Part 12
V o l. 3
The Monthly Journal of the
INSTITUTE OF
METALS
ind
METALLURGICAL ABSTRACTS
CONTENTS
P AG E
I n s t i t u t e N e w s and A n n o u n c e m e n t s
617
Per so nal N o t e s
618
Local Sections N ew s
[politechnik;]
619
M eetings o f O t h e r Societies
621
N o t i c e t o A u t h o r s of Papers
622
757. Creep of Lead and Lead Alloys.
Lead. By J. McKeo wn
Part 1.—Creep of Virgin
623
758. The Constitution of Silver-Rich Antimony-Silver Alloys.
645
By P. W . Reynold s an d W . H u m e - R o t h e r y
759. An Aluminium Statue of 1893 : Gilbert’s Eros.
H u t t o n and R. Sellgman
Metallurgical Abstracts
By R. S.
655
48 7-6 28
DECEMBER 1936
Copyright
Entered a t Stationers' Hall
TRADE MARK
THIS COPPER-SILICON-MANGANESE
ALLOY
IS
NOW
A BRITISH
"
EVERDUR
9
9
9
•
O
9
•
A
”
AVAILABLE
PRODUCT
•
•
AS
•
•
( i.c.i™Metds Ltd.) o ffe rs th e s e o u t s t a n d in g a d v a n ta g e s
S t r e n g th eq ual t o t h a t of steel
R e m a rk ab le c o r r o s i o n resistance
High fa tigue limit
W e l d s readily by all usual m eth o d s
Makes unusually so u n d castings
Excellent mac hining qu alities
Easily w o r k e d h o t o r cold
C o m p a r a t i v e l y in ex p en s iv e
T he b o o k le t “ E v e rd u r ,” in add itio n t o giving f u r t h e r details of t h e s e p r o p e r t i e s , also
contains valuable in form atio n relating t o applications and physical char acter istics .
“ E v e rd u r ” is available as s h e e t , s t r i p , t u b e , rod, plates , w i r e , in all sizes, an d also
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Please s en d a copy o f th e “ E v e rd ur ” bookle t
N a m e ................................................................................................................................. ........
A d d r e s s .....................................................................................................................................
P r in t e d
in
G reat B
r it a in
by
R
ic h a r d
C lay
and
S o n s, L im it e d , B u n g a y , S u ff o l k .
,L
O
f* "
K ig 1 ^
From o u r w id e r a n g e w e a r e
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e r ia ls o f h ig h q u a lity s u i t a b l e
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In ou r v a r io u s w orks, w h ic h
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e q u ip m e n t , c a r e is t a k e n in
ev e ry s t a g e o f m a n u f a c t u r e to
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For fu lle r particulars, ask
fo r our Pam phlet No. 1.
,
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T h l-^
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o f
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W
m inium
ITH
a
v ie w
to
encouraging
research, th e International A lu­
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of
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we
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French francs for new forms of surface
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Full particulars and entry forms may be
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The
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W e n e e d rather a lot of sp a ce b ecau s e w e do ev ery th ing a t " Birlec"
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o w n s p a te n ts in all c o u n tr ie s of t h e w o rld .
British A g e n t s : A a b a c a s E n g i n e e r i n g C o . , L t d . , 10 C a n n i n g P l a c e . L i v e r p o o l , I
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Typical bell t y p e bright annealing furnace installation. O u t p u t 5 0 tons p e r w e e k of c o p p e r w ire
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perfect and uniformly annealed strip with a thoroughly bright finish.
The G.E.C. process enables strip to be deliv ered direct from furnace to
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A d v t. of T h e G eneral Electric Co., L td ., M a g n e t H ouse, Kingsw ay, L o n d o n , W .C . 2
xi
TWO
NEW METALLURGICAL BOOKS
By Professor F. C. LEA, D.Sc., M.Inst.C.E., M.I.Mech.E., etc. (Dean of t h e Faculty of
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HARDNESS OF METALS
C O N T E N T S . — I n t r o d u c t i o n — I n d e n t a t i o n T e s t s : S ta tic — H e r b e r t P e n d u lu m H a rd n e ss T e s t e r —
S cle ro s c o p e H a rd n e s s T e s t e r — H a rd n e s s o f M e ta ls a t E le va te d T e m p e r a t u r e s — D y n a m ic H a r d n e s s E la stic R e c o v e ry o f I n d e n t a t i o n s — H a rd n e s s and O t h e r P r o p e r t ie s — D i s t r i b u t i o n o f D ia m o n d P yra m id
H a rd n e s s in H o t - d r a w n Rod and C o ld - d r a w n W i r e s — H a rd n e s s a nd E m b r i t t l e m e n t o f S tee ls — H a rd ne ss
and F r a c t u r e — S p e c ific a tio n s o f H a rd n e s s , and A c c u r a c y t o be E x p e c te d in M e a s u rin g H a rd n e s s — H a r d ­
ness o f R o cks and L ik e S ubstances— G e n e ra l C o m p a r is o n o f R e su lts f r o m V a r io u s M a ch in e s a nd I n d e n te rs
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In Me dium
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CHARLES
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&
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C O ., LTD., 4 2 D r u r y Lane, London, W .C .2 .
THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD
FACULTY OF METALLURGY
Professor
.
.
.
J. H. A N D R E W , D.Sc.
H E D ep artm ent o f M etallurgy, situated in th e cen tre of th e
steel industry, is specially equipped for in stru ction in th e
M etallurgy of Iron and Steel, N on-ferrous M etallurgy and Foundry
Science. T h e course exten d s over th ree years for th e Pass D egree
of B.Met., and four years for the D egree w ith Honours. T h e labora­
tories include a th orou gh ly equipped foundry for Iron and Steel and
N on-ferrou s M etallurgy; and all facilities for heat-treatm ent are
provided. T h e research laboratories are equipped for therm al,
m icrographical, m agnetic and m echanical investigation of m etals,
and for X-ray analysis. T h ere is also a large-scale plant for th e
cold-w orking of m etals. T h e D epartm ent also includes a special
laboratory for th e testin g and in vestigation of refractory m aterials.
T h e higher degrees of M.Met., D.M et., and Ph.D. are awarded. A ppli­
cation s for adm ission should be m ade to th e Professor.
T
W . M. G IB B O N S,
R e g is tra r .
x ii
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In expensive instruments for the
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x iii
•
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T A S / O r . 12
A
L
U
M
I
N
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U
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INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
DECEM BER,
1936
rAGE
A lu m in ium C o rp o ratio n , L td .
A lu m in iu m U nio n , L td . .
B a u sch & L o m b O p tical Co., L td .
B irm in g h am E le ctric F u rn a c e s, L td .
B ooth & Co. (1915), L td ., Ja m e s
B ritish A lu m in iu m Co., L td ., T h e
B ritish C om m ercial G as A ssoc., T h e
B ritish M etal C o rp o ratio n , L td ., T he
B ritish O x yg en Co., L td .. T h e
C a rb o ru n d u m Co., L td ., T he
C o nsolid ated T in S m elters, L td
D em ag A.G.
E lectric R e sista n c e F u rn a c e Co., L td
F o u n d ry S ervices, L td .
G eneral E lectric Co., L td .
Griffin, Chas. & Co., L td . .
H ig h -D u ty Alloys, L td . .
H ilger, L td ., A dam
H y d ra u lik G .m .b .H .
I.C .I. M etals, L td . .
In c a n d e s c e n t H e a t Co., L td .
vii
In te rn a tio n a ! T in R e search Council
J o h n s o n , M a tth e y & Co., L td . .
L e itz , E . (L o n d on ) .
M cG raw -H ill P u b lish in g Co., L td .
M cK echnie B ro s., L td .
M a rtin , W . E . & Co., L td .
M ills, W m , L t d .
.
N a tio n a l A lloys, L td .
N o rth e rn A lu m in iu m C o., L td . .
N o rto n G rin d in g W h eel Co., L td .
O ertlin g , L td ., L.
P rie stm a n , L td ., T . J .
R a tc liff (M etals) L td ., J . F .
S iem en s-S ch u ck ert (G t. B rita in ) L td
S tein & Co., L td ., J o h n G.
S terlin g M etals, L td .
S te w a rts a n d L lo y d s, L td .
T h e rm a l S y n d icate, L td . .
U n iv e rs ity of Sheffield
W ild-B arfield E le ctric F u rn a c e s, Ltd
Zeiss (L o n do n ), L td ., Carl
X V II
xxi
X I
xii
X V
J. F. RATCLIFF (METALS) LTD.,
NEW SUMMER STREET,
xvi
X V lll
xiii
X IV
XX
x vi
BIRMINGHAM
TOWN GAS IN TH E H EA T-TR EA TM EN T OF STEEL
Its advantages in obtaining consistent results.
[From “ The Heat Treatment o f Steel.")
T h e t e r m “ h e a t - t r e a t m e n t of s te e l ” c o v e r s a w id e v a r i e t y o f p r o c e s s e s ,
t h e r e q u i r e m e n ts o f w h ic h w i t h r e g a r d t o t e m p e r a t u r e , f u r n a c e a t m o s p h e r e ,
t i m e o f s o a k in g i n t h e f u r n a c e , & c., n e c e s s a r ily d iffe r c o n s id e r a b ly , i h e
c h o ic e of fu e l f o r a n y g i v e n o p e r a t i o n m u s t t h e r e f o r e d e p e n d la r g e ly o n
c o n d i t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h a t o p e r a t i o n a lo n e .
I t c a n n o t b e t o o h i g h ly
s t r e s s e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e c h o ic e o f a fu e l so le ly o n t h e c o s t p e r B .T h .U .,
d o e s n o t e n s u r e t h e s e le c tio n o f t h e m o s t e c o n o m ic f u e l, s in c e i t t a k e s n o
a c c o u n t of fa u lty w o rk , to sa y n o th in g of a d d itio n a l la b o u r, p la n t re p la c e ­
m e n t s a n d o t h e r f a c t o r s w h ic h m u s t b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t in a r r i v i n g a t
t h e t o t a l c o s t o f t h e o p e r a t i o n . I t is t h e g r o w in g r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t t h e o n ly
t r u e c r i t e r i o n is t h e q u a l i t y a n d c o s t of t h e fin is h e d a r t i c l e t h a t is la r g e ly
r e s p o n s ib le f o r t h e in c r e a s in g u s e o f t o w n g a s i n t h e v a r i o u s h e a t - t r e a t m e n t
p ro cesses.
F u rn ace req uirem en ts in h eat-treatm en t.
I n g e n e r a l t h e c h ie f r e q u i r e m e n ts o f a f u r n a c e f o r h e a t - t r e a t m e n t m a y b e
s e t o u t a s fo llo w s :
(1) Th e provision o f a definite tem perature , w hich w ill not vary beyond certain
defined lim its.
,
,
(2) T he m aintenance o f a u n ifo r m or su ita bly graded tem perature throughout
the fu rn a c e chamber, f o r a n y desired tim e.
(3) R elia b ility a n d ease o f control , requiring the m in im u m o f attention ; an d
low m aintenance costs.
(4) E ase a n d speed in heating u p the fu rn a c e to the required tem perature.
(5) T h e provisio n o f a suitable and controllable atmosphere w ith in the fu rn a c e
chamber i n order to ensure a n y desired effect on the surface o f the m etal
treated.
.
.
( 6 ) Th e m aintenance o f a clean shop w ith good working conditions.
A c c u r a t e c o n t r o l o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e to w h ic h t h e s te e l is h e a t e d in a n y
h e a t - t r e a t m e n t p r o c e s s is a n o b v io u s n e c e s s ity . T h e p e r m is s ib le t o l e r a n c e
v a r i e s w i t h t h e d if f e r e n t p ro c e s s e s , b u t f o r a c c u r a t e w o r k a t o l e r a n c e ol
5 ° C. m a y b e r e g a r d e d a s a d e q u a t e .
A c c u r a c y o f t h i s o r d e r is a t t a i n ­
a b le in p r o p e r l y d e s ig n e d m o d e r n g a s f u r n a c e s e s p e c ia lly w h e n a u t o m a t i c
t e m p e r a t u r e c o n t r o l is u s e d . U n f o r t u n a t e l y i t is n o t s u ffic ie n t t h a t t h e
p y r o m e t e r r e a d i n g s h o u l d r e m a i n w i t h i n t h e p r e s c r i b e d lim its , i n e lo a d
is w h a t m a t t e r s a n d u n le s s a l l p a r t s of t h e lo a d a r e m a i n t a i n e d w i t h i n t h o s e
li m i t s t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e p r o d u c t w ill su ffe r. U n i f o r m i t y of t e m p e r a t u r e
c a n o n ly b e o b t a i n e d b y c a r e f u l f u r n a c e d e s ig n a n d a c c u r a t e a d j u s t m e n t
of a l l b u r n e r s a n d flu es. T h e s e a d j u s t m e n t s w ill o n ly r e m a i n a c c u r a t e it
t h e f u e l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e u n i f o r m a n d h e n c e t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f u s in g a
h ig h - g r a d e fu e l. I t is a g r e a t a d v a n t a g e o f t o w n g a s t h a t i t c a n b e b u r n t
in b u r n e r s o f a l m o s t a n y siz e so t h a t w h e r e i t is d iffic u lt t o o b t a i n t h e
r e q u i r e d h e a t d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h o n e b u r n e r o r c o m b u s ti o n c h a m b e r , i t is
p o s s ib le t o u s e a n u m b e r of b u r n e r s , e a c h s e p a r a te l y a d j u s t a b l e . I t w o r k
i s t o b e c a r r ie d o u t t o s c h e d u le w i t h t h e m i n i m u m o f w a s t e , f u r n a c e s m u s t
b e r e lia b le i n th e m s e lv e s a n d d e p e n d a s l i t t l e a s p o s s ib le o n t h e h u m a n
e l e m e n t w h ic h is a l w a y s lia b le t o e r r o r . I f t h e f u r n a c e s a r e t o b e r e lie d o n
t h e r e l i a b i l i ty o f t h e f u e l s u p p l y is o f t h e f i r s t i m p o r t a n c e . T o w n g a s is
t h e m o s t r e lia b le of fu e ls.
I n h e a t- tr e a tm e n t a tm o s p h e re , c o n tro l m a y b e a s im p o r ta n t a s te m p e r ­
a t u r e c o n t r o l , a n d is m o r e e a s ily o b t a i n e d w i t h t o w n g a s t h a n w i t h a n y
o t h e r f u e l.
.
,
A s t o r e o f i n v a l u a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e h e a t - t r e a t m e n t o t s te e l a n d o n
f u r n a c e p r a c t i c e is c o n t a i n e d i n t h e t r e a t i s e is s u e d b y t h e B r i t i s h C o m m e rc ia l
G a s A s s o c ia tio n e n t i t l e d “ T h e H e a t T r e a t m e n t o f S te e l.” I t is is s u e d q u i t e
f re e o n a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e A s s o c ia tio n ’s a d d r e s s , 1 G r o s v e n o r P la c e , S .W .I .
A ll n e e d in g e x p e r t a d v i c e o n f u r n a c e p r a c t i c e s h o u l d w r i t e t o t h e A s s o c ia ­
t i o n w h o w ill p u t t h e i n q u i r e r in t o u c h w i t h t h e b o d y b e s t e q u ip p e d t o
a s s is t h im .
x v ii
PRECIOUS METALS
A New Publication.
An interesting booklet has recently been published
by Johnson, M atth ey & Co., Lim ited, which contains a
considerable am o unt of inform ation regarding th e
various products and services offered b y their
organization.
The requirem ents of various trad es have been draw n
up u n der separate headings, an d it is intriguing to
discover th e num ber of industries which need to m ake
use of th e precious m etals or th e ir alloys in one form
or another.
On perusal of th e pages of this booklet it is leadily
conceivable th a t th ere are m any p roducts and processes
in m odern in d u stry where problem s of destructability
due to corrosion, erosion, or influence of h eat have been
solved by th e application of silver, platinum , or precious
m etal alloys.
A section of th e publication is devoted to th e
p ro d u cts supplied for scientific an d research organiza­
tion, an d this includes references to th e various types of
p latin u m lab oratory a p p aratu s for which th e nam e of
Jo h n so n M atth ey is know n th ro u g h o u t th e world.
N otes on th e history of th e Jo hn so n M atthey
organization show how it has developed from th e d a \s
of Queen A nne to th e present day. Copies of th e
booklet m ay be obtained upon request from th e
H ead Office, H a tto n G arden, London, E .C .l.
x v iii
E d it o r ia l O f f i c e :
36 V ic to r ia S t r e e t ,
L o n d o n , S .W .l .
THE
M onthly Journal o f the
Te l e p h o n e :
V ic to ria 2320.
TITUTE OF
Editor :
G.
SH A W
SC<
M .S c., F . O . I Ä O ’
B">LlOTEKi
V o lu m e 3
P
A d v e r t is in g
D epartm ent :
T . G . S c o t t «fe S o n ,
L t d .,
63 L u d g a t e H i l l,
L o n d o n , E .C .4 .
T eleph on e :
C i t y 4211 (2 lin e s ).
Assistant Ed ito r:
e t a ls
S . O. G U IL L A N .
ÍE C E M B E R , 1936
P a r t 12
CONTENTS
PAGE
I n s titu te N ew s a n d A n n o u n c e m e n ts
P erso n al N o te s .
.
L o c a l S ectio n s N e w s .
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
617
618
619
M e e tin g s o f O th e r S o c i e t i e s ...........................................................
621
N o tic e to A u th o rs o f P a p e rs
622
.
.
.
.
.
.
7 5 7 . " C r e e p o f L e a d a n d L e a d A llo y s. P a r t I.— C re e p o f V irg in L e a d .”
B y J . M c K e o w n , M .S c ., P h .D .
.
.
.
623
7 5 8 . " T h e C o n s titu tio n o f S ilv e r-R ic h A n tim o n y -S ilv e r A llo y s.” B y
P . W . R e y n o ld s, B .A ., B .S c., an d W . H u m e - R o th e r y , M .A ., D .S c . 643
7 5 9 . " A n A lu m in iu m S ta tu e o f 1 8 9 3 : G ilb e r t’s E ro s .” B y P ro fesso r R . S .
H u t t o n , M .A ., D .S c ., a n d R ic h a rd S elig m an , P h .n a t.D .
655
A u th o r I n d e x to “ M e tallu rg ical A b s tra c ts .”
.
.
.
.
663
M ETALLURGICAL A B S T R A C T S
I.
II.
in .
IV .
V.
V I.
V II.
V III.
IX .
X.
X I.
X II.
X III.
X IV .
XV.
X V I.
X V II.
X V III.
X IX .
XX.
X X I.
X X II.
X X III.
X X IV .
P r o p e r t i e s o f M e ta ls .
.
.
.
P r o p e r t i e s o f A llo y s .
.
.
.
S t r u c t u r e ( M e ta llo g r a p h y ; M a c ro g r a p h y
C r y s t a l S tru c tu re )
.
.
C o rro sio n
.
.
.
.
.
P r o t e c t i o n ( o th e r t h a n E le c tro d e p o s itio n )
E le c tr o d e p o s itio n
.
.
.
.
E le c t r o m e t a l l u r g y a n d E le c t r o c h e m is t r y ( o th e r t h a n E le c tr o d e p o s itio n ) .
.
.
.
R e fin in g .
.
.
.
.
A n a ly s is .
.
.
.
.
L a b o r a t o r y A p p a r a t u s , I n s t r u m e n t s , ¿.c.
P h y s ic a l a n d M e c h a n ic a l T e s tin g , In sp e c tic
io n , a n d R a d io lo g y
T e m p e r a tu r e a n d M e a s u r e m e n t C o n tro l
F o u n d r y P r a c t i c e a n d A p p lia n c e s
S e c o n d a r y M e ta ls : S c r a p , R e s id u e s , &e.
F u rn a c e s a n d F u e ls .
R e fr a c to r ie s a n d F u r n a c e M a te ria ls
H e a t-T re a tm e n t
W o r k in g .
.
.
.
.
C le a n in g a n d F in is h in g
J o in in g
.
.
.
.
.
I n d u s t r i a l U s e s a n d A p p lic a tio n s
M is c e lla n e o u s .
.
.
.
B ib lio g r a p h y
.
.
.
.
B o o k R e v ie w s .
487
503
525
533
545
550
556
557
558
565
567
570
572
580
580
582
583
585
592
594
598
607
610
618
T h e m o n t h l y is s u e o f M etallurgical Abstracts m a y b e c u t u p f o r c a r d in d e x e s
a s m e m b e r s w ill re c e iv e e a r ly in 1937 t h e y e a r ’s a b s t r a c t s in b o u n d f o rm .
b
x ix
r j A J S v b r a n d S /'
ifftr S S
AND ARE
P R O D U C E D IN
NOTCHED BARS
INGOTS,
ROLLING SLABS,
W I R E BARS,
STICKS AND
SHOT
P a r /ic u /a p a //e n //o n .
/s d r a w n to o u r
* '* » .
STANDARDIZED
A L U M I N I U M ALLOYS
F O B
S A N D -C A S T IN G S ,G R A V IT Y A N D
P R E S S U R E D IE -C A S T IN G S A N D
S P E C I A L H I G H - T E N S I L E ALLOYS
FO R A I R C R A F T A N D A D M IR A L T Y
W ORK.
TJ.PRIESTMANL™
CUPRO F O U N D R Y , - n
L E O P O L D STREET,
BIRMINGHAM,.2
■PHONE .■ VICTORIA 2 5 8 / - 2 - 3
'c
XX
ram s
:
s p e c /f/ c,
Bir
m in g h a m
.
INSTITUTE NEWS AND ANNOUNCEM ENTS
A nnual General Meeting and
Dinner.
H ardy,
C h a rle s ,
N ew
Y o rk
C ity ,
U .S .A .
I z o d , E d w in G ilb e rt, A d d le s to n e .
M i l l e r , M ike A n th o n y , A .B ., P h .D .,
N e x t m o n t h th e r e w ill b e s e n t to a ll
m e m b e r s a c ir c u la r l e t t e r c o n ta in in g
N e w K e n s in g to n , P a ., U .S .A .
a d e ta ile d p r o g r a m m e o f t h e A n n u a l
M i r a m o n , P ie r re , P a r is , F ra n c e .
G e n e ra l M e etin g , t o b e h e ld a t t h e
I n s t i t u t i o n of M e c h a n ic a l E n g in e e rs , N P a r k e r , H e n r y G eorg e, L o n d o n .
P a r l a n t i , C o n ra d A ., H e r n e B a y .
o n W e d n e s d a y a n d T h u r s d a y , M a rc h
P h il p o t , H a ro ld
P ercy ,
B .S c.,
10 a n d 11, 1937. O n t h e d a y p r e ­
B e n a re s , I n d i a .
c e d in g t h e o p e n in g se ssio n v is its t o
P l u t t e , F r e d e ric k , B .A ., L o n d o n .
w o r k s w ill b e a r r a n g e d ; th e s e w ill b e
Preece,
E n g in e e r
V ic e -A d m ira l
a d d i t i o n a l t o v is its t o t a k e p la c e a f t e r
G eo rg e, C .B ., L o n d o n .
t h e m e e tin g — in t h e a f t e r n o o n of
R a o , E m a n i S u r y a P r a s a d a , B .S c.,
M a rc h 11.
C h a tr a p u r , O rissa P ro v in c e , I n d i a .
T h e A n n u a l D in n e r w ill b e h e ld in
R e y n o l d s , O s w a ld G a r n e t, M e l­
t h e e v e n in g o f W e d n e s d a y , M a rc h 10,
b o u r n e , A u s tr a lia .
a t t h e T ro c a d e ro R e s t a u r a n t ; a f t e r ­
R ig b y , R ic h a rd ,
B .E n g ., P h .D .,
w a r d s f a c ilitie s w ill b e a v a ila b le fo r
London.
m e m b e r s t o m e e t o n e a n o t h e r d u r in g
S c h e r z e r , K a r l , D r .ju r ., L a m m e rs a lig h t m u s ic a l e n t e r t a i n m e n t .
d o r f (K re is M o n s c h a u ), G e r m a n y .
President’s Visit to the United
y o n S e l v e , G u s ta v , T h u n , S w itz e r ­
States of Am erica.
la n d .
S t e p h e n s , C h a rle s , L o n d o n .
I n t h e c o u rse of h is r e c e n t v is it to
t h e U n i t e d S ta te s , M r. W . R . B a r c la y
A s S tud en t Members.
spoke a t a jo in t d in n e r of th e Iro n
a n d S te e l D iv is io n a n d t h e I n s t i t u t e
A n d r e w s , K e n n e t h W illia m , M a n ­
o f M e ta ls D iv is io n o f t h e A m e r ic a n
c h e s te r.
I n s t i t u t e of M in in g a n d M e ta llu rg ic a l
B o y l e , L e o n a r d , T y n e m o u th .
E n g in e e rs . M r. B a r c l a y h a s sin c e
D a v i e s , D a i A s h to n , B illin g h a m -o n r e c e iv e d a l e t t e r f ro m M r. E . H . D ix ,
T ees.
J r . (C h a ir m a n o f t h e I n s t i t u t e of
H u l l , C h a rle s , B .A ., C a m b rid g e .
M e ta ls D iv isio n ) d e s irin g h i m t o
P a r k e r , R o w la n d , B .A ., W i t t o n ,
c o n v e y t o t h e I n s t i t u t e o f M e ta ls
B ir m in g h a m .
“ t h e v e r y b e s t w ish e s n o t o n ly of
R a y n o r , G eo ffrey V in c e n t, B .A .,
t h e A m e r ic a n I n s t i t u t e o f M in in g a n d
B .S c., O x fo rd .
M e ta llu rg ic a l E n g in e e rs b u t o f th o s e
S w i n d e l l s , N o r m a n , B .A ., C a m ­
o f u s in t h i s c o u n t r y w h o a r e m e m b e r s
b rid g e .
o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o f M e ta ls .”
T h e u n d e rm e n tio n e d h a v e b een
Membership Additions.
e le c te d in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e sp e c ia l
T h e fo llo w in g w e re e le c te d o n
a r r a n g e m e n t s m a d e b y t h e C o u n c il
D e c e m b e r 10 :
f o r t h e e le c tio n o f m e m b e r s of t h e
A m e r ic a n I n s t i t u t e o f M in in g a n d
A s Members.
M e ta llu rg ic a l E n g in e e rs w h o a r e
A r g u e l l e s , A n g e l S e v e ro ,
B .S .,
u n d e r t h e a g e o f 33 y e a r s (see
C h .E ., M a n ila , P h ilip p in e I s la n d s .
M on th ly J . In st. M etals , 1936, S e p t.,
B aker,
W illia m
A lb e r t,
B .S c.,
p . 429).
London.
B e r g e r , M a u ric e , B ru ss e ls, B e lg iu m .
B lackw ell,
H a ro ld
A le x a n d r e ,
A n s e l , G e r h a r d , M .S c., P i t t s b u r g h ,
P a ., U .S .A .
M o rris, S c.D ., C a m b rid g e ,
M a ss., U .S .A .
ham .
E s a r e y , B e r n a r d J o h n , B .S ., C h .E .,
C h a c e , T h o m a s B ., C h ica g o , 111.,
I n d ia n a p o lis , I n d ., U .S .A .
U .S .A .
H e n t s c h e l , R o b e r t A . A ., S c.D .,
C r a g g s , H a r o l d B r a b a n t , P e la w -o n B r id g e p o r t, C o n n ., U .S .A .
T yne.
Sh o e m a k e r ,
John
E a r le ,
M .S .,
F o r r e s t , G eo rg e, B .S c ., B a n b u r y .
Y o u n g s to w n , O ., U .S .A .
H a l l , E d w a rd
P a t t e r s o n , B .S c.,
de
S t r y c k e r , P ro f e s s o r R o b e r t
P h illip s d a le , R .I . , U .S .A .
E m ile , L o u v a in , B e lg iu m .
TT
617
L iv e rp o o l.
B roa dfo ot,
Co h e n ,
E r ic H e n r y ,
B ir m in g ­
Personal Notes
Beilby M em orial A w ards.
F r o m t h e i n t e r e s t d e r iv e d f ro m t h e
i n v e s te d c a p ita l o f t h e S ir G eo rg e
B e ilb y M e m o ria l F u n d , a t i n t e r v a l s
t o b e d e te r m in e d b y t h e a d m i n i ­
s t r a t o r s r e p r e s e n tin g t h e I n s t i t u t e of
C h e m is try , t h e S o c ie ty o f C h e m ic al
I n d u s t r y , a n d t h e I n s t i t u t e o f M e ta ls,
a w a r d s a r e m a d e t o B r i t i s h i n v e s ti ­
g a t o r s i n sc ie n c e t o m a r k a p p r e c ia tio n
o f r e c o r d s o f d is tin g u is h e d o rig in a l
w o rk , p r e fe re n c e b e in g g iv e n to
i n v e s tig a tio n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e sp e c ia l
i n t e r e s t s o f S ir G e o rg e B e ilb y ,
in c lu d in g p r o b l e m s c o n n e c te d w i t h
f u e l e c o n o m y , c h e m ic a l e n g in e e rin g ,
a n d m e ta llu r g y .
A w ard s a re m a d e, n o t o n th e re su lt
o f a n y c o m p e titio n , b u t i n r e c o g n itio n
o f c o n tin u o u s w o r k o f e x c e p tio n a l
m e r i t , b e a r in g e v id e n c e o f d is tin c t
a d v a n c e m e n t i n k n o w le d g e a n d p r a c ­
tic e .
T h e a d m in is tra to rs of th e F u n d are
th e P re sid e n ts , th e H o n o ra ry T re a ­
s u r e r s , a n d t h e S e c r e ta r ie s o f t h e t h r e e
p a r t i c i p a t i n g I n s t i t u t i o n s , w h o w ill be
g la d t o h a v e t h e i r a t t e n t i o n d ir e c te d
to o u tsta n d in g w o rk of th e n a tu re
i n d ic a te d , n o t l a t e r t h a n J a n u a r y 1 ,
1937. C o rre s p o n d e n c e o n t h i s s u b ­
j e c t s h o u ld b e a d d r e s s e d t o t h e C o n ­
v e n e r , S ir G e o rg e B e ilb y M e m o ria l
F u n d , I n s t i t u t e o f C h e m is try , 30
R u s s e ll S q u a r e , L o n d o n , W .C .l.
R equired for L ibrary.
T h e L ib r a r i a n w o u ld b e g la d to
re c e iv e a g i f t o f t h e u n d e r m e n t i o n e d
is s u e t o c o m p le te t h e I n s t i t u t e ’s file :
J o u rn a l d u F o u r Électrique, 1936,
Ju ly .
PERSONAL NOTES
T h e E ditor requests that his attention
he directed to item s o f interest to m em ­
bers that m ight be included under the
“ P ersonal N otes ” heading. A ll con­
tributions fo r the J a n u a ry issue, of
the M o n th ly J o u r n a l should reach h im
not later than December 27.
D r . A u b r e y B u r s t a l l , M .S e.,
w h o h a s b e e n T e c h n ic a l A d v is e r t o
t h e A lu m in iu m P l a n t a n d V essel
C o m p an y , L td ., fo r th e p a s t th r e e
y e a r s , h a s b e e n a p p o i n t e d P ro f e s s o r
o f E n g in e e r in g in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of
M e lb o u rn e . H e s a ils f o r A u s tr a l i a
o n J a n u a r y 2.
M e . O . W . E l l i s , M .S e., w h o h a s
b e e n d u l y e le c te d a t r u s t e e of t h e
A m e r ic a n S o c ie ty f o r M e ta ls fo llo w ­
in g h is r e c e n t n o m i n a t i o n t o t h i s
office, h a s a r r a n g e d t o v i s i t E n g la n d
n e x t su m m e r. H e h a s b e e n in v ite d
to p re s e n t to th e I n s titu te of B ritish
F o u n d r y m e n a t D e r b y in J u n e , t h e
e x c h a n g e p a p e r o n b e h a lf o f t h e
A m e r ic a n F o u n d r y m e n ’s A s s o c ia tio n .
M e . W . H . L. L y th g o e has been
a p p o i n t e d C h ief o f t h e T e c h n ic a l
D e p a r t m e n t o f W . T . H e n l e y ’s
T e le g r a p h W o r k s C o m p a n y , L td . ,
G rav ese n d .
has
been
e le c te d
M e . W . S i n g l e t o n - h a s r e s ig n e d
f ro m
th e
p o s itio n
of R e search
M an ag er of th e R e search L a b o ra ­
to r ie s of G o o d la s s W a ll a n d L e a d
I n d u s t r i e s , L td . , a t P e r iv a le , M id d le ­
se x , b u t f o r t h e t i m e b e in g h e w ill
c o n tin u e h is c o n n e c tio n w i t h t h e
C om pany
as
T e c h n ic a l A d v is e r.
C o m m u n ic a tio n s s h o u ld b e a d d r e s s e d
t o h im a t 38 W e m b le y P a r k D riv e ,
W e m b le y
(T e le p h o n e :
W e m b le y
Obituary.
M e . F . G . M a r t i n , B .S c ., d ie d o n
O c to b e r 23 a t t h e a g e of 58 y e a r s .
H e w a s e le c te d a m e m b e r in 1918,
a n d d e liv e r e d t h e S e v e n t h A u t u m n
L e c tu r e o n “ N o n - F e r r o u s M e ta ls in
t h e S h ip p in g I n d u s t r y ” a t the,
L iv e rp o o l A u t u m n M e e tin g in 1928.
M e . G e o e g e E . M u e e a y , M .S e.,
A s s i s t a n t G e n e r a l S u p e r i n te n d e n t of
T h e C o n s o lid a te d M in in g a n d S m e l t ­
in g C o m p a n y of C a n a d a , L td . , d ie d
o n N o v e m b e r 8 a t T ra il, B .C . H e
h a d b een a m em b er of th e In s titu te
sin c e 1926.
S i k R o b e k t M o n o , M .A ., L L .D .,
F . R .S .,
A s s o c ia te o f t h e A c a d é m ie d e s I n ­
s c r ip tio n s e t B e lle s L e t t r e s , in p la c e
o f th e la te K in g F u a d .
f o re ig n
618
LOCAL S E C T I O N S N E W S
M E E T IN G S IN
D E C E M B E R A N D J A N U A R Y .*
B irm ingham Section.
Pow der M etallurgy.
B y J . C. C h a s to n , B .S c ., A .R .S .M .
(J a n u a ry 7.)
T h e h is to r ic a l a s p e c t of t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f m e ta llic p o w d e r m a n u f a c t u r e
w ill b e o u tlin e d a n d t h e m e t h o d s w h ic h a r e a v a ila b le fo r t h e p r o d u c tio n o f
m e t a l s in t h e f o rm of fin e p o w d e r s w ill b e re v ie w e d . P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n w ill
b e d e v o te d t o m o d e m i n d u s t r i a l p ro cesses. T h e u se s of m e t a l p o w d e r s fo r
p a i n t s , fo r m a g n e tic co re m a te r ia ls , a n d a s a b a s is f o r t h e p r o d u c tio n o f fo rm e d
p a r t s a n d b ille ts b y a p ro c e ss of m o u ld in g a n d s in te r in g w ill b e d e s c rib e d . A n
a c c o u n t w ill b e g iv e n of so m e r e c e n t d e v e lo p m e n ts in t h e l a t t e r p ro c e s s of
“ p o w d e r m e t a l l u r g y ,” a n d i t s p o ss ib ilitie s w ill b e b rie fly d isc u sse d .
London Section.
Copper.
B y R . D . B u r n , M .S e.
(J a n u a ry 14.)
A b r ie f d e s c rip tio n w ill b e g iv e n o f t h e f lo ta tio n c o n c e n tr a tio n of c o p p e r a n d
t h e effect t h a t i t s a p p lic a tio n h a s h a d o n re c o v e r y m e t h o d s a n d w o r ld c o p p e r
p r o d u c tio n . M o d e m s m e ltin g a n d re fin in g w ill b e d isc u sse d w i t h s o m e
re fe re n c e t o p a r t i c u l a r m e t h o d s o f re c o v e r y c h a r a c te r is tic o f c e r t a i n o re
d e p o s its . T h e v a r io u s g r a d e s a n d t y p e s o f c o p p e r a v a ila b le t o t h e i n d u s t r y
a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e w ill b e d e a l t w ith , w i t h so m e i n d ic a tio n of t h e i r d ifferen ces
a n d a p p lic a tio n s , in c lu d in g a u to g e n o u s w e ld in g . R e fe re n c e w ill b e m a d e to
r e c e n t a d v a n c e s in c o n n e c tio n w i t h c o p p e r p r o d u c t i o n a n d t h e t r e n d o f
p r o b a b le d e v e lo p m e n ts . I n co n c lu s io n a s h o r t film w ill b e s h o w n i l l u s t r a t i n g
p r o d u c tio n in a m o d e r n s m e lt e r a n d re fin e ry .
N orth-E ast Coast Section.
R ecent Im provem ents in R efractory M aterials.
(December 19.)
B y P . B . R o b in s o n , M .M et.
T h e a u t h o r w ill d isc u ss t h e n e e d f o r im p r o v e m e n t in r e f r a c to r y m a te r ia ls ,
t h e d iffic u ltie s e n c o u n te r e d in b r in g in g a b o u t i m p r o v e m e n ts a n d t h e m e th o d s
b y w h ic h t h e s e d ifficu lties a r e b e in g o v e rc o m e , w i t h c e r t a i n e x a m p le s of
im p ro v e d r e fr a c to r ie s r e c e n tly d e v e lo p e d . T h e q u a litie s n e c e s s a ry in r e f r a c ­
t o r y m a t e r i a l s f o r d if fe r e n t p u r p o s e s w ill b e d e a l t w ith , a n d t h e c o n s t it u t i o n of
fire c la y a n d t h e effe cts o f v a r io u s m in e r a l im p u ritie s a s s o c ia te d w i t h i t
e x a m in e d . T h e d iffic u ltie s in l a b o r a t o r y t e s ti n g w ill b e p o i n t e d o u t, a n d t h e
n e e d f o r p r o p e r ly c o n tr o lle d w o r k s ’ t e s t s s tr e s s e d . T h e im p ro v e d r e fr a c to r ie s
d e s c rib e d w ill in c lu d e silica f o r c o k e -o v e n w a lls a n d g a s w o rk s , a lo w sp a llin g
silica b r ic k f o r h o t p a t c h i n g a n d u s e in r o t a r y fu rn a c e s , a s p e c ia lly to u g h
a n d a b r a s io n - r e s is ta n t silica b r ic k fo r s te e lw o rk s , a h ig h a lu m in a fire b ric k , a n d
a c o m p o s ite m a g n e s ite —c h ro m e b r ic k w h ic h h a s a l l t h e g o o d p o i n t s of a firstclass m a g n e s ite b r ic k a n d in a d d i t i o n is e n tir e ly n o n -s p a llin g . T h e p a p e r w ill
c o n c lu d e w i t h a re fe re n c e t o j o i n t s a n d t h e i m p o r ta n c e o f s u ita b le jo in tin g
m a t e r i a l , a n d t o t h e r e p a i r of c o k e -o v e n w alls b y m e a n s o f a s p r a y o f c e m e n t.
Shipyard Metals.
B y M. A . W . B ro w n , M .S e.
(J a n u a ry 11.)
A n i n t r o d u c t o r y h is to r ic a l s u r v e y w ill b e g iv e n o f t h e u s e o f m e t a l s in
s h ip b u ild in g a n d m a r i n e e n g in e e rin g . T h e g e n e r a l m o d e r n r e q u ire m e n ts a n d
u se s of m e t a l s in t h e b u ild in g o f s h ip s a n d t h e i r e n g in e s w ill b e d e a l t w ith , a n d
m o re d e ta ile d c o n s id e ra tio n s of so m e of th e s e w ill b e d isc u sse d w i t h re fe re n c e
t o “ Y a r d ” m e th o d s o f f a b r ic a tio n a n d c o n d itio n s u n d e r w h ic h s h ip s ’ m a te r ia ls
* F o r p la c e s a n d t im e s o f m e e tin g s , w h e r e n o t g iv e n , t h e g r e e n fo ld e r
p r o g r a m m e s a l r e a d y is s u e d s h o u ld b e c o n s u lte d .
619
Local Sections News
a r e e x p o s e d in se rv ic e (fe rro u s m e t a l s , e.g. w r o u g h t iro n , s te e ls , a n d c a s t ir o n —
p la te s , b a r s , r iv e ts , a n d c a s tin g s — s p e c ia l s t e e l s ; n o n - fe r r o u s m e t a l s , e.g.
c o p p e r, zinc, t i n , n ic k e l a llo y s , a n d w h ite m e ta ls ) . T h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f v a r io u s
m e t h o d s o f e le c tric w e ld in g in m o d e m s h ip b u ild in g , a s p e c ts o f m a r i n e c o rro s io n
a n d i t s p r e v e n t i o n ; t h e w o r k o f t h e s h i p y a r d “ C h e m is t ” a n d t h e t e s t i n g of
“ Y a r d ” m a t e r i a l s , a n d p o s s ib le d e v e lo p m e n ts in c o n n e c tio n w i t h t h e u s e of
s h i p y a r d m e t a l s w ill a ls o b e to u c h e d u p o n .
Scottish Section.
M agnesium Alloys.
B y A . J . M u r p h y , M .S e.
(.J a n u a ry 11.)
T h e a u t h o r w ill d e a l ch iefly w i t h t h e p r o d u c tio n , p r o p e r tie s , a n d a p p l i c a ­
t io n s o f m a g n e s iu m a llo y c a s tin g s : c o m p o s itio n s o f a l l o y s ; p r o c e d u r e in t h e
f o u n d r y , flu x t r e a t m e n t , s a n d a d d i t i o n a g e n ts , s a n d c o n t r o l ; g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r ­
is tic s of m a g n e s iu m c a s t i n g s ; m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s , m a c h in in g c h a r a c t e r ­
is t i c s ; c o rro s io n -re s is ta n c e , p r o t e c t i v e t r e a t m e n t s ; c o n s t i t u t i o n ; h e a t - t r e a t m e n t , e ffe ct o n m i c r o s t r u c t u r e a n d m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e r t i e s ; f a t i g u e - s t r e n g t h ;
a n d c o n s id e ra tio n s in d e s ig n .
Sheffield Section.
Technical and Indu strial Developm ent in the Electrochem ical Surface T reatm ent
of Metals. B y S. W e m ic k , P h .D ., M .S e. (J a n u a r y 15.)
D u r in g t h e l a s t d e c a d e , f a r- r e a c h in g s te p s h a v e o c c u r r e d in t h e te c h n ic a l
a n d i n d u s t r i a l d e v e lo p m e n t of m e t a l fin ish es p r o d u c e d b y e le c tr o d e p o s itio n
a n d e le c tr o c h e m ic a l p ro c e ss e s g e n e r a lly . A m o n g t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t a r e t h e
g r e a t l y i m p r o v e d s t a t u s o f c h r o m iu m p l a t i n g a s a s ta in le s s d e p o s it a n d
c a d m iu m p l a t i n g a s a c o r ro s io n -r e s is tin g f in is h ; t h e a d v e n t o f “ n e w ”
s ta in le s s d e p o s its — t h e m o s t o u t s t a n d i n g of w h ic h a r e in t h e p l a t i n u m g r o u p
o f m e ta ls , in p a r t i c u l a r , r h o d i u m ; t h e w o r k w h ic h h a s b e e n c a r r ie d o u t in
t h e d e p o s itio n of a l l o y s ; a n d c e r t a i n “ a n o d ic ” p ro c e ss e s of w h ic h t h e a n o d ic
o x i d a t i o n of a lu m in iu m is t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t i n d u s tr ia lly . A t t h e s a m e tim e ,
m e t h o d s f o r im p ro v in g t h e q u a l i t y a n d s p e e d in g -u p t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e
“ o ld e r ” fin ish es h a v e b e e n p e r f e c te d . T h e p r o d u c t i o n o f b r i g h t d e p o s its ,
e.g. b r i g h t n ic k e l p la t i n g , h a s r e s u l t e d in a p p r e c ia b le e c o n o m ie s in m e t a l
fin is h in g . S id e b y sid e w i t h t h e s e d e v e lo p m e n ts , c o n s id e ra b le i m p r o v e m e n t
in p l a n t u s e d in p l a t i n g p ro c e ss e s h a s o c c u r r e d . T h is h a s e n ta ile d t h e s o lu tio n
of n u m e r o u s c h e m ic a l e n g in e e rin g p r o b le m s . I n c r e a s in g u s e is m a d e of
se m i- a n d f u l ly - a u t o m a t i c p l a n t . M o to r - g e n e r a to r s e ts a r e b e in g d is p la c e d
b y r e c tifie r e q u i p m e n t a s a s o u rc e o f c u r r e n t s u p p ly — t h i s b e in g a p e c u lia r ly
B r i t i s h d e v e lo p m e n t. L a s t l y , t h e m e t h o d s of l a b o r a t o r y c o n tr o l o f p l a t i n g
p ro c e ss e s h a v e p r o g re s s e d c o n s id e ra b ly w i t h r e s u l t a n t i m p r o v e m e n t in t h e
p r o d u c t s o f t h e e le c tr o d e p o s itio n i n d u s t r y .
In te rn a tio n a l E lectrodeposition Conference.
T h e f irs t I n t e r n a t i o n a l E le c tr o d e p o s itio n C o n fe re n c e , o rg a n iz e d b y t h e
E le c t r o d e p o s i t o r s ’ T e c h n ic a l S o c ie ty , w ill b e h e ld in L o n d o n o n W e d n e s d a y
a n d T h u r s d a y , M a rc h 3 a n d 4, 1937. T h e o p e n in g c e r e m o n y w ill t a k e p la c e
a t B r i t i s h I n d u s t r i e s H o u s e , a n d w ill b e fo llo w e d b y lu n c h e o n . A t t h e firs t
se ssio n , t o b e h e ld in t h e a f t e r n o o n of M a rc h 3, p a p e r s w ill b e p r e s e n t e d u n d e r
t h e g e n e r a l h e a d i n g “ E le c tr o d e p o s itio n P r a c t i c e A b r o a d , ” w h ile a t t h e se c o n d
se ssio n , in t h e e v e n in g , t h e s u b j e c t w ill b e “ E le c tr o d e p o s itio n o f B a s e M e ta ls .”
T h e t h i r d se ssio n , in t h e m o r n in g of M a rc h 4, w ill b e d e v o t e d t o p a p e r s o n
“ T h e P r o p e r t i e s o f E le c t r o d e p o s i t s ,” t h e c lo s in g se ssio n , h e ld in t h e a f te r n o o n ,
b e in g c o n c e r n e d w i t h “ E le c tr o d e p o s itio n o f P re c io u s M e ta ls .”
P a p e r s h a v e b e e n a c c e p te d f ro m B e lg iu m , C z e c h o slo v a k ia , F r a n c e , G e r m a n y ,
H o l l a n d , S w itz e r la n d , t h e U .S .S .R ., a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s of A m e ric a .
T h e C o n fe re n c e w ill c o n c lu d e w i t h a r e c e p tio n a n d d in n e r . M e m b e rs d e s irin g
t o t a k e p a r t in t h e C o n fe re n c e s h o u ld c o m m u n ic a te w i t h t h e H o n o r a r y
S e c r e ta r y t o t h e C o n feren ce, H . W y n n e - W illia m s , 1 2 a R a le ig h H o u s e , L a r k h a l l
E s t a t e , S .W . 8 (T e le p h o n e : M a c. 2162).
620
MEETINGS
OF
OTHER
I n s t it u t io n o f E l e c t r ic a l E n g in e e r s , M e t e r ,
a n d I n s t r u m e n t S e c t io n .— W . F . R a n d a l l :
“ N ic k e l- I ro n A llo y s o f H ig h P e rm e a b ility ,
w ith S p e c ia l R e fe re n c e t o M u m e ta l.” (T h e
I n s t i tu t io n , S a v o y P la c e , V ic to ria E m b a n k ­
m e n t, L o n d o n , W .C .2, a t 7 p .m .)
F R I D A Y , D e c e m b e r 18.
I n s t it u t e
s h ir e
B r it is h F o u n d r y m e n , L an ca ­
B r a n c h , J u n i o r S e c t i o n .— A . J .
of
H i n to n : “ M o u n tin g P a t t e r n s o n P l a te a n d
P l a s t e r . ” (C ollege o f T e c h n o lo g y ,
M an­
c h e ste r, a t 7.80 p .m .)
I n s t it u t e
of
B r it is h F o u n d r y m e n , M id d l e s ­
S A T U R D A Y , JANUARY 9.
B r a n c h . —J . P e ll :
“ P l a te a n d
M a ch in e M o u ld in g f o r B e p e titio n C a s tin g s .”
(C lev e la n d
I n s t i tu t e ,
C o rp o ra tio n
R oad,
M id d le sb ro u g h , a t 7.45 p .m .)
brough
N
o r t h -E a st Co a st I n s t it u t io n o f
and
S h i p b u i l d e r s .— N . P . I n g
SOCIETIES
I n s t it u t e o f B r it is h F o u n d r y m e n , L a n c a ­
s h i r e BRANCH.— J . T i m b r e l l : “ M ech an ical
A id s f o r In c r e a s e d F o u n d r y P r o d u c tio n .”
( E n g 'n e e r s ’ C lub, A lb e rt S q u a re , M a n ch e ste r,
a t 4 p .m .)
I n s t it u t e o f B r it is h F o u n d r y m e n , S c o t t is h
B r a n c h .— N . C. B ly th e : “ M e c h a n iz a tio n in
th e F o u n d r y .” ( R o y a l T e c h n ic a l College,
G lasgow , a t 4 p .m .)
E n g in e e r s
lis : “ The
R e la tio n s h ip B e tw e e n M ech a n ic a l T e s ts of
M a te ria ls a n d T h e ir W o rk in g C o n d itio n s .”
(M in in g I n s t i t u t e , N e w c a s tle -u p o n -T y n e , a t
6 p .m .)
S A T U R D A Y , DECEMBER 19.
M O N D A Y , JANUARY 11.
IN STITUTE OF B R ITISH FOUNDRYMEN, EAST
M i d l a n d s B r a n c h , L i n c o l n s h i r e S e c t i o n .—
I n s t it u t e
of
W e l d in g ,
N o r t h - E a st e r n
( T y n e s id e ) B r a n c h .— H . E . L . M a r t i n :
“ D is to rtio n , R e s id u a l S tre s s , a n d H e a t
P e n e tr a ti o n in R e s p e c t t o W e ld e d J o i n t s . ”
(A rm s tro n g C ollege, N e w c a s tle -u p o n -T y n e , a t
7.30 p .m .)
F . E . M a t h e r : “ M o u ld in g P u m p s w ith o u t
P a t t e r n s . ” ( T e c h n ic a l C ollege, M o n k s R o a d ,
L in c o ln , a t 7 p .m .)
M O N D A Y , DECEMBER 21.
T U E S D A Y , JANUARY 12.
IN STITUTE OF B R ITISH FOUNDRYM EN, SCOTTISH
B r a n c h , F a l k i r k S e c t i o n .— R . B a l l a n t i n e :
I n s t it u t e o f B r it is h F o u n d r y m e n , L a n c a ­
s h i r e B r a n c h , B u r n l e y S e c t io n .— J . H i l l :
“ S cience a n d i t s U s e t o t h e P r a c tic a l F o u n d r y m a n .” (M u n ic ip a l C ollege, O rm ero d R o a d ,
B u rn le y , a t 7.15 p .m .)
“ D e v e lo p m e n ts in t h e P r o d u c tio n o f I n g o t
M o u ld C a s tin g s .”
( T e m p e r a n c e C a fé , L i n t
R ig g s , F a l k i r k , a t 7.15 p .m .)
I n s t it u t e
of
W e l d in g ,
( T e e s -S i d e ) B r a n c h .— E .
N o r t h -E a ster n
B . P a rtin g to n :
“ W e ld in g o f N o n - F e r ro u s M e ta ls .” (C lev e­
la n d , I n s t i t u t e , C o rp o ra tio n R o a d , M id d le s­
b ro u g h , a t 7.80 p .m .)
W E D N E S D A Y , JANUARY 13.
E l e c t r o d e p o s it o r s ’ T e c h n ic a l
S o c ie t y .—
D . J . M a c n a u g h ta n a n d W . H . T a i t : “ T h e
T in n in g o f S te e l S trip b y E le c tro d e p o s itio n .”
J o i n t M e etin g w ith I r o n a n d S te el I n s t i tu t e .
( N o r th a m p to n P o lv te c h n ic I n s t i tu t e , S t. J o h n
S tre e t, C lerkenw ell, L o n d o n , E . C . l , a t 8.1 5
p .m .)
I n s t it u t e o f W e l d in g .— H . W . G . H i g n e t t :
“ W e ld in g N o n -F e rro u s M e ta ls— S om e P r o ­
b le m s .” ( I n s t it u ti o n o f M e ch a n ic a l E n g in e e rs ,
S to re y ’s G a te , L o n d o n , S .W .l , a t 6 .30 p .m .)
I n s t it u t e o f W e l d in g , S c o t t is h b r a n c h .—
E . S. W a d d in g to n : “ M o d e rn D e v e lo p m e n ts
in W e ld in g .” (R o y a l P h ilo s o p h ic a l I n s t i tu t e ,
207 B a t h S tre e t, G lasg ow , a t 7.30 p .m .)
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS.— O . F . B lo c h : “ A p ­
p lic a tio n s o f P h o to g ra p h y t o Scien tific a n d
T e c h n ic a l P r o b le m s .” (T h e S o c iety , J o h n
S tre e t, A d e lp h i, L o n d o n , W .C .2, a t 8 p .m .)
M O N D A Y , JANUARY 4.
S o c i e t y o f C h e m ic a l I n d u s t r y , C h e m ic a l
E n g i n e e r i n g G r o u p . — S. R o b s o n :
“ The
M a n u fa c tu re o f S p e lte r .” ( B u r lin g to n H o u s e ,
P ic c a d illy , L o n d o n , W .l , a t 8 p .m .)
W E D N E S D A Y , JANU ARY 6.
I n s t it u t io n o f B r it is h F o u n d r y m e n , L o n d o n
B r a n c h . — C o n s id e ra tio n o f T e c h n ic a l Su b -
C o m m itte e R e p o r ts . I . — R e c o m m e n d a tio n s
o f N o n -F e rro u s S u b -C o m m itte e fo r T w o L e a d e d
G u n M e ta ls. (C h a rin g C ro s s H o te l, L o n d o n ,
W .C .2, a t 8 p .m .)
T H U R S D A Y , JANUARY 7.
I n s t i t u t e 1o f B r i t i s h F o u n d r y m e n , S h e f f i e l d
AND
DISTRICT
BRANCH.— P .
L o n g m u ir :
“ S om e F o u n d r y C h a ra c te ris tic s — I r o n , Steel,
B r a s s . ” J o i n t M e etin g w ith F o u n d r y T r a d e s
T e c h n ic a l S o c iety .
(K in g ’s H e a d H o te l,
C h a n g e A lley , Sheffield, a t 7.30 p .m .)
F R I D A Y , JANUARY 8.
I
n s t it u t e
of
W
e l d in g ,
M id l a n d s
Branch.
H . S . J e f f s : “ E le c tr ic R e s is ta n c e W e ld in g
w ith M od e r a P r o d u c tio n C o n d itio n s . ” (J a m e s
W a t t M em o rial I n s t i tu t e , G t. C h a rle s S tre e t,
B irm in g h a m , 3, a t 7.15 p .m .)
621
T H U R S D A Y , JANUARY 14.
INSTITUTE OF WELDING, SCOTTISH BRANCH.—
E . S. W a d d in g to n : “ M o d e rn D e v e lo p m e n ts
in W e ld in g .” ( H e r io t W a t t College, E d i n ­
b u r g h , a t 7.30 p .m .)
S A T U R D A Y , JANUARY 16.
I n s t it u t e o f B r it is h F o u n d r y m e n , S c o t t is h
B r a n c h , F a l k ir k S e c t io n . P r o fe s s o r R .
H a v : “ P o r o s ity in C a s tin g s .” ( T e m p e ra n c e
Café, L i n t R ig g s , F a lk ir k , a t 6 p .m .)
N O T I C E T O A U T H O R S OF P A P E R S
1. P a p e r s w ill b e c o n s id e re d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n f r o m n o n - m e m b e r s a s w ell as
f r o m m e m b e r s o f t h e I n s t i t u t e . T h e y s h o u ld b e a d d r e s s e d t o T h e
S e c r e t a r y , I n s t i t u t e o f M e ta ls , 36 V ic to r ia S t r e e t , L o n d o n , S .W .l .
2 . P a p e r s a r e a c c e p t e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n in t h e M o n th ly J o u rn a l a n d s u b s e q u e n tly
in t h e J o u rn a l, a n d n o t n e c e s s a rily f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n a t a n y m e e t i n g of
th e In s titu te .
