0
6,203,571,211
2,778,566,267
4,827,211,367
5,906,345,931
100,617,691
0
120,027,522
129,237,936
216,419,808
1,050,112
54,114,278,130
146.wave5
145.fpppp
141.apsi
125.turb3d
110.applu
107.mgrid
104.hydro2d
Load Byte
Load Word
Load Long
Load Quad
Store Byte
Store Word
Store Long
Store Quad
Cond Branch
Cond Move
Add/Sub Long
Add/Sub Quad
Multiply Long
Multiply Quad
Logic
Shift
Compare
FP Cond Branch
FP Cond Move
FP Convert
FP Misc
FP Load Single
FP Store Single
FP Add/Sub Single
FP Multiply Single
FP Divide Single
FP Sqrt Single
FP Compare Single
FP Load Double
FP Store Double
FP Add/Sub Double
FP Multiply Double
FP Divide Double
FP Sqrt Double
FP Compare Double
Call / Return
Branch
Other
TOTAL
4,157
375
44
96
5,403
27
122
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20,422,601,297
9,909,306,138 13,164,578,033 45,265,475,252 6,687,046,340
3,737,127,098 7,668,511,714
2,664,630,718
1,136,198,272
4,906,543,916 13,352,891,027 3,864,996,064
3,674,746,400 2,495,339,094
18,079
37,418
131
1,487
27,294
968
493
1,696
6,228
5
233
342
63
43
2,926,027,638
1,445,311,793
3,466,105,004
8,934,734,053 1,720,692,135
1,229,291,090 2,709,811,885
95,931,247
2,859,203
529,542
103,436,885
179,899,739
317,188,548
257,670,399
2,791,232,435
1,385,067,908
2,946,987,277
5,591,261,753 1,473,449,941
1,126,558,430 1,777,687,458
1,613,621
254,933
3,889
405,054,417
5,516,540
323,989,925
201,255,644
2,964,101,782
1,452,684,866
2,869,729,046 30,357,340,627 1,688,713,690
1,894,295,474 3,291,438,064
68,596,845,654 50,524,421,726 55,870,557,277 53,742,028,986 18,427,556,740
6,161,852,745 20,241,131,571
1,159,373
59,285
1,532
2,717,559,457
14,263,062
90,651,609
117,067,830
7,992
6,903,320,675
2,681,788,028
242,148,541 1,094,325,054
1,675,548
520,802,970
275,065,731
66,488,497
993,037,761
936,627,757
348,448,700
826,584,723
644,719,192
2,537,885,000
2,087,886
20,009
800,784,891
107,528,539
353,167,670
285,031,678
48,584,632
890,948
12,633
401,982,952
125,243,370
620,528,093
167,387,451
1,042,929,088
13,107,212
310
107
26,137,590
247,906,994
293,764,111
308,442,383
0
0
0
8,922,817
0
0
64,956
62
475,781
891,798,671
4,886,790
59,813,625
394,961,170
539,389,323
50
201,633,296
3,092,035
120,564,037
86,667,312
83,396,724
912,496,696
374,480,753
177,052,679
792,784,256
531,861,074
176,463,236
450,039,819
2
0
0
79,266,816
4
6,305,141
94,303,282
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
960
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15,008,138,219 30,271,519,291 13,679,188,626 42,459,228,221 10,269,709,511 50,017,915,008 7,327,169,203
6,070,114,604
1,430,365,883
5,109,939,722 24,338,685,332 5,644,230,496 10,458,923,396 4,369,526,602
5,073,203,796 25,430,438,750
6,229,066,291 12,232,270,251 5,378,072,693 25,974,102,873 4,170,216,429
5,170,580,502
3,896,536,275 10,478,388,222 10,855,230,405 4,031,382,822 29,469,179,864 4,847,783,466
954,158,944
50
336,862,508
51,298,633
759,216,186
140,267,492
94,001,945
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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13,107,306
337
294,999
87,682,406
310,221,661
346,106,823
41,710,561
376,097
46,390
124,721,520
52,040,437
154,115,390
77,083,084
42,720,219
577,236
43,354
387,460,478
100,711,227
136,261,484
81,671,749
210,488
76,452
1,279
1,770
48,273
1,206
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Berkeley Multimedia
SPEC95
0.16
0.05
Berkeley Multimedia
SPEC95
0.05
0.14
0.04
0.04
0.10
Miss Ratio
Miss Ratio
0.12
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
1K
2K
4K
8K
16K
32K
64K 128K 256K 512K
1M
2M
0.00
Cache Size (Bytes)
1K
2K
4K
8K
16K
32K
64K 128K 256K 512K
1M
2M
Cache Size (Bytes)
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ADPCM Encode
ADPCM Decode
80%
80%
CPU Cycles Coverage
100%
CPU Cycles Coverage
100%
60%
40%
20%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0%
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
Unique Source Lines
71
81
91
101
1
11
21
31
DJVU Encode
80%
CPU Cycles Coverage
80%
CPU Cycles Coverage
100%
60%
40%
81
91
101
71
81
91
101
71
81
91
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71
81
91
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60%
40%
20%
20%
0%
0%
1
11
21
31
41
51
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Unique Source Lines
71
81