3. P a p e r s s u i t a b l e f o r p u b l i c a t i o n m a y b e cla s sifie d a s :
(а ) P a p e r s r e c o r d in g t h e r e s u l t s o f o rig in a l r e s e a r c h ;
(б ) F i r s t - c la s s re v ie w s of, o r a c c o u n t s of, p r o g r e s s in a p a r t i c u l a r f ie ld ;
(c) P a p e r s d e s c r i p t i v e o f w o r k s ’ m e t h o d s , o r r e c e n t d e v e lo p m e n ts in
m e ta llu r g ic a l p l a n t a n d p r a c tic e .
4. M a n u sc rip ts a n d i l l u s t r a t i o n s m u s t b e s u b m i t t e d i n d u p lic a te , a n d a n
a b s t r a c t , f o r p u b l i c a t i o n , m u s t a c c o m p a n y e a c h p a p e r . M a n u s c r ip ts
m u s t b e t y p e w r i t t e n (d o u b le -lin e s p a c in g ) o n o n e s id e o f t h e p a p e r o n ly ,
a n d a u t h o r s a r e r e q u i r e d t o s ig n a d e c l a r a t i o n t h a t n e i t h e r t h e p a p e r
n o r a s u b s t a n t i a l p a r t t h e r e o f h a s b e e n p u b l i s h e d e ls e w h e re . M S . n o t
a c c e p t e d w ill b e r e t u r n e d w i t h i n 6 m o n t h s o f re c e ip t.
5. References s h o u ld b e c o lle c te d a t t h e e n d o f t h e p a p e r , a n d s e t o u t in t h e
f o llo w in g s t y l e : (1) W . H o f m a n n a n d W . J a n i c h e , Z . M etattkunde,
1936, 28, 1 {i.e. y e a r , v o lu m e , p a g e ) .
6
. Illu stratio ns. E a c h i l l u s t r a t i o n m u s t h a v e a n u m b e r a n d d e s c r i p t i o n ;
o n ly o n e s e t o f n u m b e r s m u s t b e u s e d in o n e p a p e r . L in e figures m u s t
b e d ra w n in I n d ia in k o n sm o o th w h ite B ris to l b o a rd , tra c in g p a p e r, or
g o o d - q u a lity d r a w in g p a p e r . C o -o r d in a te p a p e r is n o t d e s ira b le , b u t if
u s e d m u s t b e b lu e - lin e d w i t h t h e c o - o rd in a te s t o b e r e p r o d u c e d finely
d r a w n in I n d i a n i n k . A ll l e t t e r i n g a n d n u m e r a ls , & c., m u st b e in pencil.
F i g u r e s s h o u ld b e d r a w n a p p r o x i m a t e l y tw ic e t h e siz e in t e n d e d f o r r e ­
p ro d u c tio n .
Photographs m u s t b e r e s t r i c t e d i n n u m b e r , o w in g t o t h e
e x p e n s e of r e p r o d u c ti o n , a n d m u s t b e t r im m e d t o t h e s m a lle s t p o ss ib le of
t h e fo llo w in g siz es, c o n s i s t e n t w i t h a d e q u a t e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e s u b j e c t :
3 in . d e e p b y 4 in . w id e (tw o p h o to m i c r o g r a p h s t o a p l a t e ) ; 3 in . d e e p
b y 2 J in . w id e (fo u r t o a p l a t e ) ; 2 in . d e e p b y 2 J in . w id e (six t o a p la te ) .
M a g n ific a tio n s o f p h o to m ic r o g r a p h s s h o u ld b e g iv e n in e a c h c ase.
P h o t o g r a p h s f o r r e p r o d u c ti o n s h o u l d b e lo o se , n o t p a s t e d d o w n .
7. Tables or D iagram s. R e s u l t s of e x p e r im e n ts , & c., m a y b e g iv e n in t h e fo rm
o f t a b l e s or fig u re s , b u t ( e x c e p t in e x c e p tio n a l c ir c u m s ta n c e s ) n o t b o t h .
8
. Overseas A uth o rs. A u t h o r s r e s i d e n t in c o u n tr ie s d i s t a n t f ro m G r e a t B r i t a i n
a r e r e q u e s t e d t o n a m e , if p o s s ib le , a g e n t s in B r i t a i n t o w h o m m a y b e
r e f e r r e d m a t t e r s c o n c e r n in g t h e i r p a p e r s , in c lu d in g p r o o fs f o r c o rre c tio n .
T r a n s l a t i o n s f ro m f o re ig n la n g u a g e s s h o u ld p r e f e r a b ly b e a c c o m p a n ie d
b y a c o p y o f t h e M S . in t h e l a n g u a g e o f t h e a u t h o r .
9. R ep rin ts. I n d i v id u a l a u t h o r s a r e p r e s e n t e d w i t h 50, tw o a u t h o r s w i t h 70,
a n d t h r e e w i t h 90, r e p r i n t s (in c o v e r). A u t h o r s m a y e le c t t o re c e iv e
t h e i r r e p r i n t s f ro m t h e M o n th ly J o u rn a l ( w ith o u t d isc u ssio n ) o r f r o m t h e
J o u rn a l ( c o m p le te w i t h d is c u s s io n ). A d d itio n a l r e p r i n t s a r e o b t a i n a b l e
a t r a t e s t o b e o b t a i n e d f ro m t h e E d it o r .
622
PAPER NO. 757. This paper is copyright.
I t m a y be reprinted, wholly or m p a rt, in th e
Press (with due acknowledgment) after th e Annual Meeting of th e In stitu te to be held 1 7 £ 7
on March 10 and 11, 1937. The In s titu te as a body is n o t responsible for th e state- / O /
m ents or opinions expressed in th is paper, on which written discussion m ay be sent to th e
Secretary n o t later t h a n M arch 15, 1937.
C R E E P O F L E A D A N D L E A D ALLOYS.
P A R T I . —C R E E P O F V IR G IN LE A D .*
B y J . M c K E O W N ,t M.Sc., P h .D ., M e m b e r .
Sy n o p s is .
T ensile creep te s ts h a v e b een m a d e o n specim ens of v irg in le a d in
th e fo rm of e x tru d e d ro d , e x tru d e d pipe, a n d e x tru d e d cab le-sh eath .
T h e te s ts on ro d h a v e b een m a d e a t ro o m te m p e r a tu re a n d a t 80° C.,
w hile th e t e s ts o n p ip e a n d c a b le -sh e a th h a v e been m a d e a t ro o m te m ­
p e ra tu re only. T h e effect o n th e m in im u m creep r a t e of th e w o rking
p ro d u ced in fla tte n in g c ab le-sh e ath a n d in b e n d in g a n d stra ig h te n in g
pip es h a s b een in v e s tig a te d , a n d th is effect h a s b een fo u n d to b e v ery
m ark ed . I t h a s been show n t h a t re su lts o b ta in e d fro m w o rk ed sam ples
m a y give a n erro n eo u s im p re ssio n of th e creep c h aracteristics of th e
u nw o rk ed , e x tru d e d p ro d u ct.
I n th e e x tru d e d p ro d u c ts th e effect of in itia l g rain-size o n th e m in im u m
creep r a te h a s b een in v e s tig a te d , a n d i t h a s been show n t h a t in e x tru d e d
v irg in le a d th e la rg e r th e in itia l grain-size th e hig her th e resistan ce to
creep a t low stresses.
I n t r o d u c t io n .
w ork has been carried o u t as p a r t of a research on th e properties
of lead conducted b y th e B ritish N on-Ferrous Metals Research Associa­
tion, an d th e present paper is a description of th e m ethods used and the
results obtained over a period of more th a n 4 years on virgin leads of
high purity. M any tests have also been carried o u t on several alloys
of lead, an d it is hoped to present th e results of such te sts a t a later date.
The w ork was commenced w ith th e in ten tion of obtaining com­
p ara tiv e d a ta on th e creep of lead an d some of th e com mon lead alloys,
a n d a very pure lead was chosen as a basis of comparison. I t was
assum ed a t th e outset th a t th e only im p o rta n t variable in th e raw
m aterials was composition, high-purity leads being assum ed to recrystallize a t room tem peratures after cold-work. Prelim inary results showed,
however, th a t th e problem was n o t so simple, b u t was com plicated by
a num ber of unsuspected variables. A t present it appears likely th a t
th e smallest num ber of variables exists in th e case of th e very pure
virgin lead, b u t th e investigation is b y no means complete.
A considerable am o u n t of work has been done by other investigators
on th e creep of lead and lead alloys, an d d a ta have been published by
T h is
* M an u scrip t received J u ly 1, 1936.
f I n v e s tig a to r, B ritis h N o n -F erro u s M etals R e se a rc h A ssociation.
■ Note to A bstractors and O ther Readers.— T h is p a p e r w ill be p u b lish ed , in
p e rm a n e n t fo rm , in th e Journal of the Institute of Metals , Vol. L X , 1937.
R eferen ce sh ould acco rd ing ly b e a s follows : J. In st. Metals, 1937, 60 (A dvance
copy).
623
McKeown : Creep of Lead and Lead Alloys
A rc h b u tt,1 Tow nsend an d Greenall,2 D ean a n d R yjo rd,3 Moore and
Alleman,4 Clark and U p thegrove,6 C baston,6 Moore, B etty , and D ollins,7
and B e tty .8 I n a large proportion of this work th e initial conditions
of th e lead specimens were inadequ ately s tu d ie d ; th e com position n o t
being given exactly, th e average grain-size n o t determ ined, and the
sta te of age-hardening in those alloys w hich are susceptible to ageing
ignored. A gain some of th e te sts were m ade on specimens cu t from
cable-sheathing which h ad been flattened, an d th e influence of flattening
on th e results was n o t ta k e n fully into consideration.
Moore, B e tty , and Dollins have found th a t “ there seemed to be some
evidence t h a t lead an d lead alloys w ith large crystalline grains resist
creep som ew hat b e tte r th a n do lead and lead alloys w ith small grains.”
B e tty carried o u t some work on single crystal specimens of commercially
pure lead. H e found th a t th e stra in -tim e diagram s (creep curves) for
th e single crystals were quite different from those of poly-crystalline
specimens of th e same m aterial. I n th e la tte r, creep was due to both
deform ation w ithin th e grains an d to disturbances a t th e grain boundaries.
According to B e tty th e m echanism of creep in single-crystal specimens
of com m ercially pure lead was b y slip on th a t octahedral plane on
w hich th e resolved shear stress was a m axim um .
In th e paper b y Moore, B etty, an d Dollins 7 th e question of the
effect of th e cold-working produced by th e flattening of th e cable-sheath
from which th e specimens were m achined has been considered, and the
auth ors sta te d th a t all th e results of tensile tests on specimens cu t
longitudinally and specimens cu t transversely from th e sheet showed
no difference. T hey sta te d t h a t if th e effect of flattening was to be
noticeable i t would have appeared in th e tensile tests. On this point
th e p resent w riter cann ot agree w ith Moore an d his colleagues. The
am o u n t of cold-work produced in th e flattening of th e sheaths was very
small and th e te m p era tu re of annealing, being room tem perature,
was very close to th e recrystallization tem p eratu re of th e materials.
Such small am o unts of w ork would n o t affect th e u ltim ate tensile streng th
of th e m aterials appreciably, b u t results given later in this paper show
t h a t th e y do affect th e behaviour of th e m aterials in creep a t stresses
well below th e u ltim a te tensile strength. Some recent work carried
ou t by 0 . F. H udson an d th e present w riter has shown th a t annealed
copper worked b y overstraining only 0-05 per cent, a t room tem peratu re
h a d a definite lim it of propo rtion ality induced in it by this trea tm e n t.
S ubsequent annealing of th e copper specimen for 2 hrs. a t 500° C. failed
to rem ove this range of propo rtion ality of stress to strain and did not,
in fact, reduce it.
A gain even small am ounts of working te n d to cause lead and lead
624
Part I .— Creep of Virgin Lead
alloys to recrystallize a t room tem peratu re, an d th e e x te n t to w hich this
recrystallization an d consequent grain-refinem ent has progressed will
depend on b o th th e e x te n t of th e cold-work an d th e tim e elapsing since
th e working was applied. H . F. Moore an d his colleagues have recog­
nized th a t grain-size is an im p o rta n t factor in determ ining th e resistance
to creep of lead an d lead alloy specimens, and y e t th e y have
n o t investigated th e effect on grain-size of th e flattening process to
w hich th e ir specimens were subjected before testing. I t would appear
reasonable to conclude th a t th e behaviour of a flattened specimen
u n der creep conditions would be dependent on th e tim e elapsing between
flattening an d loading th e specimen, th a t is, on th e ex ten t to which
recrystallization an d grain-grow th had progressed.
As is shown later in th e present pap er th e effect of flattening on the
resistance to creep of lead specimens is n o t confined to th e changes in
grain-size alone, and a fu rth er factor is present. This factor is apparently
th a t of reten tio n of cold-working, b u t exactly how it operates is a t present
unknow n although its effect in increasing th e resistance to creep is
clearly indicated. This factor, th e effect of small am ounts of coldworking, is obviously of very great im portance in th e practical con­
sideration of creep of lead an d lead alloys, since in practice alm ost
every application of these m aterials is accom panied b y some small
am o u n t of cold-working during th e installation of th e m aterials in
service. A cable during in stallation is unw ound from a drum , thus
cold-working th e lead sheath, lead pipe is supplied in coils, and sheet
lead in rolls.
F ro m th e p oint of view of reproducing service conditions as closely
as possible during tests of a m aterial, it would appear th a t in tests of
lead cable-sheathing an d w ater-pipe intern al pressure creep tests would
be more satisfactory. These te sts would subject th e m aterial to com­
pound stresses similar in n a tu re to those experienced in service,
b u t u nfo rtu nately such tests are by no means easy to carry o u t success­
fully. In te rn a l pressure creep tests have been made by Moore and
Alleman 4 an d also b y Chaston.6 I n th e form er w ork th e ra te of creep
on th e d iam eter of lead cable-sheaths was m easured, while in th e la tte r
th e length of life to failure was alone investigated. M easurem ent of
diam etral creep of lead sheaths present considerable difficulties, and the
m ethod of Moore and Alleman was n o t quite satisfactory as p a rt of the
circumference of th e sheath was prevented from creeping by th e a tta c h ­
m ent of p a r t of th e measuring apparatus. A nother difficulty m et w ith
in testing of this ty p e is th e lack of uniform ity of thickness of th e wall
of th e sheath or pipe being tested, th is giving rise to uneven distribution
of stress and consequent uneven creep.
625
M cKeown : Creep of Lead and Lead Alloys
P r e s e n t W o rk .
M aterials.
The m aterials used in this w ork are listed below an d a spectrographic analysis is also added.
Initial
Average
Grain Area,
m m.2.
Material.
1J
0-84
n
in . d ia m . rod
•„
C a b le -sh eath , 1 in . o u te r d ia m ., f in.
in n e r d ia m .
\ in . bore x 6 lb. /y d . p ipe
001
..
Remarks.
E x tr u d e d o n p ip e p ress
0-37
„
on cable press
0-15
„
o n p ip e p ress
Spectrographic A nalysis.
Composition, Per Cent.
Material.
Sn.
C oarse-g rain ed
ro d
F in e-g rain ed
ro d
C a b le -sh eath .
P ip e
N il
>>
Sb.
< 0
oa.
Cu.
Ag.
Bi.
Zu.
0-00002
< 0 -0 0 0 5
< 0 -0 0 0 5
0-0005
N il
0-0001
0-0005
0-0001
0-001
< 0 -0 0 0 1
0-0008
0-001
0-0007
0-0008
0-001
0-0006
0-0005
0-001
N il
002
N il
<0002
0-002
O ther elem ents sought b u t n o t d etected— As, Te,JTl.
Chemical analysis for iron gave th e following results :
Material.
C oarse-grained ro d
F in e-g rain ed ro d .
C ab le-sh eath
.
P ip e .
. .
Iron, Per Cent.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0-0005
0-0005
0-0006
0-0006
(1) Long-Tim e Creep Tests at Room Temperature.
(a)
Tests on extruded rod specimens.— The creep tests to be described
here were commenced in A ugust, 1932, an d some of th e specimens
are still un der te st. The w ork has been carried o u t m ainly in a base­
m e n t laboratory where th e te m p era tu re is n o t subject to wide daily
fluctuations. The m axim um tem p eratu re recorded during th e p a st
4 years was 23-5° C. (summer) an d th e m inim um 12-5° C. (winter).
The difference betw een m axim um an d m inim um tem p eratu re during
626
Part I .— Creep of Virgin Lead
a 24-hr. period rarely exceeded 3° C. F o r by far the greater p a rt of
th e tim e the tem p eratu re was between 15°-18° C.
As th e tests were to be carried to fracture an d as previous experience
had shown th e difficulties m et w ith in applying extensom eters of th e
clam ping ty p e to lead specimens, it was decided to ado pt th e ty p e of
specimen shown in Fig. 1 and to measure th e extension between the
shoulders b y th e rods B B shown. These rods were cu t from th e same
supply of extru ded lead bars, an d consideration of th e arrangem ent will
show th a t changes of length due to changes of tem p eratu re are elim inated
from changes of length due to stress. T he separation of fine lines scribed
on th e strips of p latin um foil was m easured b y means of a m easuring
microscope reading to 0-01 mm. The parallel length or gauge length
of th e specimen was 10 cm., an d assuming th a t all th e extension occurs
IBfflT
'! f, | î
I
F id . 1.— Specim en for L ong-T im e C reep T e sts o n E x tr u d e d R o d s.
(D im ensions in In ch es.)
on th e parallel length the strain m ay be read to 1(H. The reading to
0-01 mm . is b y vernier, an d in tests a t 400 lb./in.2 an d over, a greater
accuracy of strain reading th a n ± l x 1(H is n o t claimed. F o r th e
tests a t 200 an d 300 lb./in.2 this form of m easurem ent was n o t sufficiently
sensitive, an d th e extensom eter shown in Fig. 2 was devised for these
tests. In this in stru m en t th e lever E allows a magnification of 10 : 1.
The rod A is of alum inium an d th e bracket D of I n v a r ; th e length of
th e alum inium rod being to th e gauge length of th e te st specimen in the
inverse ratio of their coefficients of expansion. M easurem ents of
extension of th e specimen were m ade on th e end of th e lever E and th e
fixed bracket b eneath it, scribed lines on p latin um foil being used as
before, an d hence th e strain could be read to i 1 x 10~5. The range
of m ovem ent of th e end of th e lever E was n o t allowed to exceed 3 mm.,
an d w hen this m ovem ent was reached th e lever was re-set b y means of
th e n u t B which h ad a ball seating on th e In v a r bracket.
I n th e foregoing it has been assum ed th a t all th e extension occurs on
627
McKeown : Creep of Lead and Lead Alloys
th e parallel length of 10 cm., and t h a t this assum ption was substantially
valid was shown b y th e surface of th e specimens w hen th e y h ad been
strained ab o u t 3 per cent. This am o u n t of strain was sufficient to give
a roughening of th e surface due to displacem ent of th e grains, an d this
roughening could n o t be d etected beyond th e parallel portion of th e
specimen.
The specimens were m achined from th e lj - in . diam . coarse-grained
b ar to th e dim ensions shown in Fig. 1,
an d th e stresses applied ranged from 700
to 200 lb./in.2. The results of th e tests
are given in full in Table I, and the
B—
creep curves obtained are shown in
Fig. 3. The curves all show th a t the
initial ra te of creep is rap id b u t diminishes
an d ten ds to become relatively co nstant
after a period of tim e w hich is dependent
on th e applied stress. I t would appear
from th e curves th a t a n extension of
a b o u t 4-5 per cent, has to occur before
th e stage of uniform creep is reached.
I n Fig. 4 th e creep curves are shown
for tests on tw o virgin leads of different
grain-sizes. The coarse-grained m aterial,
already dealt w ith in Fig. 3, h ad an
average grain area of 0-84 m m .2, while
th e fine-grained m aterial h a d a n average
grain area of 0-01 m m .2. The very great
difference in creep characteristics of
these tw o m aterials is clearly shown in
Fig. 4, and as shown in Table I a great
difference also exists in th e values of
F ra . 2.— E x te n so m e te r use d in
elongation an d reduction of area.
T e sts a t L ow S tresses.
I t m ay be n oted th a t in th e coarse­
grained m aterial as th e applied stress is decreased th e elongation a t
fractu re a n d the redu ctio n in area are decreased. I n th e fine-grained
m aterial, on th e oth er hand, th e elongation a t
th e lower stress is
greater th a n th a t a t th e higher stress.
I n Fig. 5 a n a tte m p t has been m ade to subject th e results of th e tests
to logarithm ic plotting. I n th e case of th e coarse-grained m aterial a
fairly good straig h t line passes th ro u g h th e points for 400, 500, 600, an d
700 lb ./in.2, b u t th e p oints for 300 and 200 lb./in .2 are well off th e line.
This, however, is readily explained by an exam ination of Fig. 3, where it
6 28
'
Part I .— Creep of Virgin Lead
T a b le
I .— Long T im e Creep Tests on Virgin Lead
Specimens at Room Temperature.
M a te ria l.
C oarse-g rained e x tru d e d
ro d. S pecim ens m a ­
c hin ed from l j in.
d iam . rod.
A v e ra g e
G-rain A re a
a t Com ­
m encem ent
o f T e s t,
m m .2.
S tr e s s ,
l b ./ in .2.
L ife ,
D ays.
0-84
200
660
942
1482
585
210
66
50
72
97
0-04
0-17
0-72
1-44
4-17
13-8
500
600
311
70
87
60
94
98-5
47-7
500
600
384
89
2 0-0
15-3 ü
*
2-03
12-58
500
600
327
69
29-0 B
25 0 B
10-0
014
500
330
17-6 U
3-9
0 -1 1 -0 1 5
500
230
11-3 U
0-01
E x tr u d e d c ab le-sh e ath
0-37
E x tr u d e d p ip e
E x tr u d e d p ip e b e n t on
fo rm er of 2 2 in . d iam .
a n d stra ig h te n e d .
M in im u m
C reep
B ,ate,
S tra in /D a y
X 104.
0-33 *
2-0 U
21-0 U
190 B
24-0 B
30-5 B
300
400
500
600
700
F in e-g rain ed e x tru d e d
ro d. S pecim ens m a ­
c hin ed from 1 J in.
d iam . rod.
F la tte n e d c ab le-sh e ath
E x te n s io n ,
P e r C e n t, R é d u c ­
o n 10 cm .
tio n in
B =
A re a ,
B ro k e n ,
Per
U = U n­
C e n t.
b ro k e n .
016
U
B
10-6
1-70
* T e s t d isco n tin u ed .
will be seen th a t a t th e tw o low stresses th e specimens have n o t been
sufficiently long under te s t to have reached th e stage of m inim um creep
rate. I n fact it seems possible th a t a period of 10-15 yrs. will have to
elapse before th e specimen a t 300 lb ./in.2 reaches this stage in the test.
(b)
Tests on virgin lead cable-sheath.— Virgin lead cable-sheath
having an outer diam eter of 1 in. an d a wall thickness of ^ in. was ex­
tru d e d under ordinary conditions b u t in straig h t lengths and w ith out
a n y cable core. This m aterial was tested in th e tw o conditions : (1) as
sheath and (2) after flattening. The tests were m ade w ith tw o objects
in view: (a) to determ ine if th e ra te of creep of an ex tru ded pipe specimen
was of th e same order as th a t of an extruded rod, an d (6) to determ ine
th e effect of flattening th e sheath on its creep characteristics. The
specimens tested as sheath were fitted w ith a ty p e of end shown in Fig.
6 (a), an d some prelim inary work showed th a t th e effect of the heating
produced during th e casting of th e ends did n o t extend to more th a n
1 in. beyond th e inner p a rts of th e ends. To make certain th a t no such
629
McKeown : Creep of Lead and Lead Alloys
E X T E N S I O N , PER
CENT
effect would influence th e te s t results th e gauge length of 10 cm. 011 each
specim en was ta k e n a t a distance of 3 in. from th e end holders.
The flattened specimens were produced b y slitting a length of the
sheath longitudinally, opening it o u t uniform ly b y han d an d then
applying th e flattening b y squeezing betw een tw o planed boards in a
vice. The specim en shown in Fig. 6 (b) w as th e n m achined from the
flattened sheath an d gripped as shown. Two stresses only were used
in these tests, nam ely, 500 and 600 lb ./in .2, an d th e creep curves obtained
T / M E , DA V S
F i g . 3.
T en sile C reep T e sts o n S pecim ens of C o arse-G rain ed E x tr u d e d R o d a t R o o m
T e m p e ra tu re .
are shown in Fig. 7, th e results being given in Table I. A th ird sheath
specim en was te ste d a t 500 lb ./in .2 after it had been annealed for 2 hrs.
a t 100° G. The original sh eath h a d an average grain area of 0-37 m m .2.
A nnealing for 2 hrs. a t 100° C. produced an average grain area of 0-49
m m .2, while annealing for 2 hrs. a t 250° C. produced an average grain
area of 1-8 m m .2.
The effect on th e creep characteristics of th e flattening process is
clearly shown in Fig. 7. The creep ra te was reduced b y th e working
produced in th e flattening an d during th e two initial stages of th e creep
te st, i.e. up to th e stage of final rap id and increasing creep rate, the
630
Part I .— Creep of Virgin Lead
extension of th e flattened specimen was less th a n th a t of the sheath a t
the same stress. The refinem ent in' grain-size brought ab out by
flattening th e sheath is indicated in Table I.
As shown in Fig. 7, th e sheath specimen tested a t 500 lb ./in.2 after
annealing for 2 hrs. a t 100° C. has given a ty p e of creep curve entirely
F i g . 4 . — T ensile C reep T e sts a t R o om T e m p e ra tu re on Coarse-
a n d F in e-G rain ed E x tru d e d R ods.
different from th a t of th e extruded or flattened specimens. The prim ary
stage of rap id b u t decreasing ra te of creep is absent in th e annealed
specimen, an d a very decided change in th e ra te of creep occurred about
35-40 days after th e com m encem ent of th e test. The creep rate between
50 and 190 days was fairly co nstant and was higher th a n th a t of the
“ as extruded ” specimen a t the same stress.
An exam ination of Table I shows th a t a t stresses of 500 and 600
u u
631
McKeown : Creep of Lead and Lead Alloys
lb ./in .“ b oth sheath an d flattened sheath specimens have a higher
m inim um creep ra te th a n th e rod specimens. In th e case of the sheath
specimens this is probably due to the finer grain-size alone. On the
count of grain-size alone one would expect flattened sh eath specimens
LOG. C REEP RATE
F i g . 5.— T ensile C reep T e sts o n C oarse-G rained E x tr u d e d R ods.
to have a higher m inim um creep ra te th a n th e y have given and certainly
a higher creep ra te th a n the sheath specimens. I t appears from the
results th a t gram-size is n o t th e only factor influencing m inim um creep
ra te in these m aterials, an d th a t th e effect of working produced in the
flattening process is to stiffen th e m aterial an d increase its resistance
to creep.
G32
Part I .— Creep of Virgin Lead
(o)
Tests on extruded pipes.— Virgin lead pipe (J in. bore X 6 lb./yd.)
which was specially extruded in straig h t lengths was obtained for these
tests. The specimens were loaded longitudinally, an end grip of the
form used for th e cable-sheath specimens an d shown in Fig. 6 (a) being
employed.
A te st a t a stress of 500 lb ./in .2 was m ade on th e pipe in th e “ as
received ” condition, an d th e creep curve obtained is shown in Fig. 8.
The shape of th e curve is typical for extru ded virgin lead,1b u t the rate
of creep is m uch higher for th e pipe m aterial th a n for th e coarse-grained
rod m aterial. The creep curve for th e la tte r a t th e same stress is also
given in Fig. 8. I n th e curve for th e pipe specimen ano ther feature
CABLE SH E A T H
S T E E L TUBE
S T E E L W A S H E R WELDED
O U T E R S U R F A C E OF
TO S TEEL TUBE
TINNED WITH PU R E TIN
LEAD C A S T IN A N N U L A R S P A C E B E T W E E N
S T E E L T U B E A ND CA BLE SHEATH
F L A T T E N ED CABL E S H E A T H SPECIM EN
M E A 6 U R I N G R O D S S O L D E RE D
TO S P E C I M E N H E R E
F ig . 6 .
which m ay be noted is th a t th e stage of uniform creep ra te does n o t
commence u n til th e extension is betw een 8 an d 9 per cent., whereas in
th e rod specimen it commences a t an extension of 4 per cent.
As lead pipe is generally supplied in coils, an d has to be uncoiled
before being used, it was considered th a t a te st on a specimen which
had been subjected to som ew hat similar tre a tm e n t would be of interest.
Accordingly a length of th e straig h t pipe was b en t to th e arc of a circle
on a form er having a diam eter of 22 in. (the usual diam eter of coils of pipe
of this bore an d weight) and th e n straightened uniform ly by hand.
I t is clearly recognized th a t this procedure does n o t exactly reproduce
th e conditions m et w ith in ordinary coiled pipe, where th e original
coiling is done while th e pipe is still h o t from th e extrusion press an d th e
uncoiling an d straightening are done some considerable tim e later when
633
McKeown : Creep of Lead and Lead Alloys
th e pipe has h ad tim e to recover a t room te m p era tu re by slow recrystal­
lization. The m ethod was ad o p ted m ainly to enable fairly straigh t
specimens to be obtained, a difficult m a tte r w hen a length of pipe coiled
in th e w orks was used.
A tria l length of th e pipe was b e n t an d straightened an d a section
c u t o u t of th e m iddle an d p repared for m icroexam ination. W hen
F i g . 7.— T ensile C reep T e s ts a t R o o m T e m p e ra tu re o n C a b le -S h eath s.
exam ined 4 hrs. after bending an d straightening it was found th a t in th e
diam etrically opposite zones of m axim um bending stress th e average
grain-size was 0-11 m m .2, com pared w ith th e original 0-14 m m .2, b u t
th ere was no evidence of recrystallization. I n th e diam etrically
opposite zones of zero bending stress no change in grain-size had occurred
an d th ere was no evidence of recrystallization or working. The same
specimen, w hen exam ined 15 days later, showed an irregular grain-size
634
Part I . — Creep of Virgin Lead
in th e zones of m axim um bending stress, an d th e average grain area
was practically unaltered.
The creep specimen was first b en t an d im m ediately straightened,
th e n fitted w ith ends an d loaded a t 500 lb ./in .2 abo ut 4 hrs. after bending
and straightening. The creep curve obtained from this specimen is
shown in Fig. 8, an d is rem arkable in th a t th e initial stage of rapid
b u t dim inishing creep is absent.
The curve so far consists of tw o stages, an initial stage of uniform
r a te of creep for th e first 30 days, followed b y a second stage of uniform
b u t higher creep rate. There is a fairly ab ru p t change in th e direction
of th e curve abou t 32 days from th e com m encem ent of th e test. Very
slight change has occurred in th e m inim um creep ra te as a result of the
bending an d straightening.
(2) Long T im e Creep Tests at 80° C.
L ead pipe m ay be used to carry w ater a t tem p eratures up to 100°
C .; lead used in sulphuric acid p la n t is frequently subjected to a tem p er­
atu re in th e region of 80° C., and lead cable-sheath m ay be used a t
tem p eratures ro und a b o u t 50° C. I n view of this it was decided to
ca rry o u t some tests a t 80° C. to determ ine th e effect of tem perature
635
McKeown : Creep of Lead and Lead Alloys
on th e ra te of creep, th e elongation a n d th e life of specimens of virgin
lead.
The specimens used in these te sts were m ade from
in. diam . bar
of th e coarse-grained m aterial to th e same dim ensions as th e specimens
shown in Fig. 1. The m easuring bars B.B. were replaced b y brass bars
extending beyond th e end of th e furnace, an d th e extension was m easured
by th e separation of fine lines scribed on p la tin u m foil soldered a t th e
ends of these brass bars.
T ubu lar w ire-wound electric furnaces were used, th e winding being
of 30 S.W.G. B rig h tra y wire a n d th e resistance of each furnace was
app rox im ately 800 ohms. In series w ith each furnace a variable
resistance of 220 ohms was used to set th e cu rren t a t th e desired value.
The cu rren t consum ed b y each furnace on th e 220 volts circuit was
a b o u t 0-23 am ps., so th a t th e pow er consum ption over long intervals
of tim e was reasonably low. The furnaces were heavily lagged a n d hence
th e tem p era tu re of th e specimens did n o t v a ry appreciably for average
fluctuations in voltage of supply. I t was found th a t th ere was a
tendency for a slow rise of te m p era tu re to occur a b o u t 5 p.m . each day,
th is being u n d o ubted ly due to a rise in voltage on th e m ains of th e
supply com pany. A simple form of th e rm o sta t was m ade u p to
cou nteract th e effects of this rise in voltage b y increasing th e resistance
of th e furnaces slightly w hen th e rise in te m p era tu re occurred. The
th e rm o sta t was placed in a furnace identical in all w ays w ith one of th e
creep furnaces, an d as all th e 15 furnaces in use were placed in parallel
across th e 220-volt supply th e furnace containing th e th e rm o sta t re­
ac te d in th e same w ay to voltage changes as th e other furnaces. I t was
found th a t a resistance of only 3 ohm s sw itched in an d o u t of th e m ain
circuit of th e furnaces was sufficient to give a tem p eratu re control of
± 2° C.
D eterm ination of tem peratures on different p arts of th e specimen
showed t h a t th e extrem e ends where th e specimen was screwed into the
shackles were ab o u t 3° C. lower th a n th e centre of th e gauge length.
The variable te m p era tu re jun ction of a n iron E ureka therm o-couple
was enclosed in fine glass tu b in g an d placed so as to touch th e centre
of th e parallel length of th e specimen. A special tim ing switch was used
to connect each of th e 15 couples a t regular intervals to th e circuit of
a th ree-th read Cambridge recorder, an d a record of tem p eratu re of each
specim en was o btained every 23 minutes.
The procedure ad o p ted in com mencing a te st was as follows : the
furnace was sw itched on a b o u t 9.30 a.m ., and th e te m p era tu re of th e
specim en h a d reached 80° C. a b o u t 2 p.m . A b out 2 hrs. were ta k e n to
stead y th e te m p era tu re a t th is figure an d th e load was th e n applied,
636
Part I .— Creep of Virgin Lead
th e readings on th e cathetom eter of th e scribed lines on th e platinum
foil being ta k en im m ediately before an d after th e application of the load.
Creep curves a t 300, 200, an d 100 lb./in.2 are shown in Fig. 9, and
it is seen th a t th e ra te of creep diminishes very rapidly w ith diminishing
stress. The curve obtained a t 300 lb./in.2 is a typical form, i.e. a
prim ary stage of rap id b u t dim inishing ra te of creep followed b y a stage
of sensibly co nstant ra te of creep, th e n a th ird stage of rapidly increasing
ra te of creep progressing tow ards failure of th e specimen. A t 100
lb./in.2 th e am o unt of creep for th e first 45 days was only 0-13 per cent.,
and no fu rth er creep took place up to 150 days, when th e te st was
discontinued.
The creep rates have been p lo tted on Fig. 5, an d so far as one can
judge from only tw o points th e tests a t 80° C. give a line parallel to th a t
given by th e te sts a t room te m p era tu re when logarithm of creep rate
is p lo tted against logarithm of stress.
Only th e specimen stressed a t 300 lb./in.“ a t 80 C. has broken up
to date, its life w as 48 days, th e elongation 34 per cent, o n -10 cm.
(approxim ately 8 V A ) and th e reduction in area 100 per cent.
637
McKeown : Creep of Lead and Lead Alloys
(3) Effect o f Long T im e A nnealing at 80° C. on a
Specim en o f V irgin Lead.
A disc was cu t from th e ] J in. diam . coarse-grained rod, an d a pho to ­
m icrograph ta k e n in th e “ as received ” condition. The specimen was
th e n placed inside one of th e creep furnaces an d held a t 80° C. for a to ta l
tim e of 500 hrs., exam ination of th e grain-size being m ade a t 24, 100,
250, a n d 500 hrs. No change in grain-size occurred, nor was th ere any
o th e r evidence of change in th is specimen.
A . E X T R U D E D RO D
—
0
F ig .
ME A N G RAI N A R E A = 0 - 8 4 m m*
B. E X T R U D E D CA B LE SHEA T H
n
C. E X T R U D E D P I P E
„
D. E X T R U D E D RO D
1»
20 4 0
60 80
,00
T , ME D A Y S
»
>1
»
= 0 - 3 7 mm2
n
= 0 - l 3 m m 2~
t»
= 0 ,0 I m m 2
200
300
10.— T ensile C reep T e sts a t R o o m T e m p e ra tu re .
G rain-S ize. S tre ss = 500 lb ./in .2.
G e n e r a l D is c u s s io n
of
the
R esults
of
the
E ffect
of
T ests.
(a ) Effect o f Grain-Size on Creep o f Lead in the
“ A s Extruded ” Condition.
I 11 Fig. 10 th e creep curves a t 500 lb./in .3 of four specimens having
different grain-sizes are shown, an d th e grain-sizes and some creep d a ta
are given in Table I I. An exam ination of th e figure and th e table
638
Part I .— Creep of Virgin Lead
shows th a t th e am ou nt of creep in 100 days and th e m inim um creep
ra te are b o th directly dependent on th e grain-size. I t m ay be noted,
T able
I I . — G rain-Size and Creep o f Extruded Lead at a
Stress o f 500 Ib .p n.2.
A v e ra g e
G r a in A re a ,
m m .2.
M a te ria l.
1 1 in . d ia m . ro d
.
1 in . bore x 6 lb. /yd .
I in . o u te r d ia m . X J
II
in . d ia m . ro d
.
.
.
.
pipe
in. th ic k cab le-sh e ath
.
.
.
.
.
0-01
014
0-37
0-84
M in im u m
C re e p R a te ,
S t r a i n /D a y
X 104.
10-6
3-9
203
1-44
A m o u n t of
C re e p i n
100 D a y s ,
P e r C e n t.
11-8
7-7
6-65
4-05
however, th a t tests to show th e higher resistance to creep of th e coarsergrained specimens h ad to be carried o u t beyond a period of 40 days
before conclusive evidence
was obtained. All th e four
specimens d ealt w ith here
have been tested in th e “ as
extruded ’’condition w ith out
subsequent
th erm al or
m echanical trea tm e n t. I n
Fig. 11 th e m inim um creep
ra te an d th e am oun t of creep
in 100 days a t a stress of
500 lb./in.2 have been p lotted
against th e m ean grain area,
and these curves indicate
th a t decreasing th e mean
grain area below 0-1 m m .2
decreases very seriously the
resistance to c re e p ; this, of
course, refers to grain-size F i g . 11. — T ensile Creep T e sts a t R o o m T e m ­
p e ra tu re . E ffect of G rain-Size. S tress =
produced by extrusion alone.
500 lb ./in .2.
The curves also indicate
th a t th e ra te of increase of resistance to creep w ith increase of grain-size
becomes less m arked as th e m ean grain area increases above J m m .2.
Clark and W hite 9 tested hot-rolled brasses of tw o different grainsizes in creep a t different tem peratures, an d found th a t for a given alloy
th e fine-grain brass was more resistant to creep th a n th e coarse-grain
below a certain tem p eratu re range, b u t above th is range th e coarse­
grained m aterial was the more resistan t to creep. Since the materials
639
McKeown : Creep of Lead and Lead Alloys
were know n to differ only in respect to th e ir grain-size and, therefore,
only in respect to th e relative am ou nts of bo und ary and crystalline
m aterial, it was concluded th a t above th is te m p era tu re range the
bo und ary m aterial was th e weaker an d below this te m p era tu re range
th e crystalline m aterial was th e weaker.
I t was th e n found th a t th is tem p eratu re range was th e lowest tem p er­
a tu re of recrystallization of th e m aterial afte r severe cold-working.
I t therefore appeared th a t th e “ equi-cohesive ” te m p era tu re was
coincident w ith th e lowest te m p era tu re of recrystallization.
The observed fact th a t above a certain tem p eratu re th e fine-grained
m aterial creeps more rap id ly th a n th e coarse-grained m aterial is in
accord w ith th e early theories of Beilby an d R osenhain, who a ttrib u te d
viscous p roperties to b ou n d ary m aterials above th e equi-cohesive
tem peratu re. I t therefore appears th a t above this te m p era tu re creep
m ay be considered as a form of viscous flow.
If we apply this conception to th e case of th e extruded leads dealt
w ith in this pap er it certainly seems to explain the differences in creep
behaviour of th e fine- and coarse-grained m aterials. The tests have
been carried o u t a t room te m p era tu re which, for th e very pure lead
dea lt w ith here, is above th e recrystallization tem p eratu re of th e worked
m aterials, a n d hence we m ay assum e th a t th e cry stal b oun dary m aterial
is th e weaker. C ertain observations m ade during th e te sts confirm
this view, for example, (I) th e roughening or strain etching of the sur­
faces of th e specimens w hich is ap p a ren tly b ro ugh t a b o u t b y relative
m ovem ent of th e grains w ithin a viscous m atrix, (2) th e higher elongation
obtained from th e fine-grained rod m aterial com pared w ith th a t obtained
from th e coarse-grained rod m aterial. F u rth e r, th e observed fact th a t
th e elongation of coarse-grained lead increases, while th a t of fine­
grained lead decreases, w ith increase of stress, is explained b y th is view.
Clearly as th e stress is increased th e flow tends to become more plastic
a n d less viscous in character, b u t th e g reater end-blocking effect in
th e fine-grained m aterial ten d s to minimize th e increase in plastic
flow, th e n e t effect being th a t in th e fine-grained m aterial th e bou ndary
m ovem ent decreases more rapidly th a n th e plastic deform ation increases,
while in th e coarse-grained lead th e plastic deform ation increases more
rap id ly th a n th e bo und ary m ovem ent decreases, w ith increase of
stress.
I t appears certain th a t th ro u g h o u t an y of these creep tests both
plastic an d viscous flow are occurring, th e form er predom inating in
th e early stage of th e test. I n th is respect reference m ay be m ade to
th e w ork of A ndrade 10 on lead. H e considered th a t in a creep te st a t
co n stan t stress on a lead wire th e flow was m ade u p of tw o p a rts :
640
Part I .— Creep of Virgin Lead
(1) th e plastic, or, to use his own expression, th e p flow, and (2) th e purely
viscous flow.
A ndrade suggested a form ula to represent th e flow of lead under
creep conditions :
I = l0 (1 + P*1) d“
where I is th e length a t an y tim e f, th e initial length being !0, (3 and k
being constants. An a tte m p t has been m ade to lit this form ula to th e
curves in Fig. 10, b u t this has n o t been very successful, due to two causes.
I n th e first place th e curves in Fig. 10 were n o t obtained a t constant
stress. F u rth e r, A ndrade suggested th a t in his form ula t3 should
probably be replaced b y a function of t, which approxim ates closely
to
for small values of t b u t which, as t increases, ultim ately becomes
constant.
(b) Effect o f Cold-Working on Creep.
If in an ex tru ded lead a change in grain-size is bro ugh t a b o u t by a
small am oun t of cold-work in specimens prior to th e creep tests being
commenced, th e relation between grain-size an d resistance is no longer
a simple one. Thus, flattening cable-sheath produced some slight
refinem ent in grain-size b u t increased th e resistance to creep in th e
early stages of th e te st. Bending and straightening of pipe produced
in th e zones of m axim um bending stress slight refinem ent of grainsize, b u t, once more, th e resistance to creep in th e early stages of the
te s t was increased.
I n his w ork on lead wires already referred to, A ndrade has shown
th a t large prelim inary strains p u t th e wires in a sta te to flow viscously,
an d th e present tests on flattened cable-sheath an d b en t an d straightened
pipes confirm this statem ent. The effect of such working is m uch more
pronounced in th e early stage of th e te st th a n during th e stage of uniform
creep, i.e. th e stage where viscous flow always predom inates. • I n th is
respect it m ay be noted th a t th e bending an d straightening of th e pipe
has ap paren tly a greater effect in prom oting viscous flow th a n h ad th e
flattening of th e cable-sheath, for, in th e form er case, th e initial stage
of m ainly plastic flow is missing, an d th e creep curve obtained has th e
characteristic shape associated w ith purely viscous flow.
The curves given in Fig. 12 show very clearly th e effect of prelim inary
cold-working on th e subsequent creep characteristics of a specimen of
th e coarse-grained rod. The curve A is th e creep curve a t 600 lb./in.
of a specimen tested in th e “ as extruded ” condition. The curve B is
th e creep curve of a specimen which was elongated in tension 5 per cent,
on th e gauge-length an d th e n tested in creep under a load which would
have produced a stress of 600 lb./in.2 on th e cross-sectional area of the
641
McKeown : Creep of Lead and Lead Alloys
E X T E N S I O N . PER
CENT
specimen before overstrain. The la tte r specim en has given a creep
curve in which th e early stage of th e o rdinary creep curve, considered
to be due m ainly to plastic deform ation, is absent. I t seems probable,
therefore, t h a t th e curve obtained from th e overstrained specimen
represents flow largely viscous in character.
A sim ilar specim en elongated 5 p er cent, in tension, sectioned an d
aged a t room tem perature, was found 15 m inutes la ter to have a grainsize ap pro xim ately § th a t before working. L a te r very slight recrystal-
7 / ME. DAYS
F ig .
12.— T en sile C reep T e sts a t R o o m T e m p e ra tu re o n C oarse-G rained E x tr u d e d
R o d . S tre ss = 600 lb ./in .2.
lization was detected, b u t th e fu rth e r grain refinem ent was small.
I t is of in terest to note th a t while th e m inim um creep ra te of th e original
m aterial was 4-17 x 10-4 strain p er d ay th e creep ra te of th e over­
strained m aterial was 2-0 X l O 4 strain per d a y an d th e relative mean
grain areas 0-84 an d 0-46 m m .2, respectively. I t would appear, th e re­
fore, th a t in th is te s t as also in th e te sts on th e flattened cable-sheath
and th e b en t and straightened pipe specimens, th e effect of th e coldw orking in increasing resistance to creep is m uch m ore pronounced
th a n th e decrease in creep resistance w hich would be expected as a result
of th e reduction in grain-size.
The overstrained specim en h ad a life of 186 days and a to ta l extension
(including th e original 5 per cent, overstrain) of 30 per cent. A crosssection was ta k e n on th e parallel length aw ay from th e fracture w ithin
642
Part I .— Creep of Virgin Lead
a few hours of failure, and a grain count gave th e mean grain area as
0-42 m m .2. F ro m th is it appears probable th a t th e grain-size h ad not
altered appreciably during th e creep test, and if this be so it tends to
confirm th e sta te m en t th a t th e flow occurring during th e te st was mainly
a t th e grain boundaries. Specimens of th is lead w hich h a d been rapidly
overstrained 1 2 | per cent, in tension were found to have com pletely
recrystallized w ithin 1 hr. The creep specimen on th e other h an d had
a t th e com m encem ent of th e creep te st an average grain-size of 0-46
m m .2, during th e te st was stretched m uch m ore th a n 12-5 per cent,
in tension, b u t h ad n o t recrystallized. This suggests t h a t during the
creep te s t th e plastic deform ation w ithin th e grains was insufficient to
bring ab o u t recrystallization, and th a t th e m ovem ent which did occur
took place a t th e grain boundaries.
Intercrystalline Cracking o f Lead.
I n several of th e specimens tested in creep a t low stresses in te r­
crystalline cracking has been clearly observed. I t has been m entioned
previously th a t during a te st th e grain boundaries show on th e surface
of th e specimen after an extension of approxim ately 3 per cent. A t a
la ter stage in th e te s t some of th e grain boundaries have been observed
to open in th e form of deep cracks, w ith a separation of ad jac en t grains.
This has been observed m ost clearly in th e coarse-grained specimens a t
stresses of 400 an d 500 lb ./in .2 an d also in th e specimen overstrained
5 per cent, before testing. Intercry stallin e cracking of lead m ay
th u s occur under stead y stress conditions (creep) as well as under th e
influence of altern atin g stresses.
In a recent paper b y J . N. Greenwood,11 intercrystalline cracking
un der creep conditions of a specimen of lead sheet a t a stress of 500
lb./in.2 has been referred to an d illustrated.
I t is clearly recognized th a t th e work recorded here is b y no means
exhaustive, an d fu rth er investigation of th e creep of lead is proceeding.
The work done has shown th e very great im portance of a complete
knowledge of th e history of th e m aterials tested, an d in this connection
it m ay be noted th a t a very extensive research is being carried o u t in
th e U niversity of Melbourne under th e direction of Professor J . N.
Greenwood.12 This work, details of which have very recently come to
hand, aims a t a complete investigation of th e effect of small am ounts of
im purities on th e m echanical properties of lead w ith particular reference
to recrystallization, grain-size, an d creep characteristics. This work
an d th e w ork of th e present au th o r have shown th e problem to be a very
complex one, b u t it is felt th a t a thorough investigation of the effect
of previous th erm al an d m echanical history on th e creep characteristics
McKeown : Creep of Lead and Lead Alloys
of lead a t room te m p era tu re will m aterially assist in th e elucidation of
th e m an y problem s presented by th e stu d y of creep in oth er m aterials
a t elevated tem peratures.
A ck no w ledgm ents.
The a u th o r desires to express his th a n k s to th e Council of th e
ritish N on-Ferrous Metals R esearch A ssociation for perm ission to
publish th is paper.
T hanks are also due to th e a u th o r’s colleagues, Dr. E. Voce an d Mr.
W. A. Baker, for th e ir valuable assistance in th e micrographic work.
R eferences.
1 S> a m f i hK
’192Fl - l Z , ° 1 7 % Ii 5ad SbeatbiB* °f
° ableS’” Tmns'
" J Sh<;ath0 Alloevsd ” a p r C' A
6 r«een 4
“ ^ t i g n e S tu d ies of T elephone Cable3 u q tI
A lloys, Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. M at., 1930, 30, (II), 3 9 5-405
1930
d ’ 11 A11° yS f ° r CaWe S h e a th in g>” Metals and Alloys,
“ 410^19
4 H f 'f b l ^ S h re ti? d
243) ¿ 2 6
T h e CreeP of L e a d a n d L e a d A lloys u sed for
Illinois Bull., 1932, 29 (Eng. Exper. Sta. Bull. No.
5 C's h ; a t i s rkata Tde ^ ; UPrtbegr0V1! ’ “ F i 0W C h a ra c te ristic s of Som e L e a d Cable!* ? W
X , ¡ ¿ “ VSTlltSAtfflO9P heri0*” r » * . . A m ,r . f c .
• , - < & S B a l; 5 g a r n t a s " *
7 H. F.
c*bi- s“
'" *«•
Illm 0iS BUU" 1935’ 32, {En9’ Exper■ S ta ■ BulL
N o 272), 1 ^ 7 ° yS’
‘ Bi
L“ d
M oore B . B . B e tty , a n d C. W . D ollins, “ C reep a n d f r a c t u r e of L ead
B£ ;
a t S
S
stagfe a y “ ' h
* - * " P m - A- ’- » « ■
9 C GraiA Si 7 ea nn ¿ ' ¿ r W W p i “ I “ flu.e n ?e of ^ c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n T e m p e ra tu re a n d
G rain-S ize o n th e C reep C h a racte ristic s of N o n -F e rro u s A lloys,” Proc Amer
Soc. Test. M at., 1932, 32, ( II ), 4 9 2-516
u
r v V>,d a C- A n,d rade/ PZ oc;
^ ^ ° /W
4'
R °y -
8oc-’ 1910, [A], 84. 1 ; 1914, [A], 90, 329
P u f eli’ “ T h e ¿ nflu™ ce of I m p u ritie s o n th e P ro p e rtie s of L e a d ,”
Proc. Australasian In st. M m . Met., 1932, [N.S.], ( 8 7 ), 135-166. (T h is h a s since
th) T N P
aS
° T T a s®ries of Pa Pers> th e r e s t of w hich are giv en below )
P r n ^ r P reentWp °
• ,7
T b ? E ffect of H e a t -T re a tm e n t o n th e M echanical
/ P ro p e rtie s of C om m ercial L e a d ,” ibid., 1934, rN .S .l (9 5 ) 7 9 - m
(c R S. R u ssell P a r t m - » T t a Influence of’s’d v e r 'o i th e R a te of R e c ry s ta lD isto rte d L ead , ibid., 1934, [N .S.], ( 9 5 ), 125-157
°* E ‘ -
644
PAPER No. 758.
This paper is copyrighti
I t,rw b e j r
e
p
r
i
n
t
e
d
- H o
3 ^ S 3 S 3 S .w w « a s s i!:a s s 788
Secretary n o t later th a n March 15, 1937.
T H E C O N S T IT U T IO N O F S IL V E R -R IC H
A N T IM O N Y -S IL V E R ALLOYS.*
B v P E T E R W . R E Y N O L D S ,t B .A ., B .Sc., a n d W IL L IA M H U M E R 0 T H E R Y 4 M.A., D .S c., M e m b e r .
Sy n o p s is .
T h e liq u id u s cu rv e of th e sy stem silv e r-a n tim o n y is d eterm in ed
ac c u ra te ly in th e ran g e 0 -2 5 ato m ic p er c e n t of a n tim o n y . A new
n e rite c tic h o riz o n ta l is fo u n d a t 702-5° C., a t w hich te m p e ra tu re th e a
solid so lu tio n r e a c ts w ith th e liq u id to fo rm th e 0 solid so lutio n w h ich h a s a
close-packed h ex ag o n al s tru c tu re . T h e p h ase b o u n d aries o f t o a w d B
solid solu tio n s are d ete rm in e d a c c u ra te ly a t te m p e ra tu re s ab o v e 300 C.
T h e g eneral fo rm of th e d iag ram w h en d ra w n m te rm s of electro n concentr a tio n resem b les t h a t o A h e system f silv e r-tim T f c L ^ t h e C o
d e te rm in e d are ex am in ed fro m th e p o m t of view of S to ck d ale s th e o ry ot
in te g ra l ato m ic ratio s.
I .— I n t r o d u c t io n .
system silver-antim ony was investigated b y P etrenko 1 whose
equilibrium diagram indicates th a t th e solid phases consist of a silverrich solid solution containing up to 15 per cent, by weight of antim ony
a com pound Ag3Sb, and pure antim ony. B y means of X -ray cryste
analysis, W estgren, H agg, an d E riksson,2 an d Broderick an d E hre
showed th a t a phase w ith a close-packed hexagonal structu re exists
between th e com pound Ag3Sb and th e «-solid solution, a fact which had
been indicated by th e electrolytic solution po tential m easurem ents ot
R aeder.4 This new phase m ay be denoted p§, and th e present paper
describes a detailed investigation of th e phase boundaries in th e a and
T he
B regions.
II.— E
x p e r im e n t a l
(a) Materials Used.
The silver used was electrolytic silver grain supplied b y Messrs.
Johnso n, M atthey & Co., L td ., and was of a p u rity of 99-997 per cent.
The antim ony was kindly presented by Messrs. The Cookson Lead and
* M an u scrip t receiv ed S ep tem b er 9, 1936.
t Je su s College, O xford.
^ , ,
t R o v a l S o ciety W a rre n R e search te llo w , O xford.
§ T h e X -ra y in v estig a to rs call th is ph ase <r, a n d u se t e sym
e n o m en _
Ao- Sh n h ase
A p a rt fro m th e possible confusion b etw een e a n d e ,
c la tu re obscures th e close resem b lance of th e f} p hases in th e sy stem s s d v e r-tm
a n d silv e r-a n tim o n y .
,__________________________ ________ ____________
Note to Abstractors and Other
R e a d e r s .
-TW s- p ap er^ w iU b e j u b b j e d , m
M W 7.
,
(
p e r m a n e n t f o r m , in t h e Journal of the InstilM e of
R e f e r e n c e s h o u ld a c c o r d i n g ly b e a s fo llo w s : J . Inst. Metals,
copy)
045
Reynolds and Hume-Rothery : The Constitution
A ntim ony Co., L td ., an d was of 99'917 per cent, p urity , th e chief
im purities being iron O'OIl, lead 0'025, and copper 0 0 1 2 per cent.
(b) Cooling Curve Technique.
The cooling curves were ta k e n b y a m eth od developed for th e
accu rate d eterm ination of freezing po in t depressions. The details
of th e technique are being published elsewhere.5 The m ethod consisted
essentially in m elting 120 grm. of silver under pow dered charcoal in a
cylindrical graph ite crucible provided w ith a graphite lid in which
holes were bored for th e adm ission of a th in silica therm ocouple
sheath, a silica stirrer, an d a th in silica tu b e b y means of which a
small sample of th e alloy could be removed. A fter adding the
antim on y w ith thorough stirring of th e m olten alloy, th e current
th roug h th e electrically-heated crucible furnace was adjusted so as to
give a r a te of cooling of n o t m ore th a n 2° C. per m inute a t th e arrest
point. As th e te m p era tu re approached th a t of th e expected liquidus
po in t, a small sample of th e alloy was sucked u p th e silica tu b e
a n d rem oved for an a ly sis; in th is w ay difficulties caused by
segregation in th e final solid ingot * were avoided, an d th e composition
of th e m elt a few m inutes before th e beginning of crystallization was
readily determ ined. The alloy was th oro ugh ly stirred th ro u g h o u t the
determ inations of th e arrest points. I t was th e n reheated, an d more
antim o n y was added for th e n ex t experim ent. F o u r additional points
are included in w hich th e com position was determ ined from th e weights
of m etals used.
The tem peratu res were m easured b y m eans of a p la tin u m /p la tin u m rhodium (13%) therm ocouple in conjunction w ith a C arpenter-Stansfield
po tentio m eter of double th e usual sensitivity, th e coils of which h ad been
accurately calibrated a t th e N ational P hysical L abo rato ry. B y using
stric tly standardized conditions, an d ta k in g a num ber of precautions
in th e potentiom eter ad justm ents, i t has been possible to obtain an
accuracy of ± 0 ‘3° C. for th e freezing points of alloys which show
pronounced arrests.
In th e present system , a change of 0'1 per cent, in com position is
equivalent to roughly 1° C. in th e liquidus tem p erature, so th a t the
accuracy of th e liquidus curve is lim ited more b y th e precision w ith which
th e exact com position of th e alloy can be determ ined, th a n b y the
accuracy w ith which th e arrest po in t can be measured.
* E x p e rie n c e show s t h a t e rro rs of se v era l p e r cen t, m a y b e in tro d u c e d if th e
co m p o sitio n is d e te rm in e d b y th e an aly sis of p o rtio n s of t h e final in g o t, a n d th is
e rro r m a y b e a c c e n tu a te d if th e allo y is stirre d , since th e stirrin g m a y cause
a g g lo m e ra tio n of th e first p o rtio n s to solidify.
646
of Silver-Rich A ntim ony-Silver Alloys
I t has been found th a t th e m ethod of determ ining th e composition
of th e m elt b y sampling is liable to give slightly high results for some
silver alloys, because th e sample is sometimes very slightly richer in
th e solute elem ent th a n th e m elt from w hich it is taken. F o r this
reason four liquidus points based on synthetic compositions are included
in Table I, and m ark ed f- These are very slightly below those obtained
b y th e m ethod of sampling. This discrepancy betw een th e results
based on analysis, an d on synthetic compositions has been thoroughly
investigated, and is fully discussed in th e paper referred to above.5
F o r th e points based on synthetic compositions, th e com position is
considered exact, and th e results accurate to ± 0 - 3 ° C. F o r the
rem aining points it is considered th a t th e errors do n o t exceed the
/ I Q.Q° Q \
lim its I
, „ „ ]; by this no ta tio n it is m e an t th a t th e values are n o t
V— 0 4 C./
J
m ore th a n 0 ’9° too high, an d n o t m ore th a n 0 4 ° too low. All te m ­
peratures were deduced from th e m easured electrom otive force of th e
therm ocouple b y m eans of deviation graphs from th e table of Roeser
an d W ensel,7 and th e absolute values, as distinct from th e relative
accuracy, therefore depend on those of Roeser and Wensel.
(c) Preparation o f Alloys fo r A nnealing and Quenching Experim ents.
The alloys were prepared in qu antities of approxim ately 20 grm.
b y m elting th e two m etals under charcoal in small Salam ander crucibles,
an d were cast in J-in. diam eter sand moulds in order to reduce inverse
segregation which was th e n small, an d insufficient to interfere w ith th e
results.
(d) A nnealing and Quenching Experim ents.
The alloys were annealed in evacuated h ard glass tubes, and were
quenched in w ater. F o r sho rt anneals, th e tem perature was k ep t con­
s ta n t w ithin i 0'3° C. by h an d control, w hilst for th e long anneals
use was made of F oster tem peratu re regulators which m aintained th e
furnace tem peratu res constant to w ithin
1'5° C. The general
arrangem ents have already been described.6
(e) Calibration o f Thermocouple.
All tem peratures were m easured by a platinum /platinum -(13% )
rhodium therm ocouple standardized against th e freezing points of
silver (960’5° C.), copper-silver eutectic (778‘8° C.), pure aluminium
(659° C.), an d zinc (419'5° C.). Interm ediate tem peratures were ob­
tained b y means of a deviation graph from th e tab le of Roeser and
Wensel.7
Reynolds and Hume-Rothery : The Constitution
(f) Microscopic E xam ination and Etching Reagents.
Alloys consisting of th e (3-phase were v ery b rittle , th e individual
crystals showing a g reat ten dency to fall a p a rt, b u t th is difficulty was
overcome b y careful h an d sawing an d grinding. The tw in ned crystal­
line stru ctu re of th e a-phase was best revealed b y etching w ith a m ixture
of chromic an d sulphuric acids, w hilst th e presence of chilled liquid in
th is phase was shown b y etching w ith am m onia an d hydrogen peroxide,
which revealed th e stru ctu re of th e a-phase only afte r a long period,
b u t a tta c k e d th e chilled liquid m ore rapidly. The la tte r reagent was
also suitable for th e determ ination of th e a /a -(- (3, an d a -f- p/p
boundaries, th e p-phase being revealed as a bluish or brownish con­
s titu e n t in co n tra st to th e w hite a. The stru ctu re of th e p-phase was
b est revealed by a m ixture of n itric an d chromic acids, which was also
suitable for th e determ ination of th e p solidus, an d th e p/p + y solubility
curve.
(g) A nalysis.
All th e specimens from th e cooling curve experim ents, an d all th e
critical specimens near th e phase boundaries were analyzed, b o th silver
an d an tim o ny being determ ined. A fter dissolving th e alloy in sulphuric
acid, th e silver was precip itated as chloride b y means of hydrochloric
acid. The silver chloride was th e n filtered off an d weighed, an d th e
antim on y determ ined b y titra tio n w ith perm ang an ate afte r th e addition
of th e required am o u n t of hydrochloric acid. As shown b y P ugh,8
th e success of th is m etho d depends on th e correct ad ju stm en t of th e
relative am ounts of sulphuric an d hydrochloric acids present. U nder
th e required conditions th e standardization of th e perm anganate by
m etallic antim on y agreed exactly w ith th a t b y sodium oxalate, an d
th e sums of th e percentages of silver an d antim o ny as determ ined by
analysis varied betw een 99‘96 and 10004.
III.—E
x p e rim e n ta l R e s u lts .
The results of th e cooling curve experim ents are given in Table I,
w hilst th e critical annealing experim ents on either side of th e phase
boundaries are shown in Table I I . The full details of th e additional
annealing experim ents which confirm these results are su bm itted for
deposition in th e lib rary of th e In stitu te.* The d a ta included in th e
Tables, as well as th e results of th e additional experim ents, are shown
in Fig. l , f w hich is alm ost self-explanatory.
* T h ese ta b le s m a y be co n s u lte d in th e I n s t i t u t e ’s lib ra ry ,
t T h e liq u id u s p o in ts fo r allo y s 9 a n d 11 a re n o t sh o w n in th e figure.
648
of Silver-Rich Antimony-Silver Alloys
A N T IM O N Y , WEIGHT P E R C E N T
20
TEMPERATURE
(0
ANTIMONY, ATOMIC P E R CENT
F ig . 1 (see fo o tn o te to p . 648).
649
30
Reynolds and Hùme-Rothery : The Constitution
The liquidus curve for th e deposition of th e a solid solution agrees
closely w ith th e freezing p o in t d a ta of H eycock an d Neville.9 The peritectic reaction a -f- Liq.
p tak es place a t 702'5° C., an d produces
T able
N o.
1
' 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
■
I .— The L iquidus and Cooling Curve Results.
A n tim o n y , W e ig h t
P e r C e n t.
0
113
2-16 f
2-24
2-81
3-35
3-94
4-21 t
5-06
6-11 f
6-66
7-40 f
8-80
8-95
12-35
15-84
17-70
18-15
18-69
21-26
23-41
25-73
28-25
30-98
A n tim o n y , A to m ic
P e r C e n t.
0
1-00
1-92
1-99
2-50
2-98
3-51
3-75
4-51
5-45
5-95
6-62
7-88
8-01
11-10
14-29
16-00
16-42
16-92
19-30
21-31
23-48
25-86
28-45
* U n s tirre d , stir r e r firm ly fixed in .
1 s t A rre st.
960-5
951-5
942-7
942-5
937-1
932-5
927-6
924-1
916-4
905-1
898-2
889-8
871-3
871-5
820-0
761-2
725-7
714-8
700-9
659-4
619-9
582-4
552-9
538-5
2 n d A r r e s t,
700-9 *
703-0
701-7
702-2
558-2
558-0
558-4
558-1
f S y n th e tic co m positions.
only a v ery slight therm al arrest, w hich is n o t shown clearly unless th e
alloy is well stirred. I n th e th ree alloys where proper stirring was possible
th e arrest p o in t lay betw een 701'7° an d 703'0° C., w hilst th e quench­
ing experim ents gave th e te m p era tu re as lying betw een th e lim its
702‘0° an d 703T° C. The peritectic reaction p + Liq.
y produced
a m uch more definite th e rm al arrest, an d in four different cooling curves
th e arrest points only varied betw een th e lim its 558'0° and 558‘4° C.,
w hilst quenching experim ents placed th e horizontal line as lying between
557 '9° an d 558'5° C., so t h a t th e m ost probable value is 558'2° C.* The
solid solubility of antim ony in silver is 7‘2 atom ic per cent. (8-05 per
cent, b y weight) a t th e 702'5° peritectic tem peratu re, an d diminishes
to 5'5 atom ic per cent. (6'2 per cent, b y weight) a t 300° C. The lim its
of th e p-phase are 8'8 atom ic per cent, antim ony a t th e 702'5° C. peri­
tectic tem p eratu re, an d 16-3 atom ic per cent, antim ony a t th e 558’2° C.
* T h e v a lu e s g iv en b y P e tre n k o lie b etw een 557° a n d 562° C.
650
of Silver-Rich A ntim ony-Silver Alloys
peritectic horizontal. The range of solubility diminishes slightly as th e
tem p eratu re decreases, an d a t 300° C. th e p solid solubility lim its are
a t 8'6 and 15'6 atom ic per cent, of antim ony.
Table
I I .— Annealing and Quenching Experiments.
A n tim o n y , A n tim o n y , T im e a n d T e m p e r a tu re
W e ig h t
A to m ic
(° 0 . ) of F in a l A n n e a l.
P e r G en t. P e r C e n t.
300
5-71
7-82
9-98
2-67
5-09
6-99
8-94
”
9-80
13-57
12 -2 1
15-39
”
13-88
17-37
»
15-70
»
5-71
6-27
5-09
5-60
6-76
7-38
7-88
a
+ tr a c e of
chilled liquid.
f h r. a t 776-8°.
779-9°.
a
+ tr a c e of
chilled liq u id .
1 h r. a t 707-3°.
710-5°.
a
+ tra c e of
chilled liquid.
1 h r. a t 698-0°.
700°.
p
„
”
604
6-59
7-04
8-18
7-32
9-55
8-55
10-08
9-03
17-12
15-47
17-56
15-88
18-22
i h r. a t 856-3°.
1 h r. a t 861-3°.
„
10-92
„
16-48
M ic r o s tr u c tu r e .
680-8°.
682-9°.
640°.
642-2°.
605-2°.
607-4°.
a
P r e v io u s A n n e a lin g
T r e a tm e n t.
24 h rs. a t 700° C.
>>
»>
2 J d a y s a t 650° C.
a
o j d a y s a t 691° C.
a
P
+ m in u te tra c e
of chilled liquid.
p
¡8 - - chilled liquid.
P
+ chilled liquid.
P
¡3 - f m in u te tra c e
5^ d a y s a t 691° C.
»>
13 d a y s a t 525° C.
>>
>>
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
of chilled liquid.
569-6°.
572-0°.
21 d a y s a t 302°.
302°.
382°.
382°.
14 d a y s a t 465°.
10 d a y s a t 551°.
606°.
5 d a y s a t 659°.
5 J d a y s a t 691°.
3 d a y s a t 696°.
21
3
21
3
21
10
14
10
10
days
days
days
days
days
days
days
days
days
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
302°.
696°.
302°.
696°.
302°.
544°.
465°.
512°.
551°.
B
¡3 + chilled liquid.
5% d a y s a t 691° C.
a
a
a + p
99
99
a
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
+ tra c e of
p.
a
a + tra c e of p.
a
a + tra c e of p.
none.
10 d a y s a t 606° C.
a
a+ P
10 d a y s a t 606° C.
a + P*
a
P*
P
P
P
P
p
+ tra c e of
5^ d a y s a t 691° C.
y.
p
p
+ a little
y.
10 d a y s a t 544° C.
none.
10 d a y s a t 544° C.
99
99
99
99
* I n th e s e a + ¿3 alloys w hich lie n e a r to th e a + /?//? b o u n d ary , th e re la tiv e
a m o u n t of th e j3 p h a se in crease d slig h tly w hen th e alloys w hich h a d previously
b een a n n eale d a t a h ig h te m p e ra tu re w ere re-a n n ealed a t a low er te m p e ra tu re .
T h is in d ic a te s t h a t th e a + j8/0 b o u n d a ry in F ig. 1 is n o t v ertical, b u t inclined
slig h tly to th e left a t low er te m p e ra tu re s.
651
Reynolds and Hume-Rothery : The Constitution
IV.— D
In
F ig .
is c u s sio n .
2, t h e e q u i l i b r i u m d i a g r a m s o f t h e s i l v e r - r i c h s i l v e r - t i n
a n d s ilv e r - a n tim o n y a llo y s a r e c o m p a r e d , t h e d ia g r a m s b e in g d r a w n
in te r m s o f e le c tro n c o n c e n tra tio n .
T h e ¡3 -p h a se i n t h e s y s t e m s i l v e r -
t i n h a s a l s o a c l o s e - p a c k e d h e x a g o n a l s t r u c t u r e , 10 a n d i t is c l e a r t h a t t h e
tw o e q u ilib r iu m
d ia g r a m s re s e m b le o n e a n o th e r b o th a s r e g a r d s t h e
h ig h e r p e r ite c tic te m p e r a tu r e s , a n d t h e g e n e ra l fo rm o f t h e d ia g ra m .
In
b o th
s y s te m s
c o n c e n tra tio n
a llo y
th e
c o m p o s it i o n
c o rre s p o n d in g
w ith
th e
1'5 l ie s n e a r t h e c e n t r e o f t h e [3 -p h ase a r e a .
s y s te m s i t is w e ll k n o w n t h a t p h a s e s w ith
th e
e le c tro n
I n o th e r
b o d y -c e n tre d
c u b i c o r ( 3 -m a n g a n e s e s t r u c t u r e s t e n d t o o c c u r a t t h i s e l e c t r o n c o n c e n ­
tr a tio n .
T h e p r e s e n t w o r k , t h e r e f o r e , c o n f ir m s t h a t t h e s a m e e l e c t r o n
c o n c e n t r a t i o n c a n a ls o g i v e r i s e t o a g r o u p o f c l o s e - p a c k e d h e x a g o n a l
s tr u c tu r e s , sin c e t h i s
s tru c tu re
a t th e
f o u n d a ls o i n t h e s y s te m s s ilv e r - in d iu m
c o p p e r - g a lliu m
. 13
The
d ia g ra m s in
e le c tro n
F ig .
1*5 is
c o n c e n tra tio n
c o p p e r-g e rm a n iu m
, 11
, 12
and
2 sh o w t h a t in te rm s of
e l e c t r o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n b o t h t h e a / a -f- [3 a n d t h e a +
p /p b o u n d a r i e s
i n t h e s y s t e m s i l v e r - a n t i m o n y a r e d i s p l a c e d i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f lo w e r
a n tim o n y c o n te n t c o m p a re d w ith th o s e in t h e s y s te m s ilv e r - tin .
P /P +
The
y b o u n d a r y is d is p la c e d in t h e sa m e d ire c tio n a t h ig h e r te m ­
p e ra tu re s , b u t
a t lo w e r te m p e r a tu r e s t h i s
b o u n d ary
g iv e s a
m uch
n a r r o w e r r a n g e o f c o m p o s itio n in t h e s y s te m s ilv e r - tin .
The phase boundaries in th e present w ork were determ ined accurately
and m ay be surveyed in th e light of Stockdale’s hypothesis 14 th a t
critical po ints occur a t integral atom ic ratios. The point A in Fig. 1
representing th e lim iting com position of th e a-solid solution m ay be
placed a t 7’2 i OT atom ic per cent, of antim ony. -This does n o t corre­
spond w ith an y simple ratio of num bers up to 12, b u t if num bers up to
24 are p erm itted, as in p a rts of Stockdale’s paper, th e ratio yT = 7T 4
per cent, agrees w ithin th e lim its of experim ental error. The po in t F
representing th e com position of th e (3-phase a t th e peritectic tem p er­
a tu re lies a t 8‘8 i 0T 0 atom ic per cent, of antim ony, th e nearest
integral ratio being ^ = 8'70 per cent. The difference betw een these
values is small, b u t th e (3 solidus curve suggests t h a t th e point F
corresponds w ith a slightly higher an tim ony conten t th a n th a t required
b y th e ratio -ÿ%. The point G representing th e com position of th e (3phase a t th e lower peritectic te m p era tu re m ay be placed a t 16'3 i OT
atom ic p er cent, antim ony, a n d definitely differs from th e ratio ^ =
16‘67 p er cent, w hich is th e nearest ratio involving num bers up to 24.
The same ratio appears definitely d istin ct from th e com position of th e
po int M on th e liquidus w hich lies a t 16'9-17'0 atom ic per cent, anti652
TEM
PER
ATURE
of Silver-Rich A ntim ony-Silver Alloys
F ig . 2.
653
Silver-Rich A ntim ony-Silver Alloys
mony, b u t th e lower liquidus po int N lies a t th e com position 25'0 ^ O'l
w hich corresponds w ith th e ratio
Of th e five critical points deter­
m ined, it m ay be said, therefore, th a t only one corresponds w ith th e ratio
of small whole num bers, b u t th e A p oin t agrees w ith th e ratio
Two
points do n o t agree w ith th e whole num ber hypothesis, w hilst for the
fifth th e conclusion is uncertain.
A ckn ow ledgm ents.
The
a u th o rs
m u s t ex p re ss th e ir th a n k s
to
P ro fe sso r F .
Soddy,
F .R .S ., fo r h is k in d n e s s in p r o v id in g l a b o r a to r y a c c o m m o d a tio n , a n d
m a n y o th e r fa c ilitie s w h ic h h a v e h e lp e d t h e p r e s e n t w o rk .
O ne o f th e
a u t h o r s ( W . H . - R . ) m u s t t h a n k t h e C o u n c il o f t h e R o y a l S o c i e t y f o r
e l e c t i o n t o a R e s e a r c h F e ll o w s h ip , w h i l s t g r a t e f u l a c k n o w l e d g m e n t is
d u e t o t h e R o y a l S o c i e t y , t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f S c ie n tif ic a n d I n d u s t r i a l
R e s e a rc h , a n d t h e A e ro n a u tic a l R e s e a rc h C o m m itte e fo r g r a n ts m a d e to
t h e a u th o r s in d iv id u a lly in o rd e r to h e lp th e ir re s e a rc h w o rk .
T h e O l d Ch e m i s t r y D e p a r t m e n t ,
T h e U n iv e r s it y M u s e u m ,
Ox e o r d .
August, 1936.
R eferences.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
G. J . P e tre n k o , Z. anorg. Chem., 1906, 50, 133.
A . W e stg re n , G. H ag g, a n d S. E rik sso n , Z. physikal. Chem., 1929, [B], 4, 453.
S. J . B ro d e ric k a n d W . P . E h re t, J . Physical Chern., 1931, 35, 2627
M . G. R a e d e r, Z . physikal. Chem., 1929, [B], 6 , 40.
W . H u m e -R o th e ry a n d P . W . R e y n o ld s. P a p e r to be p re se n te d to th e R o y a l
S o ciety . T h e firs t eleven liq u id u s p o in ts in T a b le I a re ta k e n fro m th is p a p e r.
W . H u m e -R o th e ry , G. W . M a b b o tt, a n d K . M . C hannel E v a n s, Phil. Trans.
Roy. Soc., 1934, [A], 233, 1.
W . F . R o e ser a n d H . T . W ensel, Bur. Stand. J . Research, 1933, 10, 275.
W . P u g h , J . Chem. Soc., 1933, 1.
C. T . H ey co c k a n d F . H . N eville, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., 1897, [A], 189, 25.
O. N ial, A . A lm in, a n d A. W estg ren , Z. physikal. Chem., 1931, [B], 14, 81.
F . W e ib k e a n d H . E g g ers, Z. anorg. Chem., 1935, 222, 145.
F . W eib k e, Metallunrtschaft, 1936, 15, 299, 321.
D r. A. J . B ra d le y h a s v e ry k in d ly ex am in ed som e of th e p re se n t a u th o r s ’
C u G a alloys c o n tain in g th e /J-phases, a n d h a s fo u n d close-packed h ex ag o n al
s tru c tu re s. I t is h o p e d t h a t d e ta ils of th is w o rk w ill be p u b lish e d sh o rtly .
D . S to ck d ale, Proc. Roy. Soc., 1935, [A], 152, 81.
654
PA PER No. 759. This paper is copyright. I t m ay be reprinted, wholly or in p a rt, in th e
Press (w ith due acknowledgment) a fte r th e A nnual Meeting of th e In s titu te to be held
on M arch 10 a n d 11, 1937. The In s titu te as a body is n o t responsible for th e sta te ­
m ents or opinions expressed in th is paper, on which w ritten discussion m ay be sent to th e
Secretary n o t later th a n M arch 15, 1937.
AN A L U M IN IU M ST A T U E O F 1893: G IL B E R T ’S
“ E R O S .” *
B y P r o f e s s o r R . S. H U T T O N ,f M .A ., D .S c., F e l l o w , a n d R IC H A R D
S E L IG M A N ,J P h .n a t.D ., P a s t - P r e s i d e n t a n d F e l l o w .
' Sy n o p s is .
T h e freedom fro m serious corrosion of th e “ E ro s ” s ta tu e in P iccad illy
C ircus, L o n d o n , a f te r 38 y e a rs’ ex p o su re a n d th e f a c t t h a t it is m ad e of
u n -allo y ed alu m in iu m are reco rd ed . W h e th e r th e m e ta l u se d in 1893
w as p ro d u ced b y th e old chem ical o r new electro ly tic process is undecided,
b u t th e re su lts of an aly ses of specified exam ples of old alu m in iu m are
re p o rte d .
T h o s e who took p a r t in th e A nnual D inner of th e In stitu te in March,
1935, will rem em ber th e jocular suggestion of one speaker th a t a statu e
of a distinguished and popular m em ber should be cast in alum inium
and erected in Piccadilly Circus. The speaker was unaw are th a t a
sta tu e in alum inium of “ E ros ” had formed p a rt of th e Shaftesbury
Memorial in Piccadilly Circus for over 40 years !
I n Ju ne, 1893, th e m em orial to th e great p hilan thro pist was u n ­
veiled— “ th e only alum inium m onum ent erected in E ngland . . . the
work of a young, b u t already rising sculptor, Mr. Alfred G ilbert, R .A .,”
as Mr. H . R . W illiams described it a t th e unveiling. A t th e same cere­
m ony th e D uke of W estm inster spoke of “ This beautiful w ork of art,
which will n o t soon perish.” I t m ay well be asked how m any m etal­
lurgists, w ith th e knowledge of atm ospheric corrosion phenom ena
available to-day, would have endorsed th e opinion of th e D uke of
W estm inster. Indeed, even before th e year was o u t th ere were not
w anting those who foresaw disaster, and in Septem ber, 1893, th e late
E d m u nd Gosse w rote th a t “ th e m onum ent already looks dingy and
decayed.” W e know now, however, th a t th e D uke was right, and the
im aginary m etallurgists of 1893 would have been a t fault.
D uring th e building of th e present U nderground S tation a t Picca­
dilly Circus th e sta tu e was rem oved to, and subjected to cleansing a t the
foundry of Mr. A. B. B u rto n in Tham es D itton . Alm ost im m ediately
* M a n u scrip t receiv ed O cto b er 12, 1936.
f P ro fesso r of M etallu rgy, C am bridge U n iv ersity .
j M anaging D irecto r, A lum inium P la n t a n d Vessel C om pany, L td ., L ondon.
Note to A bstractors and Other Readers.— T h is p a p e r will be published, in
p e rm a n e n t fo rm , in th e Journal of the Institute of Metals, Vol. L X , 1937.
R eferen ce sho u ld acco rd in gly be a s follow s : J . Inst. Metals, 1937, 60 (A dvanoe
copy).
655
759
Hutton and Seligm an:
after its re-erection th e sta tu e was dam aged in a revel during th e night
of D ecem ber 31, 1931, an d h ad to be dism antled once more for repair.
The present au thors th o u g h t th a t such an o p p o rtu n ity to inspect
th e m etal should n o t be missed, an d after considerable difficulty received
permission to v isit th e foundry.
A lthough th e cleansing operations h ad been com pleted it was quite
evident t h a t nothing in th e n a tu re of deep-seated corrosion h ad tak en
place during th e 38 years which h ad elapsed since th e sta tu e was cast.
The surface, Mr. B u rto n stated , h ad been covered w ith a layer of corro­
sion products ab o u t ^ in. thick. This h ad been rem oved w ith scrapers,
leaving a perfectly sm ooth surface, only discoloured b y th e subsequent
exposure to th e smoke an d o ther atm ospheric contam ination of P icca­
dilly Circus.*
I t appeared to be of considerable in terest to ascertain th e com position
of th e m etal. The intricacy of th e casting m ade it app ear t h a t an alloy
m u st have been used, b u t th e evident resistance to corrosion seemed to
co n trad ict this view. As no m assive piece of th e sta tu e was th e n
available for chemical analysis, some m inute drillings, resulting from th e
repair work, were exam ined spectrographically b y Mr. D. M. Sm ith,
B.Sc., of th e B ritish N on-Ferrous M etals K esearch Association, after
th e y h ad been carefully w ashed in v ery dilute hydrochloric acid. Mr.
Sm ith subsequently re-exam ined th e plates secured in 1932 in th e
light of his la te r knowledge of th e spectrographic analysis of alum inium 1
an d rep o rted th e figures given in col. 1 of Table I.
Mr. Sm ith em phasized th a t th e num erical estim ates are, in all cases,
only app roxim ate and should n o t be regarded as accurate to more th a n
one significant figure. Subsequently, Mr. P itts kindly supplied a small
piece cut, m an y years before, from th e sk irt of th e figure, which Mr.
S m ith analyzed w ith th e resu lt given in col. I I , Table I.
W hilst these analyses do n o t show perfect agreem ent, .they do show
t h a t no alloy h ad been used, an d it is certainly rem arkable th a t such a
casting, reproducing th e fine details of G ilbert’s work, h ad been m ade in
“ p ure ” alum inium a t so early a d ate. The bow, Mr. P itts inform ed th e
auth ors, w as re-cast in an alloy a t a la ter date.
Most of those fam iliar w ith th e m etal will also be surprized a t the
sm all am o u n t of th e im purities revealed, an d it was v ery desirable,
therefore, to ascertain th e origin of th e m etal and, p articularly, w hether
it was m ade b y th e electrolytic or b y a purely chemical process. I n this
* M r. F . E . P i t t s w ho, in 1918, a c q u ire d th e firm of B ro ad , S alm on & C om pany,
L td ., b y w h o m th e s ta tu e w as orig in ally cast, in fo rm ed th e a u th o rs t h a t a sim ilar
a m o u n t of corrosion p ro d u c ts h a d b een re m o v e d b y electrically d riv e n w ire brushes,
w h en th e s ta tu e h a d b een rem o v ed fro m P iccad illy C ircus for sa fety d u rin g th e
w ar of 1914-1918.
656
A n Alum inium Statue of 1893 : Gilbert’s “ E ro s”
YII.
0-10
tra c e
0-27
0-15
0-35
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Titanium
.
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M agnesium
Silver
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Gold
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I . — Analyses.
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Hutton and Seligman
th e authors h av e been entirely unsuccessful, b u t in th e course of th e ir
searches th e y have been fo rtu n a te enough to locate several specimens
of chemically prepared alum inium , and it seems desirable to place on
record th e com position of these, as determ ined b y m odern m ethods.
The specimens, th e results of th e spectrographic exam ination of
which, b y Mr. D . M. Sm ith, are given in Table I, were :
H I . A v ery small am ount of m etal obtained on loan from Mr.
0 . E . Sims, th ro u g h th e good offices of Mr. W . M urray Morrison.
T his m etal h a d been in th e possession of Mr. Sims’s g randfather
(1800-1857) an d had, therefore, been m ade before 1857.
IV . A v ery sm all specimen, m ade over 50 years before, by
A lexander S utherland, probably from A ntrim bauxite. This was
ob tained on loan from Mr. Jam es S utherland, thro ugh Mr. M urray
Morrison.
V. A m edal of alum inium m ade b y th e A lum inium Company,
L td ., b y th e D eville-C astner process, prior to 1889, and given by
Professor F. Soddy, F.R .S.
V I. A sm all ingot of m etal m ade in 1863 by Bell B rothers of
W ashington, Co. D urham , an d given b y Professor Alexander Scott,
F .R .S . The m anu facture of alum inium was com menced a t W ashing­
to n ab o u t 1860 b y th e firm of Bell B rothers, of w hich Sir L ow thian
Bell was th e m oving spirit. J . W. Mellor 2 states t h a t th e Deville
process was used. I t is, perhaps, n o t w ith o u t significance th a t Sir
L ow thian Bell’s son, Sir H ugh Bell, an original m em ber of this I n ­
stitu te was, for a tim e, a pupil of H. St. Claire Deville.3
V II. A sm all ingot of m etal, obtained b y th e good offices- of Mr.
C. E . P earson, M.Met., w hich was m ade a t W allsend b y th e N etto
process in w hich cryolite was reduced b y sodium .4
Of No. V I a chem ical analysis was m ade in D r. A. G. C. G wyer’s
laborato ry, an d of No. V II a p a rtia l analysis b y Mr. G. B. Brook.
T heir results are given in T able I as Nos. V ia an d V ila , respectively.
Mr. Brook also m ade a p a rtia l analysis of th e fragm ent of th e sta tu e
w hich is recorded as No. I la .
U n fo rtu n ately th e authors have no sam ple available of th e earliest
electrolytic m etal for exam ination b y m odern m ethods, b u t in col. V III
are given H . Moissan’s figures for m etal produced electrolytically a t
P ittsb u rg in 1895, in col. I X for N euhausen m etal of th e same year, and
in col. X for an o th er sam ple of electrolytically produced alum inium of
1896.5- 11
I t will be n o te d th a t th e com position of th e samples ta k e n from th e
sta tu e is v ery sim ilar to t h a t of m etal of know n chemical origin, Nos. V ,
6 58
P
late
I.
A n Alum inium Statue of 1893 : Gilbert’s “ E r o s ”
V I, a n d V II.
I t d if f e r s r a t h e r m o r e f r o m t h a t o f m e t a l p r o d u c e d b y
e l e c t r o l y s i s a t a b o u t t h e s a m e t i m e , t o j u d g e b y M o is s a n ’s a n a l y s e s .
On
t h e o t h e r h a n d , m e t a l o f c o m p o s it i o n v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f t h e s t a t u e ,
a s s h o w n b y c o l. I I , is f r e q u e n t l y p r o d u c e d e l e c t r o l y t i c a l l y t o - d a y .
I t w a s h o p e d t h a t a d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e s o d i u m c o n t e n t w o u ld t h r o w
l i g h t o n t h e p r o b l e m , s i n c e i t h a s b e e n g e n e r a l l y a s s u m e d t h a t c h e m i c a ll y
p r e p a r e d a lu m in iu m c o n ta in e d m u c h m o re s o d iu m t h a n t h a t m a d e b y
e le c tro ly sis .
A n a ly s e s k in d ly m a d e b y M r. G . B . B r o o k r e v e a le d , h o w ­
e v e r , 0 - 0 0 2 - 0 - 0 0 4 p e r c e n t , o f s o d i u m i n t h e s a m p le o f m e t a l m a d e b y
t h e B e ll p r o c e s s ( N o . V I ) w h i l s t t h e s m a l l p i e c e o f t h e s t a t u e ( N o . I l a ) ,
g a v e O'OOl p e r c e n t , f i g u r e s w h i c h a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e f o u n d i n p u r e m e t a l
to -d a y
( 0 - 0 0 1 - 0 - 0 0 2 p e r c e n t .) .
M r. B r o o k
used
a m o d ific a tio n
of
S c h e u e r ’s m e t h o d o f a n a l y s i s , 12 w h i c h h e i n t e n d s t o d e s c r i b e s h o r t l y , a n d
o n w h ic h
h e p la c e s a b s o lu te r e lia n c e *
T h e s e f ig u r e s
su g g est once
m o r e t h a t t h e m e t a l u s e d f o r t h e s t a t u e w a s p r o d u c e d c h e m i c a ll y , s in c e
M o is s a n f o u n d 0 - 1 - 0 - 4 2 p e r c e n t , s o d i u m in m e t a l f r o m t h e t h r e e m a i n
e le c tro ly tic so u rc e s o f h is d a y (L a P r a z , N e u h a u s e n , a n d P itts b u r g ) .
H is
d e te rm in a tio n s
( a c c o rd in g to
w ere
m a d e , h o w ev er,
a p r iv a te c o m m u n ic a tio n
w a s w o rk in g in
by
fro m
th e
n itra te
m e th o d
M r . P . W i ll ia m s , w h o
M o i s s a n ’s l a b o r a t o r y a t t h e t i m e ) , a n d t h i s p r o c e s s ,
t h o u g h t h e b e s t a v a i l a b l e t h e n , is n o t h e l d t o b e r e l i a b l e t o - d a y .
A cknow ledgm ents.
T h e w r ite r s w is h t o e x p r e s s t h e i r t h a n k s t o t h e m a n y g e n tle m e n w h o
h e l p e d b y m a k i n g a v a i l a b l e a n d / o r a n a l y z i n g s p e c im e n s o f o ld c h e m i ­
c a l l y p r e p a r e d a l u m i n i u m , a n d e s p e c i a ll y t o M r. D . M . S m i t h , B .S c ., f o r
h is s p e c tr o g r a p h ic w o rk , w h ic h h a s o n c e m o re illu s tr a te d th e a d v a n ta g e
to b e d e riv e d fro m th is m e th o d o f e x a m in in g m in u te q u a n titie s o f m e ta ls .
R eferen ces.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
D . M. S m ith , “ T h e S p ectro g rap h ic A nalysis of A lu m in iu m ,” J . Inst. Metals,
i9 3 5 , 56, 257.
,
•
J . W . M ellor, “ A C o m prehensive T re a tise on In o rg an ic an d th e o r e tic a l C hem is­
t r y ,” V olum e V, p. 152. L ondon : 1924.
O b itu a ry n o tice of S ir H u g h Bell, J . Inst. Metals , 1931, 46, 564.
J . P . B edson, J . Soc. Chem. Ind., 1889, 8 , 985.
H . M oissan, Compt. rend., 1894, 119, 12.
H . M oissan, Bull. Soc. chim. France, 1894, [iii], 11, 102.
H . M oissan, Compt. rend.. 1895, 121, 851.
H . M oissan, A nn. chim. physique, 1896, 9, 237.
H . M oissan, Compt. rend., 1897, 125, 276.
H . M oissan, B ull. Soc. chim. France, 1897, [iii], 17, 4.
H . M oissan, Compt. rend., 1899. 128, 895.
E . S ch eu er, Z. Metallkiinde, 1933, 25, 139, 157.
D . M. F a irlie a n d G. B . B rook, J . Inst. Metals, 1924, 32, 283.
* T h e s ta n d a rd m e th o d in th is c o u n try p rio r to S ch eu er’s com m unication w as
t h a t d escribed b y F a irlie & B ro o k . 13
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20
, M o n th ly J o u rn a l
AUTHOR IN D E X
ABBOTT, C. D ., 597.
A b b o tt, L . E . , 570.
A d e n s te d t, H . , 502.
A fa n a ssie w , J . E . , 610.
A geew , N . W ., 524.
A-ksenov, G . I . , 558.
A k u lo v , N ., 525.
A lb re c h t, C ., 583.
A le x a n d ro v , P ., 603.
A lim a rin , I . P . , 562.
A llen , N . P . , 607.
A lq u is t, H . , 566.
A m b a rz u m ja n , R . S .,
541.
A n d e rs e n , A . G . ü . ,
507, 531.
A n d re e v a , V . V ., 542.
A n d re e v s k iy , N . A . ,
575, 567.'
A Jid rew s, J . C ., 546.
A n d re w s , J . I I . , 497.
D ’A n v e r s , R . T . , 546.
A rh a ro v , V . I . , 535, 550,
558.
A rk a d je w , W . K . , 611.
A jru ty u n o v, M . S ., 536.
A s a d a , H . , 538.
A s to n , P . W ., 50 1 .
A t k in s , E . A ., 611.
A u e r, H . , 506.
A u g u s ti, S ., 563.
A u s tin , O. R . , 516.
v . A u w e rs , O ., 516.
A x t, M ., 565.
B a b le r, B . J . , 564.
B a c o n , F ., 499.
B a ik o w , A . I . , 613.
B a ile y , R . W ., 498.
B a in b rid g e , O. G ., 598.
B a k e r, G . W ., 559.
B a le e v , A . Y ., 538.
B a lly , J . , 505, 592, 599.
B a r a tt in i , A ., 553.
B a r b o u r, P . E . , 608.
B a rc la y , W . R . , 589.
B a r tf a y , M ., 559.
B a s s e tt , H . IST., 577.
B a s tie n , P . , 576.
B a s u , S ., 530.
B a u e r, O ., 513, 514,
620.
B a u m a n n , W ., 488.
B e c h e r, W ., 597.
B e c k , G ., 559.
B e d w o rth , H . A ., 575.
B eech in g , R . , 488.
B e le ts k i, M . S ., 570.
B e lja e v , P . P . , 551
B e lla d e n , L . , 507.
B elo n o g o v , P . S ., 518.
B e lo ru c h e v , L . Y ., 584.
B e lo v o d s k iy , V . Y .,
583.
B e n fo rd , F . G . , 5 10.
B en g o u g h , G . D ., 544.
B e n t, H . E . , 515.
B e rin g , B . P . , 523.
B e r n h a rd , R . , 551.
B ie rb a u m , 0 . H . , 540.
B ü tz , W ., 518, 532.
B in n s , J . , 555.
B irc u m s h a w , L . L . , 488.
B iriu k o v , 1ST., 550.
B lu m , W ., 555.
B o a s , W ., 498.
Y Y
B o b ro v , V . A ., 589.
B o d n a k o w , B . I . , 563.
d e B o e r, J . H . , 531.
B o h n e r, H ., 503.
B o h r, N ., 501.
B o llin g , W ., 6 0 1 .
B o lto n , E . A ., 608.
B o n b rig h t, J . M ., 593.
B ö m s te in , R . , 615.
B o rz d y k a , A . A ., 571.
B o s s a rd , J . R . , 565.
B o s w o rth , R . 0 . L . , 494.
B o tc h v a r, A . A ., 525.
B o u s s a rd , E ., 578.
B o u tillie r, A ., 508.
B o y e , R . , 571, 582.
B ra d le y , W . E ., 579.
B rad sh aw , J . H . D
593.
B ra g g , W . L . , 531.
B r a n d t, G ., 611.
B ra u e r, G ., 530.
B r a y , R . H . , 579.
B re c k p o t, R . , 566.
B re g n e v a , 1ST., 522.
B r e n n e r, P . , 567, 607.
B re n th e l, P . , 611.
B ro n iew sk i, W ., 5 10,
513.
B ro n s te in , L . A ., 609.
B ro w n , H . , 491.
B rü c k , L . , 527.
B rü c k n e r, H . , 597.
B ru k l, A ., 551.
B u g a k o w , V ., 522, 523.
B u r g e rs , W . G ., 531,
570.
B u rk e , H . L . , 606.
B u r k h a rd t, A ., 520.
B u r n s , I t. M ., 543.
B u r s ta ll, P . H . , 616.
B u te n k o , G . A ., 560.
B u t t s , A ., 609.
C a m p b e ll, H . L . , 623.
Ö an d e a , C ., 563.
C a p la n , B ., 553.
C a riu s , G ., 620.
C a s h m a n , R . J . , 489,
502.
C a s tro , R . , 621.
C av e-B ro w n -C av e,
T.
R . , 607.
C h a ltik ia n , O ., 515.
C h a n , — , 6 01.
C h arm eil, A ., 6 01.
C h a se , H . , 577.
C h a u d ro n , G ., 497.
C h a u s s a in , M ., 502.
C h e rn ja k , Y ., 521.
C h e rv ia k o v , IST. I . , 560.
C h e v e n a rd , P . , 523.
C hiong, Y . S ., 494.
C irou, M ., 490.
C la a sse n , H . , 538.
C la rk , A . F . , 577.
C la rk , J . M ., J r . , 542.
C la u s, W ., 506, 511,
5 7 3 ,6 0 5 .
Close, R . E . , 552.
C o h en , E . , 494, 495,
543.
C ohen, M ., 518.
C ohen, M. T l., 531.
C o h en
de
M e este r,
W . A . T . , 543.
TO A B ST R A C T S
C o llin s, E . A ., 609.
C o lo m b ier, L . , 5 3 9 ,6 1 2 .
C o lp itts , W . W ., 607.
C o m b e tte s , F ., 565.
C o m sto c k , G . J . , 608.
C oneen, J . F . , 594.
C o n ley , W . E . , 569.
C onley, W. J . , 569.
C ook, N . E . , 546.
C o p lev , M . J . , 496.
C o rson , M. G ., 507, 581.
C o ste a n u , 1ST. D ., 562.
C ouch, H . H . , 610.
C o u rtec u isse , A .. 573.
C ox, A . H . , 548.
C ra ig , J . W ., 582.
C rem er, H . W ., 605.
C u m m in g s , A . B ., 583.
C u rry , D . M ., 575.
C zo ch ralsk i, J . , 489,
527, 557.
D a e v e s , K ., 620.
D a h l, O ., 525.
D a h l, T . , 585.
D ain elli, L . , 509.
D a lg a m o , D . J . , 606.
D alla v a le , J . M ., 61 0 .
D am ero w , E . , 612, 622.
D a ro v s k i, V ., 573.
D a v id e n k o w , N ., 498,
569.
D a v ie s, R . M ., 517.
D a v is , E . A ., 498.
D a y , O. L . , 582.
D e h lin g e r, IT., 522, 524,
532.
D e is s, E . , 540.
D e u ts c h , L . , 564.
D ix o n , T . J . , 542.
D lo u g a tc h , L . , 525.
D o b b s , E . J . , 552, 594.
D o b so n , R . H . , 598.
D o czekal, R . , 612.
D o e h le m a n n , E . , 516.
D o e tsch , E . , 557.
D o lb e a r, S. H . , 609.
D ole, M ., 494.
D o n a ld , R . J . , 539.
D o r n b la tt, A . J . , 618.
D rin k e r, P . , 612.
D ru ry , C. W ., 608.
D u llen k o p f, W ., 505.
D u m o n te t, J . , 599.
D u n a e v , J . , 491.
D u n c a n , W . A ., 597.
D w y e r, P . , 575.
E a rd le y -W ilm o t, Y . L .,
594.
E b e r t, H . , 566.
E d w a r d s , J . D ., 608,
612.
E g g e rt, J . , 612.
E g g le sm a n n , F ., 596.
E llin g h a m , H . J . T . ,
555.
E n d o m , G . A ., 592.
E r n s t, H . , 592.
E tie n n e , — , 581.
E v a n s , B . S ., 561.
E v a n s , E . J . , 519.
E v e r e s t, A . B . , 517, 518,
592.
F a k e e v , Y . M ., 539.
663
F a lco n e r, P . L ., 605
B a le s, H . A ., 565.
F ä r b e r , H . L ., 5 5 5
E a rin e a u , J . , 487.
F a s t , J . D ., 5 3 1 .'
F a v a lo r a , E . W ., 624.
F e th e r s to n , F . R . , 5 9 7
F ie ld , A . J . , 619.
F ife , J . G ., 561.
F in k , 0 . G ., 609.
F is c h e r, J . , 545.
F le tc h e r, A ., 550.
F ly a te , D . M ., 606.
F o c k e , A . B ., 5 9 8 . ’
F o g elso n , E . I . , 561.
F o n te y n e , R . , 4 9 5 .
F ö p p l, O ., 499.
d e F o r e s t, A . Y ., 5 0 0 .
Fo w le r, R . H . , 5 01.
F ra n c e , G . E . , 580.
F r a n k , I I . F ., 5 9 3 .'
F re n k e l, J . , 4 9 7 .
F re u n d , H . , 565.
F r itz , H . E . , 555.
F r itz -J ü r g e n , — , 5 4 9
F ro e lic h , W ., 595.
F rö lic h , H . , 6 1 3 .
F r u m k in , A ., 557.
F r y lin g , C. F ., 563.
Fuchs, K ., 496.
Fukagawa, K., 537.
G adeau, R ., 4 8 9 .
G a g e n -T o rn , Y . Ö ., 514
587.
’
G allian o , G ., 507.
G a lu z in , 1ST. M ., 546.
G a rd n e r, W ., 625.
G a rsid e , J . E . , 577.
G a u th e re t, R . , 606.
G av io la, E . , 488.
G aw liko w sk i, W ., 5 5 7
G eller, W ., 545, 596.
G e lm a n , S. M ., 534.
G elm an , S . P ., 5 5 1 .
G e rla c h , W ., 613.
G e t, N . N ., 586. ’
G ib n ey , R . B ., 4 9 4 .
G ib so n , T . W ., 609*.
G ielessen, J . , 489.
G ilc h rist, R . , 563!
G in d in , L . G ., 5 4 1 .
G in sb e rg , I I . , 545.’
G ire, R . , 546.
G isen , P . , 488.
G la sse r, J . , 4 9 6 .
G la z u n o v , A ., 496, 556.
G lik m a n , L . A ., 567.
G löck ler, R . , 613.
G oerz, P . , 6 0 6 .
G ö h re , E . , 589, 613.
G o ld ow ski, 1ST., 5 4 4 .
G o ld s c h m id t, R . , 503
v . G öler, F . K ., 519. ‘
Gollnow , G ., 538.
Gollop, H . , 517.
G o m b ä s , P . , 532.
G o n c h a ro v , S. P . , 567.
G o o s, F ., 494.
G o rev , K . Y ., 525.
G örlick, P . , 507.
G o rn o sta e v a , A . I . , 584.
G o ro d e tz k a ja , A ., 491.
G o rsh k o v , I . E . , 572.
G o to , M ., 607.
G-oto, S ., 538
Author Index to Abstracts
G o u s c h lb a u e r, G ., 512.
G o u ttie r, L . J . , 604.
G o v ie r, W . L . , 588.
G ra n a c h e r, H . , 569.
G r a n t, C. K . , 493.
G r a n t, J . , 559.
G ra s h ts h e n k o , B ., 573.
G ra ts c h e w , K . P ., 613.
G r e b e rt, F . , 570.
G re e n w o o d , J . N . , 514.
G re e n w o o d , S . N ., 607.
G rid n e v , V ., 508.
G rieb lin g , R . T . , 593,
598.
G rig g s, F . E . P . , 592.
G rim . R . E . , 579
G rin b e rg , A . A . , 563.
G ru b e , G ., 557.
G rü n e is e n , E . , 489.
G u a s ta lla , R . , 504.
G u b k in , S. I ., 5 8 5 , 613.
G u e rtle r, W . , 506.
G u ille t, L . , 522.
G u itto n , L . , 613.
G ü n th e r, H . , 594.
G u s k o v , V . M ., 556.
G v o z d o v , S . P . , 535.
H a a k e , H . , 591.
H a b e c k , J . , 620.
H a g e n , S . K . , 559.
H a h n , O ., 501.
H a ig h , B . P . , 519.
H a lb e r ts m a , N . A ., 581.
H a lik , J . , 556.
H a l ls , E . E . , 548.
H a m a z u m i, M ., 506.
H a m m e s , J . , 614.
H a m o r, W . A ., 625.
v . H ä m o s ,L . , 558.
H a n e m a n n , — , 614.
H a n e m a n n , H . , 621.
H a n s o n , D ., 607.
H a r a , O ., 590.
H a r b is o n , R . W ., 5 50.
H a r c o u r t, R . H . , 625.
H a r d y , C . W ., 595.
H a rin g h u iz e n , P . J . ,
540.
H a r k in s , W . D ., 5 01.
H a r r is , J . E . , J r . , 512.
H a r r is o n , E . P . , 517.
H a s s m a n n , F . , 597.
H a t c h , T . , 612.
H a u c k e , W ., 530.
H a y a s h i, S ., 517.
H a y s , J . W ., 614.
H a y t o , Z ., 512.
H a y w a r d , 0 . R . , 608,
609.
H e b b e r lin g , H . , 614.
H e in d l, R . A ., 583.
H e in e m a n n , K . , 594.
H e in ric h , F . , 556.
H e llin g , W ., 534.
H e m m e le r, A ., 5 6 0 ,5 6 2 .
H e n d r ic k s , S. B ., 530.
H e n r i, M ., 487.
H e n r y , P . , 502.
H e r b , 0 . O ., 577.
H e r m a n n , C ., 532.
H e r m a n n , E . , 614.
H e r r , A ., 612, 622.
H e s s e n b ru c h , W ., 509.
H e v , M . H . , 493.
H ir o n e , T . , 503.
H iro se , T . , 591.
H o a r , T . P . , 544, 607.
H o b r o c k , R . H . , 599.
H o c h b e rg , B . , 61 0 .
H o d g m a n , C. D ., 614.
H o g a b o o m , G . B ., 554.
H o g lu n d , G . O ., 596.
H o lle r, H . , 614.
H o lls te in , E . , 556.
H o lm a n , M . B ., 578.
H o m ö s , G .-A ., 532.
H o n d a , K . , 503.
H o n ig , P . , 537.
H ö n ig s c h m id , O ., 491,
4 94, 496.
H o o v e r, J . R . , 556.
H o rin e , M . C ., 607.
H o r n , D . W ., 6 01.
H o m e r , J . G ., 614.
H o t t e l , H . C ., 581.
H o u b e n , H . , 590.
H o u d r e m o n t, E . , 620.
H o w a rd , J . Y ., 491.
H u d i t a , S ., 50 1 .
H u g , A d .-M ., 6 00.
H u h n , R . A ., 594.
H u ltin , 0 . T . , 543.
H u m e -R o th e r y ,
W .,
531.
H u n s a k e r , J . G ., 543.
H u n t e r , R . S ., 567.
H u r d , L . C ., 564.
H u s s a in , M ., 530.
H u t h , G ., 552.
l e v i n s , A ., 528.
I g a r a s h i, I . , 539.
I g o n k in , M ., 603.
Im h o ff, W . G ., 546.
I n g a lls , W . R . , 609,
610.
I n o u y e , K . , 558.
I n t o n t i , R . , 538.
I r m a n n , R . , 507, 567,
574.
I sd a h l, E ., 600.
I s e n b u r g e r, H . R . , 558,
570.
I s h i d a , M ., 519.
I ta m i, E . , 505.
v an Ite rso n , F . K . T .,
543.
I ti h a r a , M ., 569.
I v a n o v - E m in , B . N .,
562.
Iv an o v -S k o b ü k o v , N .
N . , 587.
I w a s a , M ., 538.
I w a s a k i, I . , 51 0 .
J a c o b i, J . , 591.
J a c o b s , F . B ., 594.
J a c q u e t , P . , 526.
J a e g e r , F . M ., 492, 49 5 .
J a m is o n , N . C ., 489,
502.
J a n s c h , 0 ., 5 5 7 .
J a r r e t t , T . C ., 518.
Ja sz c z u ro w s k i, J . , 535.
J a t k a r , S . H . K . , 557.
J e ffrie s , Z ., 606.
J e n ic e k , L . , 553, 577.
J e n s c h , H . , 549.
J e ro c h in , A . A ., 615.
J e t t e , E . R . , 507, 531.
J ile k , A ., 560.
J ir i s t e , J . , 504.
J o h a n n , H . H . , 599.
J o h a n n s e n , O ., 580.
J o h n , W . G ., 519.
J o h n s o n , J . B ., 595.
J o ls o n , L . , 562.
J o n e s , F . W ., 529.
J o n e s , H . , 621.
J o r d a n , L . , 617.
J ö rg e n s e n , H . , 615.
J u n k e r , O ., 582.
K a isq h ew , R . , 526.
K a lm y k o v a , N . Y ., 561.
K a lp e rs , H . , 547, 580.
K a m e y a m a , K . , 537.
K a m in s k iy , E . , 511.
v . K a n tz o w , H . , 601.
K ä p e rn ic k , E . ,
526,
527, 593.
K a r s te n , A ., 554, 566,
57 0 .
K a s c h ts c h e n k o , G . A .,
615.
K a s e y , J . B ., 580.
K a s u n o , K . , 517.
K a u f m a n , L . E . , 564.
K a w a d a , K . , 605.
K a y e , A . L . , 592.
K a z e n , I . O ., 534.
K e e s o m , W . H . , 493,
571.
K e e v il, N . B ., 515.
K e n t, R . T . , 594.
K e r s te n , H . , 553.
K e s p e r , J . F . , 587.
K h a n g ia n , A ., 573.
K h r is tia n i, Y . I . , 558.
K id a n i, Y ., 499.
K in d le r , H . , 503.
K in g , C . V . , 536.
K in g , H . J . , 569.
K is s o c k , A ., 609.
K is tia k o v s k iy , Y . A .,
544.
K la u e r, F . , 494.
K le in , A ., 603.
K le w e ta , F . , 506.
K lia c h k o , J . A ., 560.
K lin o v , I . J . , 542.
V a n K lo o s te r, H . S .,
512.
K lo p s c h , O. Z ., 589.
K n e r r , H . 0 . , 606.
K n ig h t, L . B ., J r . , 579.
K o c h , J . , 496.
K o c h a ro v , S. B . , 567.
K o d a m a , M ., 499.
K o e n ig , M ., 6 00.
K ö h le r, W ., 537.
K o is o , G ., 536.
K o k , J . A ., 493.
K o le n o v , I . T . , 545.
K o lo b n e v , I . F . , 487.
K o m a r, A ., 528.
K o m o v s k iy , G ., 50 5 .
K o n is h i, Y ., 525.
K o n o b e je w sk i, S ., 615.
K o n o b e je w sk i, S . T .,
524.
K o re n m a n n , 1 . 1 ., 559.
K o m ilo ff, I . I . , 5 1 4 .
K o s o la p o v , G . F . , 528,
530.
K o s te r, J . , 551.
K ö s te r, W ., 505.
K o s tin , V . Y ., 596.
K o i a , J . , 560.
K o v a le n k o , M . T . , 556.
K o v a r s k iy , M . I . , 588,
618.
K r a n z u s c h , R . F . , 618.
K r a u s e , H . , 593.
K rilo v , V . A ., 527.
K r in g s , W ., 524.
K riv o b o k , Y . N., 53 1 .
K ro g h , A . E . , 572.
K rö h n k e , O ., 620.
K ro ll, W ., 507.
K rü g e r, F ., 502.
K ru p k o w s k i, A ., 535.
K ru s c b , P . , 604.
K ü c h , E ., 552.
K ü h n e r , O ., 588, 591.
K u k a n ö w , L . I . , 618.
K u lb e rg , L . M ., 562.
K u n tz ig e r, J . , 581.
K u r d ju m o v , G ., 508,
51 1 , 528, 615.
K u r k in , S. P . , 548.
K u rn a k o w , N. S ., 524.
K u rz k e , H ., 531.
K u s h a k e v ic h , S . A .,
587.
K u ta itz e w , W . I . , 613.
L a is s u s , J . , 547.
L a m b , G . B ., 582.
L a n c re n o n , — , 6 00.
L a n c re n o n , J . , 6 00.
L a n d e r , C. H . , 491.
L a n d g r a f, O ., 520.
L a n d o lt, H ., 615.
L a n e a u , R . , 604.
L ä n g e , W ., 498.
L a p in , N. P . , 552.
L a u e r, B . E . , 543.
L a v e s , F . , 528.
L a w rie , H . N., 609.
L a w s , B . C ., 513.
L a z a re v , N ., 496.
L e a , F . C ., 598.
L e g e n d re , R . , 546.