91
1
101
11
21
31
Doom
41
51
61
Unique Source Lines
Ghostscript
100%
80%
80%
CPU Cycles Coverage
100%
CPU Cycles Coverage
71
DJVU Decode
100%
60%
40%
20%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0%
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
Unique Source Lines
71
81
91
101
1
11
21
31
GSM Encode
41
51
61
Unique Source Lines
GSM Decode
100%
80%
80%
CPU Cycles Coverage
100%
CPU Cycles Coverage
41
51
61
Unique Source Lines
60%
40%
20%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0%
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
Unique Source Lines
71
81
91
101
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
Unique Source Lines
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JPEG Encode
JPEG Decode
80%
80%
CPU Cycles Coverage
100%
CPU Cycles Coverage
100%
60%
40%
20%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0%
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
Unique Source Lines
71
81
91
101
1
11
21
31
Lame
80%
CPU Cycles Coverage
80%
CPU Cycles Coverage
100%
60%
40%
81
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71
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71
81
91
101
81
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60%
40%
20%
20%
0%
0%
1
11
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31
41
51
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Unique Source Lines
71
81
91
1
101
11
21
31
Mesa Morph3D
41
51
61
Unique Source Lines
Mesa Reflect
100%
80%
80%
CPU Cycles Coverage
100%
CPU Cycles Coverage
71
Mesa Gears
100%
60%
40%
20%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0%
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
Unique Source Lines
71
81
91
101
1
11
21
MPEG-2 1080I Encode
31
41
51
61
Unique Source Lines
MPEG-2 1080I Decode
100%
80%
80%
CPU Cycles Coverage
100%
CPU Cycles Coverage
41
51
61
Unique Source Lines
60%
40%
20%
60%
40%
20%
0%
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1
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Unique Source Lines
71
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MPEG-2 720P Encode
MPEG-2 720P Decode
80%
80%
CPU Cycles Coverage
100%
CPU Cycles Coverage
100%
60%
40%
20%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0%
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
Unique Source Lines
71
81
91
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1
11
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MPEG-2 DVD Encode
80%
80%
CPU Cycles Coverage
100%
60%
40%
20%
81
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71
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71
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71
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1
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Unique Source Lines
71
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1
11
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mpg123
41
51
61
Unique Source Lines
POVray3
100%
80%
80%
CPU Cycles Coverage
100%
CPU Cycles Coverage
71
20%
0%
60%
40%
20%
60%
40%
20%
0%
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1
11
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41
51
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Unique Source Lines
71
81
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1
11
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41
51
61
Unique Source Lines
Rsynth
100%
80%
80%
CPU Cycles Coverage
100%
CPU Cycles Coverage
41
51
61
Unique Source Lines
MPEG-2 DVD Decode
100%
CPU Cycles Coverage
31
60%
40%
20%
60%
40%
20%
0%
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1
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71
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0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
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2K
4K
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Cache Size (Bytes)
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71
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Mendel Rosenblum and John K. Ousterhout
Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Computer Science Division
University of California
Berkeley, CA 94720
mendel@sprite.berkeley.edu, ouster@sprite.berkeley.edu
Abstract
magnitude more efciently than current le systems.