L e h r , E . , 569.
L e o , S .-T ., 608.
L e sse i, W ., 596, 615.
L e v y , A . H . , 520.
L e w in , G . F ., 531.
L e w is , P . S ., 547.
L ’H e r m ite , R . , 567.
v a n L ie s h o u t, A . K . W .
A ., 494, 495.
L in ic u s , W ., 573.
L ip p e rt, T . W ., 586.
L o d d e r, L . A . J . , 549.
L o h r m a n n , O ., 532.
L o h s e , U ., 580.
L o n g e n e c k e r, M . H .,
555.
L o n g fie ld , M . H . , 554.
L o n g m a n , E . T . , 561.
L o n s d a le , K . , 616.
L o re n tz , H . A ., 616.
L o s a n a , L . , 503.
Lo skiew icz, L . , 512.
L o v e ll, A . 0 . B . , 494.
Lö w , E . , 533.
L o w ery , H . , 490.
L ü d e r, E . , 616.
L u g a s k o v , A . S ., 576
L u m b , C . F ., 548.
L u rie , J . J . , 565.
L y o n s , E . H . , J r . , 553.
M cC lelland, J . J . , 575.
M acC u llo u g h , G . H . ,
618.
M c K a y , R . J . , 619.
M c L a c h la n , N . W . , 604.
M a c n a u g h ta n , D . J . ,
555.
M a h le r, J . H . , 582.
M a ie r, A . F . , 622.
M a k a rie v a , S ., 550.
Author Index to Abstracts
M u s a tti, I . , 509.
M a k sim o v , A ., 505.
M u s sa k in , A . P . , 561.
M allison , H . , 539.
M a ly , J . , 563.
N a d a i, A ., 497, 498.
M a n d e ls ta m , S ., 561.
N a e s e r, G ., 571.
M a n n , C . A ., 543.
N a g a s h im a , K .,4 9 7 .
M a n n , D . W ., 548.
N a g o rn o v , N . N ., 535.
M a n n , K . E . , 506.
N a k a t a , H . , 539.
M a n te l, H . , 582.
N a s le d o v , D .,4 9 1 .
M a n te il, C . L . , 608.
N e g re e v , Y . F ., 536.
M a n th e y , E . , 597.
N e k lu tin a , V . F . , 565.
M a rd le s, E . W . J . , 549.
N e s te ro v , S. A ., 546.
M a re a n , M ., 592.
N e w m a n , F . H . , 558.
M arg o lin , J . M ., 513.
N e w m a n , N . P . , 578.
M a rk o v a , S. P . , 551.
N e w so n , J . E . , 513.
M a rsc h a k , M . Y ., 606.
N ie w ia d o m sk i, C., 527.
M a rte llo tti, M ., 592.
N ik itin , G . A ., 609.
M a sin g , G ., 620.
N iv e n , 0 . D ., 571.
M a ta n o , C ., 570.
M a th e w s o n , 0 . H . , 508, N iz h e ra d z e , I . R . , 506.
N osow icz, M ., 512.
606.
M a th ie u , M ., 597.
M a ts e n , M ., 592.
O a tle y , C. W ., 566.
O ’B rv a n , H . M ., 502.
M a ts u n a g a , Y ., 604.
O lta y , C., 6 04.
M a ts u n a w a , S ., 519.
O n o , K . , 512.
M a ts u o k a , Y ., 50 0 .
M a ttin g , A ., 570, 596.
O noe, S ., 5 10.
M a tto c k s , E . O ., 580.
O ro w a n , E . , 498.
O stro u m o v , E . A ., 560.
M a tv e e v , G . P . , 552.
O w en, E . A ., 489, 49 0 ,
M a x te d , E . B ., 493.
M axw ell, L . R . , 530.
529, 530.
M eggv, F . A ., 559.
P a c e , F . D ., 555.
M e h rte n s, J . , 607.
P a c h tn e r , F ., 589, 599.
M e h ta , D . N ., 557.
P a lm ie r, W ., 544.
M eisel, K . , 518.
P a n s e ri, 0 . , 509 , 526.
M en n, W ., 496.
P a r k s , W . G ., 515.
M e rtz , J . C ., 508.
P a r tr id g e , G . F . , 6 10.
M eslier, R . , 616.
P a t c h , N . K . B ., 577.
M e son g enik , S . S ., 559.
P a v lo v , I . M ., 586.
M e ssk in , W . S ., 513.
P a w le k , F . , 525.
M etz, A ., 566.
P e a rs o n , G . L . , 594.
M e tz d o rf, W ., 584.
P e h r s o n , E . W ., 616.
M e y er, F . W ., 581.
M e y er, W . R . , 547,
P e ie rls, R . , 503.
P e red e lsk iy , K . V ., 576.
594.
P e rrin g , J . W ., 593.
M eyer a u f der H ey d e,
P e te r s , A . E . , 588.
H . , 590.
P e te rs o n , R . E . , 567.
M e y ers, W . G . , 567.
P e tra s c h e n j, W . J . , 559.
M ic h a u d , F . , 502.
P h e lp s, R . H . , 617.
M ih a ra , K . , 517.
P h ilip p , H . , 532.
M ih e lis, U . L . , 563.
P ia n ta n id a , G ., 601.
M iller, H . J . , 6 1 6 .
P ic h u g in ,I .Y .,5 1 9 ,567.
M in k in , L . I . , 5 1 1 .
P ic k u p , L . , 529, 530.
M iy a k e , S ., 527.
M lo d z e e v sk iy , A . B ., P in e s , B . J . , 583.
P its c h , H . , 612.
524.
P iw o w arsk y , E .,5 7 2 .
M o ch alo v , M ., 528.
P o d c z a sk i, B ., 512.
M o jm ir, T . , 487.
P o k ro v s k iy , N . L . , 523.
M olk o v , L . P . , 521.
P o la n s k y , Y . S ., 546,
M ong, L . E . , 583.
M o n tu p e t, M . L . , 573.
617.
P o lu e k to v , N . S ., 562.
M oon, C . H . , 493.
P
o
m p , A ., 498, 590.
M o o re, A . D ., 566.
P o p o v , K . M ., 564.
M oore, H . F . , 616.
P o r te v in , A ., 522.
M oore, R . 0 . , 599.
P o r tie r, H . , 591.
M o rg a n , (S ir) G . T . ,
P o w e r, H . R . , 594.
616.
P re isw e rk , M ., 596.
M o rg a n , S . W . K . , 549.
P r e s to n , G . D ., 488.
M o ste n n e , A . , 616.
P rim e , G-. E . , 515.
M o tt, N . F . , 517, 621.
P ro k o fie v , I . P . , 568.
M u eller, P . M ., 589.
P r o s k u m in , M ., 515.
M u k a i, S ., 559.
P r o s t, E . , 622.
M ü lle r, R . , 595.
P r o t, M ., 544.
M ü ller, R . W ., 592.
P rz y je m s k i, E . , 489.
M ü lle r, W ., 596.
M ü ller, W . J . , 533, 543. P tiz in , B . V ., 563.
P u l s , H . O ., 491.
M u lln e r, — , 599.
M u n d e y , A . H . , 577.
Q u a d r a t, O ., 504.
M u rg u le scu , I . G ., 563.
Q u a m , G . N ., 603.
M u rta z a je w ^ A ., 491.
Scherzer, K . , 581.
S ch eu er, E . , 506.
S ch ew an d in , J . M ., 618.
Schied, M ., 580.
S chlechtw eg, H . , 497.
Schlee, R . , 494.
Sch lesin g er, G ., 602.
S ch liep h ak e, O ., 592.
S c h m ah l, N . G ., 515.
S ch m id , E . , 498.
S ch n eid er, O .- E ., 607.
S ch n eid er, W . G ., 601.
S ch n o rren b erg , W ., 574.
Schoeller, W . R . , 564.
S ch ö n e, E . , 605.
S c h ö n ta g , A ., 558.
S ch o o no v er, I . G ., 617.
S c h o ttk y , H . , 620.
S c h rad e r, — , 614.
S c h rad e r, A ., 621.
Sch raiv o g el, K ., 595.
Sch reib er, E ., 540.
S c h rö d er, E . , 590.
S ch tein b e rg , S . S ., 523.
S c h u b e rt, A ., 529.
S chulz, E . H . , 620.
S chulz, G ., 502.
Schulze, A ., 580.
S c h u m ac h e r, E . E . , 617.
S c h u ste r, L . W ., 568.
S ch w arz, K . , 515.
S ch w arz, R . , 556.
S ch w e rb e r, P . , 587.
S c o tt, E . B .,6 0 9 .
Sella, G . M .,5 4 5 .
S e m en ch en k o , V . K .,
523.
Sem io n o v , A ., 603.
S eyer, W . F . , 539.
S h a ib m a n , S. S ., 538.
S h c h e p k in , W ., 617.
S h d an o w , Y ., 528.
S h e lto n , S. M ., 551.
S h e p h e rd , H . H . , 579.
S h e v a n d in , E . , 498.
S hig y o , I . , 598.
S h in o d a , G-., 529.
S ho e n b e rg , D ., 489,
4 90.
S h u b in , M . I . , 561.
S hu lg in , I . G ., 588.
Siebei, E . , 585.
S iebei, G ., 534.
S ieg lerschm id t, H ., 513.
S ie v e rts, A ., 491
S im o n , G ., 582.
S k u g a rew , I . G ., 613.
g ly g in , A . , 557.
S m a re , D . L ., 49 0 .
S m a rt, A ., 555.
S m iriag in , A . P . 511.
S acchi, V . P . , 552.
S m irn o v , A . V ., 584.
S ach aro w , P . , 613.
S m irn o v , B ., 521.
S a c h s , B ., 576.
S m ith , D . M ., 617.
S a c h s , G ., 506, 519.
S m ith , E . E . , 617.
Sage, V . L . , 597.
S m ith , H . G ., 503.
g a h n a z aro w , A ., 569.
S m ith , J . B ., 566.
S a ito , D ., 515.
S m ith , S. W ., 604.
S a k la tw a lla , B . D ., 609.
S m ith e lls, G. J ., 492,
S a n d e rs , A . L . , 596.
617.
S a rk is o v , E . S ., 550.
Snelling, R . G ., 553.
S a s a k i, K . , 538.
Snelling, R . J ., 545.
S a y e rs , R . R . , 61 0 .
S ö c h tin g , W ., 617.
Scaff, J . H . , 617.
S ö hn ch en , E . , 572.
S c a rp a , O ., 551.
Sokoloff, S . , 496.
Sch ap o sch n ik o w , N . A .,
Som igli, G ., 511.
618.
S o rre n tin o , E . , 538.
Sch eib e, G ., 558.
S p e k to r, I . J .,6 1 7 .
S ch en k , G ., 548.
Speller, F . N ., 548.
S ch en k , R . , 515.
R a a ff, J . J . , 549.
R a b a ld , E . , 548, 605,
622.
R a b a te , H . , 601.
R ä d e c k e r, W ., 605.
R a n q u e , G ., 502.
R a n s le y , O . E . , 492.
R a o , S‘. R .,5 0 2 .
R a u c h e n k o , G . F . , 5 11.
R e a g e n , J . E . , 617.
R e d d ie , W . W ., 597.
R e d fo rd , P . A ., 537.
R e g e r, K . , 494.
R e ic h e rt, L . , 587.
R e ic h e r t, W . G ., 578.
R eidem eister-, F . , 599.
R e im a n n , A . L . , 493.
R e in in g e r, H . , 5 4 8,5 9 4 .
R e ip ric h , J . , 598.
R e y n o ld s , P . W ., 531.
R h o d e s , F . H . , 542.
R ib a lk o , F . , 523.
R ic a rd , A ., 603.
R ic h a rd s , E . T . , 521,
570, 576, 583, 594,
591.
R ic h a rd s , T . L . , 489.
R ic h te r , G ., 569.
R ic k e rts e n , E . , 506.
R ie b e n sa h m , P . , 617.
R ie d e re r, K . , 506.
R ie d l, E . , 613.
R im m e r, B . I . , 534.
R iv a s , A ., 558.
R o b e r ts , E . W ., 490 .
R o b s o n , S ., 547.
R o c h o w , W . F ., 583.
R o c k a e r t, — , 514.
R o d d a , J . L . , 526.
RofEey, F ., 542.
R o g e rs , B . A ., 617.
R o g o z h k in , E . P . , 596.
R ö h rig , H . , 527, 593.
R o llier, M . A ., 530.
R o m a n o v , M . M ., 541.
R o s e , G. M ., 591.
R o s e , M . M ., 556.
R o s e n b o h m , E . , 492,
495.
R o s to s k y , L . , 595.
R o t t g a r d t , J . , 531.
R o u s h , G . A ., 609.
R o w e, H . , 517.
R o y , S . N . , 563.
R o z o v , M . N ., 534.
R u e tz , O ., 515.
R u s s , E . F . , 581.
R u s s a k o w , M . P . , 617.
R u s s e ll, R . S ., 513.
665
Author Index to Abstracts
S pen ce, H . S ., 609.
S pen ce, J . L . , 582.
S p r a tt , H . P . , 626.
S p rin g e r, B . , 554.
S sa c h aro w , P . S ., 618.
S ta n le y , B . 0 . , 603.
S te in e r t, E . , 597.
S te in itz , O ., 6 0 0 .
S te p h e n s , G-. O ., 519.
S te rn e r-B a in e r, B . , 535.
S te w a rt, I . , 581.
S te w a rt, W . 0 . , 541.
S to c k e rt, B . , 515.
Stoffel, L . L . , 556.
S to n e r, E . 0 . , 493.
S tooff, H . , 542.
S t r a t to n , B . C ., 61 0 .
S tra u m a n is , M ., 528.
S t r a u s s , S. D ., 609.
S tra u s s e r, P . W . C .,
554.
S trig e rs k i, 1 . 1 . , 564.
S tro c k , L . W ., 625.
S tro g a n o v , A . B . , 558.
S tro h f e ld t, E . , 512.
S tro je w , S . S ., 618.
S tro n g , J . , 488.
S tru d th o ff, H . , 587.
S t u r t e v a n t, J . M ., 571.
S u lliv a n , J . D ., 582.
S u tto n , H . , 555.
S w allo w , W ., 547.
S y k e s , 0 . , 529.
S y k e s , W . P . , 520.
S z e b e lle d y , L ., 559.
S z ren ia w sk i, J . , 510.
T a b a k o v , Z. J . , 583.
T a ffs , H . J . , 526.
T a in to n , U . C ., 553.
T a k a s e , K . , 501.
T a k e m u r a , K ., 603.
T a m ele , G-., 582.
T a n a b e , T . , 536.
T a n a k a , S ., 570.
T a n a y , S ., 559.
T a v a s c i, B ., 5 01.
T a v e m ie r , J . , 542.
T a y lo r, B . P . , 598.
T e e d , P . L . , 504.
T e in d l, J . , 556.
T e m p lin , B . L . , 6 00.
T e r-M ik a elian z , E . I . ,
583.
T h e w s , E . B . , 576, 578.
5 8 1 ,5 8 2 .
T h e w s , B . , 58 0 .
T h o m a , A ., 503.
T h o m a s , I . H . , 517.
T h om pson, M . de K .,
555.
T h o rn e y c ro f t, W . E . ,
618.
T im o fe e v , V . I . , 595.
T im o s h e n k o , S ., 618.
T ip p e ll, T . L . , 566.
T ö d t, F . , 538, 544.
T o n n , W ., 514, 594.
T o n n e m a c h e r, K . , 596.
T o o le v , F . Y ., 563.
T o rik a i, B . , 517.
T o rra n c e , S ., 562.
T o r s u e v , 1 . 1 ., 541.
T o w n se n d , J . B . , 570.
T ra p e z n ik o w , A . K . ,
528, 530 .
T r a s k , E . P . , 607.
T r a u tm a n n , B ., 587.
T r o n s ta d , L . , 534.
T r o u g h t, M . E . , 616.
T u k a z in s k iy ,
I.
L .,
597.
T u r ia n s k i, W ., 615.
T u r n e r, F . , 618.
T u rn e y , G . L . , 517.
T u s tis o n , F . E . , 618.
T u tin , I . S ., 550.
T u to v , I . E . , 584.
T u tu n d z ic , P . S ., 557.
I J d d in , M . Z ., 489 ,
490.
U m a n s k iy , M. M ., 5 2 7 .
T Jm h au , J . B ., 616.
U n g e r, B ., 601.
U n g e r, L . E ., 569.
666
U ra s o w , G . G . , 5 0 4 ,5 0 6 .
U r b a in , G ., 50 1.
V a g ra m ja n , A . T . , 5 50.
V a le c k a, K . , 556.
V e h r, O. I . , 541.
V e re sh ag in , L . , 528.
V e m o n , W . H . J . , 544.
V e ro n in , D . S ., 575.
V ic k e r, V . Y ., 521;
V iv a n ti, A ., 504.
Y o g t, B . , 554.
Y o o rt, J . Y ., 556.
Y o ro sh ilo v a , Z. A ., 535.
Y o se , B . W ., 568.
V fe S fä l, J . , 560.
Y ro o n e n , E . , 572.
W a c h e , X . , 523.
W a h l, A . M ., 567.
W a lk e r, A . G ., 611.
W a lte rs , F . M ., J r . , 515.
W a lth e r, H . , 499, 618.
W a rc o llie r, G ., 542.
W a rg u n in , P . A ., 618.
W a rrin g to n , H . G . , 574.
W a s , D . A ., 540.
W a s s e r m a n n , G ., 517.
W a ts o n , J . D . , 602.
W a y , S ., 586.
W e a v e r, F . L . , 579.
W e a v e r, V . P . , 575.
W e b b , H . W ., 564.
W e d je n s k i, L . W ., 561.
W egei, B . L . , 499, 618.
W egerhoff, E . , 570.
W ei, W .- C ., 608.
W e ib k e , F . , 518, 532,
607.
W e id e n h a m m e r,
L .,
536.
W eid lein , E . B , 625.
W ein er, B . , 550.
W e is s , A . L . , 618.
W e isse ib e rg , A ., 553.
W ells, C ., 515.
W e ite r, G ., 487, 568.
W elz, O ., 569.
W e n -P o , W ., 532.
W e n d t, B . E . , 624.
W e rn e r, E . L . , 594.
v a n W e rt, L . B . , 6 21.
W e so lo w sk i, K . , 513.
W e s t, 0 . J . , 626.
W ic h e rs , E . , 563.
W ic k , B . M ., 547.
W ie c h m a n n , F . , 518.
W ie g a n d , G ., 542.
W ie g h a r d t, P . , 589.
W ieh ag e, G ., 518.
W ilco x , B . L . , 565.
W ilh e lm , J . O ., 503.
W ilk in so n , H . , 49 0 .
W ilso n , B . W ., 555.
W itm a n , F . F . , 618.
W ittm a n n , G ., 491.
W ittn e b e n , W ., 547.
W o g rin z, A ., 552.
W o h le n b e rg , W . J . , 580.
W o ld m a n , 1ST. E . , 618.
W o o d , D ., 554.
W o o d s, B . C . , 570.
W o rk , H . K . , 593.
W o rm w e li, F ., 544.
W o m e r , H . K ., 514.
W o rth in g to n , B . , 619.
W v n n e -W illia m s , A . I . ,
55 1 .
Y a g o d a , H . , 559, 565.
Y a m a d a , B . , 50 0 .
Y a m a n o u ti, H . , 586.
Y e rz le y , F . L . , 496.
Y o u n g , C . B . F . , 552.
Y o u n g , W . T . , 553.
Z a h a ro v a , M . I . , 509.
Z a h n , E . A ., 593.
Z a m o ru e v , G . M ., 504.
Z a n k o , A . M ., 560.
v . Z eerled er, A ., 545,
5 7 3 ,6 1 9 .
Z e n te r, J . A ., 514.
Z h o lo b o v , Y . Y ., 587.
Z o p f, G ., 491.
Z u rb rü g g , E . , 533, 614.
METALLURGICAL
ABSTRACTS
(G E N E R A L A N D N O N -F E R R O U S )
V olum e 3
D E C E M B E R 1936
P art 12
I .— P R O P E R T IE S O F M ETA LS
( C o n tin u e d f ro m p p . 4 3 9 -4 4 9 .)
♦T e n sile P roperties of Single Crystal a n d Polycrystalline A lum inium . G .
W e lte r and. T . M o jm ir (W iadomoêci In s ty tu tu M etalurgji i Metaloznawstwa
(W arszaw a), 1936, 3, (3), 1 3 0 -1 3 6 ).— [ I n P o lis h , w it h G e r m a n su m m a ry .]
I n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f la r g e sin g le c r y s ta ls o f a lu m in iu m f ro m th e p o ly c ry s ta l lino
m e ta l b y r e c r y s ta lliz a tio n t h e o r ie n ta tio n a n d s h a p e o f t h e sin g le c r y s ta ls
d e p e n d o n t h e p u r i t y o f t h e m e ta l, e.g. w it h 9 9 -8 % a lu m in iu m t h e c r y s ta l
b o u n d a r ie s a r e a lw a y s p e r p e n d ic u la r t o t h e a x is o f t h e r o d , w h e re a s w ith
9 9 -5 % m e t a l t h e c r y s ta l b o u n d a r ie s a r e p r a c tic a lly a lw a y s p a r a lle l t o th is
a x is . W i t h ro d s c o n s istin g o f tw o la rg e c r y s ta ls t h e r e la tiv e e lo n g a tio n a t t h e
g r a in b o u n d a r y is t h e sm a lle s t. T h e n a t u r e o f t h e f r a c tu r e o f t h e sp e c im e n
a n d t h e r e d u c tio n in a r e a d e p e n d o n t h e c r y s ta l s tr u c tu r e . D e te r m in a tio n s
o f t h e e la s tic lim its (0 -0 0 1 , 0 -0 0 2 , 0 -0 1 , a n d 0 -2 % p e r m a n e n t d e f o rm a tio n ) sh o w
t h a t t h e r e is a s u d d e n t r a n s i ti o n f ro m p u r e ly e la s tic t o p la s tic d e f o rm a tio n so
t h a t t h e lo a d - e lo n g a tio n c u rv e b e n d s s h a r p ly a t r i g h t a n g le s . T h e h ig h e s t
e la s tic m o d u lu s w a s o b ta in e d w i t h sin g le c r y s ta l 9 9 -8 % a lu m in iu m (7150 k g ./
m m .2), w h ile t h e a v e r a g e v a lu e f o r p o ly c r y s ta llin e a lu m in iu m is 6 5 0 0 k g ./m m .2.
T h e e la s tic l im it (0 -0 0 1 % e lo n g a tio n ) v a r ie s f ro m 0-75 t o 1-6 k g ./ m m .2 ; th e
te n s ile s t r e n g t h o f sin g le c r y s ta l a lu m in iu m is 4 - 5 k g ./m m . 2 a n d t h e e lo n g a tio n
5 0 - 1 0 0 % . W i t h in c re a s in g g ra in -s iz e t h e te n s ile s tr e n g th o f a lu m in iu m
d e c re a s e s r a p id ly a t f irs t, t h e n m o re slo w ly — A . R . P .
♦C o n tra ctio n
(L o s a n a .)
of
A lum inium
and
Its
Alloys
D uring Solidification— II.
S e e p . 50 3 .
♦T e m p e ra tu re Coefficient of E lectrical R esistance of A lum inium . M a u ric e
H e n r i (Congrès Internat. M in e s M et. Géol., Section de M étallurgie, 1936, 2,
1 6 5 -1 6 6 ; a n d R ev. M et., 1936, 3 3 , (7), 4 2 0 -4 2 1 ).— [ I n F re n c h .] T h e re s is tiv i­
tie s a t 2 0 ° C ., p 2o> o f a lu m in iu m 99-996, 99-56, 99-12, a n d 9 8 -6 3 % p u r e w ere
d e te r m in e d a s 2 -6 2 0 , 2-767, 2 -7 8 0 , a n d 2-835 m ic r o h m s /c m ., re s p e c tiv e ly .
T h e c o r re s p o n d in g v a lu e s f o r t h e te m p e r a tu r e coeff. o f re s is ta n c e , (320, m e a s u re d
b e tw e e n 2 0 ° a n d 7 0 ° C ., a r e 0 -0 0 4 3 3 , 0 -0 0 4 0 0 , 0 -0 0 4 1 3 , a n d 0 -0 0 4 0 0 ; a ll
r t 0 -0 0 0 0 8 . ffh e p r o d u c t p20p 20 i s c o n s ta n t w ith in t h e lim its o f e x p e r im e n ta l
e r ro r , a r e s u lt in a g r e e m e n t w i th M a th ie s s e n ’s la w .— J . C. C.
*K Spectrum a n d Conductibility E lectrons of Solid a n d Liquid A lum inium .
J u l e s F a r in e a u (Compt. rend., 1936, 203, (11), 5 4 0 -5 4 1 ).— T h e w o r k o f S ie g b a h n
a n d K a r ls s o n (Z. P h y sik , 1934, 8 8 , 71) a n d K u n z l (Z . P h y s ik , 1936, 9 9 ,4 8 1 ) h a s
b e e n e x te n d e d t o e m b ra c e b o t h liq u id a n d so lid a lu m in iu m , a n d a sp e c ia l s tu d y
o f t h e p b a n d s , w h ic h g iv e s in f o rm a tio n o f t h e e le c tro n s o f c o n d u c tib ility .
—J. H. W.
♦In v e stig atio n of Gases in A lum inium by the Complex Method. I . F .
K o lo b n e v (Zvetnye M etalli (Non-F errous M etals), 1936, (5), 1 1 0 - 1 2 0 ; ( 6 ),
1 1 5 -1 2 4 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] R y m e a n s o f a sp e c ia lly c o n s tr u c te d v a c u u m
f u rn a c e t h e g a s c o n te n t o f a lu m in iu m w a s d e te r m in e d , s e p a r a te v a lu e s b ein g
o b ta in e d f o r t h e fre e a n d c o m b in e d g ases. N itr o g e n is a lm o s t in so lu b le in
a lu m in iu m , b u t a t h ig h t e m p e r a tu r e s fo rm s n itrid e s . C a rb o n d io x id e b e h a v e s
s im ila rly . M o s t o f t h e g a s f o u n d in a lu m in iu m , ir re s p e c tiv e o f t h e m e th o d o f
m a n u f a c tu r e , is h y d r o g e n (u p t o 7 0 % ) ; t h e r e m a in d e r c o n s ists o f m e th a n e
♦ D en o tes a p a p e r d escrib in g th e re s u lts of original research ,
f D en o tes a first-class critic a l review .
LL
488
Metallurgical A bstracts
V ol. 3
( u p t o 2 0 % ) , c a r b o n m o n o x id e , a n d n itro g e n . I n g o ts c a s t in a n a r g o n
a tm o s p h e r e h a v e t h e m a x im u m a n d th o s e c a s t in s te a m t h e m in im u m d e n s ity .
C a s tin g s m a d e a t 8 7 0 ° C. h a v e a d e n s ity a b o u t 8 - 9 % b e lo w t h a t o f th o s e m a d e
a t 6 7 0 ° C . A lu m in iu m m e lte d in vacuo a b s o rb s s ilic o n f ro m p o r c e la in a n d
fire c la y c ru c ib le s, u p t o 0 -8 % b e in g a b s o rb e d in 1 h r . S p e c im e n s c a s t in
w a te r v a p o u r h a v e a n e x c e p tio n a lly fin e -g ra in e d s t r u c t u r e .— N . A .
*The S tru ctu re of A lum inium , C hrom ium , a n d Copper Film s E vaporated on
Glass. R . B e e c h in g (Phil. Mag., 1936, [v ii], 22, (150), 938-950). — E v a p o r a t e d
film s o f a lu m in iu m , c h r o m iu m , a n d c o p p e r o n g la s s w h e n e x a m in e d b y e le c tr o n
d if fr a c tio n h a v e b e e n s h o w n , w h e n v e r y th in , t o c o n s is t m a in ly o f o x id e . I n
t h e ca se o f a lu m in iu m t h e o x id e is r e la t e d t o y -A l 20 3. T h e e ffe c t o f v a r y in g
t h e c o n d itio n s o f e v a p o r a tio n w e re s tu d ie d . T h e in v e s tig a tio n in c lu d e s a
s t u d y o f t h i c k e r film s a c t u a l l y c o n ta in in g m e ta l, t h e e ffe c ts o f lo w - te m p e ra tu r e
h e a tin g , a n d t h e m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s .— W . D . J .
* 0 n th e F ig u rin g a n d Correcting of M irrors by Controlled D eposition of
A lum inium . J o h n S tro n g a n d E . G a v io la (J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 1936, 26, (4),
1 5 3 -1 6 2 ).— T h e k n o w n m e t h o d o f d e p o s itio n o f m e ta ls e v a p o r a te d i n v a c u u m
is c o n tr o lle d b y u s in g a s c re e n o r m a s k a n d r o t a t i n g t h e m ir r o r e le c tro m a g n e tic a lly . T h e d e ta ils o f m e th o d s f o r c h a n g in g t h e f o rm o f m irr o r s
(e.g. s p h e ric a l t o p a r a b o lic ) b y t h i s m e a n s a r e d e s c rib e d .— R . G .
♦A lu m in izin g of L arge Telescope M irrors. J . S tro n g (Astrophys. J ., 1936,
83, 4 0 1 -4 2 3 ).— A h i s to r y o f t h e e v a p o r a tio n p ro c e s s is g iv e n , in c lu d in g
t h e c o n tr ib u tio n s o f R its c h l a n d o th e r s , a n d t h e p r e s e n t te c h n iq u e is d e s c rib e d
in d e t a i l .
F o rm u la e a r e d e v e lo p e d w h ic h g iv e t h e th ic k n e s s o f t h e film
p r o d u c e d b y a c ir c u la r a r r a y o f e v a p o r a tio n so u rc e s. A p p lic a tio n s f o r th e
ca se s o f 4 0 in . a n d t h e 108 in . ta n k s a r e d isc u sse d . R e fe re n c e is m a d e t o t h e
a p p lic a tio n o f n o n - u n ifo r m film s in t h e fig u rin g o f m irr o r s . M e th o d s o f
c le a n in g t h e m irr o r s p r e p a r a to r y t o c o a tin g a r e d isc u sse d . T h e te c h n iq u e o f
o b ta in in g h ig h v a c u u m in la r g e t a n k s is tr e a t e d . T h e re fle c tiv itie s a n d o th e r
p r o p e r tie s a r e g iv e n f o r e v a p o r a te d film s o f a lu m in iu m a n d silv e r, a s w e ll a s
c h r o m iu m , p la t i n u m , p a lla d iu m , r h o d iu m , t i n , g o ld , a n d c o p p e r. O b s e rv a ­
tio n s o n a lu m in iz e d a s tro n o m ic a l m irr o r s in u se f o r o v e r 3 y e a r s a r e d e s c rib e d .
T h e r e s u lts o f a s t u d y o f t h e o x id a tio n (c o rro sio n ) o f a lu m in iu m b y m e a n s o f
m e a s u re m e n ts o n tr a n s m is s iv ity a n d r e fle c tiv ity o f p a r t i a l film s is r e p o r te d .
T h e d if fe r e n t s e ts o f e q u ip m e n t t h a t h a v e b e e n d e v e lo p e d in in c re a s in g size
u p t o t h e 1 0 8 -in . t a n k a r e d e s c rib e d . T h e h i s t o r y o f t h e a p p lic a tio n o f t h e
p ro c e s s t o a s tro n o m ic a l m irr o r s is g iv e n .— S . G.
♦S tu d ie s on th e O xidation of M etals.
IV.— T he Oxide F ilm on A lum inium .
G . D . P r e s t o n a n d L . L . B ir c u m s h a w (Phil. Mag., 1936, [v ii], 22, (148), 654—
6 6 5 ).— T h e o x id e film o n a lu m in iu m a t ro o m te m p e r a tu r e w a s is o la te d b y
r e m o v in g t h e m e t a l b y t r e a t m e n t in d r y HC1 g a s a t 2 5 0 ° C . E le c tr o n d iffra c ­
t i o n p h o to g r a p h s o f t h e film sh o w t h a t i t is a m o r p h o u s . H e a tin g t h e film
a t te m p e r a t u r e s u p t o 6 5 0 ° C . d o e s n o t in d u c e c r y s ta lliz a tio n , b u t a t 68 0 ° C.
c r y s ta lliz a tio n b e g in s slo w ly . T h e film b e c o m e s a r a n d o m m a s s o f s m a ll
c r y s ta ls o f c u b ic y -A l 2 0 3, t h e f o rm o f a lu m in a w h ic h is p r e s e n t o n t h e su rfa c e
o f m o lte n a lu m in iu m .— W . D . J .
♦A lte rn a tin g C urrent Inv estigations on A nodically Oxidized A lum iniu m .
W e r n e r B a u m a n n (Z. Physilc, 1936, 103, (1 /2 ), 5 9 -6 6 ).— T h e d ie le c tric
p r o p e r tie s o f a lu m in iu m o x id e film s fo rm e d a n o d ic a lly a r e r e la t e d to th e
v o lta g e a n d f re q u e n c y o f t h e a .c . u s e d f o r t h e i r m e a s u re m e n t, a n d t o t e m ­
p e r a t u r e a n d h u m id ity .— B . C.
♦D iffe re n t B ehaviour of Single Crystals G row n fro m th e M olten M etal and
O btained by R ecry stallizatio n using A lu m inium of V arying P u rity . F . G ise n
(Light Metals Research, 1936, 4, (22), 3 7 9 -3 8 1 ).— T r a n s la t e d f ro m Z. Metallkunde, 1935, 27, 2 5 6 ; se e Met. Abs., th i s v o l., p . 2 9 .— J . C . C.
1936
I . — Properties of Metals
489
Study o£ th e M anu facture, Properties, a n d Uses of Refined A lum inium .
R . G a d e a u ( Chirn. et Ind., 1935, 34, (5 ), 1 0 2 1 -1 0 2 6 ; a lso Metaüwirtschaft, 1936,
15, (3 0 ), 7 0 2 - 7 0 5 ; a n d (su m m a rie s) Metallurgist ( S u p p t. to Engineer), 1935,
10, (D ec. 2 7 ), 9 4 - 9 6 ; Light Metals Research, 1936, 4, (14), 2 2 0 - 2 2 4 ; a n d
Alum inium and Non-Ferrous Rev., 1936, 1, (11), 4 9 9 -5 0 1 , (12), 5 3 5 -5 3 6 ).—
R e a d a t t h e C o n g rè s I n t e r n a t i o n a l d e s M in e s, d e la M é ta llu rg ie , e t d e la
G éo lo g ie a p p liq u é e . S ee Met. Ahs., th is v o l., p p . 69, 2 3 7 .— W . A . C . N .
♦R ec ry stalliz a tio n D iagram of A ntim ony. J . C z o c h ra ls k i a n d E . P rz y je m s k i
( Wiadomości Instytutu Metalurgji i Metaloznawstwa (Warszawa), 1936, 3, (3),
1 1 3 -1 1 5 ).— [ I n P o lis h , w i t h G e r m a n s u m m a r y .] C y lin d e rs o f c o m m e rc ia l
a n tim o n y w e re c a s t in s id e c o p p e r r in g s 15 m m . h ig h a n d 13 m m . in te r n a l
d ia m e te r , t h e w h o le c o m p re s s e d t o 1 , 5 , 1 0 , 2 5 , 5 0 , a n d 7 0 % re d u c tio n in h e ig h t,
a n d t h e g ra in -s iz e m e a s u re d a f t e r a n n e a lin g f o r 3 0 m in u te s a t 3 0 0 ° -6 1 0 ° C.
M a x im u m g ra in -s iz e w a s o b ta in e d a f t e r 1 % r e d u c tio n a t a ll a n n e a lin g t e m ­
p e r a t u r e s ; w i t h in c re a s in g d e g re e o f r e d u c tio n t h e g ra in -s iz e d e c re a s e s ra p id ly ,
b e in g o n ly a b o u t o n e - te n th o f th e m a x im u m a f t e r 7 0 % r e d u c tio n . A f te r
a n n e a lin g a t 6 10° C . m e t a l r e d u c e d 1 % sh o w e d g r a in s a b o u t 8 tim e s t h e size
o f th o s e o b ta in e d b y a n n e a lin g a t 3 0 0 ° - 4 0 0 ° C ., a n d a b o u t 10 tim e s th e size o f
t h o s e in m e ta l re d u c e d 5 0 % .— A . R . P .
*The M agnetic P roperties of A ntim ony. D . S h o e n b e rg a n d M . Z a k i U d d in
(Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc., 1936, 3 2 , (3), 4 9 9 - 5 0 2 ).— T h e m a g n e tic s u s c e p ti­
b i l i t y o f a n tim o n y b o t h p a r a lle l a n d p e r p e n d ic u la r t o t h e t r ig o n a l a x is is
in d e p e n d e n t o f fie ld d o w n t o 4° K . T h e n u m e r ic a l v a lu e o f t h e s u s c e p tib ility
p a r a lle l t o t h e t r ig o n a l a x is d e c re a s e s w it h in c r e a s in g te m p e r a tu r e , s im ila rly
t o t h a t o f b is m u th , b u t p e r p e n d ic u la r t o t h e t r ig o n a l a x is th e r e is n o te m p e r a ­
t u r e d e p e n d e n c e . A c o m p a r is o n o f t h e r e s u lts a t h ig h e r te m p e r a tu r e s w ith
e a r lie r m e a s u re m e n ts , s u g g e s ts t h a t t h e s u s c e p tib ility o f a n tim o n y , lik e t h a t
o f b is m u th , is v e r y s e n s itiv e t o a d d i ti o n o f fo re ig n e le m e n ts .— S . G.
♦P h o to e le c tric P roperties of B a riu m a n d Calcium . N . C . J a m is o n a n d
R . J . C a s h m a n (Phys. Rev., 1936, [ii], 50, (7), 6 2 4 -6 3 1 ).— U s in g a p h o to ­
e le c tr ic c ell i n w h ic h t h e b a r iu m w a s f r a c tio n a te d , a n d r e p e a te d ly d is tille d , th e
w o r k -f u n c tio n o f b a r iu m a t ro o m te m p e r a t u r e w a s d e te r m in e d a s 2-520 a n d
2 -510 e .v ., a t t h e b e g in n in g a n d e n d o f t h e e x p e r im e n ts . I n b o th
c o n d itio n s t h e c ell sh o w e d e x tr e m e c o n s ta n c y o f t h e w o r k -f u n c tio n , a n d th e
d iffe re n c e s a r e a s c rib e d t o d iffe re n c e in c r y s ta l s tr u c t u r e o r c h e m ic a l p u r ity ,
a n d n o t t o g a s c o n ta m in a tio n . A m e a s u r e m e n t a t 397-2° K . g a v e a w o rk f u n c tio n o f 2-512 e .v ., a n d a p o s itiv e t e m p e r a tu r e coeflf. o f (2-2 ± 0-7) X 10 " 5
e .v ./° K . T h e a b s o lu te p h o to e le c tr ic y ie ld o f t h e s u rfa c e , a n d t h e o p tic a l
re fle c tio n coeff. w e re a lso m e a s u re d . A f te r co o lin g t o — 77° C ., o r h e a tin g to
224° C ., t h e d a t a d id n o t f it F o w le r ’s c u rv e a c c u r a te ly , su g g e stin g t h a t s tr a in in g
o f t h e s u rfa c e h a d o c c u rre d . T h e w o r k -f u n c tio n o f a c a lc iu m su rfa c e p r e p a r e d
b y a sin g le d is tilla tio n w a s 2-706 e .v ., b u t a f t e r h e a tin g t o 100° C. t h e d a t a
s u g g e s te d t h a t t h e s u r f a c e w a s n o t h o m o g e n e o u s , b u t c o n s is te d o f tw o ty p e s o f
s u rfa c e w i t h w o r k -f u n c tio n s d iffe rin g b y a b o u t 0-2 e .v .— W . H .- R .
♦O n th e T herm al E xpansion of B eryllium . E . A . O w en a n d T . L I. R ic h a rd s
(Phil. Mag., 1 936, [v ii], 22, (146), 304r-311).— R e s u lts a r e g iv e n o f m e a s u re ­
m e n ts o f t h e t h e r m a l e x p a n s io n o f b e ry lliu m b y th e X - r a y m e th o d o v e r t h e
r a n g e 2 0 ° - 5 5 0 ° C .— B . C.
♦X - R a y D eterm ination of the Coefficients of T h erm al E xpansion of Beryllium
a n d Tin. (K o s s o la p o v a n d T ra p e z n ik o v .) S ee p . 5281
♦R esea rch e s on B ism uth Crystals. I.—H e a t a n d E lectrical Conductivity in
T ransverse M agnetic Fields. E . G riin e ise n a n d J . G ielessen (Ann. Physik,
1 936, [v ], 2 6 , (5), 4 4 9 —464).— I ’lie h e a t a n d e le c tr ic a l c o n d u c tiv itie s o f 4
d if fe r e n tly o r ie n te d b is m u th c r y s ta ls w e re m e a s u re d b e tw e e n 0 ° a n d — 195° C.
a n d t h e effe ct o f s tr o n g m a g n e tic field s a t lo w t e m p e r a tu r e s d e te r m in e d . I n
s tro n g fie ld s t h e h e a t c o n d u c tiv ity is n o lo n g e r a s im p le f u n c tio n o f th e e le c tric a l
490
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
c o n d u c t i v i t y i n a n y o n e d ir e c tio n , b u t t h e m e a n o f t h e v a lu e s in a ll d ir e c tio n s
is a lin e a r f u n c tio n o f t h e m e a n e le c tr ic a l c o n d u c tiv ity .— v . G .
*The M agnetic P roperties of B ism u th. I .— D ependence of Susceptibility on
T em p erature a n d A ddition of O ther E lem ents. D . S h o e n b e rg a n d M . Z a k i
X Jddin (Proc. R o y. Soc., 1936, [A ], 156, (889), 6 8 7 -7 0 1 ).— T h e s u s c e p tib ility o f
s m a ll sin g le c r y s ta ls o f b is m u t h w a s d e te r m in e d a t te m p e r a t u r e s f ro m 14° to
4 0 0 ° K . T h e e ffe c t o f s m a ll q u a n t it ie s o f a n tim o n y , le a d , te llu r iu m , o r t i n o n
t h e t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n is a ls o g iv e n . A th e o r e tic a l d is c u s s io n is in c lu d e d .
— B . C.
♦T h e M agnetic P ro perties of B ism u th.
II.— The de H a a s-v a n A lphen Effect.
D . S h o e n b e rg a n d M . Z a k i U d d in (Proc. R oy. Soc., 1936, [A ], 156, (889),
7 0 1 - 7 2 0 ).— R e s u lts a r e g iv e n o f a n in v e s tig a tio n o f t h e v a r ia t io n o f t h e
s u s c e p tib ility o f b i s m u th w i th fie ld s t r e n g th . T h e effe c ts o f s m a ll a d d itio n s
o f v a r io u s e le m e n ts a r e in c lu d e d , a n d t h e r e s u lts a r e d isc u sse d f ro m t h e p o in t
o f v ie w o f P e ie r l’s th e o r y .— B . C .
♦T h e T h erm al E xpan sion of th e Crystal L attices of Cadm ium , O sm ium , and
R u th en iu m . E . A . O w e n a n d E . W . R o b e r ts (P hil. M ag., 1936, fv ii], 22,
(1 4 6 ), 2 9 0 - 3 0 4 ).— D e ta ils a r e g iv e n o f m e a s u re m e n ts b y a n X - r a y m e th o d
p r e v io u s ly d e s c rib e d o f t h e coeffs. o f t h e r m a l e x p a n s io n o f t h e c r y s ta l la ttic e s
o f c a d m iu m , o s m iu m , a n d r u t h e n i u m a lo n g a n d p a r a lle l t o t h e h e x a g o n a l
a x i s ; f o r c a d m iu m , t h e m e a s u re m e n ts w e re f ro m 2 0 ° t o 2 8 0 ° C ., a n d fo r
o s m iu m a n d r u t h e n i u m f ro m 2 0 ° to 6 0 0 ° C . N o e v id e n c e w a s f o u n d f o r t h e
d o u b tf u l a llo tr o p ic c h a n g e o f c a d m iu m a t 6 0 ° C .— B . C.
♦X - R a y E x am in atio n of th e O xidation of Cobalt a t H igh T em p eratures.
( A rh a r o v a n d V o ro s h ilo v a .)
S ee p . 535.
♦A n A nom aly of A nnealed Copper. M . C iro u (Congres Internat. M in e s M e t,
Geol., Section de M etallurgie, 1936, 2 , 1 5 7 - 1 6 3 ; a n d R ev. M e t., 1936, 33,
(7), 4 1 3 - 4 1 9 ).— [ I n F r e n c h .] D u c ti li t y t e s ts w e re c a r r ie d o u t b y t h e P e rs o z
a n d K .W .I . m e th o d s o n s a m p le s o f s h e e t c o p p e r a f t e r a n n e a lin g in a i r a n d a lso
a f t e r clo se a n n e a lin g i n w o o d c h a rc o a l. I t w a s f o u n d t h a t e le c tr o d e p o s ite d
c o p p e r, e le c tr o ly tic c o p p e r m e lte d in a r e d u c in g a tm o s p h e r e , a n d c o p p e r
d e o x id iz e d w i t h p h o s p h o r u s g a v e d if fe r e n t r e s u lts o n a c c o u n t o f t h e i r v a r i a ­
t io n s in c o p p e r o x id e c o n te n t. A f te r a n n e a lin g i n a ir , t h e e le c tr o ly tic c o p p e r
w a s t h e m o s t d u c tile . C lose a n n e a lin g in c h a r c o a l a p p e a r e d p r e fe ra b le f o r t h e
e le c tr o ly tic a n d d e o x id iz e d c o p p e r, b u t r u in e d t h e r e m e lte d c o p p e r.— J . C. C.
♦F a ilu r e of Copper Firebox D ue to Deposit from th e Feed W a te r.
(B rit.
E n g in e B oiler a n d Elect. Insurance Co. Tech. R e p ., 1935, 1 7 -1 9 ).— T h e
e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e w r a p p e r p l a t e o f a c o p p e r fire b o x o f a lo c o m o tiv e b o ile r
w h ic h c r a c k e d s h o w e d t h a t t h e tr o u b le w a s d u e t o t h e a c c u m u la tio n o f sc a le
a t t h e w a t e r sid e o f t h e p l a te , w h ic h c a u s e d o v e r h e a tin g o f t h e c o p p e r, a s a
r e s u l t o f w h ic h c o n s id e ra b le d is to r tio n a n d w o r k -h a r d e n in g o f t h e m a te r ia l
t o o k p la c e . I n t e r g r a n u l a r in c lu s io n s d id n o t a p p e a r t o c o n tr i b u t e t o t h e
i m p o r t a n t c ra c k in g , a lth o u g h t h e y m a y h a v e a s s is te d t h e f o r m a tio n o f s h a llo w
i n t e r g r a n u l a r c r a c k s t o a s lig h t e x t e n t .— J . W . D .
O xidation of Copper a t H ig h T em peratures. R e fe re n c e s t o . S ee p . 535.
*A n E x perim en tal In vestigation on th e Influence of the Polished Surface on
th e O ptical C onstants of Copper as D eterm ined by th e M ethod of D rude. H .
L o w e ry , H . W ilk in s o n , a n d D . L . S m a r e (P hil. M a g ., 1936, [v ii], 2 2 , (149),
7 6 9 -7 9 0 ).— D is p e rs io n c u r v e s f o r c o p p e r f o r t h e v is ib le s p e c tr u m w e re
o b ta in e d b y D r u d e ’s m e th o d , u s in g s u rfa c e s p r e p a r e d b y (i) e v a p o r a t i o n ;
(ii) m e c h a n ic a l p o lis h in g ; (iii) e le c tr o ly tic p o lis h in g m e th o d o f J a c q u e t .
T h e o p tic a l c o n s ta n ts w e re s tu d ie d a s in c re a s in g d e p th s o f t h e m e c h a n ic a lly
d i s t u r b e d s u rfa c e w e re r e m o v e d . T h e d is tu r b a n c e is s h o w n t o e x is t a t a d e p th
o f 0 -0 0 1 3 -0 -0 0 2 9 c m . o r m o re b e y o n d t h e B e ilb y la y e r . T h e e ffe c t o f e x p o s in g
c o p p e r t o t h e a tm o s p h e r e w a s s tu d ie d .— W . D . J .
1936
I . — Properties of Metals
491
*The Influence of M echanical D eform ation on th e Properties of Copper Oxide
R ectifiers. J . D u n a e v a n d D . N a s le d o v (Tech. P hysics U .S .S .R ., 1936, 3,
(3), 2 6 8 -2 7 8 ).— [ I n E n g lis h .] T h e re c tify in g a n d p h o to e le c tr ic p r o p e rtie s o f
c o p p e r s h e e ts o f v a r io u s th ic k n e s s e s w i t h c o p p e r o x id e c o a tin g s o f v a rio u s
th ic k n e s s e s w e re m e a s u re d b e fo re a n d a f t e r b e n d in g t o a d e fin ite c u r v a tu re .
T h e r e c tify in g p o w e r d e c re a s e s a s th e n u m b e r o f b e n d s in c re a se s a n d th e
e ffe c t is sh o w n b y p h o to m ic r o g ra p h s to b e d u e to m e c h a n ic a l d a m a g e t o th e
c o p p e r o x id e la y e r .— B . C.
*The E lectrocapillarity Curve of Gallium . — I I. A . M u r ta z a je w a n d A.
G o r o d e tz k a ja ( A cta Physicochim ica U .R .S .S ., 1936, 4, (1), 7 5 -8 4 ).— [ I n G e r­
m a n .] T h e e le c tr o c a p illa r ity c u r v e o f liq u id g a lliu m a g a in s t v a r io u s m a te r ia ls
w a s m e a s u re d b y d e te r m in in g t h e p r e s s u re r e q u ir e d t o e x p e l a d r o p o f g a lliu m
f ro m t h e e n d o f a c a p illa r y tu b e . T h e effe cts o f p h e n o l, iso a m y la lc o h o l,
p y ro g a llo l, th io u r e a , a n d p o ta s s iu m io d id e o n t h e p o s itio n s a n d v a lu e s o f th e
m a x im a w e re d e te r m in e d . T h e e ffe c t o f a g e in g o n t h e r e s u lts w a s also
in v e s tig a te d .— B . C.
*The Influence of Im pu rities on th e P roperties of Lead. ( R u s s e l l;
G re e n w o o d a n d W o r n e r .) S ee p p . 5 1 3 -5 1 4 .
in v e s tig a tio n of th e Tensile P roperties of Solid M ercury a n d a Com parison
w ith T hose of O ther M etals a t Low T em peratures. C. H . L a n d e r a n d J . Y .
H o w a r d (P roc. R oy. Soc., 1936, [A ], 156, ( 8 8 8 ), 4 1 1 ^ 2 6 ) .— A d e s c rip tio n is
g iv e n o f te n s ile t e s ts c a r r ie d o u t o n so lid m e r c u r y a n d o n le a d , z in c , n ick el,
D u r a lu m in , m ild s te e l, a n d n ic k e l- s te e l a t te m p e r a tu r e s f ro m — 140° C.
u p w a r d s t o ro o m te m p e r a tu r e s . S o lid m e r c u r y e x h ib its t h e u s u a l te n s ile
a t t r i b u t e s o f a m e ta l, i t s t e n a c i t y in c re a s in g w i t h r e d u c tio n o f t e m p e r a tu r e .
I t is s h o w n t h a t t h e o t h e r m e ta ls r e t a i n t h e ir u s u a l te n s ile c h a r a c te r is tic s w ith
o n ly q u a n t i t a t i v e a lte r a tio n s a t t h e te m p e r a tu r e s r e a c h e d .— B . C.
*The Surface a n d In terfa cia l Tension of M ercury by the Sessile D rop and Drop
W eight M ethods. H . B ro w n (J. A m e r. Ghem. Soc., 1934, 56, (12), 2 5 6 4 2 5 6 8 ).— T h e r e s u lts a t 25° a r e : in te r f a c ia l te n s io n a g a in s t w a te r 374-3 d y n e s /
c m . ; s u rfa c e te n s io n in d r y a i r a n d in vacuo, 4 7 3 d y n e s ^ 0 -3 % . I t w a s
s h o w n th e r m o d y n a m ic a lly t h a t t h e s u rfa c e te n s io n o f m e r c u ry in vacuo c a n n o t
b e less t h a n 4 47 d y n e s a t 2 5 ° ; t h i s e lim in a te s so m e o f t h e v a lu e s o b ta in e d b y
p re v io u s w o r k e r s .” O n t h e b a s is t h a t th e su rfa c e o x id a tio n o f m e r c u r y in a ir
ta k e s p la c e o n ly in t h e p re s e n c e o f w a te r v a p o u r , so m e o f t h e p e rp le x in g
p h e n o m e n a o f te n o b s e rv e d w i t h m e r c u r y c a n b e e x p la in e d , s u c h a s irre v e rs ib le
a d s o r p tio n effe c ts, a n d t h e d iffe re n c e in r e s u lts s o m e tim e s o b ta in e d w ith a
s t a ti c a n d a d y n a m ic m e th o d .— S . G.
*The Surface T ension of a Moving M ercury Sheet. H . O . P u ls (P hil. M ag.,
1936, [v ii], 22, (1 5 0 ), 9 7 0 -9 8 2 ).— B o n d ’s m e th o d o f u sin g t h e im p a c t o f tw o
liq u id j e t s f o r t h e d e te r m in a tio n o f s u rfa c e te n s io n s is a p p lie d t o m e rc u ry .
T h e v a lu e o f t h e su rfa c e te n s io n o f m e r c u ry in c o n ta c t w ith a ir a t 2 0 ° C. is
g iv e n a s 4 75-5 ± 2 d y n e s /c m . A s u r v e y is in c lu d e d o f r e s u lts o f p re v io u s
in v e s tig a to r s .— W . D . J .
*The A tom ic W eight of M olybdenum . A nalysis of M olybdenum P en tachloride. O . H o n ig s c h m id a n d G . W it tm a n n (Z. anorg. Ghem., 1936, 229, (1),
6 5 - 7 5 ).— T h e v a lu e o b ta in e d u sin g f r a c tio n a lly s u b lim e d m a te r ia l w a s 95-95.
—A. R . P.
^M olybdenum an d Nitrogen. A . S ie v e rts a n d G . Z o p f (Z. anorg. Ghem.,
1936, 229, (2), 1 6 1 -1 7 4 ).— M o ly b d e n u m s h e e t a n d w ire w h ic h h a v e b e e n
a n n e a le d a t 1 4 0 0 ° C. a b s o rb o n ly v e r y s m a ll a m o u n ts o f n itro g e n w h e n h e a te d
a t 9 0 0 ° -1 2 0 0 ° C. in t h e g a s ; b y t h i s t r e a t m e n t t h e s h e e t m e ta l re c ry sta lliz e s
a n d b ec o m e s b r i tt l e , b u t t h e w ire sh o w s n o c h a n g e in s t r u c t u r e o r b e n d a b ility .
U n a n n e a le d m o ly b d e n u m w ire a b s o rb s c o n s id e ra b ly g r e a te r a m o u n ts of
n itro g e n u n d e r t h e sa m e c o n d itio n s , fo rm in g a p p a r e n tly a so lid s o lu tio n , w h ich ,
o n co o lin g in n itro g e n , d e p o s its a h ith e r to u n k n o w n n itr id e p h a s e a n d beco m es
Metallurgical Abstracts
492
V ol. 3
b r i tt l e , g iv in g a s m o o th f r a c tu r e b u t n o t lo sin g i t s o rig in a l d r a w in g s t r u c tu r e .
V a r io u s n itr id e s h a v e b e e n p r e p a r e d b y h e a tin g m o ly b d e n u m p o w d e r in
a m m o n ia a n d t h e n i n n i t r o g e n ; t h e i r p r o p e r tie s a n d s t r u c tu r e a r e d e s c rib e d .
— A. R . P.
*The D iffusion of Gases T h ro u g h M etals. IV.— T he D iffusion of Oxygen and
of H ydrogen T h ro u g h Nickel a t V ery H igh Pressu res. C. J . S m ith e lls a n d
C. E . R a n s le y (P roc. B o y. Soc., 1936, [A ], 1 5 7 , (891), 2 9 2 -3 0 2 ).— T h e r a t e o f
d iffu s io n o f h y d r o g e n th r o u g h n ic k e l w a s m e a s u r e d a t v a r y in g p r e s s u re s u p t o
112 a t m . a t 2 4 8 ° a n d 4 0 0 ° C ., a n d d o w n t o 3 m m . a t 2 48° C. T h e r a t e o f
d iffu s io n is p r o p o r tio n a l t o t h e s q u a r e r o o t o f t h e p r e s s u re , b u t sh o w s t h e u s u a l
d e v ia tio n s b e lo w 4 a t m . T h e r a t e o f d iffu s io n o f o x y g e n th r o u g h n ic k e l a t
9 0 0 ° C . w a s m e a s u r e d a n d f o u n d t o b e i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e o x y g e n p r e s s u re
a b o v e 0 -2 5 m m . T h e s e r e s u lts a r e d isc u sse d .— W . D . J .
* 0 n th e L ocalization of th e T ran sitio n P o in ts of A llotropic M etals u n d e r
V aried C ircum stances by M eans of th e M ethod of S alad in-L e C hatelier [T ransition
P oints of Nickel a n d of th e Com pound AuSb2]. E . R o s e n b o h m a n d F . M .
J a e g e r (Proc. K . A k a d . Wet. A m sterdam , 1936, 39, (3 ), 3 6 6 -3 7 4 ).— [ I n E n g lis h .]
T h e t w i n g a lv a n o m e te r o f S a la d in a n d L e C h a te lie r m a y b e u s e d f o r t h e d e t e r ­
m in a tio n o f t r a n s i t i o n p o in ts o n h e a tin g o r co o lin g c u rv e s . O n e g a lv a n o m e te r
is c o n n e c te d w i t h a th e r m o c o u p le in d ic a tin g t h e f u rn a c e te m p e r a t u r e , w h ils t
t h e se c o n d g a lv a n o m e te r is c o n n e c te d w i th a d if fe r e n tia l th e r m o c o u p le
in d ic a tin g t h e d iffe re n c e in te m p e r a t u r e b e tw e e n t h e s u b s ta n c e u n d e r in v e s tig a ­
tio n , a n d a s t a n d a r d s u b s ta n c e h e a t e d o r co o le d u n d e r id e n tic a l c o n d itio n s .
A s u i t a b l e v a c u u m a p p a r a t u s is d e s c rib e d . T h e t r a n s i ti o n p o in t o f n ic k e l i n a
v a c u u m o c c u rs a t 3 6 9 ° -3 7 0 ° C. o n h e a tin g , a n d a b o u t 6 ° lo w e r o n co o lin g . I n
t h e p r e s e n c e o f tr a c e s o f o x y g e n o r h y d r o g e n , t h e t r a n s i t i o n o c c u rs a t 3 6 3 ° 364° C . o n b o t h h e a tin g a n d c o o lin g . T h e (1
y tra n s itio n o f th e c o m p o u n d
A u S b 2 o c c u r s a t 3 55° C . o n b o t h h e a tin g a n d c o o l in g ; t h e S A a t r a n s ­
f o r m a tio n , w h ic h o c c u rs a t 4 0 4 ° C . o n h e a tin g , t a k e s p la c e m u c h m o re slo w ly ,
a n d sh o w s m a r k e d h y s te re s is o n cooling.-—W . H .- R .
*M easurem ent of th e E lectrical R esistance of M etals as F u n c tio n of th e
T em p eratu re by M eans of a Tw in G alvanom eter w ith P ho tog raph ic R ecording
[R esistance of Nickel B etw een 300° a n d 430° C.]. E . R o s e n b o h m a n d F . M .
J a e g e r (Proc. K . A k a d . Wet. A m sterdam , 1936, 39, (3), 3 7 4 -3 8 3 ).— [ I n E n g lis h .]
T h e t w i n g a lv a n o m e te r o f S a la d in a n d L e C h a te lie r c a n b e u s e d t o m e a s u re t h e
c h a n g e in r e s is ta n c e o f a m e ta l W ire o n h e a ti n g o r c o o lin g . O n e g a lv a n o m e te r
in c o n n e c tio n w i t h a W h e a ts to n e b r id g e in d ic a te s t h e r e s is ta n c e , w h ils t t h e
se c o n d g a lv a n o m e te r is c o n n e c te d t o a th e r m o c o u p le t o r e c o r d t h e c h a n g e in
t e m p e r a t u r e . A s u ita b le v a c u u m a p p a r a t u s is d e s c rib e d . R e s u lts a r e g iv e n
f o r t h e r e s is ta n c e o f n ic k e l w ire s w h e n h e a te d in a v a c u u m , a n d in t h e p re s e n c e
o f h y d r o g e n . O n h e a tin g in a v a c u u m t h e te m p e r a t u r e coeff. o f r e s is ta n c e
in c re a s e s u n t i l t h e f ir s t t r a n s i t i o n p o i n t a t 35 8 ° G ., b u t t h e n d e c re a s e s r a p id ly
t o 3 8 0 ° C ., w h e n a c o n s ta n t v a lu e is r e a c h e d . I n t h e p re s e n c e o f h y d r o g e n t h e
r e s is ta n c e o f n ic k e l is h ig h e r t h a n in a v a c u u m , b u t t h e d iffe re n c e b e c o m e s less
m a r k e d a t h ig h t e m p e r a t u r e s , s u g g e s tin g t h a t a b s o r b e d h y d r o g e n is g r a d u a lly
r e le a s e d . T h e t r a n s i t i o n p o in ts a n d t h e f o rm o f t h e c u r v e s in t h e i r n e ig h b o u r ­
h o o d a r e a ls o a f fe c te d b y t h e p re s e n c e o f h y d r o g e n .— W . H .- R .
*The Specific R esistance a n d T em p erature V ariation of R esistance of N ickel
a n d Some of Its Alloys in th e A nnealed a n d U nannealed States. ( T h o m a s a n d
D a v ie s .)
S e e p . 517.
*The D eterm in atio n of th e T herm oelectrical F orce of M etals in a V acuum by
M eans of th e P h o tographically R ecording D ouble G alvanom eter [T herm oelectric
F orce of Iro n a n d N ickel A gainst Copper]. E . R o s e n b o h m a n d F . M . J a e g e r
(Proc. K . A k a d . Wet. A m sterd a m , 1 936, 39, (4 ), 4 6 9 -4 7 7 ).— [ I n E n g lis h .]
A n a p p a r a t u s is d e s c rib e d f o r t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e e .m .f. o f a w ire w i th
r e s p e c t t o a s t a n d a r d m e ta l. T h e th e r m o e le c tr ic fo rc e o f ir o n a n d n ic k e l
1936
I . — Properties of Metals
493
a g a in s t c o p p e r w a s s tu d ie d u p t o 9 50° a n d 390° C ., re s p e c tiv e ly , a n d t h e
e le c tric r e s is ta n c e o f ir o n w a s a ls o m e a s u re d . T h e th e r m o e le c tr ic fo rc e (E ) o f
ir o n a g a in s t c o p p e r is p o s itiv e a t lo w te m p e r a tu r e s , re a c h e s a m a x im u m a t
3 0 0 ° C ., a n d b e c o m e s z e ro a t 586° C ., a b o v e w h ic h te m p e r a tu r e E is n e g a tiv e .
A s lig h t c h a n g e in d ir e c tio n o f t h e E / T c u r v e o c c u rs a t t h e A 2 p o in t o f iro n , a n d
a m a r k e d c h a n g e i n d ir e c tio n a t t h e A 3 p o in t. T h e e .m .f. o f n ic k e l a g a in s t
c o p p e r is p o s itiv e b e tw e e n 3 0 0 ° a n d 4 0 0 ° C ., a n d t h e E / T c u rv e sh o w s a s lig h t
ir r e g u la r ity a t 3 43° C. N ic k e l a n d ir o n , in t h e r e g io n o f t h e i r C u rie p o in ts ,
b e h a v e in a n a n a lo g o u s m a n n e r a s r e g a r d s e le c tr ic a l r e s is ta n c e s a n d th e r m o ­
e le c tr ic p r o p e r tie s .— W . H .- R .
♦T h e Specific H eat of Nickel. E d m u n d C . S to n e r (P hil. M ag., 1936, [vii],
22, (145), 81-105). — A n a n a ly s is is m a d e o f t h e specific h e a t o f n ic k e l, w h ic h
is t r e a t e d a s t h e s u m o f f o u r t e r m s : CP -■ Cq i (Gp — C v) + Cp + C M,
w h e re CQ is t h e t e r m f o r la ttic e v ib r a tio n , CP is t h e e x p e r im e n ta l v a lu e , O r
is t h e sp ecific h e a t a t c o n s t a n t v o lu m e , CE t h e e le c tro n ic specific h e a t, a n d
(JM t h e m a g n e tic sp ecific h e a t. T h e m o re r e lia b le d a t a f o r t h e o b s e rv e d v a lu e
CP a r e c o lle c te d a n d d isc u sse d , a n d f o r e a c h t e r m in t h e a b o v e e x p re ss io n a
fig u re is g iv e n w ith t h e d isc u ssio n .— W . D . J .
♦S o m e H igh -T em peratu re Properties of Niobium . A . L . R e im a n n a n d C.
K e r r G r a n t (P hil. M ag., 1936, [v ii], 22, (145), 3 4 -4 8 ).— 'T h e p r o p e rtie s o f v e r y
p u r e n io b iu m w ire w e re e x a m in e d in t h e r a n g e 1 800°—2 4 0 0 ° K . w it h e x tre m e
p r e c a u tio n s t o a v o id c o n ta m in a tio n . (1) T h e r e la tio n s b e tw e e n t h e co lo u r-,
b r ig h tn e s s -, a n d t r u e - t e m p e r a t u r e s o f a n io b iu m w ire a n d also t h e t o ta l
r a d i a t i o n w e re s tu d ie d a s a f u n c tio n o f t h e h e a tin g c u r re n t. (2) T h e re la tio n
b e tw e e n t h e sp ecific r e s is ta n c e r in o h m .-c m ., a n d t h e a b s o lu te te m p e r a tu r e T
is g iv e n b y lo g lor = 0 -7354 lo g 10T — 6-586 i n t h e r a n g e c o n c e rn e d . (3)
T h e m e ltin g p o i n t is 2 7 9 0 ° K . ± 2 0 ° . (4) T h e r a t e o f e v a p o r a tio n w a s also
s tu d ie d a s a f u n c tio n o f te m p e r a tu r e . T h e i n t e r n a l l a t e n t h e a t o f e v a p o r a tio n
(i.e. t h a t p a r t o f t h e l a t e n t h e a t o f e v a p o r a tio n n o t c o n c e rn e d w ith w o rk o f
e x p a n s io n o r k in e tic e n e rg y o f t h e v a p o u r ) is 1 7 1 ,2 0 0 c a l./g rm .-m o l. (5)^ T h e
t h e r m io n ic e m issio n w a s also s tu d ie d , a n d t h e c o n s ta n ts o f t h e e m p iric a l
fo rm u la i = A T H ~ 'H kT, a r e i/r = 4 -0 1 3 e .v ., a n d A = 3 7 -2 /p a m p . c m r 2 d e g .2,
w h e re p is t h e e ffe c tiv e ro u g h n e s s f a c to r fo r th e su rfa c e . ( 6 ) N io b iu m h a s a
b o d y - c e n tre d c u b ic s t r u c tu r e , a n d t h e la tt ic e c o n s ta n t a t ro o m te m p e r a tu r e
is 3-2935 ± 0 -0 0 0 5 A .— W . H .- R .
D iffusion in Zeolitic Solids. M a x H . H e y (P hil. M ag., 1936, [v ii], 22, (147),
4 9 2 -4 9 7 ).— T h e o re tic a l t r e a t m e n t r e fe rr in g t o t h e w o rk o f W . J o s t a n d A .
W id m a n n (Z. physical. Chern., 1935, [B ], 29, 247) o n d iffu sio n o f h y d r o g e n in
p a lla d iu m .— W . D . J .
♦M ea su re m en ts of th e A tom ic H eats of P la tin u m and of Copper from 1-2
to 20° K . J . A . K o k a n d W . H . K e e s o m (Physica, 1936, 3, (9), 1 0 3 5 -1 0 4 5 ;
a n d Comm. K . Onnes Lab. Leiden N o . 245a). — T h e a to m ic h e a ts c a n b e r e p r e ­
s e n te d b y C , = D (2 3 3 /T ) + 0 -0 0 1 6 0 7 T in t h e case o f p la tin u m a n d C„ =
H ( 3 3 5 /T ) + 0 -0 0 0 1 7 7 7 2 7 in t h e ca se o f c o p p e r. T h e d e n s ity o f t h e e n e rg y
le v e ls in t h e e n e rg y b a n d c o rre s p o n d in g t o t h e 5 d e le c tro n s f o r p la tin u m m u s t
b e s e v e ra l tim e s t h e d e n s ity c o rre s p o n d in g t o p e r fe c tly fre e e le c tro n s . C o m ­
p a r is o n w i t h s u s c e p tib ility d a t a su g g e sts t h e e x is te n c e o f a n a p p re c ia b le
i n t e r a c tio n effe c t b e tw e e n n e ig h b o u r in g e le c tr o n sp in s . F o r c o p p e r t h e
d e n s ity o f t h e e n e rg y le v e ls ( a t t h e h ig h e s t lev el) is o n ly 1-5 tim e s t h e d e n s ity
c o rre s p o n d in g t o p e r fe c tly fre e 4 s e le c tro n s .— S . G.
♦T h e K inetics a n d H e a t of A dsorption of E thylene by P latinum . E . B.
M a x te d a n d C. H . M o o n (T ra n s. F araday Soc., 1936, 32, (9), 1 3 7 5 -1 3 8 1 ).—
T h e a d s o r p tio n o f e th y le n e b y p la tin u m b la c k ta k e s p la c e in tw o s ta g e s, th e
g r e a te r p a r t o f t h e t o t a l a d s o r p tio n ta k in g p la c e a lm o s t im m e d ia te ly o n
e x p o s u re o f t h e m e ta l t o t h e g a s a n d t h e r e m a in d e r a t s u c h a r a te t h a t th e
r a t i o o f t h e v o lu m e a d s o rb e d t o t h e s q u a re r o o t o f t h e tim e is a c o n s ta n t,
494
Metallurgical Abstracts
V o l. 3
i.e. a d s o rp tio n in t h e se c o n d s ta g e fo llo w s B a n g h a m a n d B u r t ’s la w ( P roc.
R oy. Soc., 1924, [A ], 105, 4 8 1 ). T h e m o le c u la r h e a t o f a d s o r p tio n is a b o u t
9 k g .-c a l.— A . R . P .
“"The Chem ical State of th e Photoelectrically Active L ayer of H ydrogen on
P la tin u m a n d T an talu m . K . R e g e r (Z. Physilc, 1936, 102, (3 /4 ), 1 5 6 -1 6 2 ).—
T h e p h o to e le c tr ic effe c ts o f la y e r s o f h y d r o g e n o n p la t i n u m a n d p a lla d iu m
a r e in v e s tig a te d . T h e e ffe c t o f p u r i ty a n d m o is tu r e c o n t e n t o f th e h y d r o g e n
is e x a m in e d , a n d i t is c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e e ffe c t is o n ly la rg e w h e n t h e h y d r o g e n
is a to m ic a n d n o t m o le c u la r.— B . 0 .
*The Photo-S en sitization of Film s of P o tassium by M eans of H ydrogen.
R . C. L . B o s w o r th (T ra n s. F a raday Soc., 1936, 32, (9 ), 1 3 6 9 -1 3 7 5 ).— M ona to m ic film s o f p o ta s s iu m o n tu n g s t e n d o n o t r e a c t w it h m o le c u la r h y d r o g e n
a t te m p e r a t u r e s b e lo w t h e v o la tiliz a tio n p o in t, b u t t h e y r e a c t w it h a to m ic
h y d r o g e n t o f o rm a W H K s u rfa c e w h ic h r e a c ts w it h m o re p o ta s s iu m to g iv e
a s e n s itiv e W K H K s u rfa c e . S till m o re s e n s itiv e s u rfa c e s m a y b e p r e p a r e d
b y d e p o s itin g p o ta s s iu m o n a f ila m e n t w h ic h h a s b e e n fla s h e d w i t h h y d r o g e n
t o g iv e a W H s u rfa c e .— A . R . P .
“"The E ffect of O utgassing P o tassium o n th e P hotoelectric Effect. F . K l a u e r
(A n n . Physilc, 1 9 3 4 , 20, 9 0 9 -9 1 8 ).— S . G .
“"The E lectrical C onductivity of T h in M etallic Film s. I.— R ubidium on
P yrex Glass Surfaces. A . C. B . L o v e ll (Proc. R oy. Soc., 1936, [A ], 157, (891),
3 1 1 -3 3 0 ).— A m e t h o d f o r o b ta in in g t h i n film s o f r u b id iu m b y m e a n s o f a
d e fin e d a to m ic b e a m is d e s c rib e d , a n d t h e c o n d itio n s r e q u ir e d t o g iv e c o n ­
s i s t e n t r e s i s t iv i t y m e a s u re m e n ts a r e d e fin e d . . F ilm s o f th ic k n e s s d o w n t o 1 A .
g a v e d e f in ite c o n d u c tiv itie s , b u t f o r film s b e lo w a b o u t 25 A . in th ic k n e s s , t h e
film s w e re s u b je c t t o a d e c a y o f c o n d u c tiv ity w i th tim e . T h e th ic k e r film s a r e
s h o w n t o o b e y O h m ’s la w , a n d h a v e c o n d u c tiv itie s a p p r o a c h in g t h a t o f th e
m e t a l i n b u lk . A t h e o r e tic a l d isc u ssio n is g iv e n o f th e v a r i a ti o n o f t h e
r e s i s t iv i t y w i t h th ic k n e s s a n d t e m p e r a t u r e .— B . C.
“"T ransm ission a n d R eflecting Pow ers of T hin Silver Film s from In fra-R e d to
U ltra-V iolet. F . G o o s (Z. Physilc, 1 9 3 6 , 100, (1 /2 ), 9 5 -1 1 2 ).— D e ta ils a r e g iv e n
o f m e a s u r e m e n ts o f t h e re fle c tiv itie s a n d a b s o r p tio n s o f s ilv e r film s o n q u a r tz
f o r m o n o c h r o m a tic l i g h t f ro m 2 6 5 t o 1050 m p., t h e s ilv e r film s h a v in g t h ic k ­
n e s se s o f 0-8 t o 142 m ji. I n a d d it io n t o t h e e x p e r im e n ta l r e s u lts , c o n s id e ra ­
tio n s r e la tin g t o t h e s t r u c tu r e o f t h e film s a r e g iv e n .— B . C.
*On th e K now ledge of F u n d a m e n ta l A tom ic W eights. R elation of Silver
N itrate to Silver Chloride. 0 . H o n ig s c h m id a n d R . S c h le e (Angew. Chem.,
1 9 3 6 , 49, (2 8 ), 4 6 4 —466).— F r o m t h e e x p e r im e n ts d e s c rib e d t h e fo llo w in g
f u n d a m e n ta l a to m ic w e ig h ts a r e d e r iv e d (0 = 1 6 ) : s ilv e r 107-881 ± 0 -0 0 2 ,
c h lo rin e 35 -4 5 6 ± 0 -0 0 2 , n itr o g e n 14-009 ± 0 -0 0 3 .— A . R . P .
“"Viscosity of L iquid Sodium a n d P o tassium . Y . S . C h io n g (Proc. R oy. Soc.,
1936, [A ], 157, (891), 2 6 4 -2 7 7 ).— M e a s u r e m e n ts a r e g iv e n o f t h e v isc o s itie s o f
liq u id s o d iu m a n d p o ta s s iu m b y t h e m e th o d ( p re v io u s ly d e s c rib e d ) o f th e
d a m p in g o f t h e o sc illa tio n s o f a s p h e re c o n ta in in g t h e liq u id . T h e r e s u lts a r e
s h o w n t o a g re e c lo se ly w it h A n d r a d e ’s v is c o s ity th e o r y e x c e p t v e r y close t o t h e
m e ltin g p o in t.— B . C.
“"The P hotovoltaic Effect for Sodium . R o b e r t B . G ib n e y a n d M a lc o lm D o le
(J. Chem. P hysics, 1 936, 4, (10), 6 5 3 -6 5 7 ).— S . G .
“"The Influence of M echanical D eform atio n on th e T ran sition Velocity of
P olym orp hic M etals. I I .— T he Influence of M etallic Im p u rities [on the
T ran sitio n fro m W hite to Grey T in]. E r n s t C o h e n a n d A . K . W . A . v a n
L ie s h o u t (Proc. K . Alcad. Wet. A m sterdam , 1936, 39, (3), 3 5 2 -3 5 8 ).— [ I n
G e rm a n .] Cf. M et. A h s., 1935, 2, 5 6 0 . “ B a n k a ” t i n o f 9 9 -9 5 % p u r i t y w a s
a llo y e d w i t h 0 - 0 1 -1 - 0 % o f d if fe r e n t m e ta ls . T h e sp e c im e n s w e re m e lte d in
e v a c u a te d g la s s tu b e s , a n d w e re t h e n co o le d in a ir , a n d d r a w n in to w ire a t
— 8 0 ° C . S a m p le s w e re t h e n k e p t in s e a le d g la s s tu b e s a t te m p e r a tu r e s
1936
I . — Properties of Metals
495
b e tw e e n 0 ° a n d — 5 0 ° C. f o r p e r io d s u p t o 63 d a y s , a n d t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f tin p e s t n o te d a t in te r v a ls . B is m u th , le a d , a n tim o n y , c a d m iu m , a n d s ilv e r r e t a r d
t h e t r a n s f o r m a tio n f ro m w h ite t o g r e y t i n a t — 5 0 ° C. Z in c a n d a lu m in iu m
in c r e a s e t h e v e lo c ity o f t h e tr a n s f o r m a tio n e n o rm o u s ly . T h u s , w ith 0*05%
o f a lu m in iu m t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f ti n - p e s t w a s n o te d a f t e r 4 d a y s a t 0° C ., w h ilst
t h e B a n k a t i n sh o w e d n o c h a n g e a f t e r 62 d a y s . A ll t h e sp e c im e n s w e re p r e ­
p a r e d u n d e r id e n tic a l c o n d itio n s o f m e ltin g a n d c o ld -w o rk in g . W . H .- R .
*An E lectric P ressure D ilato m eter [Effect of P ressure on th e Allotropic
T ran sfo rm a tio n T em peratu re of T in]. E r n s t C o h e n a n d A . K . W . A . v a n
L ie s h o u t (P roc. K . A k a d . Wet. A m sterdam , 1936, 39, (5), 5 9 6 -6 0 3 ).— [ I n
G e rm a n .] A d ila to m e te r is d e s c rib e d w h ic h is s u ita b le f o r t h e s tu d y o f th e
effe c t o f p r e s s u re o n p o ly m o rp h ic t r a n s f o r m a tio n s . T h e d e s ig n is o n e in
w h ic h t h e c h a n g e s o f v o lu m e a ffe c t t h e le v e l o f a c o lu m n o f m e r c u r y in a tu b e
c o n ta in in g a t h i n p la tin u m w ire , t h e r e s is ta n c e o f t h e e x p o s e d p o r tio n o f th e
w ire b e in g m e a s u re d . T h e c h a n g e f ro m g r e y t o w h ite t i n w a s s tu d ie d a t
p r e s s u re s u p t o 2 0 0 a tm . W it h a c t iv a t e d g r e y t i n (C o h en a n d L ie s h o u t,
M et. A b s., 1935, 2, 4 1 5 ), a t 13-2° C. t h e tr a n s f o r m a tio n ta k e s p la c e s p o n ­
ta n e o u s ly a t 2 0 0 a t m . p r e s s u re , a n d a f t e r 3,] h rs . a b o u t 2 5 % o f t h e g r e y t i n
h a s b e e n tr a n s f o r m e d .— W . H .- R .
*The E xact M easurem ent of th e Specific H eats of M etals a t H ig h T em ­
peratures. X X III.— The Calorim etrical, E lectrical, and T herm oelectrical
B ehaviour of D uctile T itan iu m . — I . —II. F .M . J a e g e r , E . R o s e n b o h m , a n d R .
F o n te y n e (Proc. K . A k a d . Wet. A m sterdam , 1936, 39, (4), 4 4 2 -4 5 2 , 4 5 3 -4 6 1 ).—
[ I n E n g lis h .] ( I .— ) T h e sp ecific h e a t o f p u r e d u c tile t it a n iu m w a s m e a s u re d
in t h e ra n g e 2 0 0 ° - 1 2 0 0 ° C. I n th e r a n g e 2 0 0 ° -3 5 0 ° C. t h e specific h e a t in c re a se s
c o m p a r a tiv e ly r a p id ly w i th te m p e r a tu r e , b u t b e tw e e n 35 0 ° a n d 6 0 0 ° C. th e
r a t e o f in c re a s e is sm a ll, a n d t h e sp ecific h e a t—te m p e r a tu r e c u rv e sh o w s a
p o i n t o f in fle c tio n . T h e sp ecific h e a t t h e n in c re a s e s w it h in c re a s e o f t e m ­
p e r a tu r e , a n d in t h e r a n g e 8 0 0 ° -9 0 5 ° C. r e a c h e s e x tr e m e ly h ig h v a lu e s (o f t h e
o r d e r 2 0 - 3 3 c a l.). A b o v e 90 5 ° C. t h e field o f e x is te n c e o f s ta b le [i t i t a n i u m is
r e a c h e d , a n d t h e sp ecific h e a t is in d e p e n d e n t o f te m p e r a tu r e , a n d e q u a ls
7-525 c a l. T h e r e s u lts d o n o t a llo w a th e o r e tic a l in te r p r e t a ti o n , b u t su g g e s t
t h a t a re g io n o f s t r u c t u r a l d is tu r b a n c e e x is ts b e tw e e n 8 0 0 ° a n d 905° C. T h e
sp ecific h e a t ^ t e m p e r a t u r e c u r v e s also sh o w c e r ta in m in o r ir re g u la r itie s , w h ic h
a r e d e a l t w i t h i n l a t e r p a p e r s (cf. fo llo w in g a b s tr a c ts ) . ( I I . — ) D iffe re n tia l
h e a t - c a p a c it y c u r v e s c o n firm t h e c o n c lu s io n (cf. (I) a b o v e ) t h a t t h e specific
h e a t - t e m p e r a t u r e c u rv e s f o r d u c tile t it a n iu m sh o w a n u m b e r o f m in o r b r e a k s
o r irre g u la r itie s . M o re e a s ily r e p ro d u c ib le irre g u la r itie s w e re f o u n d in th e
re g io n s 2 5 0 ° -2 7 0 ° , 2 9 7 ° -3 0 0 ° , 5 0 8 °, 631°, a n d 882° C. T h e c u rv e s sh o w
c o m p lic a te d h y s te re s is effe c ts, a n d w h e n a n ir r e g u la r ity h a s o c c u r r e d a t a
h ig h te m p e r a tu r e , i t s in flu e n c e o n su c c e ssiv e “ tr a n s itio n s ” a t lo w e r t e m ­
p e r a tu r e s is a lw a y s p a r t ia ll y p r e s e r v e d . T h e c u rv e s c o n n e c tin g t h e e le c tric a l
r e s is ta n c e a n d t e m p e r a t u r e sh o w s im ila r irre g u la r itie s . T h e s e “ tr a n s it io n
p o in ts ” m a y b e c o n n e c te d w it h t h e p re se n c e o f tr a c e s o f o x y g e n , sin c e th e
r e s i s t a n c e - t e m p e r a t u r e c u rv e w a s g r e a tly c h a n g e d w h e n a i r w a s a d m i tt e d fo r
a s h o r t tim e , a n d t h e w ire b e c a m e c o v e re d w ith a v isib le film o f o x id e .— H .- R .
*The E xact M easurem ent of th e Specific H eats of M etals a t H ig h T em p era­
tu res. XXIV.— The C alorim etrical, E lectrical, and T herm oelectrical B ehaviour
of D uctile T itan iu m . — H I. F . M . J a e g e r , E . R o s e n b o h m , a n d R . F o n te y n e
(Proc. K . ATcad, Wet. A m sterdam , 1936, 39, (4), 4 6 2 -4 6 9 ).— [ I n E n g lis h .] T h e
th e r m o e le c tr ic fo rc e ( E ) o f a t it a n i u m —g o ld th e r m o c o u p le w a s m e a s u re d a t
te m p e r a t u r e s u p t o 1020° C . ; a p o s itiv e v a lu e o f E m e a n s t h a t a t t h e h o t
ju n c t i o n t h e c u r r e n t flow s f ro m t h e g o ld w ire t o th e t i t a n i u m w ire . O n in ­
c re a s in g t h e t e m p e r a tu r e , E is a t firs t p o s itiv e , a n d re a c h e s a m a x im u m a t
a b o u t 2 5 0 ° C ., a f t e r w h ic h E d e c re a s e s w i th in c re a s in g t e m p e r a tu r e , b eco m es
z e ro a t 4 9 0 ° C ., a n d t h e n h a s n e g a tiv e v a l u e s ; a d e e p m in im u m is r e a c h e d a t
496
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
8 6 0 ° C . fo llo w e d b y a v e r y s te e p r is e o f t h e c u r v e , w h ic h s u g g e s ts t h a t p o s itiv e
v a lu e s w ill a g a in b e r e a c h e d a t a h ig h e r t e m p e r a t u r e . A p a r t fro m t h e a h o v e
g e n e r a l t r e n d o f t h e c u r v e , s lig h t ir r e g u la r m a x im a o c c u r a t a b o u t 620° a n d
7 2 0 ° C ., re s p e c tiv e ly . T h e c u rv e s s h o w m a r k e d h y s te re s is p h e n o m e n a w h ic h
a r e in a d ir e c tio n o p p o s ite t o t h a t o b s e rv e d in t h e e le c tr ic a l r e s is ta n c e m e a s u re ­
m e n ts (cf. p r e c e d in g a b s tr a c t) . T h e s e e ffe c ts a r e p r o b a b ly d u e p a r t l y t o th e
p re s e n c e o f tr a c e s o f o x y g e n , a n d p a r t l y t o t h e ta r d in e s s o f t h e re v e rs ib le
a llo tr o p ie c h a n g e o f a ^ (3 t i t a n i u m a t 882°—90 5 ° C .— W . H .- R .
♦T h e T ran sitio n oî H exagon al a -T ita n iu m in to R eg u lar [3-Titanium a t H igh
T em perature, (d e B o e r, B u r g e r s , a n d F a s t .) S ee p . 531.
*T he A tom ic W eight of T un gsten . A nalysis of T un gsten H exachloride.
0 . H o n ig s c h m id a n d W . M e n n (Z. anorg. Ghem., 1936, 2 2 9 , (1), 4 9 -6 4 ).—
A n a ly s is o f t h e h e x a c h lo r id e p u r ifie d b y r e p e a te d f r a c tio n a l d is tilla tio n g a v e
a v a lu e o f 183-92 f o r t h e a to m ic w e ig h t o f tu n g s t e n .— A . R . P .
*A n In v estig atio n of Irreg u la rities in T herm ionic E m ission from T ungsten.
F e lix L . Y e r z le y (P hys. R ev., 1 9 36, [ii], 50, (7 ), 6 1 0 -6 1 6 ).— A t u b e w ith a
m o v in g e le c tr o d e w a s u s e d t o in v e s tig a te v a r ia tio n s in e m iss io n d e n s ity
o v e r t h e l e n g t h o f a s t r a ig h t tu n g s t e n f ila m e n t ; b o t h p o s itiv e io n a n d e le c tro n
e m iss io n w e re s tu d ie d . A f te r a c r itic a l t e m p e r a tu r e is e x c e e d e d , p o s itiv e io n
e m is s io n is lim ite d t o n a r r o w re g io n s n e a r th e le a d w ire c o n n e c tio n s , in d ic a tin g
t h a t t h e c e n tr a l re g io n c a n b e th o r o u g h ly c le a n e d . I n s p ite o f th is , e le c tr o n
e m iss io n is n o t u n if o rm , b u t o c c u rs in a s ta b le th o u g h ir re g u la r p a t t e r n . T h e
i r r e g u la r ity is a s c rib e d t o d iffe re n c e s i n w o r k -f u n c tio n , o r t o d iffe re n c e s in
a c t u a l a r e a c o v e re d b y t h e s lit, o r t o a c o m b in a tio n o f t h e tw o .— W . H .- R .
♦T h e P ro d u ctio n a n d Investigatio n of a New Source of A lkali Io ns. J ô r g e n
K o c h (Z . P h y s ik , 1 936, 100, (1 1 /1 2 ), 6 6 9 -6 8 4 ).— A d e s c rip tio n is g iv e n o f th e
p r e p a r a t i o n o f a n a n o d e f ro m tu n g s t e n p o w d e r a n d a n a lk a li c h lo rid e . D e ta ils
o f t h e a n a ly s is o f t h e io n s p r o d u c e d f ro m i t a r e g iv e n .— B . C.
♦S tu d y of th e B o m bard m en t of a Previously H eated T ungsten Surface by
Positive C æ sium Ions. J ô r g e n K o c h (Z . P h ysik , 1936, 100, (1 1 /1 2 ), 6 8 5 7 0 1 ).— E x p e r im e n ts a r e d e s c rib e d o n t h e re fle c tio n o f c æ siu m io n s a n d th e
e m iss io n o f e le c tr o n s w h e n a tu n g s t e n s u rfa c e is b o m b a r d e d w ith c æ siu m
io n s. T h e s t a t e o f t h e s u rfa c e w a s s ta n d a r d iz e d b y h e a tin g t o a b o v e 1 3 0 0 ° C .,
a n d c o n s is te n t r e s u lts fo llo w ed . I t is sh o w n t h a t a t h i n la y e r o f c æ siu m is
a d s o r b e d b y t h e t u n g s t e n , a n d r e a c h e s a s a t u r a t i o n v a lu e . I t c a n b e re m o v e d
b y h e a tin g t h e t u n g s t e n .— B . C.
♦S u rfa c e Ion ization of C æ sium on T ungsten. M . J . C o p le y a n d J u l i a n
G la s se r (J. A m e r. Chem. Soc., 1936, 58, ( 6 ), 1 0 5 7 -1 0 5 8 ).— S . G .
♦T h e Influence of U ltrasonic W aves on th e Process of Solidification of M olten
M etal [Z inc]. S . S o k o lo ff (A cta P hysicochim ica U .R .S .S ., 1935, 3, ( 6 ), 9 3 9 9 4 4 ).— [ I n F r e n c h .]
T h e in flu e n c e o f u ltr a s o n ic v i b r a tio n s o f fre q u e n c ie s
6 X 1 0 5 t o 4 -5 X 10 6 cy c le s o n t h e co o lin g c u rv e s a n d s t r u c t u r e o f c a s t z in c is
s h o w n . T h e r e s u lts in d ic a te t h a t t h e so lid ific a tio n t a k e s p la c e m o re q u ic k ly
w i t h u ltr a s o n ic v i b r a t i o n t h a n w i th o u t, a n d t h a t t h e r e s u ltin g s tr u c t u r e is
m o r e d e n d r itic .— B . C.
♦ T h e E lastic C onstants a n d Specific H eats of th e A lkali M etals. K . F u c h s
(Proc. R o y. Soc., 1936, [A ], 157, (891), 4 4 4 ^ 4 5 0 ).— C o rre c tio n s a re m a d e to
c a lc u la tio n s g iv e n in a p r e v io u s p a p e r o n t h e e la s tic c o n s ta n ts o f t h e a lk a li
m e ta ls . T h e c o r re c te d r e s u lts a r e c o m p a r e d w i th r e c e n t e x p e r im e n ta l
d e te r m in a tio n s . A n a t t e m p t is m a d e t o e x p la in t h e la r g e d e v ia tio n s f ro m
t h e D e b y e t h e o r y o f t h e sp e cific h e a t s o f th e a lk a li m e ta ls .— B . C.
♦T h e C rystallization of M etals F ree fro m th e Influence of G ravitation. A .
G la z u n o v a n d N . L a z a r e v (Congrès In tern a t. M in e s M et. Gtol., Section de
M étallurgie, 1936, 2 , 1 8 5 - 1 8 8 ; a n d R ev. M et., 1936, 33, (7), 4 3 8 -4 4 1 ).— [ I n
F r e n c h .] T h e so lid ific a tio n o f a s p h e ric a l d r o p o f a p u r e m e ta l w h e n s u s p e n d e d
in a liq u id o f t h e s a m e d e n s ity a s t h a t o f t h e liq u id m e ta l a t t h e m e ltin g p o in t
1936
497
I .— Properties of Metals
w a s s tu d ie d . F o r m a g n e s iu m , a b a t h c o n s is tin g o f lith iu m c h lo rid e 85 a n d
lit h i u m flu o rid e 1 5 % , h a v in g a d e n s ity o f 1-60 a t 6 50° C ., w a s u se d . F o r
a lu m in iu m , t h e m e ta l w a s s u s p e n d e d in a b a t h c o n ta in in g b a r iu m c h lo rid e 4 0 ,
c a lc iu m c h lo rid e 4 5 , a n d so d iu m c h lo rid e 1 5 % . I n th e s e c o n d itio n s, o n slow
co o lin g , c r y s ta lliz a tio n b e g in s a t a n u m b e r o f c e n tr e s d is tr i b u te d u n ifo rm ly
t h r o u g h o u t t h e m e ta l a n d p ro c e e d s u n if o rm ly in a ll d ire c tio n s . A c o m p a c t b a ll
o f m e ta l, fre e f ro m c a v itie s a n d b lo w -h o le s is t h u s o b ta in e d .— J . C. C.
*The L iquid State a n d th e T heory of F usion. I — C ontinuity B etw een the
Solid a n d L iquid States. J . F r e n k e l (A cta P h ysic o ch im c a u .R .R .o ., 1945, 3,
(5), 6 3 3 -6 4 9 ). [ I n E n g lis h .] F . d is c u s s e s t h e tr a n s i ti o n b e tw e e n t h e so lid
a n d liq u id w h e n t h e so lid is a m o r p h o u s , w it h re fe re n c e t o t h e p r o p e rtie s t h a t
a r e c o n tin u o u s in t h e tw o s ta te s ; t h e t r a n s i t io n b e tw e e n liq u id s a n d c ry s ta ls ,
w h ic h is s h o w n t o b e a q u a n t i t a t i v e r a t h e r t h a n a q u a lita tiv e c h a n g e ; a n d t h e
in flu e n c e of p o s itiv e a n d n e g a tiv e p re s s u re s o n fu sio n .— B . C.
»The Liquid State a n d th e T heory of Fusion. I I . — T he T heory of F usion and
C rystallization. J . F r e n k e l (A cta Physicochim ica U .R .R .R ., 1935, 8 , (b),
9 1 3 -9 3 8 ). [ I n E n g lis h .] T h e a n a lo g y b e tw e e n t h e s o lid - h q m d a n d t h e
l i q u i d - v a p o u r t r a n s f o r m a tio n s is d isc u sse d , a n d i t is s h o w n t h a t t h e th r e e
s t a te s c a n h e r e p r e s e n te d o n a sin g le is o th e r m a l o n w h ic h th e r e a r e tw o u n s ta b le
r e g io n s c o r r e s p o n d in g t o t h e tw o c h a n g e s o f s t a t e .
B .C .
"*The P roblem of Gases in M etals. G . C h a u d ro n (Chim. et In d ., 1936, 35,
(4) 7 5 9 - 7 6 7 ; a ls o ( a b rid g e d ) Rev. Fonderie moderne, 1936, F e b . 1, 3 5 - 3 9 ;
a n d ( s u m m a ry ) Usine, 1 936, 45, (5 ), 3 7 ).— G a se s e n c lo s e d in m e ta ls m a y b e
c la s se d a s : ( 1 ) th o s e r e ta in e d b y p h y s ic a l a d s o r p tio n o n t h e s u r f a c e ; ( 2 ) th o s e
o c c lu d e d a n d h e ld m e c h a n ic a lly ; a n d (3) th o s e c o m b in e d w ith t h e m e ta l
o r t h e a llo y . T h e se d iv isio n s a r e e x p la in e d a n d d isc u sse d , e x a m p le s b eing
q u o te d . T h e la w f o r t h e s o lu b ility o f a g a s (e.g. h y d ro g e n ) in m e ta l is g iv e n
a s Cn = K V P ~ , w h e r e C is t h e c o n c e n tr a tio n o f h y d r o g e n a to m s a n d P „ 2
is t h e p re s s u re . 2 W i t h c e r ta in c o m b in a tio n s o f g a s a n d m e ta l— h y d r o g e n in
p a lla d iu m , t a n t a l u m , c e riu m , a n d la n t h a n u m , a n d n itro g e n in m a n g a n e s e a n d
c h ro m iu m , t h e f o r m a tio n o f h y d r id e s a n d n itr id e s , r e s p e c tiv e ly , h a s b een
d e m o n s tr a te d . V a rio u s a s p e c ts o f d iffu s io n o f g a s e s in m e ta ls a r e re v ie w e d .
I n p r e p a r in g m e ta l c o n ta in in g a m in im u m q u a n t i t y o f g a s i t h a s b e e n effe c tiv e
t o m a i n t a i n t h e f o rm e r a t a n e le v a te d t e m p e r a tu r e u n d e r lo w p re ss u re .
M e th o d s f o r t h e e x t r a c t i o n a n d e x a m in a tio n o f e n t r a p p e d g a se s a r e d e sc rib e d .
A n e w m e th o d o f d e g a s sin g in a h ig h v a c u u m d is c h a rg e t u b e a n d a t o r d in a ry
t e m p e r a tu r e s is g iv e n , a n d a p p e a r s to y ie ld r e s u lts o f g a s c o n te n t co m ­
p a r a b le w i t h th o s e o b ta in e d f ro m a n a n a ly s is o f t h e o rig in a l m a te r ia l. ^ ^
Gaseous a n d Solid Im purities in Ing ots. J . H . A n d re w s (A lu m in iu m and
N on-F errous R ev., 1935, 1, (2), 5 9 ).— S u m m a ry o f a p a p e r r e a d b e fo re t h e
M id la n d M e ta llu rg ic a l S o c ie ty .— J . C . C .
„
. . /c,
,
,
The Diffusion of Gases T hroug h M etals. ------ (M etallurgist (S u p p t. t o
Engineer), 1936, 10, 1 1 3 -1 1 5 ).— A b r ie f re v ie w o f r e c e n t p a p e r s , re fe rrin g
p a r t ic u la r ly t o t h e r e s u lts o f S m ith e lls a n d R a n s le y , Proc. R oy. Roc., 1935,
[A ], 152, 7 0 6 ; see M et. A b s., 1935, 2, 553.— R . G.
A Survey of th e F u n d a m en ta l Principles of th e P lasticity of Metals. H .
S c h le c h tw e g (Techn. M itt. K ru p p , 1936, 4, 2 9 -3 4 ). S. G ;
.. .
+A R eview of R ecent R esearch W o rk on P lasticity. A . N a d a i (J. A p p lied
M echanics, 1936, 3, (3), A 10 4 -1 0 6 ).— A c r itic a l re v ie w o f r e c e n t re s e a rc h w o rk
d e a lin g w i t h v is c o s ity a n d p l a s ti c it y in so lid s, p la s tic d e f o rm a tio n o t sm gle
c r y s ta ls , a n d t h e c re e p o f m e ta ls u n d e r c o m b in e d s tre s s .— J . W . D .
Notes on N adai’s T heory of P lasticity (A Study on th e P a rtia l Yielding of a
H ollow Cylinder u n d e r P ressure). K ik u s a b u r o N a g a s h im a (J. Roc. M eek.
E ng. J a p a n , 1934, 37, (211), 8 0 5 -8 0 6 ).— [ I n J a p a n e s e .] S ee M et. A bs., th is
v o l., p . 3 4 5 .— S. G .
498
Metallurgical Abstracts
V o l. 3
R eply to a P a p e r by K u n tz e : “ R elatio n s B etw een Cohesion a n d P la s­
tic ity .” N . D a v id e n k o w a n d E . S h e v a n d in (Z h u r n a l Tehnicheskoy Fizilci
(,J . Tech. P hysics), 1935, 5, (1 0 ), 1 7 7 3 -1 7 7 5 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] Cf. M et. A bs.,
1935, 2, 175. P o le m ic a l. I t is c o n s id e re d t h a t e x tr a p o la t io n f ro m a v is c o u s
t o a b r i t t l e re g io n c a n n o t g iv e a n id e a o f t h e a c t u a l b r ittle n e s s o f a m e ta l.
— N . A.
*The E ffect oi Stress on th e P lasticity ot M etallic M aterials. (M aier.) S ee
p . 6 22.
*On th e T em perature-D ependence of Crystal P lasticity . W . B o a s a n d E .
S c h m id (Z . P h y s ik , 1936, 100, (7 /8 ), 4 6 3 -4 7 0 ).— E x p e r im e n ts o n t h e r a t e s o f
e x te n s io n o f sin g le c r y s ta ls o f z in c , b is m u th , t i n , a n d c a d m iu m u n d e r c o n s ta n t
l o a d a t t e m p e r a t u r e s n e a r ro o m t e m p e r a tu r e a n d n e a r 9 0 ° A . sh o w e d t h a t
t h e p r e d ic tio n s o f t h e B e c k e r- O r o w a n th e o r y a r e n o t c o r re c t. (S ee fo llo w in g
a b s t r a c t .) — B . C.
*On th e T em perature-D ependence of Crystal P lasticity. E . O ro w a n (Z.
P h y s ik , 1 9 3 6 , 101, (1 /2 ), 1 1 2 -1 1 8 ).— A d is c u s s io n o n a p a p e r b y B o a s a n d
S c h m id t (p re c e d in g a b s t r a c t ) , p o in tin g o u t t h e d iffe re n c e s t o b e e x p e c te d
b e tw e e n r e s u lts o n c r y s ta l p l a s ti c it y a n d t e m p e r a tu r e a t lo w a n d ro o m
te m p e r a t u r e s . T h e r e s u lts o f B o a s a n d S c h m id t a r e d is c u s s e d in te r m s o f th e
B e c k e r f o r m u la .— B . C.
*On th e R a te of Creep of M etals u n d e r a C onstant L oad. A n to n P o m p a n d
W a l t e r L ä n g e (M itt. K .- W . I n s t. E isenforsch. Düsseldorf, 1936, 18, ( 6 ),
5 1 - 6 3 ).— T h e r e s u lts o f c re e p t e s ts o n c o p p e r a t 3 0 , 4 0 , 5 5, a n d 7 0 ° C ., o n zin c
a t 2 5 , 4 0 , 5 5 , a n d 7 0 ° C ., a n d o n le a d a t 3 0 ° C. a r e s h o w n in a se rie s o f g r a p h s .
N o p e r io d ic ity in t h e e lo n g a tio n c u r v e s d u e t o t h e c o n ju n c tio n o f h a r d e n in g
a n d r e c r y s ta lliz a tio n p h e n o m e n a w a s o b s e rv e d w it h a n y o f t h e m e ta ls . R e ­
c o m m e n d a tio n s a r e m a d e f o r s t a n d a r d c o n d itio n s f o r s h o r t ti m e c re e p t e s ts o n
th e s e m e ta ls .— A . R . P .
*The Creep of M etals. — I I. A . N a d a i a n d E . A . D a v is (J. A p p lie d M echanics,
1 936, 3, (1), a 7 - 1 4 ) .— C f. M et. A b s., t h i s v o l., p . 2 9 2 . A n u m b e r o f ca se s o f th e
slo w flo w o f s o lid s w i t h p a r t ic u l a r re fe re n c e to t h e c re e p o f m e ta ls in t h e s tr a in h a r d e n in g r a n g e a r e c o n s id e re d . M e a n s a r e d e v e lo p e d t o in c lu d e s tr a in h a r d e n in g w h e n d isc u ssin g o b s e r v a tio n s o n t h e c re e p o f m e ta ls . C re e p t e s ts
w i t h s o f t a n d s tr a i n - h a r d e n e d c o p p e r a t r o o m te m p e r a tu r e a r e in c lu d e d ,
w h ic h s u p p o r t t h e lo g a r ith m a l s p e e d la w f o r c o p p e r a t t h e h ig h s p e e d s o f
d e f o r m a tio n o c c u r r in g i n t h e t e s ts .— J . W . D .
tD e sig n A spect of Creep. R . W . B a ile y (J. Applied, M echanics, 1936, 3, (1),
a 1 - 6 ).— S o m e o f t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t f a c to r s c o n c e rn e d i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a
r a t i o n a l t r e a t m e n t o f c re e p f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f e n g in e e rin g d e s ig n a r e b rie fly
d e a l t w ith , a n d c o n s id e r a tio n is g iv e n t o t h e a p p lic a tio n s o f c re e p t o d e s ig n
p r o b le m s w i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e fe re n c e t o h o llo w c y lin d e rs s u b je c te d t o in te r n a l
p r e s s u re , s te a m p ip in g , a n d r o t a t i n g d isc s. T h e d e te r m in a tio n o f c re e p
p r o p e r tie s f o r d e s ig n a s r e g a r d s p e rm is s ib le s tre s s e s , r e la tio n b e tw e e n c re e p
r a t e s , a n d t h e in flu e n c e o f p ro lo n g e d h e a tin g o n c re e p p r o p e r tie s a r e a ls o d e a lt
w ith , a n d i t is s t a te d , t h a t in s p ite o f t h e c o m p lic a te d n a t u r e o f c re e p p h e n o ­
m e n a , th e r e is n o r e a s o n w h y t h e t r e a t m e n t o f cre e p f o r d e s ig n s h o u ld n o t b e a s
s a t is f a c t o r y a n d r e lia b le a s t h e t r e a t m e n t u s e d f o r m a te r ia ls u n d e r e la s tic
c o n d itio n s .— J . W . D .
Seizure of M etals a t E levated T em peratu res a n d M ethods of T esting for
Propensity T ow ard Seizure. ------- (M ech. E n g ., 1936, 58, (1 0 ), 1 6 5 - 1 6 8 ;
a ls o M ech. W orld, 1936, 99, (2 5 7 9 ), 5 6 9 - 5 7 0 ; a n d L ight M etals R ev., 1936, 2,
(2 1 ), 3 7 2 -3 7 3 ).— A b b r e v ia te d f ro m a P ro g r e s s R e p o r t b y S u b -G ro u p N o n
W e a r a n d S e iz u re t o t h e A .S .T .M .-A .S .M .E . J o i n t R e s e a r c h C o m m itte e o n
t h e E ff e c t o f T e m p e r a tu r e o n t h e P r o p e r tie s o f M e ta ls. T h e te s tin g m e th o d s o f
M o c h e l, S p rin g , a n d B o lto n a r e d e s c r ib e d ; c o n d itio n s c o n tr ib u tin g to se iz u re
a r e a n a ly z e d a n d c h a r a c te r is tic p h e n o m e n a a r e illu s tr a te d .— P . M . C. R .
1936
I . — Properties of Metals
499
* In te rn a l D issipation in Solids io r Sm all Cyclic Strains. R . L . W e g e l a n d
W a lth e r (Physics, 1935, 6, (4), 1 4 1 - 1 5 7 ; a n d Bell Telephone System,
Metallurgy, Monograph B864, 1935, p . 17).— T h e in te r n a l d is s ip a tio n o r
e la s tic h y s te re s is o f v a r io u s s u b s ta n c e s is d e te r m in e d b y t h e r e s o n a n t ro d
m e th o d . T h e s tr a in s a r e v a r ie d f ro m 10 “-5 t o H r 8, a n d t h e fre q u e n c y r a n g e is
1 () 2 t o 1 0 s c y cles, a n d t h e h y s te re s is c o n s ta n t a n d it s v a r ia tio n w ith fre q u e n c y
is g iv e n fo r a n u m b e r o f m e ta ls a n d a llo y s a n d a few n o n -m e ta ls . T h e effect
o f h e a t - t r e a t m e n t a n d o f t e m p e r a tu r e o n t h e h y s te re s is c o n s ta n ts a r e also
g iv e n , a n d i t is s h o w n t h a t d is s ip a tio n u s u a lly d e c re a s e s a s g ra in -s iz e in crease s.
H
*On th e M echanical P roperties a n d Crystalline S tru ctu re of Metals. Y o ic h i
K id a n i (Trans. Soc. Mech. Eng. Japan, 1936, 2, ( 6 ), 6 1 -6 7 ).— [ I n J a p a n e s e ,
w ith E n g lis h s u m m a r y in s u p p t ., p p . 1 7 -1 8 .] T h e b e n d in g o f a sin g le c r y s ta l
o f a lu m in iu m sh o w s t h a t r o t a ti o n a l slip o c c u rs in th e s lip -p la n e b y t h e u n ifo rm
b e n d in g o f c r y s ta l p la te s , t h a t r e p e a te d b e n d in g o f o n e sid e p ro d u c e s c o ld -w o rk
a n d a l t e r n a t e b e n d in g p ro d u c e s fa tig u e , a n d t h a t t h e lo a d c o rre s p o n d in g w ith
t h e y ie ld - p o in t o b ta in e d b y g r a d u a l b e n d in g d iffe rs a c c o rd in g to t h e o r ie n ta tio n
o f e a c h c r y s ta l. T h e d a m p in g v i b r a t i o n o f a sin g le c r y s ta l p l a te w a s s tu d ie d
a n d t h e lo g a r ith m ic d e c r e m e n t o n t h e c r y s ta llo g r a p h ic a l d ir e c tio n d e d u c e d .
I t is a ls o s h o w n t h a t a n e x te r n a l fo rc e a p p lie d o n m e ta l d e fo rm s e a c h g r a in in
a n e n tir e ly a r b i t r a r y m a n n e r sin c e m e ta l is a n a g g r e g a te o f sm a ll g r a in s w h ic h
c r y s ta llo g r a p h ic a l a x is d ir e c t i n a r b i t r a r y d ir e c tio n s . C h a n g e o f in te r n a l
f r ic tio n t e s te d b y m e a n s o f a to r s io n a l v ib r a tin g m a c h in e sh o w s t h a t t h e
tr a n s i t i o n a l p o i n t o f t h e r e p e ti ti o n c u r v e is c o in c id e n t w i th t h e b e g in n in g o f
f a tig u e o f t h e g r a in s , t h a t t h e g e n e r a l t r e n d o f t h e c u r v e a n d t h e fo rm o f
f r a c tu r e m a y b e e x p la in e d b y th e slip o f t h e c r y s ta l g ra in s , a n d t h a t t h e r a t e
o f d a m p in g o f t h e v i b r a t i o n o f t h e sp e c im e n s g iv e s sig n ific a n t in f o rm a tio n a s t o
t h e d e g re e o f fa tig u e .— J . W . D .
. .
* O n th e Process a n d M echanism of F ailure of M etals.— II. M o to ic h i K o d a m a
(,/. Soc. Mech. Eng. Japan, 1934, 37, (205), 2 8 2 -2 8 9 ).— [ I n J a p a n e s e .] I n a
m e d iu m , e n e r g y p r o p a g a te s a f t e r t h e m a n n e r o f w a v e m o tio n . S tre s s in d u c e d
in a m a te r ia l is a m a n if e s ta tio n o f e n e r g y w h ic h a lso p r o p a g a te s f ro m on e
p o i n t in a m e d iu m t o a n o th e r b y w a v e m o tio n . S in c e f ro m th i s p o i n t o f vie w
t h e m e c h a n is m o f s tr a in , w h ic h is c a u s e d b y s tr e s s , is a lw a y s slip , th e r e c a n be
n o s u c h th i n g a s “ te n s ile f a ilu r e .” K . sh o w s s t r a i n w a v e s c h ie fly b y s tr a in
fig u re s o f m ild s te e l a n d o r d in a r y g la ss. A s a n illu s tr a tio n , t h e y ie ld p h e n o ­
m e n a o f m ild s te e l a r e b r e a k in g s t a te s o f e q u ilib r ia , t h e so -c a lle d u p p e r y ield p o in t b e in g t h e i r f irs t b r e a k in g p o in t. T h e e q u ilib r iu m b r e a k s in t h e “ field ”
o f slip w h e n t h e w a v e m o tio n o f s tr e s s r e a c h e s t h a t s t a t e w h e re i t ca u se s a
p r in c ip a l w a v e in t h e “ field .” S u c h “ field s ” o f slip a r e classified in t o 2 ty p e s :
t h e close a n d t h e o p e n . T h e fo rm e r a r e ca se s o f c o m p re ss io n a n d te n s io n
te s ts , a n d t h e l a t t e r o f to r s io n a n d b e n d in g t e s ts . I n t h e field th e r e a r e a lw a y s
o n e o r m o re a x e s t h a t d iv id e t h e field in to tw o o r m o re d iv isio n s. S ince
t h e w a v e o f b r e a k in g s tr e s s v ib r a te s w i t h in te r v a ls o f + a n d — in th e s e
d iv isio n s , t h e c o n to u r o f t h e “ field ” h a s tw o o r m o re in fle c tio n p o in ts e a c h a t
t h e e n d s o f t h e a x e s . T h u s , t h e b r e a k in g s tr e s s p r o p a g a te s b y w a v e m o tio n .