This paper presents a new technique for disk storage
management called a log-structured le system. A logstructured le system writes all modications to disk
sequentially in a log-like structure, thereby speeding up
both le writing and crash recovery. The log is the only
structure on disk; it contains indexing information so that
les can be read back from the log efciently. In order to
maintain large free areas on disk for fast writing, we divide
the log into segments and use a segment cleaner to
compress the live information from heavily fragmented
segments. We present a series of simulations that demonstrate the efciency of a simple cleaning policy based on
cost and benet. We have implemented a prototype logstructured le system called Sprite LFS; it outperforms
current Unix le systems by an order of magnitude for
small-le writes while matching or exceeding Unix performance for reads and large writes. Even when the overhead
for cleaning is included, Sprite LFS can use 70% of the
disk bandwidth for writing, whereas Unix le systems typically can use only 5-10%.
Log-structured le systems are based on the assumption that les are cached in main memory and that increasing memory sizes will make the caches more and more
effective at satisfying read requests[1]. As a result, disk
trafc will become dominated by writes. A log-structured
le system writes all new information to disk in a sequential structure called the log. This approach increases write
performance dramatically by eliminating almost all seeks.
The sequential nature of the log also permits much faster
crash recovery: current Unix le systems typically must
scan the entire disk to restore consistency after a crash, but
a log-structured le system need only examine the most
recent portion of the log.
The notion of logging is not new, and a number of
recent le systems have incorporated a log as an auxiliary
structure to speed up writes and crash recovery[2, 3]. However, these other systems use the log only for temporary
storage; the permanent home for information is in a traditional random-access storage structure on disk. In contrast,
a log-structured le system stores data permanently in the
log: there is no other structure on disk. The log contains
indexing information so that les can be read back with
efciency comparable to current le systems.
1. Introduction
Over the last decade CPU speeds have increased
dramatically while disk access times have only improved
slowly. This trend is likely to continue in the future and it
will cause more and more applications to become diskbound. To lessen the impact of this problem, we have devised a new disk storage management technique called a
log-structured le system, which uses disks an order of
The work described here was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant CCR-8900029, and in part
by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under contract
NAG2-591.
=™™6š’ !#"_›
For a log-structured le system to operate efciently,
it must ensure that there are always large extents of free
space available for writing new data. This is the most
difcult challenge in the design of a log-structured le system. In this paper we present a solution based on large
extents called segments, where a segment cleaner process
continually regenerates empty segments by compressing
the live data from heavily fragmented segments. We used
a simulator to explore different cleaning policies and
discovered a simple but effective algorithm based on cost
and benet: it segregates older, more slowly changing data
from young rapidly-changing data and treats them differently during cleaning.
This paper will appear in the Proceedings of the 13th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles and the February 1992
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems.