F r o m th e s e o b s e rv a tio n s K . c o n c lu d e s t h a t n o s lip c a n o c c u r in a sim p le
“ p la n e ” a s is u s u a lly b e lie v e d .
T h e e v id e n c e o f w a v e m o tio n m a y be
t r a c e d in t h e p h e n o m e n a o f in te r fe r e n c e a n d s y m m e tr ic a l o r a n tip o d a l p r o ­
p e r tie s o f s t r a i n fig u res.— S. G .
The P ractical Im po rtance of the D am ping Capacity o£ Metals, Especially
Steels. 0 . F o p p l. A p p e n d i x : A Note on th e T erm inology of Dam ping and
Fatigue. F . B a c o n (Iron Steel Inst. Advance Copy, 1936, S e p t., 31 p p . ; a n d
(a b rid g e d ) Met. Ind. (Lond.), 1936, 49, (16), 3 8 3 -3 8 8 )).— U n d e r cyclic stre sse s
w e ll w ith in t h e f a tig u e lim its , m a n y s te e ls e x h ib it a p p r e c ia b le p la s tic s tra in s .
T h e “ d a m p in g c a p a c ity ” d e p e n d s o n t h e r a ti o o f t h e p la s tic t o th e e la s tic
500
Metallurgical A bstracts
V ol. 3
s t r a i n , a n d is b e s t d e fin e d b y t h e n o n -d im e n s io n a l r a ti o tj; o b ta in e d b y d iv id in g
t h e a r e a o f th e h y s te re s is lo o p b y t h e s t r a i n e n e r g y s to r e d in t h e e x tr e m e
p o s itio n s o f t h e cy cle. D a m p in g d o e s n o t f o r e te ll im p e n d in g f a tig u e fa ilu re ,
n o r d o e s i t t e n d t o d is a p p e a r u n d e r p r o lo n g e d c y clic s tr e s s in g . O n t h e c o n tr a r y ,
i t is c a p a b le o f d is s ip a tin g a n u n lim ite d a m o u n t o f e n e r g y i n h e a t w i th o u t
d a m a g e t o t h e m a te r ia l. U l ti m a t e d a m p in g , i.e. t h e s t e a d y v a lu e a t t a i n e d
a f t e r so m e m illio n s o f cy cles, is o f te n c o n s id e ra b ly g r e a t e r t h a n in i ti a l d a m p in g .
U n lik e m o s t o t h e r m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e r tie s , t h e v a lu e o f ij) is n o t a ffe c te d b y
w e a k s p o ts , a n d is in d e p e n d e n t o f th e f o rm o f t h e sp e c im e n . T h e v a lu e o f iJj
is o f g r e a t i m p o r ta n c e a s a c r ite r io n o f s u i ta b il it y , ( 1 ) b e c a u s e a h ig h v a lu e
o f iJj c o n fe rs n o tc h - to u g h n e s s in fa tig u e , a n d ( 2 ) b e c a u s e i t c o n tr o ls t h e a m p litu d e
o f u n d e s ire d a n d o f te n d a n g e r o u s v ib r a tio n s a t c r itic a l sp e e d s . P . m e n tio n s
5 d if fe r e n t m e th o d s o f m e a s u rin g y in u s e a t t h e W o h le r I n s t i t u t , a n d b e tw e e n
w h ic h g o o d a g r e e m e n t h a s b e e n o b ta in e d .
T h e m e th o d o f fre e to r s io n a l
v i b r a tio n s r e c e iv e s p r e f e r e n tia l t r e a t m e n t , a n d t h e F o p p l - P e r t z a p p a r a t u s is
d e s c rib e d in so m e d e t a il . D a m p in g c u r v e s a r e g iv e n f o r d if fe r e n t m a te r ia ls .
D a m p in g in to r s io n is c o m p a r e d w it h d a m p in g in fle x u re . T h e lim its w ith in
w h ic h d a m p in g is i n d e p e n d e n t o f f re q u e n c y a r e a ls o d isc u sse d . T h e g r e a t a n d
in c r e a s in g i m p o r ta n c e o f t h e d a m p in g c a p a c ity o f m a te r ia ls in m a n y d iffe re n t
fie ld s o f e n g in e e rin g is i l l u s t r a t e d b y re fe re n c e t o a e r ia l c a b le s , a e r o p la n e w in g s
a n d p ro p e lle rs , c r a n k s h a f ts o f i n t e r n a l c o m b u s tio n e n g in e s , s te a m tu r b in e
b la d e s , a n d w e ld e d versus r i v e t e d c o n s tru c tio n . F in a lly , a t t e n t i o n is fo c u ss e d
o n t h e n e e d f o r fin d in g a d u c tile s te e l w h ic h w ill g iv e h ig h d a m p in g a t lo w
s tr e s s e s . 2 7 r e fe re n c e s a r e g iv e n . T h e s y m b o ls a n d te r m in o lo g y u s e d i n t h is
a n d o t h e r G e r m a n p a p e r s (w h ic h d iffe r f r o m E n g lis h u sa g e ) is e x p la in e d in
a n A p p e n d ix b y B .— S . G .
* 0 n th e Change of M echanical P rop erties of M etals u n d e r R epeated Stress and
R ecovery fro m F a tig u e . R y o n o s u k e Y a m a d a a n d Y o z o M a ts u o k a (./. Soc.
M ech. E n g . J a p a n , 1 934, 3 7 , (2 0 5 ), 2 7 3 -2 8 1 ).— [ I n J a p a n e s e .] T h e c h a n g e s in
t h e m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e r tie s o f m e ta ls u n d e r r e p e a t e d s tr e s s a s w e ll a s th o s e a f t e r
a n n e a lin g w e re m e a s u re d . I t w a s f o u n d t h a t i f t h e e x p e r im e n ts a r e c o n d u c te d
u n d e r s tr e s s e s e x c e e d in g a c e r ta i n l im it w o r k -h a r d e n in g t a k e s p la c e d u r in g t h e
e a r ly s ta g e s o f s tr e s s r e p e t it io n w h ic h , t o g iv e o n e e x a m p le , r e s u lts i n g r e a t e r
h a r d n e s s ; t h i s is fo llo w e d l a t e r b y t h e g r o w th o f m i n u t e c ra c k s , r e s u ltin g
in a d e c re a s e in h a r d n e s s . A te s t- p ie c e w a s h e a te d a b o v e t h e r e c r y s ta lliz a tio n
te m p e r a t u r e in vacuo a f t e r b e in g s u b je c te d t o a n u m b e r o f s tr e s s e s a n d a g a in
s u b je c te d t o r e p e a t e d s tr e s s e s o f a m a g n itu d e e q u a l t o t h a t b e fo re h e a tin g .
I f t h e te s t- p ie c e w a s h e a t e d in t h e e a r ly s ta g e s o f t h e r e p e titio n , t h e n u m b e r
o f re p e t i t i o n s r e q u ir e d t o f r a c tu r e w a s a lm o s t e q u a l t o t h a t o f a te s t- p ie c e t h a t
h a d u n d e r g o n e n o h e a t - t r e a t m e n t , in d ic a tin g r e c o v e r y f ro m f a tig u e . I f , o n
t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e n u m b e r o f r e p e titio n s b e fo re h e a t in g e x c e e d e d a c e r ta in
lim it, n o r e c o v e r y t o o k p la c e , i.e. t h e n u m b e r o f r e p e titio n s b e fo re f r a c tu r e
a f t e r h e a t i n g w a s less t h a n f o r a te s t- p ie c e t h a t h a d u n d e r g o n e n o h e a ttr e a t m e n t . F r o m th e s e r e s u lts i t m a y b e s a id t h a t t h e r e a r e tw o s ta g e s in
t h e c o u rs e o f f a tig u e , o n e b e in g t h e h a r d e n in g s ta g e a n d t h e o th e r t h e c ra c k g ro w in g s ta g e . B y m e a n s o f s u ita b le a n n e a lin g , m e ta ls m a y r e c o v e r i n t h e
f o r m e r b u t n o t in t h e l a t t e r s ta g e .— S. G .
*The R a te o i G row th of F a tig u e Cracks. A . V . d e F o r e s t (J. A p p lie d
M echanics, 1936, 3, (1), a 2 3 - 2 5 ; d is c u s s io n , (3), a 1 1 4 - 1 1 7 ).— T e s ts c a r r ie d o u t
t o d e te r m in e t h e s tr e s s a n d n u m b e r o f r e v e r s a ls r e q u ir e d t o s t a r t a f a tig u e
c r a c k , a n d t h e r e s is ta n c e o f t h e m a te r i a l t o t h e e ffe c t o f a f a tig u e c r a c k o n ce
i t is f o rm e d g iv e d a t a o n t h e r a t e o f p ro g re s s o f t h e c r a c k s a n d o n t h e siz e o f
t h e c ra c k s . F r o m th e s e d a t a t h e r e s is ta n c e o f m e ta l t o t h e p r o p a g a tio n o f
c r a c k s is d is c u s s e d , a n d i t is p o in te d o u t t h a t in t h e a c c e p te d m e th o d o f f a tig u e
t e s ti n g t h e r e s u lts a r e n o t c o n c lu s iv e , a s th e r e is n o d is tin c tio n b e tw e e n t h e
lo a d a n d t h e n u m b e r o f r e p e a t e d s tr e s s e s r e q u ir e d t o s t a r t c ra c k s , a n d t h e
1936
I . — Properties of Metals
lo a d a n d t h e n u m b e r o f r e v e r s a ls r e q u ir e d t o
f a ilu re .— J . W . D .
501
p r o p a g a te t h e
c ra c k s to
..
♦F a tig u e F a ilu re o i A ircraft M aterials a n d T heir E nd uran ce. K o ji T a k a s e
(J . Soc. A eronaut. S c i. N ip p o n , 1934, 1, (1), 7 9 -1 7 4 ).— [ I n J a p a n e s e .] A n
i n v e s tig a tio n o f t h e f a tig u e o f m e ta ls u s e d in a i r c r a f t (ch iefly a e ro -e n g in e ) p a r ts .
A s a r e s u lt o f a n e x h a u s tiv e s t u d y o f f a tig u e fa ilu re s o f a ir c r a f t p a r ts 1 .
c o n c lu d e s t h a t th e s e f a ilu re s a r e d u e t o lo c a l c ra c k s c a u s e d b y a n e n o rm o u s
s tr e s s e q u a l t o t h e s o -c a lle d ‘‘ c o h e s io n s tr e n g th .” T o a s c e r ta in t h e e n d u ra n c e
o f m a te r ia ls , t h e fo llo w in g a r e d isc u sse d : ( 1 ) r e la tio n b e tw e e n “ co h esio n
s t r e n g t h ” o f m a te r ia ls a n d f a tig u e c ra c k s ; ( 2 ) t h e e x p e r im e n ta l d e te r m in a tio n
o f “ c o h e sio n s t r e n g t h ” ; (3) s tr e s s c o n c e n tr a tio n o f a e ro -e n g in e p a r t s a n d
lo c a l m w i m n m s t r e s s ; (4 ) t h e effe c t o f a p p lie d v e lo c ity o f lo a d o n t h e s tr e n g th
o f m a t e r i a l s ; ( 5 ) c a lc u la tio n o f t h e f a tig u e lim it b y a n e m p ir ic a l f o rm u la
d e d u c e d f ro m T .’s in v e s tig a tio n .— S . G .
♦L im its of Viscosity of Metals. B . T a v a s c i (Bicerche d i In gegnena, 193b,
4 , (1), 1 6 - 2 3 ; Sci. A b s., 1936, [A ], 3 9, 8 0 8 ).— A n in v e s tig a tio n w a s m a d e
( o m ittin g a n y p a r t i c u l a r h y p o th e s is o f t h e b e h a v io u r o f m a te r ia ls ) o f th e
c o n d itio n s , c o n s id e re d a n a ly tic a lly a n d g e o m e tric a lly , w h ic h m u s t s a tis fy th e
c u r v e s o f s h e a r o b ta in e d , in t h e d e te r m in a tio n o f t h e lim its o f v is c o s ity o f
m e ta ls , so f a r a s t h e lo a d c o n c e rn e d is in fe rio r t o t h e s a id lim it. V a rio u s
lim its a r e d is tin g u is h e d a n d t h e p a r t ic u la r c o n d itio n s s tu d ie d f o r e a c h o n e o f
th e m . T h e r e s u lts o b ta in e d a r e t h e n a p p lie d t o e x p e r im e n ts a lr e a d y c a rrie d
o u t b y o th e r in v e s tig a to r s , r e s e a rc h e s b y w h ic h t h e lim it w a s d e d u c e d o n t h e
b a s is o f 2 0 a c t u a l t e s ts . T h e d e d u c tio n s m e n tio n e d h a v e b e e n g e n e ra lly
c o n firm e d . B y t h e sa m e m e th o d a n a n a ly s is w a s m a d e o f a th e o r y o f o th e r
a u th o r s t h a t g iv e s t h e v is c o s ity o f s h e a r a s a f u n c tio n o f t h e s h e a r itself,
a n d o f t h e v a lu e t h a t th is a s su m e s a f t e r a n in fin ite tim e . T h e c o n se q u e n c e s
d e d u c e d fro m th i s th e o r y t e s te d in so m e o f t h e e x p e r im e n ta l r e s e a rc h e s c ite d
w e re n o t c o n firm e d . I t is c o n s id e re d t h a t t h e th e o r y its e lf is n o t o f a g e n e ra l
cliur£Lctcr — S* Gr»
In te rn a l Viscosity of E ngineering M aterials. S h u n H u d i t a ( J . Soc. Mech.
E n g . J a p a n , 1934, 3 7 , (2 11), 8 1 2 -8 1 4 ).— [ I n J a p a n e s e .] A c c o rd in g t o H , w h o
a t t e m p t s t o in tr o d u c e a m e th o d f o r fo re te llin g t h e re s id u a l liv e s of m a c h in e r y
p a r t s , a n e rro n e o u s id e a p r e v a ils t h a t t h e a s y m p to tic v a lu e o f t h e S —N c u rv e
( re la tio n o f t h e r e p e a te d s tr e s s t o t h e n u m b e r o f tim e s i t is re p e a te d ) is th e
o n ly sa fe s tr e s s a t e v e r y lo a d in g c o n d itio n . E v e n a t a v e r y lo w f a tig u e lim it
t h e i m p a c t fig u re o f te s t- p ie c e s g r a d u a lly in c re a s e s a s t h e n u m b e r o f tim e s th e
s tr e s s is r e p e a te d is in c re a s e d , w h e n c e i t fo llo w s t h a t t h e im p a c t fig u re o f a
te s t- p ie c e is a m e a s u re o f r e s id u a l life. S in c e , h o w e v e r, w ith t h e im p a c t
te s tin g m a c h in e , c r a n k - s h a f ts a r e b r o k e n in p ie c e s a n d r e n d e r e d u n s e rv ic e a b le ,
H . p ro p o s e s t o m e a s u re t h e in t e r n a l v is c o s ity o f f a tig u e d m a te r ia ls b y m e a n s
o f e la s tic v ib r a tio n s . T h e s o u n d c a u s e d b y t h e e la s tic v i b r a t io n o f m a te r ia ls
is c a u g h t b y a m ic ro p h o n e o f o r d in a r y t y p e a n d t h e in d u c e d e .m .f ., a f te r b ein g
a m p lifie d b y v a c u u m tu b e s , is le a d to a n o sc illo g ra p h , a n a n a ly s is o f th e
o sc illo g ra m s e n a b lin g m e a s u r e m e n t t o b e m a d e o f t h e in te r n a l v isc o sity .
A c c o rd in g t o H ., t h e i n te r n a l v is c o s ity is t h e o n ly sa fe m e a s u re o f t h e re s id u a l
life o f e n g in e e rin g m a te r ia ls .— S . G .
F irst R epo rt of th e A tom ic W eights Com m ittee of th e In te rn a tio n a l Chemical
U nion 1936 F . W . A s to n , N . B o h r , 0 . H a h n , W . D . H a r k in s , a n d G . U rb a rn
(B er. dent. chem. Ges., 1936, 6 9, (10), 1 7 1 -1 7 4 ).— T h e in te r n a tio n a l T a b le o f
S ta b le I s o to p e s (1936) is r e p ro d u c e d i n f u l l ; th e p r o p o r tio n in w h ic h e a c h
is o to p e o c c u rs is i n d ic a te d in e a c h ca se .— P . M . C. R .
♦T h e A nom alous Specific H eat of Crystals, w ith Special Reference to the
C ontributions of M olecular R otations. R . H . F o w le r (Proc. B oy. Soc., 1935,
[A ], 151, (8 7 2 ), 1 -2 2 ).— B a k e r ia n L e c tu r e . A d isc u ssio n is g iv e n in te r m s ot
q u a n t u m m e c h a n ic s o f th e th e o r y o f t h e sp ecific h e a t s o f so lid s.
T h e v a rio u s
502
Metallurgical A bstracts
Vol. 3
a n o m a lie s t h a t h a v e b e e n o b s e rv e d a r e cla ssifie d in th r e e ty p e s : ( 1 ) in w h ic h
t h e a n o m a lo u s p a r t o f t h e sp e cific h e a t h a s a m a x i m u m ; ( 2 ) in w h ic h th e
e x t r a sp ecific h e a t in c re a s e s w i th t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t h e n d e c re a s e s d isc o n tin u o u sly t o z e ro , a n d ( 3 ) i n w h ic h t h e a b n o r m a lity o c c u rs a t a sin g le te m p e r a tu r e .
P a r t ic u l a r re fe re n c e is m a d e t o t h e sp e cific h e a t s o f lit h i u m a n d t h e f e r r o ­
m a g n e tic s u b s ta n c e s , t h e t h e r m a l c h a r a c te r is tic s o f o r d e r - d is o r d e r c h a n g e s,
tr a n s itio n s b e tw e e n r o t a t io n a l a n d lib r a tio n a l m o tio n , tr a n s i t i o n p o in ts
b e tw e e n o n e s o lid p h a s e a n d a n o th e r a s in w h ite t o g r e y t i n , a n d a n o m a lo u s
th e r m a l e x p a n s io n s .— B . C.
*Studies on th e T h erm a l E xpansion of Solids a t Low T em p eratures. H e in r ic h
A d e n s te d t (A n n . P h y s ik , 1936, [v ], 26, (1), 6 9 - 9 6 ).— V e r y a c c u r a t e m e a s u re ­
m e n ts o f th e coeff. o f e x p a n s io n o f ir o n , n ic k e l, a n d c o p p e r b e tw e e n + 2 0 ° a n d
— 195° C. f a ile d t o c o n firm t h e p re s e n c e o f t h e a n o m a lie s i n t h e e x p a n s io n
c u r v e r e p o r t e d b y S im o n a n d B e r g m a n n .— v . G .
*The Optical C onstants of Several M etals in V acuum . H . M . O ’B r y a n
(J. Opt. Soc. A m e r., 1936, 26, (3), 1 2 2 -1 2 7 ).— D e s c rib e s m e a s u re m e n ts o f
o p tic a l p r o p e r tie s m a d e o n m irr o r s , d e p o s ite d b y e v a p o r a tio n in v a c u u m , o f
b e r y lliu m , m a g n e s iu m , c a lc iu m , s tr o n t iu m , b a r iu m , a lu m in iu m , g e r m a n iu m ,
l a n t h a n u m , c e r iu m , a n d m a n g a n e s e .— R . G .
““Note on th e A nalysis of P hotoelectric D ata. R o b e r t J . C a s h m a n a n d N o e l
C . J a m is o n (P h y s . R ev., 1936, [ii], 50, ( 6 ), 5 6 8 -5 6 9 ).— F o w le r ’s m e th o d (ibid.,
1931, [ii], 38, 4 5 ) f o r t h e d e te r m in a tio n o f p h o to e le c tr ic w o r k -f u n c tio n s is
d is c u s s e d w i t h sp e c ia l re fe re n c e t o d a t a f o r b a r iu m .— W . H .- R .
*A n In d u strial A pparatus for D eterm ining th e T herm al Conductivity of M etals
up to 900° C. G eo rg e s R a n q u e , P ie r r e H e n r y , a n d M a rc e l C h a u s s a in (Congres
In te m a t. M in e s M et. (Jeol., Section de M etallurgie, 1936, 2, 3 0 3 - 3 0 9 ; a n d Rev.
M e t., 1 936, 33, (1 0 ), 6 0 2 - 6 0 8 ).— A m e th o d is d e s c rib e d f o r d e te r m in in g , w i th a n
a c c u r a c y w i t h i n 2 % , t h e t h e r m a l c o n d u c tiv ity o f m e ta ls a t v a r io u s t e m p e r a ­
tu r e s , a n d t h e so u rc e s o f e r ro r s in i t s u s e a r e d isc u sse d . A h o llo w s p e c im e n is
h e a t e d b y a n e le c tr ic r e s is to r a t o n e e n d a n d is c o o led a t t h e o th e r , a n d th e
te m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n a lo n g t h e c e n tr a l c a v i ty is e x p lo r e d w it h a sp e c ia l
th e r m o c o u p le . A n e u t r a l a tm o s p h e r e is m a in ta in e d w ith in t h e s p e c im e n to
a v o id o x id a tio n . T h e th e r m a l c o n d u c tiv ity K , in c a l./c m ./s e c . / 0 C ., is, fo r
c o p p e r , c o n s t a n t a t 0 -9 0 u p t o a t l e a s t 575° C . ; f o r n ic k e l c o n s ta n t a t 0-129
u p t o t h e C u rie p o i n t , in c r e a s in g a t h ig h e r te m p e r a tu r e s to 0-221 a t 880° C. T h e
v a lu e s o f K f o r c a r b o n a n d s ta in le s s s te e ls a n d ir o n w e re a ls o s t u d i e d .— J . C. 0 .
*E nergetic T heory of T herm oelectric P h eno m ena. F e li x M ic h a u d ( J . chim .
ph ys., 1936, 33, (2 ), 1 6 1 -1 7 9 ).— T h e c la s sic a l th e o r y is c ritic iz e d . T h e r m o ­
e le c tric p h e n o m e n a a r e p a r t l y ir re v e r s ib le in n a t u r e , a n d a n a p p r o p r ia t e
e q u a tio n h a s b e e n d e d u c e d .— S . G .
““M easurem ents of th e Volta Effect in P u re M etals. F . K r u g e r a n d G e r h a r d
S c h u lz (A n n . P h ysik , 1936, [v ], 26, (4), 3 0 8 -3 3 0 ).— I f t h e a d s o rb e d w a te r film
is r e m o v e d b y h e a tin g in vacuo t h e p o te n t ia l d iffe re n c e (so -c a lle d V o lta effe ct)
b e tw e e n t h e v a r io u s m e ta ls d is a p p e a rs .— v . G .
““M agnetism a n d C old-W orking in M etals. I . — Polycrystals. S . R . R a o
(Proc. In d ia n A cad. S c i., 1936, [A ], 4, (1), 3 7 -5 3 ).— T h e effe ct o f c o ld -w o rk in g
o n t h e s u s c e p tib ilitie s o f b is m u th , z in c , c a d m iu m , a n d t i n is s tu d ie d . T h e
d ia m a g n e tic s u s c e p tib ility o f b is m u th is d e c re a s e d e ffe c tiv e ly w h ile zin c a n d
c a d m iu m s h o w a sm a ll d e c re a s e . T h e p a r a m a g n e tic s u s c e p tib ility o f w h ite
t i n sh o w s a d e c re a s e a s t h e d e n s ity d e c re a s e s o w in g t o c o ld -w o rk in g , a n d
c h a n g e s s ig n b e lo w a p a r ti c u la r v a lu e . T h e n a t u r e o f p o ly c ry s ta llin e m e ta ls
is e x a m in e d , a n d a t t e n t i o n is d ir e c te d t o t h e e x is te n c e o f a d e fo rm e d b o u n d a r y
b e tw e e n t h e s m a ll c r y s ta ls in t h e m e ta l sp e c im e n . N a t u r a l e x p la n a tio n s a re
o ffe re d f o r t h e o b s e rv e d s u s c e p tib ility c h a n g e s in t h e lig h t o f t h e e x is te n c e o f
t h e d is t o r t e d la y e r a n d o f R . ’s w o r k o n m e ta llic co llo id a l p o w d e rs (see M et.
A b s., 1934, 1 , 5 5 2 ).— S . G.
1936
I I . — Properties of Alloys
503
The M agnetocaloric Effect A ccording to the H o nda-O kubo T heory of F e rro ­
m agnetism . K o t a r o H o n d a a n d T o k u ta r o H iro n e (Z. P h ysik , 1936, 102,
(1 /2 ), 1 3 2 -1 3 7 ).— I t is s h o w n t h a t t h e e x p e r im e n ta l r e s u lts o f O k a m u r a ag re e
s a tis f a c to rily w i t h t h e H o n d a - O k u b o th e o r y o f fe rro m a g n e tis m .— B . C.
Technical P roblem s in F erro m ag netism in W eak Fields. R . G o ld sc h m id t
(Helv. P hys. A cta, 1936, 9, (1), 3 3 - 4 1 ; Sc i. A bs., 1936, [A ], 39, 429).— [ I n
G e rm a n .] T h e e s s e n tia l p r o p e rtie s o f a m a g n e tic m a te r ia l f o r u s e in w e a k
field s a r e o u tlin e d a n d , in illu s tr a tio n , a n u m b e r o f m a g n e tiz a tio n c u rv e s in lo w
field s a r e g iv e n f o r s e v e ra l m a g n e tic a llo y s o f i n d u s tr ia l im p o rta n c e . T h e
h y s te re s is lo o p s o f a ll t h e a llo y s a r e s im ila r in ty p e , t h e i r c h a r a c te r is tic s b e in g
g o v e r n e d b y t h e R a y le ig h f o rm u la B = (p ,0 + 2 v H ^ H ± v (H 2 — H ^ ) , w h e re
[r0 is t h e in itia l p e r m e a b ility , v t h e h y s te re s is f a c to r , H 1 t h e m a x im u m field
s tr e n g t h , a n d H t h e field s tr e n g t h c o rre s p o n d in g t o a n in d u c tio n B . M e a su re ­
m e n ts o f p e r m e a b ility a n d h y s te re s is lo ss in w e a k a lte r n a ti n g fields b y J o r d a n ,
G a n s , B e c k e r, a n d o th e r s sh o w a lin e a r c o rre sp o n d e n c e b e tw e e n p e r m e a b ility
a n d lo ss a n d t h e a m p l i t u d e ; f o r fin e ly d iv id e d m a te r ia ls t h e lo ss in c re a se s
a p p r o x im a te ly w i t h t h e fre q u e n c y . T h e s e r e s u lts m a y b e d e r iv e d f ro m R a y ­
le ig h ’s fo rm u la . M e a s u re m e n ts o n m a g n e tic lo sses n e a r th e C u rie p o in t a re
d e s c rib e d a n d t h e r e s u lts d isc u sse d th e o r e tic a lly . A d e s c rip tio n is g iv e n o f a
n u m b e r o f r e s u lts o b ta in e d b y G . w ith h ig h silic o n tr a n s f o r m e r sh e e t-iro n .
— S. G.
On Isin g ’s Model of F errom agnetism . R . P e ie rls (Proc. Cambridge P hil.
Soc., 1936, 32, (3), 4 7 7 -4 8 1 ).— S . G .
*D istribution of M agnetic Field A round Simply and M ultiply Connected
Superconductors. H . G ra y s o n S m ith a n d J . O . W ilh e lm {Proc. R oy. Soc.,
1936, [A ], 157, (8 9 0 ), 1 3 2 -1 4 6 ).— T h e m a g n e tic field r o u n d p a r a lle l c y lin d e rs
o f c a s t t i n jo in e d b y c ro ss -b a rs o f t i n a t t h e e n d s , a t te m p e r a tu r e s in th e s u p e r ­
c o n d u c tin g r a n g e , w a s in v e s tig a te d b y m e a n s o f s e a rc h coils. B y b r e a k in g th e
s u p e rc o n d u c tin g c ir c u it m a g n e tic a lly , i t is s h o w n t h a t t h e p e r s is te n t c u r r e n t is
a c ir c u la tin g c u r r e n t. A s a tu r a ti o n v a lu e f o r t h e p e r s is te n t c u r r e n t is d e t e r ­
m in e d .— B . C.
M agnetic A fter-E ffect. H . K in d le r a n d A . T h o m a (Arch. Elektrotech.,
1936, 30, 5 1 4 -5 2 7 ).— A c o m p re h e n s iv e re v ie w o f th e o r e tic a l a n d e x p e r im e n ta l
w o rk .— S . G .
I I .— P R O P E R T IE S O F ALLOYS
(Continued from pp. 450-457.)
*C ontraction of A lum in ium a n d Its Alloys D uring Solidification. — II. L .
L o s a n a (A llu m in io , 1935, 4, ( 6 ), 3 2 5 -3 3 1 ).— S ee a ls o M et. A b s., 1935, 2, 279.
E x p e r im e n ts w e re c o n d u c te d t o d e te r m in e t h e v o lu m e c o n tr a c tio n d u rin g
s o lid ific a tio n , a n d t h e in flu e n c e o n i t o f t h e v a r io u s d iss o lv e d g ases, f o r a l u ­
m in iu m (9 9 -9 9 8 % p u re ) a n d b i n a r y a llo y s w i th c o p p e r, silic o n , a n d ir o n . T h e
g a s e s w e re a llo w e d t o p a s s th r o u g h t h e m o lte n m e ta l f o r 5 m in u te s a t th e
r a t e o f a b o u t 2 b u b b le s p e r se c o n d . I t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e a v e ra g e v o lu m e
c o n tr a c tio n o f t h e v e r y p u r e a lu m in iu m is 6 -3 8 % . T h e re is a r e la tio n s h ip
b e tw e e n t h e d is s o lv e d g a s e s a n d c o n tr a c tio n , in t h e se n se t h a t t h e y t e n d to
re d u c e t h e l a t t e r . P u r e a lu m in iu m d isso lv e s v e r y sm a ll q u a n titie s o f g a s e v e n
a t a b o u t 1 0 0 0 ° C . T h e u s u a l im p u ritie s , s u c h a s silic o n a n d ir o n , in c re a s e s o lu ­
b ility ; ir o n is v e r y a c tiv e to w a r d s s te a m ; c o p p e r s tr o n g ly fa v o u rs t h e fix in g
o f o x y g e n . A llo y s o f a lu m in iu m , w ith silic o n , ir o n , o r c o p p e r, h a v e a g r e a te r
fix in g p o w e r t h a n p u r e a lu m in iu m . N itr o g e n in e v e r y ca se is n o t v e r y so lu b le.
— J. K .
’•‘E n d u ran ce of Aged A lum inium Alloys u nd er R epeated Im pact. H . B o h n e r
(M etallwirtschaft , 1936, 15, (42), 9 8 3 -9 8 4 ).— P e r io d ic im p a c t te s ts o n n o tc h e d
MM
P O L IT E C H N IK I
504
Metallurgical Abstracts
V o l. 3
b a r s o f a n a lu m in iu m a llo y w ith c o p p e r 5-65 a n d m a n g a n e s e 0 -7 % sh o w e d t h a t
i t h a s a h ig h e r e n d u r a n c e l im it t h a n ir o n u n d e r s im ila r c o n d itio n s . T h e ro lle d
a llo y is s o m e w h a t s u p e rio r t o t h e e x t r u d e d a llo y . T h e n a t u r e o f t h e h e a tt r e a t m e n t is w i t h o u t a p p r e c ia b le in flu e n c e .— v . G .
N ick el in C o p p e r-A lu m in iu m A llo y s. — — (M etallurgist ( S u p p t. t o
E ngineer), 1 936, 1 0 , 1 3 2 -1 3 3 ).— A re fe re n c e t o f o rm e r w o r k a n d a b r ie f s u m ­
m a r y o f a p a p e r b y G rid n e w a n d K u r d ju m o w in M etallwirtschaft, 1 9 3 6 ,1 5 , 229,
2 5 6 ; see M et. A b s., th i s v o l., p . 2 9 8 .— R . G .
*O n th e C o m p o sitio n of th e In s o lu b le R e sid u e L e ft a f te r D isso lv in g A l-C u -N i
A llo y s in P o ta s s iu m H y d ro x id e . O t a k a r Q u a d r a t a n d J e a n J i r i s t e ( Congres
Internat. M in e s M et. Geol., Section de M etallurgie, 1936, 2 , 2 1 1 - 2 1 5 ; a n d R ev.
M et., 1936, 3 3 , ( 8 ), 4 8 9 -4 9 3 ).— [ I n F re n c h .] T h e r e s id u e le f t a f t e r d iss o lv in g
t h e t e r n a r y a lu m in iu m - c o p p e r - n ic k e l a llo y s i n p o ta s s iu m h y d r o x id e s o lu tio n
c o n ta in s c o n s id e ra b ly m o r e a lu m in iu m t h a n t h e r e s id u e s l e f t a f t e r d iss o lv in g
t h e b i n a r y a lu m in iu m - c o p p e r a n d a lu m in iu m - n ic k e l a llo y s . A n a ly s e s o f t h e
re s id u e s f ro m 2 8 ( m o s tly u n sp e c ifie d ) a llo y s a r e d isc u sse d a t le n g th , a n d i t is
c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e r e s id u e is m a in ly c o m p o s e d o f t h e c o m p o u n d C u 2N iA l3,
w i t h s m a lle r a m o u n ts o f N iA l3, C uA 12, a n d t h e fre e m e ta ls . S lo w ly co o led
a llo y s a n d a ls o w a te r - q u e n c h e d a llo y s y ie ld re s id u e s c o n ta in in g less a lu m in iu m
t h a n i f t h e y a r e r a p id ly c o o led in a ir .— J . C . C.
*A S tu d y o f th e E ffe c t o f a P ro lo n g e d O v e rh e a tin g o n th e M e c h a n ic a l, M a c ro s c o p ical, a n d M icro sco p ical C h a ra c te ris tic s of a n A lu m in iu m [-C o p p e r-S ilic o n ]
A llo y w ith o r w ith o u t T ita n iu m . A . V i v a n ti a n d R . G u a s ta lla (A llum inio,
1935, 4 , (5), 2 7 1 -2 9 8 ).— A n in v e s tig a tio n o f t h e e ffe c t o f o v e r h e a tin g f o r 1 o r
2 h r s . a t 8 0 0 ° C . o n a n a lu m in iu m a llo y w ith c o p p e r 10, silic o n 1, a n d ir o n 0 -5 % ,
w i t h o r w i t h o u t t i t a n i u m (0 -2 % ). R e p ro d u c in g f o u n d r y c o n d itio n s a s f a i t h ­
f u lly a s p o ss ib le , 2 p o u r in g te m p e r a t u r e s w e re c h o s e n — 66 0 ° a n d 8 0 0 ° C .— so
a s t o in c lu d e a ll te m p e r a tu r e s lik e ly t o o c c u r in p r a c tic e . 2 5 0 te n s ile te s t- b a r s
w e re c a s t ( 1 0 0 o f t h e s p e c im e n s b e in g f o r m a c r o g ra p h y ) a n d v a r io u s c o m m e rc ia l
c a s tin g s w e re m a d e . I t is f o u n d t h a t o v e r h e a tin g g e n e r a lly h a s m o re effe ct
o n t h e f ir s t m e l t t h a n o n a r e m e lt a n d h a s l i tt l e e ffe c t o n e ith e r i f i t c o n ta in s
t i t a n i u m . O v e r h e a tin g f o r 1 h r . a lw a y s a c ts f a v o u r a b ly o n t h e m e c h a n ic a l
c h a r a c te r is tic s . T e s t-p ie c e s o f a llo y s o v e r h e a te d f o r 1 o r 2 h r s . a n d c a s t a t
8 0 0 ° C ., g iv e v e r y s im ila r r e s u lts t o th o s e c a s t a t 6 60° C . w i t h o u t o v e r h e a tin g .
T h e t r e a t m e n t t e n d s t o s e n d t h e silic o n a s w ell a s t h e ir o n i n to so lid s o lu tio n .
T it a n iu m re fin e s t h e m a c ro s c o p ic s t r u c t u r e a n d r e n d e r s t h e a llo y in s e n s itiv e
t o o v e r h e a tin g (in a ll te s t- p ie c e s t h e CuA1 2 is p r e s e n t a s a e u te c tic , a n d th e r e is
n o t e r n a r y o r q u a t e r n a r y e u te c tic ) . I t im p ro v e s t h e m e c h a n ic a l c h a r a c te r ­
is tic s . T h e p a p e r c o n ta in s 100 p h o to m ic r o g ra p h s , ta b le s , a n d g r a p h s .— J . K .
* T h e P h y s ic a l N a tu re a n d P ro p e rtie s of L a u ta l-T y p e A lloys. G . G . U ra s o w
a n d G . M . Z a m o ru e v (Izvestia Sektora Fizilco-Khimicheskogo A n a liza (A n n .
Sect. A n a ly se P hys.-C him .), 1936, 8 , 2 5 5 -2 6 7 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e c h a n g e
in h a r d n e s s w a s s tu d ie d d u r in g a r tific ia l a g e in g o f a llo y s w ith c o p p e r 4 - 0 4 -8 6 , silico n 1 -4 -2 , a n d ir o n 0 - 4 4 -0 - 7 0 % a t 1 0 0 °, 125°, 145°, 165°, 175°, a n d
195° C. M a x im u m h a r d n e s s w a s o b ta in e d o n a g e in g a t 145° C .— N . A .
* T h e A g e -H a rd e n in g o f D u r a lu m in a t V a rio u s T e m p e ra tu re s . P . L . T e e d
( V ickers (A viation), L td ., 1 9 36, 4 4 p p . (m im e o g ra p h e d )).— [Note : T h e o rig in a l
o f t h i s p a p e r m a y b e c o n s u lte d in t h e L ib r a r y o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o f M e ta ls.]
T h e a g e - h a r d e n in g o f D u r a lu m in a f t e r q u e n c h in g w a s s tu d ie d b y te n s ile ,
s h e a r, a n d h a r d n e s s t e s ts o f m a t e r ia l t a k e n f ro m 5 d if fe r e n t s h e e ts . W h e n
a g e in g o c c u rs a t a tm o s p h e ric t e m p e r a t u r e th e r e is a p ro g re s s iv e in c re a s e a t a
d im in is h in g r a t e i n p r o o f s tr e s s , u l ti m a t e s tr e s s , s h e a r s tr e s s , a n d h a r d n e s s ,
w h ile t h e e lo n g a tio n v a lu e in c re a s e s s lig h tly . T h e p r o o f s tr e s s v a lu e a t t a i n e d
is less t h a n t h a t u s u a lly o b s e rv e d in “ a s r e c e iv e d ” m a te r ia l o w in g t o a
c e r ta in a m o u n t o f c o ld -w o rk in g o f th e l a t t e r s u b s e q u e n tly t o fin a l h e a t - t r e a t m e n t, a p p lie d b y m a n u f a c tu r e r s . W h e n q u e n c h e d m a t e r ia l w a s a g e d a t
1936
I I . —-Properties of Alloys
505
° C. t h e r a t e o f in c re a s e in m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s w a s m u c h re d u c e d , b u t th e
c u rv e s su g g e s t t h a t v e r y lo n g p e rio d s, e.g. 2 5 0 0 h r s ., o f a g e in g a t 0 ° C. w o u ld
h a v e g iv e n s t r e n g t h p r o p e rtie s e x c e e d in g th o s e o b ta in e d b y a g e in g a t a tm o ­
s p h e ric te m p e r a tu r e . A g e in g a t — 22° C. g a v e s till slo w e r r a t e s o f im p ro v e ­
m e n t in p r o p e rtie s o f q u e n c h e d m a te r ia l. A g e -h a rd e n in g o f q u e n c h e d
m a te r ia l s to r e d a t — 22° C . a n d s u b s e q u e n tly a g e d a t a tm o s p h e ric t e m ­
p e r a t u r e is m o re r a p i d t h a n n o r m a l. A g e -h a rd e n in g a t 10 0 ° C. a f te r q u e n c h in g
g a v e a n in c re a s e i n r a t e o f in itia l im p ro v e m e n t in m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s . B y
a g e in g q u e n c h e d m a te r ia l a t 160° C. f o r a lim ite d n u m b e r o f h o u rs a v e r y h ig h
p r o o f s tr e s s (0 -1 % ) w a s o b ta in e d , a n d th i s c o n d itio n w a s f o u n d t o b e s ta b le a t
a tm o s p h e ric t e m p e r a tu r e o v e r t h e p e rio d o f 143 d a y s c o v e re d b y t h e te s ts .
A g e in g a t 1 00° a n d 129° C . a ls o g a v e h ig h e r v a lu e s o f 0 -1 % p r o o f a n d u ltim a te
s tre s s e s t h a n a g e in g a t a tm o s p h e ric t e m p e r a tu r e .— H . S.
0
The Effect of A lum in ium a n d Silicon on th e T echnological Properties of
G erm an Silver.
(M etali- Woche, 1936, (5), 8 2 -8 3 ).— L . A . O.
♦S y ste m a tic Studies of H eat-R esisting A lum inium Alloys. E iic h ir o I t a m i
(Tetsu-to-Hagane (J. Ir o n Steel In s t. J a p a n ), 1934, 20, 3 5 8 -3 8 6 , 4 5 0 -4 7 6 ).—
[ I n J a p a n e s e .] I n a p re v io u s r e s e a rc h (M et. A bs., 1935, 2 , 371) I . w a s u n a b le
t o fin d a n y g o o d a llo y t h a t c o u ld b e c o m p a re d t o “ Y ” a llo y . A s y s te m a tic
s t u d y w a s th e r e fo r e m a d e o f h e a t- re s is tin g a lu m in iu m a llo y s. T h e sp e cim en s
w e re c h ill-c a s t a n d te n s ile t e s ts w e re c a r r ie d o u t i n t h e r a n g e ro o m te m p e r a tu r e
t o 5 0 0 ° C. o n p u r e a lu m in iu m , a n d b in a r y , t e r n a r y , a n d q u a t e r n a r y a llo y s a n d
so o n , a d d in g t h e fo llo w in g e le m e n ts : c o p p e r, z in c , n ic k e l, c h ro m iu m , m a n ­
g a n e s e , ir o n , silic o n , a n d m a g n e s iu m . T h e r e s u lts a r e d isc u sse d . T h e allo y s
c o n ta in in g c o p p e r 4 , silic o n 1, a n d m a g n e s iu m 1 % a n d c o p p e r 4 , silic o n 10, a n d
m a g n e s iu m 1 % sh o w e d e x c e lle n t m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s a f t e r h e a t- t r e a t m e n t .
T h e effe c ts o f n ic k e l, c h ro m iu m , m a n g a n e s e , a n d ir o n in im p ro v in g th e s e a llo y s
w e re t h e n s tu d ie d . A r e m a r k a b le im p ro v e m e n t w a s n o tic e d o n a d d in g
t i t a n i u m (as T iC l4) t o th e s e a llo y s ; f o r e x a m p le , a sp e c im e n h a d a te n s ile
s t r e n g t h o f 4 6 k g ./m m . 2 a t o r d in a r y te m p e r a tu r e a n d 30 k g ./m m . 2 a t 3 0 0 ° C.
T h e s e r e s u lts a r e d isc u sse d f ro m a th e o r e tic a l p o i n t o f v ie w .— S. G .
A lum inium in Siderurgy. J . B a lly (Rev. A lu m in iu m , 1936, 13, (83), 3 0 7 3 1 6 ).— T h e p h y s ic a l a n d c h e m ic a l p r o p e rtie s o f ir o n -r ic h ir o n -a lu m in iu m
a llo y s a r e g iv e n , a n d t h e a p p lic a tio n s o f th e s e a llo y s a r e d e s c rib e d .— J . H . W .
♦X - R a y E x am in atio n of th e E qu ilibriu m D iag ram of the A lu m in iu m L ith iu m Alloys a n d th e S tru ctu re of the Com pound AlLi. G . K o m o v s k iy a n d
A . M a k s im o v (Z M r n a l Tehnicheslcoy F iz ik i (J. Tech. P hysics), 1935, 5, ( 8 ),
1 3 4 3 -1 3 5 2 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e s y s te m w a s e x a m in e d h y X - r a y s u p t o
2 0 -5 % (5 0 a to m ic - % ) lith iu m . T h e (3-phase is t h e c o m p o u n d A lL i w ith a
c u b ic la t t i c e , a = 6-37 A ., 16 a to m s i n t h e u n i t cell. T h e la t tic e p a r a m e te r
o f a lu m in iu m re m a in s u n c h a n g e d b y d is s o lu tio n o f lith iu m .— -N. A .
♦T h e T ern ary System A lu m inium -M agnesium -Z in c. H .— R egion A lum in iu m -A l3Mg4-A L M g 3 Z n 3 -A lu m in iu m . W e r n e r K o s te r a n d W a lte r D u llen k o p f (Z. M etallkunde, 1936, 28, (10), 3 0 9 -3 1 2 ).— C f. M et. A b s., th is v o l.,
p . 34 7 . I n t h i s p o r tio n o f t h e t e r n a r y s y s te m t h e tw o c o m p o u n d s A l 3M g 4 ( 8 )
a n d A l 2M g 3Z n 3 (T ) fo rm a p s e u d o b in a ry s y s te m w ith a e u te c tic a t 4 5 0 ° C. a l u ­
m in iu m 3 6 , m a g n e s iu m 4 4, z in c 2 0 % t h e tw o c o n s titu e n ts o f w h ic h a r e solid
s o lu tio n s c o n ta in in g , re s p e c tiv e ly , a lu m in iu m 4 1, m a g n e s iu m 4 8 , zin c 1 1 % , a n d
a lu m in iu m 2 2 , m a g n e s iu m 2 8, z in c 5 0 % . I n t h e ra n g e 3 5 - 5 5 % m a g n e s iu m
t h e e q u ilib r ia a r e (lik e th o s e in t h e m a g n e s iu m -a lu m in iu m sy s te m ) d iffic u lt to
d e te r m in e sin c e t h e m e ltin g r a n g e is o n ly 15° C ., b u t t h e e x is te n c e o f a te r n a r y
e u te c tic b e tw e e n t h e a , (3, a n d T p h a s e s a t 4 47° C ., a lu m in iu m 57, m ag n esiu m
3 1 , z in c 1 2 % w a s e s ta b lis h e d b y m ic ro g ra p h ie e x a m in a tio n . A t 449° C. th e r e
is a p o in t o f 4 -p h a s e e q u ilib r iu m : liq u id + 8 ^ y + T ( 8 = a lu m in iu m 5 0 ,
m a g n e s iu m 4 5 , z in c 5 % ; T = a lu m in iu m 4 4 , m a g n e s iu m 33, zin c 2 3 % ; a n d
l i q u i d = a lu m in iu m 51, m a g n e s iu m 3 9 , z in c 1 0 % ), a n d a t 448° C. a seco n d
506
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
p o in t o f 4 -p h a s e e q u ilib r iu m : liq u id + y ^ (3 + T , t h e y -p h a s e c o n ta in in g
a lu m in iu m 5 5 , m a g n e s iu m 4 0 , a n d z in c 5 % . N u m e r o u s c h a r a c te r is tic s t r u c ­
tu r e s a r e il l u s t r a t e d a n d a d ia g r a m o f t h e e q u ilib r ia in t h e s y s te m is in c lu d e d .
— A. R . P .
*System A lu m in iu m -M ag n esiu m -Z in c. K a r l R ie d e r e r (Z. M etallkunde,
1936, 28, (1 0 ), 3 1 2 -3 1 7 ).— C f. p re c e d in g a b s t r a c t . A n X - r a y e x a m in a tio n o f
t h e v a r io u s p h a s e s o f t h e a lu m in iu m s y s te m sh o w e d t h a t th e (1 -p h a se h a s a n
h e x a g o n a l l a t t i c e w i t h a = 11-38 ± 0 -0 2 A . a n d c/a = 1-57 a n d t h e 8 -p h a se
a c u b ic b o d y - c e n tre d l a tt ic e w i th a = 10-45 — 10-56 A ., 58 a to m s in t h e u n i t
cell. T h e e x is te n c e o f t h e y -p h a s e o f K a w a k a m i (M et. A b s., 1934, 1, 169),
h a s b e e n c o n firm e d , b u t i t c a n b e o b ta in e d o n ly b y slo w co o lin g fro m th e liq u id
s t a te , a n d n o t b y a n n e a lin g . I n t h e t e r n a r y s y s te m t h e c o m p o u n d A l 2M g 3Z n 3
(T ) h a s a b o d y - c e n tre d c u b ic la tt ic e w i th 161 a to m s in t h e u n i t c e l l ; its p a r a ­
m e te r in c re a se s a lo n g t h e s e c tio n T - 3 f ro m 14-29 t o 14-71 A . a n d a lo n g t h e
s e c tio n T - 8 f ro m 14-29 t o 14-60 A ., a n d i t s lim its o f h o m o g e n e ity in th e s e
d ir e c tio n s a re , r e s p e c tiv e ly , a lu m in iu m 44-6, m a g n e s iu m 31-7, z in c 2 3 -7 % , a n d
a lu m in iu m 27-5, m a g n e s iu m 32-5, z in c 4 0 % . T h e c o m p o s itio n o f a llo y s o n
t h e v a r io u s q u a s i- b in a r y s e c tio n s o f t h e t e r n a r y s y s te m a r e sh o w n in a
d ia g r a m , a n d t h e e q u ilib r ia i n t h e s y s te m a r e d is c u s s e d f ro m t h e p o in t o f
v ie w o f t h e p h a s e r u le .— A . R . P .
*T ernary D iag ram oi the A lu m in iu m -M ag n esiu m -Z in c System . M a ts u jiro
H a m a z u m i (Tetsu-to-H agane (J . Ir o n Steel In s t. J a p a n ), 1936, 2 2, (4), 2 5 8 2 7 1 ).— [ I n J a p a n e s e .] N o E n g lis h s u m m a r y is g iv e n .— S . G .
*Investigation oi Special Silum ins. G . G . U r a s o w a n d I . R . N iz h e r a d z e
(Izvestia S e ld o m Fizilco-Khimicheskogo A n a liza (A n n . Sect. A n a lyse P hys.C him .), 1936, 8 , 2 0 1 -2 5 4 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s o f
a lu m in iu m -s ilic o n a llo y s (S ilu m in s ) in c re a s e o n a d d i ti o n o f u p t o 4 % o f
c o p p e r. T h e m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e r tie s o f c a s t m o d ifie d a lu m in iu m - s ilic o n c o p p e r a llo y s (S i 1 0 - 2 0 % a n d C u u p t o 4 % ) a r e h ig h e r t h a n th o s e o f u n ­
m o d ifie d a llo y s. H e a t - t r e a t m e n t a t 5 0 0 ° C ., q u e n c h in g in w a te r , a n d s u b ­
s e q u e n t a r tific ia l a g e in g a t 15 0 ° C . f o r 24 h r s . c o n s id e ra b ly im p ro v e s t h e ir
m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s . T h e s e a llo y s a g e - h a r d e n o n ly v e r y s lig h tly . S ilu m in s
c o n ta in in g c o p p e r h a v e e x c e lle n t c a s tin g p r o p e rtie s , fill t h e m o u ld w e ll, a n d
g iv e d e n s e , s m o o th a n d b lis te r - fr e e c a s tin g s . T h e a v e r a g e s p . g r . o f t h e allo y s
is 2 -7 2 , a n d t h e y c a n b e w r o u g h t.— N . A .
Castings in Silum in G am m a. G . S a c h s a n d E . S c h e u e r (F ound. T rade J .,
1936, 55, (1 0 4 8 ), 2 1 8 - 2 2 0 ).— A b r id g e d tr a n s l a t io n f ro m M etallwirtschaft, 1935,
14, 93 7 , 9 7 2 ; see M e t A b s., t h i s v o l., p . 3 6.— J . E . N .
[“ L o -E x ” ] A L ow -E xpansion N ickel-[S ilicon-]A lum inium Alloy. ------(Inco, 1936, 13, (4 ), 17).— T h e p r o p e r tie s o f “ L o - E x ,” a n a lu m in iu m a llo y
c o n ta in in g s ilic o n 14, n ic k e l 2 , c o p p e r 0 -9 , a n d m a g n e s iu m 1 -0 % , u s e d fo r
p is to n s a r e d e a l t w ith . C a rb id e o r d ia m o n d to o ls a r e re c o m m e n d e d f o r
m a c h in in g t h i s a llo y .— R . G .
*M agnetic In v estig atio n of th e Z in c -A lu m in iu m System . H e r m a n n A u e r
a n d K a r l E r n s t M a n n (Z. M etallkunde, 1936, 28, (10), 3 2 3 -3 2 6 ).— M e a su re ­
m e n t s o f t h e d ia m a g n e tic s u s c e p tib ility o f a lu m in iu m - z in c a llo y s sh o w t h a t t h e
s o lid s o lu b ility o f a lu m in iu m in zin c in c re a se s f ro m 0 -1 % a t 10 0 ° C. t o 0 -3 8 %
a t 2 0 0 ° C . a n d 1 -1 % a t 3 7 0 ° C . ( e u te c tic te m p e r a tu r e ) . T h e e u te c to id a l
h o r iz o n ta l p ^ a -f- y is a t 2 7 0 ° C. a n d b e g in s a t 0 -6 5 % a lu m in iu m . T h e
m a g n e tic t e s t s also sh o w e d t h a t t h e ir o n im p u r i t y in zin c h a s a so lid s o lu b ility
w h ic h in c re a s e s w i t h in c re a s e in te m p e r a tu r e .— A . R . P .
i n v e s tig a tio n s of Z in c -A lu m in iu m Alloys (G erm an E lectrolytic Z inc Basis
M etal) w ith A dditions of Copper, M agnesium , Nickel, L ithiu m , a n d Lead. W .
G u e r tle r, E . K le w e ta , W . C la u s , a n d E . R ic k e r ts e n (Light M etals Research,
1 936, 5, (5), 1 0 2 -1 0 5 ).— S u m m a ry f ro m Z . M etallkunde, 1936, 28, 107, 1 7 8 ;
se e M e t. A b s., t h i s v o l., p . 393.— L . A . O.
1936
I I . — Properties of Alloys
507
♦In v e stig a tio n oî th e Effect of D uration of H e a t-T rea tm e n t on A l u m i n i u m
Alloys. (T u to v .) S ee p . 584.
V ariations in the D ensity of H igh-S trength A l u m i n i u m Alloys ____
(M etall- Woche, 1936, (22), 4 2 9 -4 3 0 ).— L . A . 0 .
A lum inium F o und ry Alloys. R . I r m a n n (.MetaUwirtschaft , 1936, 15,
(4 2 ), 9 8 4 -9 8 9 ).— A n e x te n s iv e re v ie w o f th e p r o p e rtie s o f v a r io u s a lu m in iu m
a llo y s f o r t h e f o u n d r y .— v . G.
Composition and Properties of L ight-M etal P iston Alloys. —
(MetallWoche, 1936, (1 6 ), 301—30 2 ; (17), 321—322 ; (18), 342—343).— T h e c o m p o s itio n s
o f 5 5 a llo y s a r e ta b u l a t e d , a n d a b r ie f a c c o u n t is g iv e n o f th e p r o p e rtie s o f th e
m o s t i m p o r t a n t o f th e m .— A . R . P .
* 0 n th e P hotoelectric Effect of M etallic Alloys.— I I [C adm ium -A ntim ony,
C opper-A ntim ony], L u ig i B e lla d e n a n d G iu lio G a llia n o (A n n a li C him .
applicata, 1936, 26, ( 6 ), 263—266).— S ee a lso M et. A bs., th is v o l., p . 454.
P h o to e le c tr ic s e n s itiv ity c u rv e s w e re o b ta in e d f o r t h e s y s te m s c a d m iu m a n tim o n y a n d c o p p e r - a n tim o n y ; in t h e fo rm e r s y s te m th e s e n s itiv ity re a c h e s
a p r o n o u n c e d m a x im u m a t C d S b a n d a m u c h less m a r k e d m in im u m a t t h e
e u te c tic c o m p o s itio n , w h e re a s in t h e l a t t e r s y s te m th e r e is n o m in im u m b u t a
s h a r p m a x im u m a t C u 2S b .— A . R . P .
♦O n Superposed T ran sp arent Photo-C athodes. P . G o rlic h (Z . P h ysik , 1936,
101, (5 /6 ), 3 3 5 -3 4 2 ).— T h e effe cts o f a llo y in g v a r io u s m e ta ls w ith c æ siu m o n
t h e p h o to e le c tr ic c o n s ta n ts o f t r a n s p a r e n t c æ siu m a llo y film s o n t r a n s p a r e n t
film s o f s u p p o r tin g m e ta ls a r e g iv e n . T h e r e s u lt o f u sin g o x y g e n a s a
s e n s itiz e r is d isc u sse d , a n d i t is s h o w n t h a t th is m o v e s t h e e m issio n m a x im a
i n th e lo n g -w a v e d ir e c tio n .— B . C.
♦A lloys of W orkable C hrom ium . W ilh e lm K r o ll (Z. M etallkunde, 1936,
28, (10), 3 1 7 -3 1 9 ).— T h e s t r u c t u r e a n d w o rk in g p r o p e rtie s o f a llo y s o f m a lle a b le
c h ro m iu m w ith 3 - 9 % o f ir o n , n ic k e l, c o b a lt, a lu m in iu m , silico n , m o ly b d e n u m ,
t u n g s t e n , v a n a d iu m , t i ta n iu m , z irc o n iu m , a n d t a n ta l u m w e re e x a m in e d !
T h e a llo y s w e re m a d e b y s in te r in g m ix tu r e s o f t h e p o w d e re d m e ta ls firs t a t
1 2 0 0 ° C. in vacuo, t h e n a t 1 5 0 0 ° -1 7 0 0 ° C. in a rg o n . A ll t h e a llo y s e x c e p t
th o s e w i t h a h ig h n ic k e l c o n te n t w e re r e a d ily r o lle d h o t to t h i n s h e e t, b u t w ere
b r i tt l e a t ro o m t e m p e r a tu r e , e sp e c ia lly th o s e c o n ta in in g a lu m in iu m , silico n ,
a n d z irc o n iu m . T h e ir o n a llo y s w e re p a r tic u la r ly g o o d , e sp e c ia lly t h a t con-’
t a b lin g 4 -7 % b o n . T h e p re se n c e o f e v e n a h ig h c o n te n t o f o x id e h a d little
e ffe c t o n t h e h o t- ro llin g p r o p e rtie s o f t h e allo y s. M o s t o f t h e o x id e -fre e allo y s
c o n s is te d o f so lid so lu tio n s t h e h a r d n e s s o f w h ic h v a r ie d c o n s id e ra b ly w ith th e
a llo y in g e le m e n t, n ic k e l h a v in g t h e g r e a te s t a n d t a n ta l u m t h e le a s t h a rd e n in g
effe ct. I t is su g g e s te d t h a t t h e la c k o f m a lle a b ility o f a lu m in o th e rm ie
c h ro m iu m is d u e t o the. p re se n c e o f s m a ll a m o u n ts o f s u lp h u r , a rse n ic , p h o s ­
p h o r u s , a n d c a rb o n .— A . R . P .
♦X -R a y
Investigation
of
th e
Iron-C hrom ium -S ilico n
P h ase
D iagram
A . G . H . A n d e rs e n a n d E r ic R . J e t t e (T ra n s. A m e r. Soc. M etals, 1936, 24, (2)!
3 75—419).— T h e e q u ilib r iu m d ia g r a m f o r so lid ir o n -c h r o m iu m -s ilic o n allo y s
w a s d e te r m in e d b y X - r a y c r y s ta l s t r u c t u r e m e th o d s f o r iro n -ric h a llo y s c o n ­
ta in in g u p t o a b o u t 3 5 % c h ro m iu m a n d 2 0 % silico n . T h e p h a s e b o u n d a rie s
o f t h e so lid s o lu tio n in a - b o n w e re d e te r m in e d a t 6 0 0 ° , 8 0 0 °, a n d 1000° C.
T h e a - p h a s e b o u n d a r y fa lls in to th r e e se c tio n s. I n o n e i t is in e q u ilib riu m
w ith a p h a s e o f c o m p o s itio n (F e C r) 3 S i 2 w h ic h is iso m o rp h ic w ith E e,S i„.
I n t h e n e x t se c tio n , w h ic h is v e r y s h o r t, t h e a - p h a s e is in e q u ilib riu m w ith a
p h a s e is o m o rp h ic w ith C r 3Si. O v e r t h e lo n g e s t s e c tio n o f th e a -b o u n d a ry ,
t h e s e c o n d p h a s e , d e n o te d S , is p r o b a b ly a so lid s o lu tio n b a s e d o n th e
c o m p o u n d F e C r, b u t c o n ta in in g silic o n in so lid so lu tio n . T h e re is a ra n g e
o f c o m p o s itio n in w h ic h p re c ip ita tio n -h a r d e n in g is p o ssib le .— W . H .-R .
t A Review of Copper Alloys [— 1]. M . G. C o rso n (Iro n A ge, 1 9 3 6 , 138 (16)
1 1 4 - 1 1 5 ,1 1 7 - 1 1 8 ,1 2 0 ,1 2 2 ,1 2 4 ,1 2 6 ,1 4 4 ) .— C. classifies t h e c o p p e r allo y s! b o th
508
Metallurgical Abstracts
V o l.
3
t h o s e s c a rc e ly u s e d a n d t h o s e in c o m m o n u se , d e s c rib e s th e i r c o m p o s itio n ,
p r o p e rtie s , a n d a p p lic a tio n s , a n d d isc u sse s t h e u se o f h e a t- h a r d e n a b le c o p p erb a s e a llo y s f o r c a s tin g . H e c o n c lu d e s t h a t th e r e is n o h o p e o f fin d in g a
n e w c o p p e r a llo y w i t h e x c e p tio n a l c h a r a c te r is tic s , a lth o u g h v a n a d iu m m a y
s till p r o d u c e a n a llo y o f s u ffic ie n t s t r e n g t h a n d h a r d n e s s t o c o m p e te w ith
o th e rs . [ T h e re v ie w i s t o b e c o n tin u e d .] — J . H . W .
♦T h e Solid Solubilities of th e E lem ents of th e Periodic Sub-G roup Vb m
Copper [and th e L attice Spacings of th e P rim ary Solid Solutions]. J . C . M e rtz
a n d C. H . M a th e w s o n (Metals Technology, 1936, 3, ( 6 ), 2 0 p p . ; A .I.M .M .E .
Tech. P ull. N o . 747). — T h e so lid so lu tio n s o f p h o s p h o r u s , a rs e n ic , a n d a n tim o n y
in c o p p e r w e re in v e s tig a te d b y t h e X - r a y b a c k re fle c tio n m e th o d , u sin g
sp e c im e n s q u e n c h e d f ro m d if f e r e n t te m p e r a tu r e s . T h e l a tt i c e s p a c in g s a r e
t a b u l a t e d , a n d t h e fo llo w in g s o lu b ility lim its d e te r m in e d : (1) Phosphorus
A b o u t 1 -7 % p h o s p h o r u s b y w e ig h t d iss o lv e s i n so lid c o p p e r a t 7 0 0 0 ., a n d
t h e s o lu b ility d im in is h e s t o 0 - 6 % a t 3 0 0 ° C . (2) Arsenic. T h e s o lu b ility
d im in is h e s g r a d u a lly f ro m a b o u t 8 % b y w e ig h t a t 6 8 0 ° C. t o 7-5 /„ a t 3 0 0 C.
(3) Antimony. T h e s o lu b ility d im in is h e s g r a d u a lly f ro m 1 1 -3 % a n tim o n y
b y w e ig h t a t 6 3 0 ° C ., t o 1 0 % a t 4 5 0 ° C ., a n d t h e n m u c h m o re r a p id ly t o 2 -1 %
a t 2 11° C .
T h e so lid s o lu b ility c u r v e s g iv e lin e a r r e la tio n s b e tw e e n
and
lo g S w h e r e T is t h e t e m p e r a tu r e i n d e g re e s a b s o lu te , a n d S is t h e a to m ic
p e r c e n ta g e o f s o lu te a t t h e s o lu b ility lim it. T h e a b r u p t c h a n g e in d ir e c tio n
o f t h e s o lu b ility c u r v e f o r a n tim o n y is d u e t o t h e tr a n s f o r m a tio n o f th e
S -p h a se w i t h w h ic h t h e a so lid s o lu tio n is i n e q u ilib r iu m .— W . H .- R .
♦E x p a n sio n A nom alies D ue to E x te rn a l Forces in 7 -1 6 % A lum in ium C opperA lum iniu m Alloys. A n d r é B o u tillie r (Compt. rend., 1 9 3 6 , 203, (10), 5 7 2 -5 7 4 ).—
A s t u d y o f t h e a n o m a lie s o f e x p a n s io n o f t h e c o p p e r - a lu m in iu m a llo y s, o b s e rv e d
in a g r e a t n u m b e r o f s p e c im e n s u n d e r t h e m o s t v a r ie d c o n d itio n s u s in g a
C h e v e n a rd d if fe r e n tia l d ila to m e tc r , e n a b le d th e s e a n o m a lie s t o b e classified
in 3 g r o u p s : ( 1 ) a n o m a lie s o f c h a n g e o f s t a te , w h ic h c o rre s p o n d s t o a v a r ia tio n
o f d e n s ity o r o f t h e la w o f e x p a n s io n ; ( 2 ) a n o m a lie s o f p la s tic ity , a fu n c tio n
o f t h e ti m e a n d b o u n d u p w it h e x t e r n a l fo rc e s ; a n d (3) a n o m a lie s w h ic h
c a n n o t b e a t t r i b u t e d e ith e r t o v a r ia tio n s o f d e n s ity o r t o e x te r n a l fo rce s.
T h e s e a n o m a lie s m a y b e m o r e o r less s u p e rp o s e d . T h o s e o f (2) h a v e b e e n
is o la te d a n d h a v e b e e n s tu d ie d b y a s s u m in g t h a t w h e n t h e sig n o f t h e a p p lie d
fo rc e is c h a n g e d , t h e a n o m a lie s c h a n g e th e i r sig n w it h o u t c h a n g in g t h e ir
m a g n itu d e
T h e y a r e lo c a liz e d i n t h e v ic in ity o f c e r ta in tr a n s f o r m a tio n s .
I n a sp e c im e n s u b m i t t e d t o a c o m p re ss io n o f 2 0 g r m ./m m . 2 in t h e d ü a to m e te r ,
t h e a n o m a ly o f p l a s ti c it y c a n c o m p e n s a te , f o r a r a t e o f h e a tin g of 3 - 4 /
m in u te , t h e e x p a n s io n w h ic h r e s u lts f ro m t h e in c re a s e o f t h e sp ecific v o lu m e
i n t h e c o u rse o f t h e e u te c to id -B s o lu tio n tr a n s f o r m a tio n . A te n s io n o f th e
s a m e v a lu e s u b s t i t u t e s a n e x p a n s io n f o r t h e c o n tr a c tio n , w h ic h m u s t
a c c o m p a n y t h e p r e c ip ita tio n o f t h e a - c o n s ti tu e n t d u r in g t h e co o lin g o f t h e
3 -so lu tio n s c o n ta in in g a t l e a s t 1 2 % a lu m in iu m .
W it h fo rg in g a llo y s r ic h in
t h e a o r 8 c o n s titu e n ts , the* a n o m a lie s o f p la s ti c it y a t t h e f ir s t h e a tin g h a v e
a n e x c e p tio n a l r a n g e , in p a r t i c u l a r t h a t a b o v e 5 7 0 ° C. M ic ro e x a m in a tio n
sh o w e d a c o m p le te p a r a lle lis m i n t h i s c ase b e tw e e n t h e p h e n o m e n o n o f
p l a s ti c it y a n d t h e p ro g re s s iv e c r y s ta llin e o r ie n ta tio n o f t h e e le m e n ts o f t h e
d if fe r e n t p h a s e s .— J . H . W .
.
_
t>-i i
♦T ra n sfo rm a tio n s in E u tecto id A lum m iu m -C opp er AUoys. n . — D ilatom etric In v estig atio n o î th e T ran sfo rm atio n s of th e B-Solid Solution in th e M etastable State. V . G r id n e v a n d G . K u r d j u m o v (Zhumal Tehnicheslcoy F iz iln (J .
Tech. Physics), 1936, 6, (5), 7 7 5 -7 8 0 (in R u s s ia n ) ; a n d Tech. Physics U .S.S.R.,
1936 3 (2 ), 1 3 5 -1 4 1 (in G e rm a n )).— A lu m in iu m b ro n z e s w i th 1 2 % a lu m in iu m
a n d w i t h a lu m in iu m 1 2 a n d n ic k e l 2 % w e re in v e s tig a te d b y m e a n s o f th e
C h e v e n a rd d ila to m e te r . T h e tr a n s f o r m a tio n o f t h e d is o r d e r e d f)-p h ase i n to
1936
I I . — Properties of Alloys
509
t h e o r d e re d (3r p h a s e is a c c o m p a n ie d b y a s m a ll c o n tr a c tio n in v o lu m e . On
r a p i d h e a tin g o f q u e n c h e d a llo y s, (3' p a s se s d ir e c tly in to p. F o r t h e p ' —
pt
tr a n s f o r m a tio n t o t a k e p la c e d iffu s io n m u s t o c c u r i n t h e so lid s o lu tio n in th e
te m p e r a t u r e r a n g e o f e x is te n c e o f t h e p -p h a se . A f te r a n n e a lin g in th is ra n g e
t h e p ! — ->■ p ' t r a n s f o r m a tio n te m p e r a t u r e is d e c re a s e d . O n s u b s e q u e n t
h e a tin g t h e (3 '----->- % t r a n s f o r m a tio n p ro c e e d s w ith o u t d iffu sio n , a n d c a n n o t
b e a r r e s t e d e v e n b y r a p i d h e a tin g . T h u s , t h e n o n -d iffu s io n t r a n s f o r m a tio n
o f t h e sp a c e l a t t i c e o f t h e m e ta s t a b l e p h a s e s (3t a n d p ', a f t e r a n n e a lin g i n a
d e fin ite t e m p e r a t u r e re g io n , b e c o m e s r e v e r s ib le .
T h e c a u s e o f th i s p h e n o ­
m e n o n is n o t y e t e lu c id a te d .— N . A .
♦R e s e a rc h on th e H ardness of A lum iniu m B ronzes a fte r Ageing. I.—
B in ary B ronzes of th e 90 : 10 Type. C. P a n s e r i (A llu m in io , 1935, 4, (4),
2 1 3 -2 1 8 ).— A s t u d y o f t h e r e la tio n s b e tw e e n
a g e in g t e m p e r a tu r e , a n d
h a r d n e s s in a lu m in iu m b ro n z e s. T w o
sa m p le s o f t h e b in a r y ty p e w ere
c o n s id e re d , c o n ta in in g (A ) 10-85 a n d ( B ) 10 -6 5 % a lu m in iu m , r e s p e c tiv e ly , b u t
o f v e r y d iffe re n t p u r i t y ; (A ) c o n ta in e d ir o n 0-26 a n d silico n 0 - 0 7 % ; a n d
( B ) ir o n 0 -0 2 a n d silic o n 0 -0 4 % . T h e te s t- b a r s w e re d ie - c a s t in c a s t-iro n d ies.
A f te r tr e a t i n g f o r 2 J h rs . a t 9 0 0 ° 0 . b o t h b a r s w e re q u e n c h e d i n w a te r a t 15° C .
F o r (A ) t h e h a r d n e s s w a s s tu d ie d a s a f u n c tio n o f t h e q u e n c h in g te m p e r a tu r e ,
t h e tr a n s i t i o n p o in ts b e tw e e n t h e v a r io u s re g io n s o f t h e d ia g r a m b e in g th u s
d e d u c e d . T h e e u te c tic h o r iz o n ta l w a s f o u n d t o o c c u r a t o v e r 565° C ., in
a g r e e m e n t w ith S m ith a n d L in d lie f. F o r t h e
a g e in g te m p e r a tu r e s th e
h a r d n e s s o f (A ) in c re a se s t o a m a x im u m
a t a b o u t 4 0 0 ° C ., d e c re a se s r a p id ly
b e tw e e n 4 0 0 ° a n d 4 25° C ., a n d t h e n m o re slo w ly to 65 0 ° C ., a f t e r w h ic h th e
h a r d n e s s re m a in s c o n s ta n t a t a m in im u m . T h e c u rv e f o r ( S ) is s im ila r, e x c e p t
t h a t t h e r e is a m a x im u m a t 3 5 0 °, a firs t in fle c tio n a t 390° a n d a se c o n d
in fle c tio n a t 725° C. A ll t h e sp e c im e n s w e re a g e d f o r 2 h r s ., a n d t h e n cooled
in t h e f u rn a c e a t a r a t e o f a b o u t 100° C. p e r h r . A few c o n s id e ra tio n s o n th e
m e a s u re m e n t o f th e h a r d n e s s o f t h e a lu m in iu m b ro n z e s a r e in c lu d e d in th e
p a p e r .— J . K .
in f lu e n c e of H e a t-T rea tm e n t on F a tig u e and Corrosion-Resistance of
[90 :1 0 ] A lu m iniu m Bronze. I . M u s a tti a n d L . D a in e lli (A llu m in io , 1935,
4 , ( 1 ), 5 1 -6 3 ).— T h e f a tig u e lim it o f t h e m a te r ia l is c o n s id e ra b ly im p ro v e d b y
h e a t - t r e a t m e n t , a s c o m p a r e d w i th t h e m a te r ia l in t h e sim p ly n o rm a liz e d
c o n d itio n . T h e h ig h e s t re s is ta n c e t o fa tig u e w a s o b ta in e d w it h a n ag e in g
te m p e r a t u r e o f 5 0 0 ° C. T h e re s is ta n c e o f t h e a llo y t o n itr ic , h y d ro c h lo ric , a n d
s u lp h u r ic a c id s w a s g r e a tly in flu e n c e d b y h e a t - tr e a t m e n t . W i th n itr ic a c id
in p a r tic u la r , t h e p re se n c e o f e u te c tic m a k e s t h e m a te r ia l v e r y lia b le to a t t a c k ;
w ith a f u lly h e a t - t r e a t e d s t r u c t u r e i t is a p p r o x im a te ly 2 0 tim e s m o re re s is ta n t.
W i t h h y d ro c h lo ric a n d s u lp h u r ic a c id s t h e d iffe re n c e is n o t so m a r k e d , b u t
f o r th e s e tw o a c id s sa m p le s c o n ta in in g t h e e u te c tic sh o w a h ig h e r re sis ta n c e
t h a n th e f u lly h e a t - t r e a te d o n es.— J . K .
♦In v e stig a tio n on th e P recip itation -H ard ening of Copper-B eryllium Alloys.
M . I . Z a h a r o v a (M etallurg (Metallurgist), 1936, (7), 1 0 1 -1 0 5 ).—-[In R u s s ia n .]
T h e r a t e o f d e c o m p o s itio n o f t h e s u p e r s a tu r a te d so lid s o lu tio n in c o p p e r allo y s
w i t h l- 4 r- 2 -l% b e r y lliu m , d e te r m in e d b y X - r a y a n a ly s is a n d h a r d n e s s m e a s u re ­
m e n ts , in c re a se s w ith in c re a s e in t h e b e ry lliu m c o n te n t a n d a g e in g te m p e r a tu r e ,
a n d is a ls o a c c e le ra te d b y d e f o rm a tio n e s p e c ia lly w h e n t h is is effe c te d a f te r
t h e in d u c tio n p e r io d r a t h e r t h a n im m e d ia te ly a f te r q u e n c h in g . T h e h a rd e n in g
e ffe c ts a r e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f e la s tic stre s s e s a lo n g t h e in t e r ­
fa c e s b e tw e e n t h e so lid s o lu tio n a n d t h e n e w p h a s e .— N . A .
♦B eryllium -C o pper Alloys w ith H igh E lectrical Conductivity and Hardness.
W e r n e r H e s s e n b r u c h (Z. M etallkunde, 1936, 28, (10), 3 2 0 -3 2 3 ).— T h e te n s ile
p r o p e rtie s a n d e le c tric a l c o n d u c tiv ity o f n u m e r o u s allo y s o f c o p p e r w ith
0 - 1 5 -2 % b e r y lliu m a n d sm a ll q u a n titie s o f c h ro m iu m , c o b a lt, m a n g a n e se ,
510
Metallurgical A bstracts
V o l. 3
silic o n , iro n , t i n , s ilv e r, c a d m iu m , n ic k e l, a lu m in iu m , o r z irc o n iu m
t a b u l a t e d ; t h e fo llo w in g r a n g e o f p r o p e rtie s m a y b e o b ta in e d :
A llo y in g E l e m e n t s , % .
Be
Be
Be
Be
Be
Be
0-3, Z r 0*5
0-15, C r, 0-85
0-4, Si 0-5, Co 2-6
0-3, M n 0-5, Co 0-5
1-0, A g 3 0 -5
2-0, Co, F e , M n, o r Si 0-5
C o n d u c tiv ity , % .
8 5 -8 2
6 5 -6 9
5 5 -5 8
4 0 -3 7
4 5 -3 0
2 5 -2 0
are
T e n s ile S tre n g th ,
K g . / tutt i , 8.
28^7
3 2 -5 2
a b o u t 70
7 3-83
1 1 0 -1 2 0
140-150
T h e a c t u a l v a lu e s o f th e s e p r o p e r tie s f o r a n y a llo y c a n b e v a r ie d c o n s id e ra b ly
b y h e a t a n d m e c h a n ic a l t r e a t m e n t. T h e a llo y s h a v e p r o v e d u s e fu l f o r t h e
m a n u f a c tu r e o f t h e e le c tro d e s o f w e ld in g m a c h in e s , s p rin g s f o r e le c tric
s w itc h e s , a n d p a r t s o f e le c tric a l a p p a r a tu s d e m a n d in g h ig h s tr e n g th a n d
c o n d u c tiv ity .— A . R . P .
B eryllium -C opper-C obalt Alloys. F . G . B e n fo r d (Met. Ind. (N .Y . ), 1936,
34, ( 6 ), 2 2 6 ).— T h e a d d itio n o f c o b a lt t o t h e b in a r y b e r y lliu m - c o p p e r a llo y s
r e s u lts i n a d e c re a s e in t h e a m o u n t o f b e r y lliu m n e c e s s a ry fo r h e a t - tr e a t i n g
t o o b t a i n o p tim u m p h y s ic a l p r o p e rtie s , w it h c o n s e q u e n t r e d u c tio n in c o s t.
S o m e p h y s ic a l p r o p e r tie s a r e g iv e n f o r T ro d a lo y , a n a llo y w it h b e ry lliu m
0 -4 , c o b a lt 2-6, a n d c o p p e r 9 7 % .— L . A . 0 .
H igh-P ressure a n d H igh-Speed B earing Alloy “ K e lm e t.” I w a o I w a s a k i
(Kinzoku (J. of Metals), 1935, 5, ( 8 ), 3 4 6 -3 4 9 (in J a p a n e s e ) ; a n d ( a b s tr a c t)
Japan Nickel Rev., 1936, 4, (3), 5 2 3 (in E n g lis h a n d J a p a n e s e ) ) .— A n a c c o u n t
o f a c o p p e r - le a d b e a r in g a llo y c o n ta in in g s m a ll a d d itio n s o f t i n , n ic k e l, silic o n ,
z ir c o n iu m , a n d s u lp h u r .— P . M . C. R .
*CA Alloy as Spring M aterial. S a k a e O n o e (Furukawa Denko (J. FuruIcawa Elect. Ind. Co.), 1935, ( J u ly ) , 3 8 ^ 3 (in J a p a n e s e ) ; a n d ( a b s tr a c t)
Japan Nickel Rev., 1 936, 4, (2), 3 6 6 -3 6 8 (in E n g lis h a n d J a p a n e s e ) ) .—
D e s c rib e s t e s ts o n co il s p rin g s o f a c o p p e r a llo y c o n ta in in g n ic k e l 3-5, silic o n
1-0, a n d a lu m in iu m 4 -7 5 % . T h e a llo y a p p e a r s t o b e a s u ita b le s u b s ti tu t e fo r
p h o s p h o r - b r o n z e a n d f o r so m e a p p lic a tio n s i n p la c e o f p ia n o w ire .— R . G .
*T he E ffects oî T em p eratu re a n d oî C old-W ork on th e M echanical Properties
of a M edal B ronze. W . B ro n ie w s k i a n d J . S z re n ia w sk i (Congrès Internat.
M ines Mét. Céol., Section de Métallurgie, 1936, 2, 1 8 9 -1 9 4 ; a n d Rev. Met.,
1 936, 33, (7), 4 4 2 -4 4 7 ).— [ I n F re n c h .] T h e m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s w e re
d e te r m in e d a t 12 te m p e r a tu r e s b e tw e e n — 183° a n d 7 0 0 ° C. f o r a n a llo y o f
t i n 5 , c o p p e r 9 5 % , t h e t e s ts b e in g c a r r ie d o u t o n w ire s 5 m m . in d ia m e te r
b o t h a f t e r a 5 0 % r e d u c tio n b y c o ld -w o rk in g a n d a f t e r a n n e a lin g f o r 30 m in u te s
a t 6 0 0 ° C . T e n s ile s t r e n g t h , h a r d n e s s , a n d im p a c t s t r e n g t h d e c re a s e a s t h e
t e m p e r a t u r e is in c re a s e d , b u t t h e c u r v e s sh o w a n in fle c tio n , t h e d e c re a s e in
s t r e n g t h b e tw e e n 0 ° a n d 2 0 0 ° C. b e in g v e r y s lig h t. T h e effe c ts o f coldw o rk in g a r e lo s t s u d d e n ly a t 5 0 0 ° C. S a m p le s o f th i s a llo y w e re a ls o r e d u c e d
b y c o ld -w o rk b y a m o u n ts b e tw e e n 2-5 a n d 9 9 % , a n d t h e m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s
a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e d e te r m in e d b o t h a f t e r c o ld -w o rk in g a n d a f te r a n n e a lin g
f o r 2 h r s . b e tw e e n 1 0 0 ° a n d 8 0 0 ° C. A f te r 2 0 % r e d u c tio n , t h e e lo n g a tio n
d e c re a s e s a lm o s t t o z e ro , a n d a f te r 7 2 % r e d u c tio n a r a p id d e c re a s e in t h e
r e d u c t i o n o f a r e a a t f r a c tu r e is o b s e rv e d . A n in c r e a s e in h a r d n e s s o c c u rs
w h e n a llo y s r e d u c e d m o re t h a n 2 0 % a r e a n n e a le d a t lo w te m p e r a tu r e s , t h e
m a x im u m e ffe c t o c c u r r in g a t a b o u t 2 0 0 ° C . T h e “ t r u e h a r d n e s s ’* o f th e
a llo y , d e te r m in e d b y m a k in g r e p e a t e d B rin e ll im p re s s io n s o n t h e s a m e s p o t,
a n n e a lin g a t 6 0 0 ° C. b e tw e e n e a c h im p re s s io n , u n t il t h e size o f t h e im p re ss io n
r e m a in s c o n s ta n t, is 3-1.— J . C. C.
1936
♦In v e rs e
I I . — Properties of Alloys
Segregation and th e “ T in Sweat ”
511
of Bronzes.
(Industria meccanica, 1 9 3 6 ,' 18, 3 4 7 -3 5 5 , 4 2 4 -A 3 4 ;
G.
S om igli
C. Abs., 1936, 30,
7 0 7 7 ).— A c c o rd in g t o n e w e x p e r im e n ts , t h e c a u s e o f s e g re g a tio n in b ro n z e
m u s t b e a s c rib e d t o t h e a c tio n o f e n c lo s e d g a s. T h e L u d w ig -S o r e t effect,
a lth o u g h th e o r e tic a lly v a lid , h a s n o p r a c tic a l im p o rta n c e a s th e r e is n o t
su ffic ie n t t h e r m a l g r a d ie n t d u r in g t h e c a s tin g p e r io d t o e s ta b lis h itse lf. T h e
c o n tr a c tio n a c c o m p a n y in g s o lid ific a tio n h a s a n in d ir e c t effe ct o n ly , w h ile th e
g a se s d iss o lv e d d u r in g m e ltin g , a n d e s c a p in g d u r in g so lid ific a tio n , d e te rm in e
b u t d o n o t r e g u la te t h e in t e n s i ty o f in v e rs e s e g re g a tio n . C o n tr a c tio n d u e to
sh r in k in g is n o t su ffic ie n t t o d e te r m in e t h e c a u s e s f o r t i n s w e a t b e c a u s e th e
l a t t e r d o e s n o t t a k e p la c e w h e n th e d is s o lu tio n o f g a s e s is p r o h ib ite d . T h e
m e th o d o f p re so lid ific a tio n , fo llo w e d b y re m e ltin g u n d e r a s u ita b le c o v e r, is
p r a c tic a lly su ffic ie n t t o a v o id in v e rs e s e g re g a tio n e v e n in b ro n z e s w ith a h ig h
p h o s p h o r u s c o n te n t. 2 5 references a r e g iv e n .— S. G.
Influence of Iro n on the Properties of T in Bronze. L . I . M in k in ( Metallurg
(Metallurgist), 1935, ( 6 ), 1 0 6 -1 0 8 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] I t is s h o w n t h a t 0 -3 %
ir o n d o e s n o t a ffe c t t h e m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s o f a b ro n z e o b ta in e d b y o r d in a r y
m e ltin g a n d m a y b e a l lo w e d ; th is is c o n firm e d b y w o r k s ’ e x p e rie n c e .— N . A .
On L ead-B ronzes. W illi C la u s (Z. Metallkunde, 1936, 28, (6), 176). — T h e
c o n c lu sio n o f a n a r tic le in a n e a r lie r i s s u e ; see Met. Abs., t h i s v o l., p . 199.
— L. A. 0 .
♦Im p u ritie s in Silicon-B ronzes and -B rasses. A . P . S m iria g in (Zvetnye
Metalli (Non-Ferrous Metals), 1936, ( 6 ), 1 0 1 -1 1 4 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] S ince
ir o n in c re a se s t h e f ric tio n a n d c o rro s io n a n d a d v e r s e ly a ffe c ts t h e m e c h a n ic a l
p r o p e r tie s o f s ilic o n -b ra s s e s , i t s h o u ld b e c o n s id e re d a n u n d e s ira b le im p u r ity .
N ic k e l, a n tim o n y , a rs e n ic , a n d p h o s p h o r u s h a v e a s im ila r effe c t o n th e
m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s , in c re a s e p o r o s ity , film in c lu sio n s , a n d in te r c ry s ta llin e
s h r in k a g e . A lu m in iu m im p ro v e s t h e m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s , b u t in c re a se s
film f o r m a tio n a n d th e r e fo r e s h o u ld b e c o n s id e re d h a r m fu l. T in p ro d u c e s
b r ittle n e s s a n d s h o u ld n o t e x c e e d 1 % . L e a d re d u c e s t h e m e c h a n ic a l, b u t
im p ro v e s t h e a n ti- f r ic tio n p r o p e rtie s . I n m a n u f a c tu r in g w a te r - a n d ste a m fittin g s f ro m s ilic o n -b ra s s e s , t h e a llo y s u s e d s h o u ld c o n fo rm t o t h e fo llo w in g
s p e c ific a tio n : lo w -silico n b ro n z e s s h o u ld b e fre e fro m l e a d ; l e a d - t i n b ro n z e s
s h o u ld b e fre e f ro m a lu m in iu m . T h e in flu e n c e o f th e s e im p u ritie s o n th e
s t r u c t u r e h a s b e e n s tu d ie d .— N . A .
♦Im p ro v e m e n t of Properties of G erm an Silver, P h o sp hor-B ron ze, and T in Z inc Bronzes. G . F . R a u c h e n k o ( Metallurg (Metallurgist), 1936, (9), 8 1 -8 8 ).—
[ I n R u s s ia n .] T y p e s o f p h o s p h o r - b r o n z e a n d G e rm a n s ilv e r s u ita b le fo r
s p rin g s h a v e m a r k e d ly d iffe re n t m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s , p a r ti c u l a r ly a s re g a r d s
m o d u lu s o f e la s tic ity a n d l im it o f p r o p o r tio n a lity in b e n d in g . T h e d e te r ­
m in a tio n o f t h e lim it o f p r o p o r tio n a lity in b e n d in g so o n a f t e r ro llin g t h e m e ta l
a n d s u b s e q u e n t t e s ts o f t h e sa m e m a te r ia l a f te r s to ra g e , sh o w e d a n in c re a se
o f th i s f a c t o r o n r e p e a te d te s ts . I n p h o s p h o r - b ro n z e th e r e is a c ritic a l
i n t e r v a l o f w o rk -h a r d e n in g a t 7 5 - 8 0 % . L o w -te m p e r a tu r e a n n e a lin g (2 0 0 ° C.)
o f t h e a llo y s e x a m in e d p ro d u c e s a s h a r p in c re a se in t h e l im it o f p r o p o r tio n ­
a l i t y , s o m e w h a t in c re a se s th e m o d u lu s o f e la s tic ity , te n s ile s tr e n g th a n d
e lo n g a tio n o f G e r m a n s i l v e r ; s h a r p ly in c re a se s t h e r e la tiv e e lo n g a tio n o f th e
b ro n z e s ; d e c re a s e s t h e re s id u a l stre s se s a n d re m o v e s t h e h e te r o g e n e ity o f th e
p r o p e rtie s o f t h e w o r k -h a r d e n e d m a te r ia l.— N . A .
*X -R ay Study of th e Inter-D iffusion of Copper and Z inc. (O w en a n d P ic k u p .)
S ee p . 529.
♦O n the Non-D iffusion T ransform ation of the '¿-Phase in Copper-Zinc Alloys.
K a m in s k iy a n d G . K u r d ju m o v (Zhurnal Tehnicheskoy Fiziki (J. Tech.
Physics), 1 936, 6, ( 6 ), 9 8 4 -9 8 8 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] N o n -d iffu sio n t r a n s f o r m a ­
E.
t io n s e x is t in so lid s o lu tio n s o f |3 -co p p er-zin c allo y s. T h e tr a n s f o r m a tio n
te m p e r a tu r e d e c re a s e s r a p id ly w ith in c re a s e o f z in c c o n te n t. O n q u e n c h in g
512
Metallurgical A bstracts
V ol. 3
t h e a llo y in a 1 0 % so d iu m h y d r o x id e s o lu tio n , a n e w f a c e - c e n tr e d te tr a g o n a l
sp a c e la tt i c e a ' w i t h a — 3-755 A ., c = 3-586 A ., a n d a /c = 1-047 a p p e a rs .
A p p e a r a n c e o f t h e te t r a g o n a l s p a c e la tt ic e m a y b e e x p la in e d b y a s s u m in g
t h a t : ( 1 ) t h e h e te ro g e n e o u s [3-phase b e fo re tr a n s f o r m a tio n i n to a ' p a s se s in to
a h o m o g e n e o u s (3-phase ; ( 2 ) t h e r e c o n s tr u c tio n o f t h e s p a c e - c e n tre d [3-la ttic e
in to a f a c e - c e n tr e d o n e ta k e s p la c e lik e t h e tr a n s f o r m a tio n o f y -iro n in to
a - iro n , a n d o f [3-brass in to a - b ra s s . T h e m e c h a n is m o f t h e n o n -d iffu sio n
p ro c e ss a n d t h e d is t r i b u t io n o f a to m s in t h e sp a c e la ttic e s o f h o m o g e n e o u s [3
a n d a ' a r e in d ic a te d .— N . A .
*X -R ay E x am in atio n of C ertain C opper-Zinc Alloys a t E lev ated T em pera­
tures. (O w en a n d P ic k u p .) S ee p . 530.
C alcium -B rass. K e n jo O n o (Tetsu-to-Hagane (J . Iron Steel Inst. Japan),
1936, 2 2 , (4), 2 7 2 -2 7 6 ).— [ I n J a p a n e s e .] N o E n g lis h s u m m a r y is g iv e n .— S . G .
*M agnesium Silicide in 85 : 15 B rass. Effect o n th e P roperties. H . S .
V a n K lo o s te r a n d J . E . H a r r is , J r . ( Metals and Alloys, 1936, 7, (5), 1 3 5 -1 3 9 ).—
A se rie s o f a llo y b ra s s e s w a s p r e p a r e d b y t h e a d d itio n o f m a g n e s iu m silicid e
u p t o 4 -7 % t o a b r a s s o f a p p r o x im a te ly 85 : 15 c o m p o s itio n . T h e e ffe c t o f th e
a d d e d silic id e w a s i n v e s tig a te d b y a s t u d y o f t h e s p . g r ., h a r d n e s s , te n s ile
s t r e n g t h , e le c tr ic a l c o n d u c tiv ity , c o o lin g c u rv e s , a n d m ic r o s tr u c tu r e . T h e
a llo y b ra s s e s a r e m u c h h a r d e r t h a n t h e p u r e b r a s s a n d sh o w a n in c re a s e in
h a r d n e s s a n d e le c tr ic a l c o n d u c tiv ity o n a n n e a lin g a t su c c e ss iv e ly h ig h e r
t e m p e r a tu r e s . M a x im u m h a r d n e s s is r e a c h e d a t 4 5 0 ° -5 5 0 ° C. W h ile n o
a g e - h a r d e n in g w a s o b s e rv e d , t h e te m p e r a tu r e - h a r d e n in g a n d th e in c re a s e in
c o n d u c tiv ity o n h e a tin g c a n b e r e a d ily e x p la in e d o n t h e b a s is o f t h e th e o r y o f
Je ffrie s a n d A rc h e r. T h e h a r d p a r tic le s o f silic id e t h a t r e m a in s c a tte r e d
th r o u g h o u t t h e b r a s s a f te r p r o lo n g e d a n n e a lin g a t h ig h te m p e r a tu r e s p r o d u c e
a b r a s s t h a t m ig h t p o s s ib ly b e u s e d a s a b e a r in g m e ta l, a n d in ca se s w h e re
s t r e n g t h , h a r d n e s s , a n d m a c h in a b ility a r e r e q u ire d .— L . A . O.
»C ontributions to the System s C opper-Z inc-S ulphur a n d Cuprous SulphideZ inc Sulphide-L ead Sulphide. E r w in S tr o h f e ld t (Metall u. Erz, 1936, 33, (31),
5 6 1 -5 7 2 ).— I n t h e c o p p e r - z in c - s u lp h u r s y s te m a llo y s w i th m o re t h a n 1 %
s u lp h u r s e p a r a te in to la y e r s o n co o lin g , t h e b o tto m c o n s istin g o f a z in c - c o p p e r
a llo y a n d t h e u p p e r o f a m ix tu r e o f c u p r o u s a n d z in c s u lp h id e s . O n a d d itio n
o f m o re s u lp h u r , z in c s u lp h id e a lo n e is fo rm e d , t h e m e ta l la y e r b e c o m in g p o o re r
i n zin c a n d t h e s u lp h id e la y e r r ic h e r i n z in c s u lp h id e ; n o c o p p e r s u lp h id e is
p r o d u c e d u n til a ll t h e z in c h a s b e e n r e m o v e d f ro m t h e m e ta l. T h e s u lp h u r in
t h e m e ta l la y e r e x is ts a s d e n d r itic c r y s ta ls o f z in c su lp h id e .— A . R . P .
»C ontribution to th e Study o î th e Effect of A nnealing on the S tructu re,
B rinell H ardn ess ( H B), Tensile S trength ( R r), a n d E long ation ( A 10) of ColdR olled 67 : 33 B rass. L . L o sk ie w ic z w it h G . G o u s c h lb a u e r, M . N o so w icz,
Z . H a y t o , a n d B . P o d c z a s k i ( Congrès Internat. Mines M it. Oéol., Section de
Métallurgie, 1936, 2, 1 9 5 -2 1 0 ; a n d Rev. Met., 1936, 33, ( 8 ), 4 7 3 -4 8 8 ).— [ I n
F r e n c h .] C f. Met. A bs. , 1935, 2, 5 7 4 . S h e e ts o f 67 : 33 b r a s s w e re r e d u c e d
b e tw e e n 1 a n d 6 5 % b y c o ld -ro llin g a n d sa m p le s w e re s u b s e q u e n tly a n n e a le d
f o r J , 6 , a n d 2 0 0 h rs . a t te m p e r a tu r e s b e tw e e n 2 0 0 ° a n d 7 5 0 ° C. D e t e r ­
m in a tio n s w e re m a d e a t e a c h s ta g e o f - t h e X - r a y p a t t e r n s , m ic r o s tr u c tu r e
(g ra in -siz e ), B rin e ll h a r d n e s s , te n s ile s tr e n g t h , a n d e lo n g a tio n , a n d t h e r e s u lts
a r e p r e s e n te d in a se rie s o f ta b le s , c u rv e s , a n d th r e e -d im e n s io n a l d ia g r a m s .
T h e e ffe c t o f v e r y p r o lo n g e d lo w - te m p e ra tu r e a n n e a lin g (u p t o 1 2 ,8 0 0 h rs .) a t
3 0 0 ° C . o n m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s a n d m i c r o s tr u c tu r e w a s t o p r o d u c e r e ­
c r y s ta lliz a tio n a n d g ra in -r e f in e m e n t in sa m p le s w h ic h , b e in g r e d u c e d b y o n ly
s m a ll a m o u n ts , w e re u n a f fe c te d b y a n n e a ls o f s h o r te r d u r a tio n . S e rie s o f
t e s ts w e re a ls o c a r r ie d o u t o n sa m p le s a n n e a le d a t v a r io u s te m p e r a tu r e s b e fo re
t h e s t a r t o f c o ld -ro llin g , so a s t o r e la te t h e p r o p e rtie s b e fo re a n d a f t e r re d u c tio n .
T h e effe c ts o n t h e m ie r o s tr u c tu r e , X - r a y p a tt e r n s , a n d m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s
o f s h e e t r e d u c e d b y 4 0 % , o f a p r e lim in a r y a n n e a l f o r 6 h rs . a t te m p e r a tu r e s
1936
I I . — Properties of Alloys
513
b e tw e e n 2 0 0 ° a n d 7 5 0 ° C . b e fo re a se c o n d a n n e a l o v e r t h e sa m e ra n g e o f te m ­
p e r a tu r e s w a s also s tu d ie d .— J . C . C .
.
R esearch o n T ung um Alloy. J . E . N e w so n . B . C . L a w s {Shipbuilder,
1936 43 (322) 5 2 7 ).— C o rre sp o n d e n c e r e s u ltin g fro m a n a r tic le b y L . (ct.
M e t.’A b s’. , th i s v o l., p . 391). N . re fe rs t o t h e u s e o f t h e a llo y f o r p ro p e lle rs a n d
a s k s f o r t e s t d a t a f o r T u n g u m in t h e “ a s c a s t ” c o n d itio n ; L . su p p lie s th e
d a t a b o t h f o r c a s t a llo y a n d f o r te s t-p ie c e s c u t fro m a p r o p e lle r .- - .) . W . JJ.
R e m a rk s on th e P aper by Le B lanc a n d W ehner on Gold-Copper Alloys.
W B ro n ie w s k i a n d K . W e so lo w sk i {A nn. P h ysik , 1936, [v ], 25, ( 8 ), 7 5 7 -7 5 8 ).—
B .’ a n d W . r e p ly t o L e B la n c a n d W e h n e r ’s c r itic is m s o f t h e i r a n n e a lin g
c o n d itio n s (see M e t. A b s., 1935, 2, 5 75). v . G.
*On th e M agnetic Stability of Ferro-M agnetic Iro n Alloys.— I. W . S. M e ssk in
a n d J . M . M a rg o lin (Z . P h ysik , 1 9 3 6 ,1 0 1 , (7 /8 ), 4 5 6 - 4 7 7 ) .- T h e m a g n e tic s ta b ility
o f ir o n a llo y s in c re a s e s , i n g e n e ra l, w i th in c re a s in g c o n c e n tr a tio n o l a so lid so lu ­
t i o n a n d b y h o m o g e n iz a tio n o f t h e s tr u c tu r e . T h e d e c o m p o s itio n o f a s u p e r ­
s a t u r a t e d so lid s o lu tio n p ro d u c e s a c o rre s p o n d in g la rg e d e c re a s e in th e s ta b ility .
I t is s h o w n t h a t t h e c o n s ta n c y o f t h e p e r m e a b ility f o r s m a ll field s tr e n g th s is
a lw a y s in c r e a s e d b y p r e c ip ita tio n -h a r d e n in g . N ic k e l-fre e ir o n a llo y s m a y
h a v e a v e r y s m a ll in s ta b ility . A th o r o u g h in v e s tig a tio n o f a se ries o f c o m p le x
n ic k e l-fre e ir o n a llo y s c o n ta in in g c a rb o n , m a n g a n e s e , a lu m in iu m , c h ro m iu m ,
c o p p e r, a n d silic o n sh o w s t h a t th e s e m a y h a v e a lo w e r in s ta b ility i n a d d itio n
t o a lo w h y s te re s is lo ss, a h ig h e le c tric a l re s is ta n c e , a n d s a tis f a c to r y te c h n ic a l
11 »Influence of th e Conditions of Test on th e Shrinkage [of A ntim onial-L ead
a n d A lum inium C a s tin g s ] .- I - I I . O. B a u e r a n d H . S ie g le rs c h m id t {M M
M aterial., Sonderheft 28, 1936, 4 9 -5 3 , 9 9 -1 0 4 ).— S ee M et. A b s., 1935, 2 , 576,
an*T he Influence of Im p urities on th e Properties of Lead. IV.— Some Effects of
A ntim ony on th e R a te of R ecrystallization of D istorted Lead. R . S. R u s s e ll
(Proc. A u stralasian In s t. M in . M e t., 1936, (101), 2 3 - 3 ^ . — T h e r a t e o f r e ­
c r y s ta lliz a tio n o f e le c tr o ly tic le a d (9 9 -9 9 9 5 % ) a llo y e d w ith 0 -0 5 % a n tim o n y
a f t e r d is to r tio n b y ro llin g w a s d e te r m in e d b y e tc h in g t h e d is to r te d a llo y a n d
p h o to g r a p h in g t h e su rfa c e a f te r s to ra g e a t ro o m te m p e r a tu r e f o r v a r io u s tim e s .
T h e p u r e le a d re c ry s ta lliz e d c o m p le te ly in 5 m in u te s , w h e re a s t h e a llo y to o k
v a r io u s p e rio d s u p t o 14 d a y s a n d o c c a s io n a lly d iffe re n t a r e a s r e c r y s ta lliz e d
i n d e p e n d e n tly o f o t h e r s ; t h i s b e h a v io u r w a s f o u n d to b e d u e t o c o rin g a n d
c o u ld b e c o m p le te ly e lim in a te d b y c o ld -ro llin g t o 6 6 % r e d u c tio n a n d a n n e a lin g
f o r 10 d a y s a t 3 0 0 ° C. i n vacuo. A f te r t h i s h o m o g e n iz a tio n t h e c o ld -w o rk e d
a llo y re c r y s ta lliz e d in 2 h rs . a t 2 0 ° C. A d d itio n o f 0 -0 5 % a n tim o n y t o p u r e
l e a d d id n o t a ffe c t t h e g ra in -s iz e a t a n y s ta g e o f t h e t e s ts ; h e n c e , i t is c o n c lu d e d
t h a t g ra in -s iz e is n o c rite rio n o f th e p u r i ty o f le a d .— A . R . P .
»The Influence of Im pu rities on th e Properties of Lead. V. Creep Tests on
E lectrolytic L ead and Some of Its Alloys. R . S. R u s s e ll ^ o c . A u d r t d a s m n
Inst M in M e t., 1936, (101), 3 3 -5 6 ).— C re e p c u rv e s a re s h o w n f o r 9 9 -9 9 9 5 / 0
e le c tr o ly tic le a d a n d f o r a llo y s th e r e o f w ith 0 - 0 0 0 1 ,0 -0 0 0 5 , a n d 0 - 0 0 5 % silv e r,
0 - 0 0 5 % b is m u th , 0 -0 5 % a n tim o n y , 0 -0 4 % te llu r iu m , a n d 0 0 5 % z m c u n d e r
s tre s s e s o f 2 0 0 - 5 0 0 l b ./i n .2. T h e life o f t h e p u r e le a d is 25 d a y s w it h a n
e lo n g a tio n o f 3 4 % a t 5 0 0 l b ./ in .2, a n d th is is c o n s id e ra b ly in c re a s e d b y a d d itio n
o f e v e n m in u te a m o u n ts o f i m p u r itie s ; a t 3 5 0 l b ./i n . t h e effe c t o f allo y in g
e le m e n ts is r e la tiv e ly less m a r k e d . B is m u th h a s l it tl e e ffe c t a t 5 0 0 lb ./m . , b u t
a t 2 0 0 - 3 5 0 l b ./ i n . 2 i t s s tr e n g th e n in g effe c t is g r e a te r t h a n t h a t o l a n y o t tn e
o t h e r a d d itio n s . T h e h o m o g e n iz e d a n tim o n y a llo y d o e s n o t r e c r y s ta lliz e
u n d e r c re e p c o n d itio n s , w h e re a s t h e c o re d a llo y d o e s . I h e te llu r iu m a llo y
sh o w s a g r a d u a lly in c re a sin g r a t e o f c re e p a n d c ra c k s se v e re ly a l t e r 1 2 / 0
e lo n g a tio n . T h e r a t e o f c re e p o f t h e zin c a llo y a t 5 0 0 lb ./in . is slo w e r t h a n
t h a t o f a n y o f t h e o t h e r a llo y s te s te d . T h e r e s u lts o b ta m e d w it h v a c u u m - c a s t
514
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
le a d w i t h a n d w i th o u t a tm o s p h e ric e x p o s u re s u g g e s t t h a t a tm o s p h e ric g a se s
d iffu se in to le a d a t ro o m te m p e r a t u r e . T h e r a t e o f c re e p o f a ir - c a s t le a d
d e c re a s e s w ith in c r e a s in g c a s tin g te m p e r a tu r e .— A . R . P .
"T he Influence of Im pu rities on th e P ro perties of Lead. V I.— T he Influence
of T ellurium on th e Creep R a te of Com m ercial Lead. J . N e ill G re e n w o o d a n d
H o w a r d K . W o r n e r ( Proc. Australasian Inst. M in. Met., 1936, (101), 5 7 -8 7 ).—
H a r d -r o lle d le a d c o n ta in in g 0 01, 0 -0 5 , a n d 0 -1 % te llu r iu m b e g in s t o s o fte n
2 o r 3 d a y s a f t e r ro llin g , t h e h a r d n e s s e v e n tu a lly r e a c h in g a c o n s ta n t v a lu e
a f t e r a b o u t 1 0 0 d a y s ; in t h e c ase o f t h e 0 -0 5 % te llu r iu m a llo y a f u r t h e r
so fte n in g c o m m e n c e s a f t e r 2 0 0 d a y s a n d p ro c e e d s f o r a f u r t h e r 1 2 0 d a y s .
A t 6 0 ° C. r e c r y s ta lliz a tio n , w h ic h ta k e s s e v e ra l w e e k s a t 2 0 ° C ., is c o m p le te
i n less t h a n 3 0 m in u te s . C re e p t e s ts u n d e r a lo a d o f 5 0 0 l b ./ i n . 2 m a d e 1 w e e k
a f t e r ro llin g sh o w e d t h a t t h e r a t e o f c re e p c o n tin u o u s ly in c re a s e s a s t h e t e s t
p ro c e e d s a n d is g r e a te r t h e h ig h e r t h e te llu r iu m c o n te n t, w h ic h in d ic a te s t h a t
a d d itio n o f te llu r iu m a p p a r e n t ly so fte n s le a d d e s p ite i t s b e n e fic ia l e ffe c t o n
t h e te n s ile s t r e n g t h a n d r e s is ta n c e t o im p re s s io n . S im ila r t e s ts m a d e 10
w e e k s a f t e r ro llin g sh o w e d t h a t t h e r a t e o f c re e p in c re a se s w i th a g e in g , a n d
th i s d iffe re n c e is m o re p r o n o u n c e d t h e h ig h e r t h e te llu r iu m c o n te n t. A f te r
26 w e e k s t h e r a t e o f c re e p is s till f u r t h e r in c re a s e d , a n d f r a c tu r e o c c u rs in
79 d a y s w ith 7 2 % e x te n s io n (0 -0 5 % te llu r iu m ) o r in 32 d a y s , 9 2 -5 % e x te n s io n
( 0 -1 % te llu r iu m ) , w h e re a s w it h c o m m e rc ia l le a d th e . e x te n s io n is o n ly 4 -5 %
a f t e r 2 5 0 d a y s . A n n e a lin g a t 12 0 ° C. h a s l i tt l e e ffe c t o n t h e c re e p r a t e o f
c o m m e rc ia l le a d a n d o n ly s lig h tly im p ro v e s t h e b e h a v io u r o f te llu r iu m - le a d
w h ic h h a s b e e n s to r e d a t r o o m te m p e r a tu r e . T h e s e a n d n u m e r o u s o t h e r te s ts
a f t e r v a r io u s h e a t - t r e a tm e n ts a n d tim e s o f s to r a g e in d ic a te t h a t e v e n a s lit tl e
a s 0 -0 1 % te llu r iu m h a s a p r o fo u n d e ffe c t o n t h e b e h a v io u r o f le a d u n d e r th e
in flu e n c e o f p ro lo n g e d s tr e s s . I n g e n e r a l, te llu r iu m re fin e s t h e g ra in -s iz e a f te r
c o ld -w o rk in g , p r e v e n ts t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f w o r k -h a r d e n in g d u r in g c re e p u n d e r
s tre s s e s o f 5 0 0 l b ./ i n .2, p ro d u c e s a n in c re a s e d g e n e ra l e lo n g a tio n in c re e p te s ts ,
a n d d e c re a s e s t h e r e d u c tio n in a r e a a t t h e p o i n t o f f r a c tu r e .— A . R . P .
"T he A rsen ic-L ead Alloys. O . B a u e r a n d W . T o n n (Mitt. Material.,
Sonderheft 2 8 , 1 936, 6 1 -6 5 ).— S ee Met. Abs., 1935, 2 , 5 0 7 .— S . G .
*A M agnesium Alloy Capable oî H e a t-T rea tm e n t.
R o c k a e r t (Congrès
Internat. M ines Met. Céol., Section de Métallurgie, 1936, 2, 1 7 3 - 1 7 6 ; a n d
Rev. Met., 1936, 33, (7), 4 2 7 -4 3 0 ).— [ I n F re n c h .] T h e so lid s o lu b ility o f
a lu m in iu m in m a g n e s iu m d e c re a s e s f ro m 1 2 % a t 4 36° C. t o 3 % a t ro o m
t e m p e r a tu r e . A llo y s in t h i s r a n g e m a y t h u s b e e x p e c te d t o sh o w p r e c ip ita tio n h a r d e n in g . B e s t r e s u lts h a v e b e e n o b ta in e d w i t h a m a g n e s iu m a llo y c o n ­
ta in in g a lu m in iu m 8-5, z in c 0 -5 , a n d m a n g a n e s e 0 -3 % . T h is m u s t b e h e a te d
f o r a t le a s t 2 4 h r s . a t 4 2 0 ° C. t o o b ta in a u n if o rm so lid s o lu tio n . I n th is
c o n d itio n , t h e a llo y h a s a g r e a te r s tr e n g t h , h ig h e r d u c ti li ty , a n d h ig h e r fa tig u e s t r e n g t h t h a n a c a s t a llo y c o n ta in in g a lu m in iu m 6 , z in c 3 , m a n g a n e s e 0 -3 % .
A n in c r e a s e d s t r e n g t h , w i th d e c r e a s e d d u c tility , is o b ta in e d b y r e h e a tin g a t
1 0 0 ° -2 0 0 ° C. t o c a u s e p r e c ip ita tio n .— J . C . C.
*R ate of T ran sfo rm atio n in Solid Solutions of M agnesium -C adm ium Alloys.
I . I . K o m ilo ff (Thesis : Acad. Soi. U .S.S.R., Moscow), 1935, 1 -5 5 ).— [ I n
R u s s ia n .] M e a s u r e m e n ts o f t h e c h a n g e in e le c tr ic a l c o n d u c tiv ity d u r in g th e
s e p a r a tio n o f M g2C d ( a t 10 0 ° C.) a n d M gC d 3 ( a t 2 0 ° C .) f ro m q u e n c h e d so lid
s o lu tio n s o f c a d m iu m in m a g n e s iu m sh o w e d t h a t t h e r a t e o f tr a n s f o r m a tio n
d e p e n d s o n t h e c o m p o s itio n , t h e r a t e b e in g a m a x im u m a t th e e x a c t c o m p o u n d
c o m p o s itio n , a n d d e c re a s in g s h a r p ly in t h e p re s e n c e o f ex c e ss o f e ith e r c o m ­
p o n e n t.
T h e c o m p o s itio n - r a te o f t r a n s f o r m a tio n c u rv e s c o n s is ts o f tw o
b r a n c h e s in te r s e c tin g a t t h e c o m p o u n d c o m p o s itio n s .— N . A .