œž:')Ÿ Ÿ-¡`¢L£a¤: July 24, 1991
We have constructed a prototype log-structured le
system called Sprite LFS, which is now in production use
as part of the Sprite network operating system[4]. Benchmark programs demonstrate that the raw writing speed of
Sprite LFS is more than an order of magnitude greater than
that of Unix for small les. Even for other workloads, such
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LAME
Kernel Name
ADPCM Coder
ADPCM Decoder
FFT
Max Value
Quantize
Calc Quantization Noise
Count Encoding Bits
Psychoacoustic Model
Synthesis Filtering
DCT64
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Parse Bitstream
DCT36
Mix
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Convert Sample Format
mpg123
Timidity
Lines
45
30
176
8
55
71
26
262
67
105
305
100
41
152
167
6
Refs
100.0%
100.0%
18.6%
15.7%
11.6%
10.7%
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5.3%
45.7%
20.3%
14.8%
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41.4%
6.2%
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98.3%
18.4%
15.7%
11.6%
10.6%
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5.2%
45.2%
20.2%
15.1%
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15.3%
15.3%
7.3%
6.0%
39.6%
22.6%
16.1%
9.2%
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Input Subband Samples
s[k], k=0..31
Shift Down vector V
V[] = 0;
for(i=1023; i>64; i--)
V[i] = V[i-64]
Inverse MDCT (Matrixing)
V[i] = ? N[i,k]s[k], i=0..31
Build U Vector
for(i=0; i<7; i++)
for(j=0; j<31; j++) {
U[j+64*i]=V[j+128*i];
U[j+64*i+32]=V[j+128*i+96];
}
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Generate Filter Elements
for(m=0; m<511; m++)
W[m]=U[m]*D[m];
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Calculate 32 Samples
for(j=0; j<31; j++)
S[j] = ? W[j+32*i], i=0..15
Output PCM Samples
12O `U&2Lt:7 2LfV9n)2 ƒ Œ 8`7 X7
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Speech
Application
GSM Encode
GSM Decode
Rasta
Rsynth
Kernel Name
Short Term Analysis Filter
Calc LTP Parameter
Weighting Filter
Sample Preprocessing
Autocorrelation
Short Term Synthesis Filter
Sample Postprocessing
Long Term Synthesis Filter
FFT
Estimate Noise
Critical Band Search
Fill Frame
Parwave
Resonator
Natural Source
Lines
15
61
16
27
40
15
7
11
168
162
26
26
43
4
8
Refs
38.0%
30.9%
10.2%
6.4%
6.2%
77.4%
7.2%
6.1%
31.0%
14.6%
12.9%
5.0%
49.1%
22.7%
12.1%
Cycles
35.8%
32.4%
10.2%
6.2%
6.0%
77.0%
6.9%
6.3%
29.3%
13.7%
12.1%
4.7%
49.0%
22.3%
11.8%
Insts
20.2%
51.4%
5.5%
5.2%
6.6%
72.7%
5.6%
10.8%
17.0%
9.7%
7.3%
3.3%
38.7%
27.8%
9.7%
!#"%$
/*0210 3
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d(k)
input
s(k)
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sr0
sr1
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input
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r2
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sr2
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r1
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r8
output
sr(k)
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Input
Sequence
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Document
Application
DJVU Encode
DJVU Decode
Ghostscript
JPEG Encode
JPEG Decode
Kernel Name
Encode Buckets
Forward Filter
Create
Init
Read Liftblock
Backward Filter
Decode Buckets
Image
YCC->RGB Color Space Cnvt
Save PPM
printf()
memmove()
PPGM Print Row
Huffman Coding
Foward DCT
RGB->YCC Color Space Cnvt
Huffman Decoding
IDCT
YCC->RGB Color Space Cnvt
Lines
95
37
28
47
10
37
101
39
12
12
26
236
111
22
132
119
25
Refs
49.0%
21.0%
8.7%
7.8%
4.9%
29.8%
21.5%
11.9%
7.2%
4.9%
56.9%
13.3%
8.0%
54.4%
28.7%
10.3%
21.9%
35.9%
21.7%
Cycles
48.4%
22.4%
8.0%
7.2%
4.7%
28.8%
22.5%
10.5%
6.1%
5.1%
56.9%
12.6%
7.7%
54.0%
28.9%
10.4%
22.3%
35.7%
21.0%
Insts
41.0%
22.1%
9.3%
12.2%
6.1%
29.1%
18.9%
10.7%
4.7%
3.4%
76.7%
9.2%
3.6%
65.0%
18.6%
9.8%
29.9%
28.0%
22.0%
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Video
Application
MPEG2 DVD Encode
MPEG2 DVD Decode
MPEG2 720P Encode
MPEG2 720P Decode
MPEG2 1080I Encode
MPEG2 1080I Decode
Kernel Name
Block Match
FDCT
Horizontal Sub Sample
Read PPM
IDCT
Quantize
Vertical Sub Sample
IDCT
Parse Bitstream
Form Prediction
Add Block
Dither
Block Match
FDCT
IDCT
Horizontal Sub Sample
Read PPM
Quantize
Vertical Sub Sample
Parse Bitstream
IDCT
Form Prediction
Add Block
Dither
Block Match
FDCT
IDCT
Horizontal Sub Sample
Read PPM
Quantize
Vertical Sub Sample
IDCT
Parse Bitstream
Form Prediction
Add Block
Dither
Lines
157
14
17
46
69
15
25
75
222
124
34
72
157
14
75
17
46
15
25
240
75
124
34
72
157
14
35
17
46
15
25
75
240
67
34
72
Refs
71.5%
9.2%
2.4%
2.2%
2.1%
1.8%
1.8%
33.3%
33.1%
29.3%
9.6%
7.8%
69.6%
9.3%
2.5%
2.4%
2.2%
1.8%
1.8%
37.1%
31.6%
30.4%
8.2%
6.7%
72.1%
8.9%
1.5%
2.3%
2.1%
1.7%
1.7%
32.7%
31.7%
17.2%
9.5%
7.7%
Cycles
70.4%
9.2%
2.5%
2.1%
2.3%
2.0%
1.8%
33.9%
32.7%
28.9%
9.4%
7.7%
68.4%
9.3%
2.7%
2.5%
2.1%
1.9%
1.8%
36.9%
32.0%
30.0%
8.1%
6.6%
71.1%
8.9%
1.7%
2.4%
2.0%
1.8%
1.8%
33.0%
31.5%
17.1%
9.3%
7.6%
Insts
63.4%
12.3%
2.6%
2.9%
2.5%
2.0%
2.1%
29.7%
29.7%
26.2%
13.7%
12.1%
61.5%
12.4%
2.7%
2.6%
2.9%
2.0%
2.2%
35.1%
27.3%
27.5%
12.0%
10.6%
64.0%
12.0%
1.5%
2.5%
2.8%
1.9%
2.1%
29.3%
28.4%
15.6%
13.5%
12.0%
3D Graphics
Application
Doom
Mesa Gears
Mesa Morph3D
Mesa Reflect
POVray3
Kernel Name
Render Column
Render Span
Render Segment
Resterize
memset()
Transform/Normalize
Project/Cliptest
Lighting
Frame Buffer
Lighting
Rasterize
Transform/Normalize
Project/Cliptest
memset()
Transparency
Stencil
Frame Buffer
Rasterize
memset()
Lighting
Transform/Normalize
Project/Cliptest
Synthesize Texture
Bounding Box
Vista Buffer
Lighting
memmove()
Lines
15
16
80
126
41
41
77
19
134
43
18
29
17
55
35
7
80
18
29
118
89
38
179
Refs
30.6%
22.7%
15.9%
77.1%
5.3%
4.4%
3.5%
2.7%
64.7%
13.3%
7.1%
2.6%
2.6%
0.7%
28.5%
15.5%
13.4%
1.7%
0.3%
0.5%
0.2%
0.2%
23.6%
14.9%
8.7%
11.7%
5.8%
Cycles
30.4%
21.4%
15.8%
76.2%
5.8%
4.1%
3.3%
2.5%
60.4%
13.8%
8.7%
3.1%
2.7%
0.9%
28.4%
15.4%
12.9%
2.5%
0.4%
0.5%
0.2%
0.2%
22.0%
14.7%
8.2%
11.5%
6.0%
Insts
37.7%
18.9%
10.7%
75.0%
19.3%
1.0%
1.1%
0.8%
40.0%
10.7%
25.9%
1.9%
2.2%
8.7%
17.0%
11.7%
15.3%
25.2%
1.5%
0.4%
0.1%
0.1%
20.4%
10.5%
7.6%
9.3%
14.5%
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