"In v estig atio n of th e Properties of M agnesium Alloys w ith In creased M an­
ganese Content. V . O. G a g e n - T o rn a n d J . A . Z e n te r (Metallurg (Metallurgist),
1936, (7 ), 8 5 - 9 1 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] M a n g a n e se is b e s t in tr o d u c e d i n to m a g ­
1936
I I . — Properties of Alloys
515
n e s iu m b y t h e r e a c tio n M nC l 2 + M g = M gC l 2 + M n , in w h ic h u p t o 7 5 %
o f t h e m a n g a n e s e p a s s e s in to th e m a g n e s iu m w it h a lo ss o f 1 5 - 1 8 % o f t h e
l a t t e r . T h e m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e r tie s o f a llo y s c o n ta in in g a lu m in iu m 1 - 8 ,
c a d m iu m 1 -5 , a n d m a n g a n e s e u p t o 1 -5 % w e re d e t e r m i n e d ; t h e b e s t a llo y
c o n ta in e d a lu m in iu m 2 , c a d m iu m 0-5, a n d m a n g a n e s e 1 % . Q u e n c h e d a llo y s
r e s is t s e a -w a te r m u c h b e t t e r t h a n a n n e a le d a llo y s. A d d itio n o f u p t o 4 %
a lu m in iu m a n d u p t o 3 % z in c t o a llo y s w i th 1 -1 -5 % m a n g a n e s e in c re a s e s t h e
te n s ile s tr e n g th . E lo n g a tio n in c re a se s u p to 2 % a lu m in iu m o r z in c , t h e n
d e c re a s e s. D e s p ite t h e r a p i d co o lin g t h e so lid s o lu tio n p a r t l y d e c o m p o s e s
o n q u e n c h in g .— N . A .
Studies on the M anganese-C arbon System a n d on th e C arburization of
M anganese Alloys. R . S c h e n k , N . G . S c h m a h l, a n d 0 . R u e tz (Z. Elektrochem., 1936, 42, (76), 5 6 9).— A s u m m a riz e d a c c o u n t is g iv e n o f t h e p r e p a r a tio n
o f m a n g a n e s e c a r b id e , o f t h e in c r e a s e d c e m e n ta tio n c a p a c ity o f a 5 0 : 5 0
m a n g a n e s e —ir o n a llo y o v e r t h a t o f e ith e r c o n s titu e n t m e ta l, a n d o f th e in flu e n ce
o f a n o n - c a r b u r iz in g m e t a l (c o p p e r) o n t h e c a r b u r iz a tio n o f m a n g a n e s e .
A b r ie f d isc u ssio n d e a ls w ith t h e m e c h a n is m o f t h e p ro c e ss.— P . M . C. R .
*tA lloys of Iro n , M anganese, and Carbon. XV.— The T ernary D iagram and
G eneral Sum m ary. F . M . W a lte r s , J r . , a n d C y ril W e lls (Trans. Amer. Soc.
Metals, 1 936, 24, (2), 3 5 9 -3 7 4 ).— A s u m m a r y o f w o rk o n a llo y s o f iro n , m a n ­
g a n e s e , a n d c a r b o n c a r r ie d o u t in t h e M e ta ls R e s e a r c h L a b o r a to r y o f th e
C a rn e g ie I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o lo g y (cf. Met. Abs. (J. Inst. Metals), 1932, 50,
7 8 , 7 9 ; a n d Met. Abs., 1934, 1 , 343, 3 4 4 ; 1935, 2, 578). T h e e q u ilib riu m
d ia g r a m is d isc u sse d in d e ta il, a n d n u m e r o u s se c tio n s a r e s h o w n g ra p h ic a lly .
— W . H .- R .
*The Diffusion C onstant and Valency of Silver in Liquid Silver A m algam .
K a r l S c h w a rz a n d R ü d ig e r S to c k e r t (Monatsh., 1936, 68, (5), 3 8 3 -3 8 6 ).— T h e
v a lu e d e te r m in e d a t 16° C. is M l X 10 " 5 c m .2/s e c o n d c o m p a r e d w ith a th e o r e ti­
c a l v a lu e o f 1-01 X 10 “ 5 c m .2/se c o n d c a lc u la te d f ro m t h e t r a n s p o r t n u m b e r
a s s u m in g t h a t silv e r is d iv a le n t i n a m a lg a m s .— A . R . P .
*On th e Contact P o ten tial B etw een Liquid A m algam s and M ercury in a
V acuum . I.— Contact P o ten tial B etw een D ilute Sodium A m algam s and
M ercury. 0 . C h a ltik ia n a n d M . P r o s k u r n in (Acta Physicochimica U.II.S.S.,
1935, 4, (2), 2 6 3 -2 7 4 ).— [ I n G e rm a n .] T h e c o n ta c t p o te n tia l b e tw e e n th e
a m a lg a m a n d p u r e m e r c u r y w a s d e te r m in e d b y u sin g t h e a m a lg a m o r m e r c u ry
a s a n o d e a n d a h o t f ila m e n t a s c a th o d e , a n d m e a s u rin g t h e c u r r e n t. T h e
e ffe c t o f c o n c e n tr a tio n fo r lo w c o n c e n tr a tio n s w a s in v e s tig a te d a n d i t w a s
fo u n d t h a t t h e c o n ta c t p o te n tia l in c re a s e d fro m ze ro a t z ero c o n c e n tr a tio n to
a b o u t 1 1 v . a t 0 -0 3 3 % s o d iu m , a b o v e w h ic h th e r e w a s v e r y l i t tl e c h a n g e u p to
0 - 0 9 % , t h e lim it o f t h e e x p e r im e n ts .— B . C.
*The Viscosity of Sodium A m algam s. H e n r y E . B e n t a n d N o r m a n B . K e e v il
(J. Physical Ghem., 1936, 40, ( 6 ), 7 0 9 -7 1 4 ).— T h e v is c o s ity o f liq u id s o d iu m
a n d s ilv e r a m a lg a m s is f o u n d to b e in d e p e n d e n t o f tim e . N o s c u m fo rm s o n
s o d iu m a m a lg a m s w h e n k e p t in g lass c o n ta in e r s w h ic h h a v e b e e n p r o p e rly
b a k e d a n d e v a c u a te d . T h e s e e x p e r im e n ts le sse n t h e p r o b a b ility t h a t s o d iu m
a m a lg a m s a r e c o llo id a l.— S . G.
♦T h e Solubility of T horium in M ercury. W . G eo rg e P a r k s a n d G eo rg e E .
P r im e (J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1936, 58, ( 8 ), 1 4 1 3 -1 4 1 4 ).— T h o riu m is s p a rin g ly
so lu b le in m e r c u ry , t h e s o lu b ility n o t b e in g g r e a te r t h a n 0 -0 1 4 a to m ic - %
a t 25° C .— R . G .
Investigation of Nickel Alloys a t th e K yoto Im perial U niversity. D a ik ic h i
S a ito (Japan Nickel Rev., 1936, 4, (2), 2 5 3 -2 6 0 ).— [ I n E n g lis h a n d J a p a n e s e .]
A b r ie f resumí o f so m e J a p a n e s e re se a rc h e s o n n o n -fe rro u s m e ta ls . T h e
r a p i d c ru m b lin g o f 7 5 : 25 c o p p e r—n ic k e l a llo y c o in s w h ils t in t r a n s i t w a s
in v e s tig a te d a n d c o n s id e re d t o b e d u e to p r e c ip ita tio n o f C u 2 0 - C u e u te c tic
a t t h e g r a in b o u n d a r ie s . T h e effe c t o f s u lp h u r is s im ila r (0 -0 7 % ), w h ile
516
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
a rs e n ic is b e n e fic ia l in t h e p re s e n c e o f o x y g e n . C o m p a r a tiv e c o rro s io n t e s ts
w e re c a r r ie d o u t o n a n u m b e r o f m a g n e s iu m a n d a lu m in iu m a llo y s.— R . G.
*A Contribution to th e K now ledge o£ the M agnetic A nisotropy oi Poly­
crystalline [Ferro-N ickel] M aterials. O t to v o n A u w e rs ( W iss. Veroff. Siem ensWerlcen, 1936, 15, (2 ), 1 1 2 -1 2 3 ).— T h e tr a n s v e r s e m a g n e to s tr ic tio n in f e r r o n ic k e ls is a f u n c tio n o f t h e s q u a r e o f t h e in t e n s i ty o f m a g n e tiz a tio n , w h e re a s
t h e lo n g itu d in a l m a g n e to s tr ic tio n v a r ie s d ir e c tly w i t h t h e in te n s i t y o f
m a g n e tiz a tio n . T h e s e f a c ts h a v e b e e n u s e d in in te r p r e t in g t h e m a g n e tiz a tio n
c u rv e s a n d c o n s tric tio n o f t h e h y s te re s is lo o p s o f h a r d - w o r k e d a n d p r e c ip ita ­
t i o n - h a r d e n e d i r o n - n ic k e l a n d c o p p e r - ir o n - n ic k e l a llo y s. T h e c h a r a c te r is tic
s h a p e o f t h e h y s te re s is lo o p s is sh o w n t o b e d u e t o a p r e f e r r e d p o s itio n o f t h e
m a g n e tiz a tio n v e c to r .— A . R . P .
T he Velocities of D ecarb urizatio n a n d C arburization of Iro n , Nickel, and
Cobalt in M ixtures of CO a n d C 0 2. E . D o e h le m a n n (Z. Elektrochem., 1936,
42, (7 6 ), 5 6 1 -5 6 9 ).— T h e r a te s o f c a r b u r iz a tio n a n d d e c a r b u r iz a tio n o f iro n ,
c o b a lt, a n d n ic k e l fo il w e re m e a s u re d b y r e s is ta n c e m e th o d s a t 9 2 0 ° -9 7 0 ° C. in
m ix tu r e s o f c a r b o n m o n o x id e a n d c a r b o n d io x id e o f k n o w n in i ti a l c o m ­
p o s itio n . T h e r a t e o f d e c a r b u r iz a tio n w a s f o u n d t o b e in d e p e n d e n t o f th e
c a r b o n c o n te n t, a n d t o v a r y d ir e c tly a s t h e t o t a l p r e s s u re f o r c o n s ta n t r a tio
o f t h e p a r t i a l p r e s s u re s C 0 / C 0 2. A g e n e r a l e q u a tio n f o r t h e r a t e o f b o th
r e a c tio n s is f o r m u la te d .— P . M . C. R .
H ig h -T em p eratu re P ro perties of N ick el-C obalt-Iron-B ase A g e-H ardening
A lloys. — I . C h a rle s R . A u s tin {T rans. A m e r. Soc. M etals, 1936, 24, (2),
4 5 1 - 4 8 0 ).— D a t a f o r m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s a t ro o m t e m p e r a tu r e s a n d 6 0 0 ° C.
a r e g iv e n f o r n i c k e l - c o b a lt - ir o n a llo y s m a d e c a p a b le o f p r e c ip ita tio n -h a r d e n in g
b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f t i t a n i u m , a n d f u r t h e r m o d ifie d b y a d d i ti o n o f c h ro m iu m .
T h e p r e c ip ita tio n - h a r d e n in g a t h ig h te m p e r a tu r e s , a n d t h e c a p a b ility f o r c o ld
w o r k -h a r d e n in g a n d t e m p e r a t u r e s o fte n in g a r e a ls o d e s c rib e d , a n d t h e r e s u lts
t a b u l a t e d . T h e r e s u lts a r e c o r r e la te d w it h t h e p r o p e rtie s o f tw o s t a n d a r d
a llo y s , K o n e l (n ic k e l 7 3 , c o b a lt 17, f e r r o - t it a n iu m 1 0 % , a n d K .4 2 B (n ick el
4 6 , c o b a lt 2 5 , c h r o m iu m 19, f e r r o - t it a n iu m 1 0 % ) ; t h e f e r r o - tita n iu m c o n ­
t a i n e d 2 5 % t i t a n i u m . A llo y s c o n ta in in g t u n g s te n , m o ly b d e n u m , o r silico n
w e re a ls o s tu d ie d , a n d d a t a f o r c o m m e rc ia l 8 0 : 2 0 n ic k e l- c h r o m iu m , a n d
18 : 8 s ta in le s s s te e l a r e in c lu d e d . A t h ig h t e m p e r a tu r e s a llo y s o f h ig h iro n
c o n t e n t a r e s tr o n g , b u t sh o w b r ittle n e s s . T ita n iu m is u n iq u e in im p a r tin g
p r e c ip ita tio n - h a r d e n in g t o t h e t e r n a r y o r m o d ifie d t e r n a r y a llo y s sin c e silico n ,
z ir c o n iu m , a n d v a n a d iu m h a v e n o s u c h effe c t. T h e w o r k -h a r d e n in g c a p a c ity
o f t h e 18 : 8 s ta in le s s s te e l is o u ts ta n d in g , b u t t e m p e r a tu r e so fte n in g o c c u rs
m o r e r e a d ily t h a n w i t h t h e K .4 2 B t y p e o f a llo y .— W . H .- R .
* H igh-T em p eratu re P roperties of N ickel-C obalt-Iron -B ase A ge-H ardening
A lloys. — I I. C h a rle s R . A u s tin {Trans. A m e r. Soc. M etals, 1936, 24, (3),
4 8 1 - 5 1 2 ; d isc u ssio n , 5 1 2 -5 1 8 ).— T h e n i c k e l - c o b a lt - ir o n a llo y s (cf. p re c e d in g
a b s t r a c t ) m o d ifie d b y t h e a d d i t io n o f t i t a n i u m , m o ly b d e n u m , c h ro m iu m ,
a lu m in iu m , t u n g s t e n , a n d v a n a d iu m w e re s tu d ie d w i th r e s p e c t t o c o rro sio n
in n o r m a l s o lu tio n s o f n it r ic a n d h y d r o c h lo ric a c id s a s s h o w n b y i n t e r m it t e n t
im m e r s io n te s ts . I n g e n e r a l t h e a llo y s sh o w a s u p e rio r r e s is ta n c e t o c o rro sio n
i n t h e r e d u c in g ( h y d ro c h lo ric ) a c id , a lth o u g h t h e a t t a c k is p ro g re s s iv e a f te r
16 d a y s ’ im m e rs io n . I n n it r ic a c id t h e a llo y s c o n ta in in g c h r o m iu m a r e
a t t a c k e d d u r in g t h e f ir s t 2 4 h o u r s , a f t e r w h ic h l i t t l e lo ss in w e ig h t o c c u rs.
A tm o s p h e ric c o rro s io n a t 8 0 0 ° - 1 1 0 0 ° C . w a s in v e s tig a te d , a n d t h e sc a lin g
e ffe c t n o t e d . M a n y o f t h e a llo y s h a v e a g r e a t e r r e s is ta n c e t o h ig h - te m p e r a tu r e
o x id a tio n t h a n 18 : 8 s te e l, b u t a t 1 1 0 0 ° C. o n ly t h e a llo y s c o n ta in in g a lu m in iu m
a r e e q u a l o r s u p e rio r t o n ic k e l- c h r o m iu m a llo y s . T h e e le c tr ic a l r e s is ta n c e s
o f t h e a llo y s w e re m e a s u re d , a n d m ic r o s tr u c tu r e s a r e i l l u s t r a te d a n d d isc u sse d .
— W . H .- R .
1936
I I . — Properties of Alloys
517
*The Specific R esistance a n d T em peratu re V ariation of R esistance of Nickel
a n d Some of Its Alloys in th e A nnealed a n d U nannealed States. I . H . T h o m a s
a n d R . M . D a v ie s (P hil. M ag., 1936, [v ii], 2 2 , (148), 6 8 1 -7 1 7 ).— T h e follow ing
m e ta ls a n d a llo y s a r e e x a m in e d in t h e a n n e a le d a n d u n a n n e a le d c o n d itio n s :
(i) n ic k e l 9 9 - 2 % ; (ii) M o n e l m e ta l 67 : 2 8 ; (iii) n ic k e l- iro n , 4 8 % n i c k e l ;
(iv) F e r r y m e ta l, 4 4 % n ic k e l ; (v) B r ig h tr a y , 8 0 % n ic k e l; (vi) G lo w ray ,
n ic k e l 6 5 , c h ro m iu m 15, ir o n 2 0 % ; (vii) D u llr a y , n ic k e l 3 4, c h ro m iu m 4,
ir o n 6 2 % ; (v iii) n ic k e l- b r a s s , c o p p e r 6 2, zin c 18, n ic k e l 2 0 % . T h e r e s u lts a re
t a b u l a t e d a n d a r e a c c u r a te to 0 -5 % in t h e c ase o f t h e specific re s is ta n c e , th e
te m p e r a t u r e b e in g m e a s u re d to 0 -1 % in t h e c ase o f t h e t e m p e r a tu r e v a r ia tio n
o f re s is ta n c e . T h e r e s u lts a r e d isc u sse d th e o r e tic a lly .— W . D . J .
*Optical C onstant of Copper-Nickel Alloys. N . F . M o tt (P hil. M ag., 1936,
[v ii], 2 2 , (146), 2 8 7 -2 9 0 ).— T h e v a r ia t io n o f t h e a b s o r p tio n co effic ien t o f c o p p e r n ic k e l a llo y s w i t h c o m p o s itio n is d isc u sse d th e o r e tic a lly f ro m t h e p o in t o f
v ie w o f t h e q u a n t u m th e o r y , a n d is r e l a te d t o t h e m a g n e tic p r o p e rtie s o f th e
a llo y s .— B . 0 .
♦R e la tio n B etw een L ongitudinal N a tu ral Frequency and a G eom etrical F orm
of a M agnetostrictive N ichrom e R od. R is a b u r o T o rik a i, S h ig e n o ri H a y a s h i,
a n d K a z u m i K a s u n o (Denki-hydron, 1934, 2 2, (4), 2 2 9 -2 3 3 ).— [ I n J a p a n e s e .]
A n E n g lis h a b s t r a c t w i t h d ia g r a m is g iv e n i n J a p . J . E n g . A b s., 1936, 14,
10 7 .— 8 . G .
♦In v e stig atio n s on Iro n-N ick el Alloys w ith a Cubic T exture. G iin te r W a sse r■n a n n (Z. M etallkunde, 1936, 2 8, (9), 2 6 2 -2 6 5 ).— T h e a n is o tr o p y o f t h e te n s ile
p r o p e rtie s o f a llo y s o f ir o n w i th 3 0 - 8 0 % n ic k e l a f t e r c o ld -ro llin g t o 9 5 %
r e d u c tio n a n d a n n e a lin g a t 1 0 0 0 ° C . w a s in v e s tig a te d . T h e e lo n g a tio n show s
a v e r y p r o n o u n c e d m a x im u m a t 4 5° t o t h e d ir e c tio n o f ro llin g w h ic h d e c re a se s
in m a g n itu d e w i t h in c re a s in g n ic k e l c o n te n t. T h e te n s ile s tr e n g th is a t a
m in im u m a t 22-5° a n d 67-5° t o t h e d ir e c tio n o f ro llin g a n d sh o w s m a x im a a t
0 ° , 4 5 °, a n d 9 0 ° th e r e to , th o s e a t 0 ° a n d 9 0 ° b e in g m o re p r o n o u n c e d t h e h ig h e r
t h e n ic k e l c o n te n t. A llo y s w i th 6 0 - 8 0 % n ic k e l sh o w t h e p re se n c e o f sp in e l
tw in s r e g u la rly d is t r i b u t e d o v e r t h e s u rfa c e o f t h e s h e e t ; th e s e g ro w in size
a n d c o lle c t to g e th e r w ith in c re a s in g a n n e a lin g te m p e r a t u r e o r tim e a n d a re
o r ie n te d a lo n g o c ta h e d r a l p la n e s . X - r a y e x a m in a tio n o f s h e e t w it h a c u b ic
t e x t u r e in d ic a te s t h a t t h e d is to r tio n o f t h e l a t ti c e in d u c e d b y s e v e re c o ld -w o rk
p r o d u c e s , o n a n n e a lin g , a s t r u c t u r e w h ic h d e v ia te s f ro m p u r e ly c u b ic
s y m m e tr y , a n d t h a t th is is th e o rig in o f t h e a n is o tr o p y o f t h e m e c h a n ic a l
p r o p e r tie s .— A . R . P .
♦T h e E lectrical P roperties of H igh Perm eability [N ickel-Iron] W ires Carrying
A lternatin g C urrents. E . P . H a r ris o n , G . L . T u rn e y , H . R o w e , a n d H . G o llo p
(Proc. B oy. Soc., 1936, [A ], 157, (891), 4 5 1 -4 7 9 ).— I n v e s tig a tio n s a r e d e s c rib e d
o n t h e v a r i a t i o n o f e ffe c tiv e re s is ta n c e a n d in d u c ta n c e o f n ic k e l- ir o n w ires
o f h ig h p e r m e a b ility w i t h fre q u e n c y a n d a m p litu d e o f t h e a .c . u s e d f o r th e
m e a s u r e m e n t a n d w ith a p p lie d m a g n e tic fields. I t is sh o w n t h a t t h e effe ct
o f lo n g itu d in a l field s is c o n s id e ra b le , a n d a n a p p r o x im a te th e o r y o f th is
e ffe c t is g iv e n . T h e in flu e n c e o f th e h e a t- t r e a t m e n t o f t h e n ic k e l- ir o n w ire
is d isc u sse d , a n d t h e u se o f h y d r o g e n a s a n a tm o s p h e re f o r a n n e a lin g is
re c o m m e n d e d .— B . C.
♦R e la tio n B etw een M agneto-E lastic Effect, In itia l P erm eability, and
M agnetostriction of Iron -N ickel M agnetic Alloy. K in g o M ih a ra (F urukaw a
D enko (J. F uru ka w a Elect. In d . Co.), 1935, ( J u ly ) , 1 9 -3 3 (in J a p a n e s e ) ;
a n d ( s u m m a ry ) J a p a n N ickel B ev., 1936, 4, (2), 3 5 1 -3 5 8 (in E n g lis h a n d
J a p a n e s e ) ) .— A n in v e s tig a tio n c o n n e c te d w ith t h e effe ct o f e x te r n a l m e c h a n ic a l
fo rc e o n t h e m a g n e tic p r o p e rtie s o f ir o n -n ic k e l a llo y w h e n i n u s e in fo rm s su c h
a s t h e co res o f tr a n s f o rm e r s .— R . G.
Some New Nickel Alloys. A . B . E v e r e s t (Coventry E ng. Soc. J ., 1936, 17,
(4 ), 1 0 0 - 1 1 6 ; d isc u ssio n , 1 1 7 -1 2 1 ).— A d e s c rip tio n o f t h e c h a r a c te r a n d
518
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
p r o p e rtie s o f r e c e n tly i n tr o d u c e d n ic k e l a llo y s f o r p e r m a n e n t m a g n e ts , h e a tt r e a t a b l e M o n e l m e ta l, a n d a llo y c a s t-ir o n s .— R . G .
Nickel-AUoy M agnets. A . B . E v e r e s t (Elect. Rev., 1936, 119, (3066),
2 7 3 -2 7 4 ).— T h e a d d i ti o n o f c o b a lt a n d a lu m in iu m t o n ic k e l- ir o n a llo y s im p a r t s
g r e a t m a g n e tic h a r d n e s s , y ie ld in g p e r m a n e n t m a g n e ts h a v in g g r e a te r m a g n e tic
e n e r g y p e r u n i t v o lu m e t h a n h i t h e r t o a v a ila b le . A p p lic a tio n s o f th e s e a llo y s
a r e b rie fly re v ie w e d . A ty p ic a l a llo y , “ A ln ic o ” c o n ta in s c o b a lt 10, a lu m in iu m
1 0 , a n d n ic k e l 2 0 % . T h e r e c e n t “ H o n d a ” a llo y s c o n ta in c o b a lt 1 6 -3 6 ,
n ic k e l 1 0 - 2 5 , a n d t i t a n i u m 8 - 2 5 % , a n d g iv e a re m a n e n c e o f 7 0 0 0 g a u s s
w i t h a c o e rc iv e fo rc e o f 8 4 0 g ilb e r t.— J . C . C.
♦D ecom po sition of th e Solid Solution in P alladium -C o pper Alloys. P . S .
B e lo n o g o v (Metallurg (Metallurgist), 1936, ( 6 ), 9 2 - 9 5 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e rm a l
a n a ly s is s h o w e d tw o c r itic a l p o in ts in t h e r a n g e 1 5 -3 0 a to m ic - % p a lla d iu m ,
t h e f irs t, c o rre s p o n d in g t o t h e f o r m a tio n o f C u 3 P d , h a v in g a m a x im u m a t
6 1 0 ° C. a n d t h e se c o n d o c c u r r in g a t a c o n s ta n t t e m p e r a t u r e o f a b o u t 3 0 0 ° C.
I n t h e r a n g e 3 5 - 5 0 a to m ic - % p a lla d iu m t h e r e a r e c r itic a l p o in ts w i th a
m a x im u m a t 4 8 a to m ic - % . B r in e ll a n d S h o re h a r d n e s s a n d e le c tr ic a l c o n ­
d u c t i v i t y c o n firm t h e e x is te n c e o f C u 3P d a n d C u P d .— N . A .
♦C o n trib u tio n to th e System atic T heory of Affinity. L X X — On the Com­
bining P ow er of P a llad iu m and P hosphorus. G e r d a W ie h a g e , F rie d ric h
W e ib k e , a n d W ilh e lm B iltz (w ith K a r l M eisel a n d F rie d e l W ie c h m a n n )
(Z. anorg. Chern., 1 936, 228, (4), 3 5 7 -3 7 1 ). — T h e s y s te m p a lla d iu m - p h o s p h o r u s
w a s e x a m in e d u p t o 3 5 % p h o s p h o r u s b y th e r m a l, m ic r o g ra p h ic , X - r a y , a n d
te n s im e tr ic m e th o d s . P d 5P is fo rm e d b y a p e r ite c tic r e a c tio n a t 8 0 7 ° C. a n d
p d 6p 2 b y a s im ila r r e a c tio n a t 8 6 0 ° C . T h e c o m p o u n d s P d 3P (d 10-83) a n d
P d P 2 (d 9-96) m e lt c o n g r u e n tly a t 1047° a n d 1150° C ., r e s p e c tiv e ly . T h e
s y s te m c o n ta in s tw o e u te c tic s : t h a t b e tw e e n P d 5P a n d P d 3P (788° C ., 6 -4 %
p h o s p h o r u s ), a n d t h a t b e tw e e n P d 5 P 2 a n d P d P 2 (795° C ., 12-3 3 % p h o s p h o ru s ).
U p t o 4 % p h o s p h o r u s t h e a llo y s a r e r e la tiv e ly to u g h a n d h a v e a s ilv e ry
c o l o u r ; a llo y s w i t h m o re t h a n 7 % p h o s p h o r u s a r e v e r y b r i tt l e a n d h a v e a
le a d y c o lo u r.— A . R . P .
♦A g e in g P h en o m en a in a Silver-R ich Copper [-Silver] Alloy. M o rris C o h e n
(Metals Technology, 1936, 3, (7 ), 2 0 p p . ; A .I.M .M .E . Tech. Puhl. N o . 751). —
A s ilv e r - c o p p e r a llo y c o n ta in in g 8 -7 2 % c o p p e r w a s a n n e a le d a t 765° C. f o r
2 h r s ., a n d t h e n q u e n c h e d . S p e c im e n s w e re t h e n a g e d a t 1 0 0 °, 125°, 1 5 0 °,
175°, a n d 2 0 0 ° C ., a n d t h e a g e in g p ro c e ss w a s s tu d ie d b y m e a s u re m e n ts o f
h a r d n e s s , l a t t i c e s p a c in g , e le c tr ic a l r e s is ta n c e , a n d d i l a t a t i o n ; t h e m ic ro ­
s t r u c t u r e s w e re a ls o e x a m in e d . D e fin ite c h a n g e s u n d o u b te d ly o c c u r b e fo re
a c t u a l p r e c ip ita tio n t a k e s p la c e . T h e tw o t y p e s o f a g e in g p r e v io u s ly e x p la in e d
b y t h e k n o t th e o r y a n d t h e p r e c ip ita tio n th e o r y (cf. M e ric a , Met. Ahs. (J. Inst.
Metals), 1932, 53, 74) a r e n o t in c o n flic t w i t h o n e a n o th e r . T h e a c t u a l a g e in g
m e c h a n is m in v o lv e s b o t h p ro c e ss e s, k n o t f o r m a tio n b e in g fo llo w e d b y
p r e c ip ita tio n . T h e p ro c e ss o f h a r d e n in g is m o re c o m p lic a te d , a n d d e p e n d s
o n h o w f a r k n o t f o r m a tio n p ro c e e d s b e fo re p r e c ip ita tio n s e ts in . W ith th e
p r e s e n t a llo y d o u b le p e a k s o c c u r in t h e h a r d n e s s —tim e c u r v e s b e lo w 1 6 9 ° ;
t h e f ir s t p e a k is d u e t o k n o t f o rm a tio n , a n d t h e in te r m e d ia te so fte n in g is d u e t o
r e lie f o f s t r a i n w h e n p r e c ip ita tio n f ir s t o c c u rs, a n d is fo llo w e d b y f u r t h e r
h a r d e n in g w h e n t h e p r e c i p i ta t e d p a r tic le s g ro w t o t h e c r itic a l size. A b o v e
169° C . p r e c ip ita tio n o c c u rs so r a p id ly t h a t t h e c u r v e s c o n s is t o f t h e u s u a l
sin g le p e a k .— W . H .- R .
S ilv er-In d iu m Alloys. Notes on th e Ageing of Silver-R ich Ones. T r a c y C.
J a r r e t t (Metals and Alloys, 1936, 7, (9), 22 9 —2 3 1 ).— R e s u lts o f a g e in g t e s ts o n
s ilv e r a llo y s w i t h 1, 2 , a n d 4 % in d iu m a r e s h o w n g ra p h ic a lly . T h e h a r d n e s s o f
t h e q u e n c h e d a llo y s in c re a se s s lig h tly w i th t h e in d iu m c o n t e n t t o 2 % , th e n
d e c re a s e s t o b e lo w t h e v a lu e f o r p u r e s ilv e r w it h t h e 4 % in d iu m a llo y . H e a tin g
o f t h e c o ld -w o rk e d a llo y s re m o v e s w o r k -h a r d n e s s a t 3 0 0 ° C ., a n d p ro d u c e s v e r y
1936
I I . — Properties of Alloys
519
slo w h a r d e n in g a t 4 0 0 ° C ., m a x im u m h a r d n e s s b e in g r e a c h e d a f te r 1 4 0 -2 0 0
h r s . ; t h e h a r d n e s s o f a ll th r e e a llo y s in c re a se s b y a b o u t 25 R o c k w e ll E u n its
d u r in g t h i s t r e a t m e n t . A d d itio n o f in d iu m t o silv e r p ro d u c e s co p io u s tw in n in g
i n t h e a n n e a le d s h e e t.— A . R . P .
*The H all Effect an d Some O ther Physical Constants of Alloys. V.— The
A ntim ony-S ilver Series. W . G . J o h n a n d E . J . E v a n s (Phil. Mag., 1936, [v ii],
2 2 , (147), 4 1 7 ^ 3 5 ) . — A n a c c o u n t is g iv e n o f a n in v e s tig a tio n o f t h e a n t im o n y silv e r s y s te m b y m e a s u re m e n ts o f t h e e le c tric a l r e s is tiv ity , te m p e r a tu r e c o ­
efficie n t o f r e s is tiv ity , th e r m o e le c tr ic p o w e r, d e n s ity , a n d H a ll coefficient o f
a llo y s o f v a r io u s c o m p o s itio n s a f t e r c a re fu l a n n e a lin g .
T h e r e s u lts a r e
c o m p a re d w i t h t h e r e s u lts o f o th e r in v e s tig a tio n s , a n d i t is s h o w n t h a t d is ­
c o n tin u itie s in so m e o f t h e c o n s ta n ts o r in t h e ir r a te s o f v a r ia tio n o c c u r a t th e
e u te c tic c o m p o s itio n 5 5 -0 3 % silv e r, a t th e c o m p o s itio n A g 3S b , a n d a t t h e lim it
o f so lid s o lu b ility 9 4 -4 7 % silv e r.— B . C.
*The M agnetic Susceptibilities of th e Silver-L ead, Silver-A ntim ony, and the
S ilver-B ism uth Series of Alloys. G . O . S te p h e n s a n d E . J . E v a n s (Phil. Mag.,
1936, [v ii], 22, (147), 4 3 5 -4 4 5 ).— M e a s u re m e n ts a r e g iv e n o f t h e s u s c e p tib ilitie s
o f a llo y s o f v a r io u s c o m p o s itio n s o f t h e s ilv e r - le a d , s ilv e r - a n tim o n y , a n d
s ilv e r - b is m u th se ries, b y t h e C u rie -C h e n e v e a u m a g n e tic b a la n c e m e th o d .
T h e effe c ts o f a n n e a lin g t h e a llo y s is in d ic a te d , a n d d is c o n tin u itie s in th e
s u s c e p tib ility -c o m p o s itio n c u rv e s a r e s h o w n t o c o rre s p o n d t o k n o w n p h a s e
b o u n d a rie s .— B . C.
T he Effect of Sm all Q uantities of B ism uth an d M anganese on T in.
------ -
(Metall-Woche, 1936, (2), 2 3 -2 4 ).— L . A . O.
B earing Metals. ( F r h r .) F . K . v o n G o ler a n d G . S a c h s (Mitt. Arbeitsbereich
Metallgesellschaft, Frankfurt, 1935, 1 -8 ).— S ee Met. Abs., 1935, 2, 4 5 1 .— S . G .
*Notes on the P erform ance of B earing M etal as D eterm ined from the R esults
of E xperim ents. S h in ta M a ts u n a w a a n d M a to m u I s h id a (J. Soc. Mech. Eng.
Japan, 1934, 37, (2 0 3 ), 1 2 5 -1 3 1 ).— [ I n J a p a n e s e .] T e s ts w e re c a r r ie d o u t in
t h e la b o r a to r y , a n d w i t h ro llin g s to c k u n d e r se rv ic e c o n d itio n s , u sin g te s tp ie c e s o f im p ro v e d d e s ig n , t o d e te r m in e t h e f ric tio n b e tw e e n b e a rin g s a n d a x le
jo u r n a ls . I t w a s f o u n d t h a t a g o o d b e a r in g m e ta l su rfa c e c a n b e o b ta in e d
e a s ily a n d in e x p e n s iv e ly b y m e a n s o f a n e w fin ish in g d e v ic e . T h e differen ce
i n fric tio n a l r e s is ta n c e a c c o rd in g t o t h e m e th o d o f fin ish in g t h e a x le s u rfa c e
w a s d e te r m in e d q u a n tita tiv e ly , a n d t h e r e la tiv e m e r its o f t h e fin ish in g m e th o d s
a s c e r ta in e d . I t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e f ric tio n a l r e s is ta n c e o f t h e su s p e n s io n
b e a r in g m e ta l o f a n e le c tric m o to r- c a r lin e d w ith a s m a ll piece o f w h ite m e ta l
is a b o u t J o f t h a t o f a n o r d in a r y b e a rin g m a d e o f g u n - m e ta l.— S. G .
T in-B ase B earing Metals. B . P . H a ig h (Metallurgist ( S u p p t. t o Engineer),
1 9 3 6 , 1 0 , 1 4 7 -1 4 8 ).— A re v ie w a b s t r a c t a n d d isc u ssio n o f a p a p e r b y F . v . G o ler
a n d H . P fis te r , Metallwirtschaft, 1936, 15, (15), 3 4 2 - 3 4 8 ; (16), 3 6 5 - 3 6 8 ; see
Met. Abs., t h i s v o l., p . 301.-—L . A . 0 .
*R ubbing and W ear of Lead-Base Babbitts. I . V . P ic h u g in ( Dizelestroenie
(Diesel-Building), 1936, (7), 1 1 -2 1 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] R e s u lts a r e g iv e n o f
w e a r t e s ts o n tin - a n d le a d -b a s e b e a rin g m e ta ls c a rrie d o u t o n a sp e c ia lly
c o n s tr u c te d m a c h in e A1 a n d o n Z a itz e v ’s m a c h in e . T h e a llo y s t e s te d o n
Z a itz e v ’s m a c h in e w e re B - 8 3 ( tin 83-4, a n tim o n y 11-1, c o p p e r 5 -3 0 % ), B o n d r a t
( tin 10-6, a n tim o n y 10-3, c o p p e r 1-94, c a d m iu m 1-07, a rse n ic 0-86, le a d 7 5 -1 % ),
T e rm ite ( tin 5-74, a n tim o n y 14-5, c o p p e r 2 -90, c a d m iu m 1-94, a rs e n ic 0-97,
le a d 7 3 -8 % ), a n d S a tc o ( tin 2-56, le a d 95-9, c a lc iu m 0 -6 2 , so d iu m 0 -54, m a g n e ­
siu m 0 -1 5 % ). T h e w e a r o f t h e le a d -b a s e allo y s w a s c o n s id e ra b ly h ig h e r t h a n
t h a t o f B - 8 3 a t a ll sp ecific p re ss u re s , B o n d r a t h a v in g t h e g r e a te s t a n d T e rm ite
t h e le a s t w e a r. T h e w e a r o f s te e l rin g s w a s g r e a te s t w it h S a tc o b e a rin g s a n d
l e a s t w ith T e rm ite a n d B o n d r a t. W ith in c re a sin g lo a d t h e coeff. o f fric tio n o f
a ll t h e a llo y s w a s d e c re a s e d , b e in g lo w er w ith B o n d r a t a n d T e rm ite t h a n w ith
B - 8 3 a llo y . T e r m ite g a v e t h e b e s t r e s u lts a s re g a r d s r u n n in g t e m p e r a tu r e s in
N N
520
Metallurgical A bstracts
V ol. 3
l u b r ic a t e d b e a rin g s . N o n e o f t h e a llo y s s h o u ld b e r u n a t a g r e a te r specific
p r e s s u re t h a n 5 0 k g ./c m .a. O n t h e A 1 m a c h in e t h e B - 8 3 a llo y sh o w e d t h e
le a s t lo ss o f w e ig h t. T h e w e a r o f t h e a r s e n ic - c a d m iu m - le a d - b a s e a llo y s d o e s
n o t d iffe r s u b s ta n tia lly f ro m t h a t o f B - 8 3 u n d e r lo a d s o f 1 1 5 -1 8 5 k g ./ c m .2.
T h e b e s t r e s u lts w e re o b ta in e d w i t h a llo y s w ith in t h e fo llo w in g c o m p o s itio n
r a n g e : t i n 5 -6 -1 1 -7 , a n tim o n y 1 0 -0 -1 5 -3 , c o p p e r 1 -7 -2 -8 , a rs e n ic 0 -4 8 -1 -2 1 , c a l­
c iu m 0 -9 9 -1 -8 7 , le a d 7 2 -7 -7 5 -3 % . B o n d r a t a n d T e r m ite b u t n o t S a tc o c a n
b e u se d f o r b e a r in g s in D ie s e l e n g in e s .— N . A .
W h at Do You K no w A bout B a b b itt? A . H o y t L e v y (Machinist (Eur.
Edn.), 1936, 80, (33), 6 96).— A p le a f o r m o re s t u d y o f th e p r o p e rtie s o f B a b b it t
m e ta l, p a r t ic u la r ly a m o n g e n g in e e rs.— J . H . W .
♦C o n trib u tio n to th e K now ledge of the System Iro n -T u n g ste n . O t t o L a u d g r a f (Forschungsarbeiten iiber Metallkunde und Rontgenmetallographie, 1934,
(12), 4 6 p p . ; C. Abs., 1936, 30, 7 0 8 1 ). — P re v io u s w o rk o n t h e s y s te m is
re v ie w e d . A llo y s w e re m a d e b y m e ltin g in a s m a ll in d ir e c t- a r c f u rn a c e a n d
s tu d ie d b y m ic ro sc o p ic a n d X - r a y m e th o d s . M ic ro sco p ic e x a m in a tio n
in d ic a te d t h a t t h e so lid s o lu b ility lin e o f t u n g s t e n in ir o n in te r s e c ts t h e e u te c tic
lin e a t 2 3 % tu n g s t e n a n d t h a t t h e e u te c tic is a t 3 3 % tu n g s te n . X - r a y s tu d ie s
in d ic a te d t h a t t h e s o lu b ility o f t u n g s t e n in ir o n b e lo w 6 0 0 ° C. is sm a ll. I n
d is a g r e e m e n t w i t h A r n f e lt (J. Inst. Metals, 1929, 42, 516) a n d T a k e d a ,
t h e c o m p o u n d F e 3W 2 w a s f o u n d n o t t o b e tr ig o n a l b u t h e x a g o n a l w ith
a = 4-73 A . a n d c = 7-70 A . X - r a y s tu d ie s a ls o sh o w e d t h a t F e 3W 2 d i s ­
so lv e s a lm o s t n o ir o n o r tu n g s te n . T h e u p p e r lim it o f e x is te n c e o f t h e
c o m p o u n d w a s p la c e d a t 1675° C. I n a llo y s f ro m 55 t o 6 8 -3 % tu n g s t e n tw o
t y p e s o f c o m p o u n d a p p e a r e d t o fo rm , b u t X - r a y d if fr a c tio n p a t t e r n s sh o w e d
t h a t t h e y w e re c r y s ta llo g r a p h ic a lly id e n tic a l. T a k e d a ’s “ X ” p h a s e c o u ld
n o t b e c o n firm e d . E v e n a t h ig h te m p e r a t u r e s tu n g s t e n d iss o lv e s a lm o s t n o
ir o n .— S . G.
♦N o tes on th e Solidus T em peratu res [and Solid Solubility L im its] in th e
System s Iro n -T u n g ste n a n d Iron-M olybdenum . W . P . S y k e s (Trans. Amer.
Soc. Metals, 1 936, 24, (3), 5 4 1 -5 5 0 ).— T h e s o lid u s c u r v e a n d t h e s o lid s o lu b ility
c u r v e a b o v e 1 1 0 0 ° C. w e re d e te r m in e d (b y q u e n c h in g m e th o d s a n d b y o b s e rv ­
in g t h e m e ltin g o f w ire s) in th e sy s te m i r o n - t u n g s te n f o r a llo y s c o n ta in in g u p to
3 5 % tu n g s te n . T h e so lid u s c u rv e p a s se s t h r o u g h a m in im u m a t 1525° C. a n d
1 5 % t u n g s t e n . T h e a so lid s o lu tio n is fo rm e d a t 1540° C . b y a p e r ite c tic
r e a c tio n b e tw e e n t h e e p h a s e ( F e 3W 2), a n d ir o n -r ic h liq u id . T h e a so lid
s o lu b ility lim it d im in is h e s f ro m 3 2 -5 % tu n g s te n a t 1540° C. t o 1 2 % a t 1100° C .,
w h ils t e le c tr ic a l r e s is ta n c e m e a s u re m e n ts in d ic a te a f u r t h e r fa ll t o b e tw e e n
6 a n d 7 % tu n g s t e n a t 7 0 0 ° C.
A s im ila r in v e s tig a tio n o f t h e ir o n -m o ly b d e n u m
s y s te m sh o w s t h a t t h e s o lid u s p a s se s t h r o u g h a m in im u m a t 1440° C. a n d
3 6 % m o ly b d e n u m . T h e a so lid s o lu tio n is fo rm e d b y a p e r ite c tic r e a c tio n a t
a b o u t 1455° C ., b e tw e e n t h e z p h a s e (E e 3M o2) a n d liq u id , a n d t h e a so lid so lu ­
b ility lim it d im in is h e s f ro m 3 6 % m o ly b d e n u m a t 1430° C . t o b e tw e e n 3 a n d 5 %
a t 7 0 0 ° C .— W . H .- R .
♦Z in c-B a se Alloys as S ubstitutes [for O ther M etals]. A r t h u r B u r k h a r d t
(Z. Metallkunde, 1936, 28, (10), 2 9 9 -3 0 8 ; a n d ( a b rid g e d ) Light Metals Research,
1936, 5, ( 6 ), 1 4 0 -1 4 1 ).— T h e e q u ilib r ia a t th e z in c e n d o f t h e b in a r y s y s te m s
a lu m in iu m -z in c a n d c o p p e r - z in c a n d in th e te r n a r y c o m e r o f t h e c o p p e r a lu m in iu m -z in c s y s te m h a v e b e e n e s ta b lis h e d b y th e r m a l, m ic ro g ra p h ic ,
a n d p re c isio n X - r a y m e th o d s . T h e s o lid s o lu b ility o f a lu m in iu m i n zin c
is 0 -0 5 % a t ro o m te m p e r a t u r e a n d a m a x im u m o f 0 -8 % a t 3 8 0 ° C ., a n d
t h a t o f c o p p e r in zin c 0 -3 % a t ro o m te m p e r a tu r e a n d 2 -7 % a t t h e p e r ite c tic
t e m p e r a tu r e (424° C .). S e p a r a tio n o f t h e a lu m in iu m - o r c o p p e r - ric h c o n ­
s t i t u e n t fro m s u p e r s a tu r a te d so lid s o lu tio n r e s u lts in a n e x p a n s io n w h ic h ,
h o w e v e r, is g r e a t e r i n t h e d ir e c tio n o f t h e c a x is t h a n in t h a t o f t h e a a x is in
t h e c o p p e r a llo y s. I n t h e t e r n a r y s y s te m t h e m a x im u m so lid s o lu b ility
1936
I I . — Properties of Alloys
521
( e x tra p o la te d ) is c o p p e r 3-4, a lu m in iu m 1 -6 % , t h a t a t 3 0 0 ° C . is c o p p e r 2-6,
a lu m in iu m 1 -2 % a n d t h a t a t 2 0 ° 0 . c o p p e r 0 -6 - 0 -8 , a lu m in iu m 0 - l - 0 -2 % ;
h e n c e t e r n a r y a llo y s w ith 4 % a lu m in iu m a n d u p t o 0 -7 % c o p p e r b e h a v e
sim ila rly o n a g e in g t o c o p p e r-fre e a llo y s. T h e te r n a r y e u te c tic p o in t is 370° C.,
a lu m in iu m 7, c o p p e r 4 % a n d t h e 4 - p h a s e r e a c tio n (3 ^ a + (3' + s o ccu rs
a t 2 7 0 ° C . N u m e r o u s c u r v e s a r e g iv e n sh o w in g t h e c h a n g e s in le n g th o f
te s t- p ie c e s w h ic h o c c u r d u r in g a g e in g o f a llo y s w it h 4 % a lu m in iu m , u p to
2 -7 % c o p p e r a n d 0 o r 0 -0 4 % m a g n e s iu m . A s a r e s u lt o f th e s e s tu d ie s th r e e
a llo y s o f te c h n ic a l im p o rta n c e h a v e b e e n d e v e lo p e d (a) w i th a lu m in iu m 4
a n d c o p p e r 2 -7 % w h ic h h a s a h ig h te n s ile a n d im p a c t s t r e n g t h a n d u n d e rg o e s
r e la tiv e ly s m a ll c h a n g e s d u r in g p ro lo n g e d s to r a g e , ( 6 ) t h e a lr e a d y w e ll-k n o w n
d ie - c a s tin g a llo y s o f t h e Z a m a k ty p e , a n d (c) t h e a llo y Z L 3 c o n ta in in g c o p p e r
0 -4 -0 -7 , a lu m in iu m 4 , a n d m a g n e s iu m 0 - 0 4 % . B y s u ita b le h e a t - tr e a tm e n t o f
Z L 3 t h e v o lu m e c h a n g e s in th is a llo y c a n b e r e d u c e d to 0 - 0 1 -0 -0 5 % a n d th e
te n s ile s t r e n g t h r a is e d t o 41—43 k g ./m m .2. I n th is s t a t e th e y ie ld - p o in t is
3 5 -3 8 k g ./ m m .2, e lo n g a tio n 1 0 - 1 5 % , r e d u c tio n in a r e a 4 5 - 5 5 % , B rin e ll
h a r d n e s s 9 5 -1 0 5 , im p a c t s t r e n g t h 3 0 - 3 5 c m .- k g ./m m .2, a n d s h e a r s tr e n g th
2 5 - 3 5 k g ./m m .2, v a lu e s w h ic h a r e s u p e rio r t o th o s e o f L a u t a l a n d a s g o o d as,
o r b e t t e r t h a n , th o s e o f 2 : 4 0 : 58 le a d e d sc re w b ra s s . Z L 3 c a n b e u s e d fo r
e x tr u s io n o r d ie -c a s tin g , is r e a d ily m a c h in e d a n d d r ille d w ith s u ita b ly a d ju s te d
to o ls , a n d is e a s ily p o lis h e d to a h ig h lu s tr e .— A . R . P .
F a ilu re of Sm all E lectric M otors a n d Accessories [Z inc-B ase Die-Castings].
(B rit. E n g in e Boiler and Elect. Insurance Co. Tech. S e p ., 1935, 9 3 -9 6 ).—
A m o n g t h e f a ilu re s d isc u sse d a r e th o s e o f d ie -c a s tin g s m a d e f ro m a z in c -b a se
a llo y c o n ta in in g a h im in iu m a n d u s e d f o r t h e b a c k o f e le c tr ic a l in s tr u m e n ts ,
s u c h a s a m m e te r s a n d v o ltm e te r s . I t is c o n c lu d e d t h a t th e c ra c k s a n d d is ­
i n t e g r a tio n w h ic h o c c u r r e s u lt f ro m t h e u n s ta b le n a tu r e o f t h e a llo y , w h ic h is
p r o n e t o i n t e r g r a n u l a r c o rro s io n , a n d t h a t t h i s s u s c e p tib ility is in c r e a s e d b y
t h e p re se n c e o f m o is tu r e .— J . W . D .
Effect of Sm all T races of Tin a n d L ead on Z inc-B ase Die-Cast Alloys. ------ (M etalgram (A p e x S m e ltin g C o.), 1936, ( 16), ( 16a ) ; B u ll. B .N . F . M .R .A . ,
1936, (92)).— (16) d e a ls w ith t h e effe c ts o f 0 - 0 0 2 -0 - 0 2 0 % t i n o n d ie - c a s t a llo y s
N o . 3 (z in c ( 9 9 -9 9 + % ) w i th a lu m in iu m 4 -1 0 , a n d m a g n e s iu m 0 - 0 4 % ) , a n d
N o . 5 (z in c w i t h a lu m in iu m 4 -1 0 , c o p p e r 1-0, a n d m a g n e s iu m 0 - 0 3 % ), in t h e
a s -c a s t s t a te , o n t h e te n s ile s tr e n g th , e lo n g a tio n , a n d im p a c t s tr e n g th b e fo re
a n d a f t e r e x p o s u re t o w a te r v a p o u r a t 9 5 “, a n d d im e n s io n a l s t a b il i t y o n
e x p o s u re t o w a te r v a p o u r . (1 6 a) d e a ls s im ila r ly w ith t h e effe c ts o f 0 - 0 0 7 0 - 0 2 0 % le a d .— S. G.
Z inc-B ase D ie-Casting Alloys. E . T . R ic h a r d s ( M etall-W oche, 1936, (4),
6 2 - 6 3 ; (7), 123).— P r e p a r a tio n , p r o p e rtie s , a n d u se s a r e d isc u sse d .— A . R . P .
*The M utual Solubility of Carbides of H igh M elting M etals. L . P . M o lk o v
a n d V . V . Y ic k e r (V estnick M etallopromishlennosti (Messenger M etal In d .),
1 9 3 6 , 16, ( 8 ), 7 5 -8 8 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e m ix e d c a r b id e p o w d e rs w e re p re s s e d
in to r o d s w h ic h w e re s in te r e d a t 1 5 0 0 ° -2 0 0 0 ° C . a n d e x a m in e d b y X - ra y s .
T h e r e s u lts sh o w e d t h a t T iC fo rm s s o lid s o lu tio n s a t 2 0 ° C . w i th u p to 8 2 -2 %
W C , 8 5 % M o 2C, a n d 4 0 % C r 3C2, a n d a c o n tin u o u s se rie s o f so lid s o lu tio n s w ith
V C . W C a n d M o2C d iss o lv e o n ly s m a ll a m o u n ts o f T i C ; C r 3C 2 d isso lv e s
a b o u t 1 0 % T iC ; M o2C d iss o lv e s a b o u t 5 3 % W C ; V C d iss o lv e s a b o u t 7 6 %
M o2C o r W C . Q u a te r n a r y s y s te m s c o n ta in in g 5 0 - 5 8 % T iC , 6 - 9 % M o 2C,
2 2 - 2 8 % W C , a n d 2 2 - 5 % V C a r e h o m o g e n e o u s a n d h a v e t h e V C la ttic e .
M e lts c o n ta in in g 2 1 + D % T a C , 4 0 - 0 % M o 2C, a n d 3 9 - 6 0 % W C h a v e t h e T a C
l a t t i c e . I n m e lts w i t h a 1 : 1 o r 1 : 2 m o le c u la r r a t i o o f T a C a n d W C
l a t tic e s o f b o t h c o n s t it u e n t p h a s e s w e re f o u n d .— D . N . 8 .
*M echanical Properties of Special Steels a n d N on-F errous M etals a t Low
T em peratures. B . S m irn o v a n d V . C h e rn ja k (M etallurg (M etallurgist), 1936,
( 8 ), 8 8 -1 0 3 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] R e s u lts o f te s ts a r e g iv e n f o r b ra ss e s ( I ) :
522
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
c o p p e r 58-9, z in c 38-7, a n d le a d 1 -5 % ; ( I I ) : c o p p e r 57-14, zin c 4 0 -7 5 , le a d
0 -6 9 , ir o n 0 -9 0 % , a n d tr a c e s o f m a n g a n e s e , a t ro o m t e m p e r a t u r e a n d — 185° C . ;
a n d a ls o f o r D u r a lu m in ( c o p p e r 4-33, m a g n e s iu m 0 -1 2 , ir o n 0 -8 4 , m a n g a n e s e
0 -6 4 % ) a t ro o m t e m p e r a t u r e , — 18° a n d — 183° C . T h e r e s u lts a r e s u m ­
m a r iz e d b e lo w :
Temperature,
Material. .
D u ra lu m in
°0.
.
r
20
l - 183
+ 20
1 - 183
' + 20
18
i - 183
Tensile
Strength, Elongation, Shrinkage,
%•
%•
Kg./mm.2.
42-45
58-0
36-5
50-8
40-42
43-5
51-6
25-7
36
22-3
26-9
14-46
17-5
20-24
47-0
32-35
19-9
19-2
27-8
26-8
21-2
Brinell
Hardness.
94
124 ’
94
113
92
104
114
o/
/o
Resistance,
Kg./cm.2.
5-95
5-32
5-23
5-18
4-11
4-56
4-57
— N . A.
♦M o d u lu s of E la sticity of C ertain Definite In term e ta llic Com pounds. A lb e r t
P o r t e v in a n d L é o n G u ille t (F ils ) (Cornpt. rend., 1936, 203, (3), 2 3 7 -2 3 9 ).—
T h e m o d u lu s o f e la s tic ity o f c e r t a in b o m o p o la r a llo y s , h a v in g c o m p o s itio n s
r e p r e s e n tin g o r a p p r o x im a tin g t o th o s e o f m e ta llic c o m p o u n d s w e re in v e s ti ­
g a te d . T h e m e th o d s u s e d w e re e it h e r R o lla n d a n d S o rin ’s s y m p a th e tic
p e n d u lu m o r fix e d (encastrée) b e n d in g , t h e fix in g b e in g e ffe c te d w ith o u t
l a t e r a l s tr e s s . T h e a llo y s s tu d ie d w e re C u 31S n 8 (C u = 6 8 -0 0 % b y w e ig h t),
C u 9A14 (C u = 8 4 -2 5 % ), CuZn«, (C u = 1 8 -1 6 % ), C u Z n (C u = 4 7 -2 2 % ),
A g 3S b (A g = 6 8 -0 0 % ), a n d M g Z n 2 (Z n = 8 2 -0 0 % ). T h e r e s td ts sh o w e d t h a t
th e r e a p p e a r e d t o b e 2 cla sse s o f d e fin ite c o m p o u n d s : (1) th o s e w h o s e m o d u lu s
fo llo w s a p p r o x im a te ly t h e r u le o f m ix tu r e s , s u c h a s C u Z n , A g 3S b , a n d M g Z n 2,
c la s se d a s h o m o p o la r b y B e r n a l (M et. A b s. (J. In s t. M etals), 1929, 42, 4 17),
a n d S n M g 2, c la s s e d a s io n ic b y t h e sa m e a u t h o r ; (2) th o s e w h o se m o d u lu s
c o n s id e ra b ly e x c e e d s t h a t g iv e n b y t h e r u le o f m ix tu r e s , s u c h a s C u 6Z n 9,
C u 9A14, w h ic h a r e h o m o p o la r. T h e c o m p o u n d C u Z n 6 in d ic a te d b y B ro n ie w s k i,
J a b lo n s k i, a n d M a j (M et. A b s., t h i s v o l., p . 115) is in th is c a te g o r y .— J . H . W .
fT h e Flow of Alloys in Connection w ith M axw ell’s R elax atio n T heory.
(G u b k in .)
S ee p . 5 8 5 .
A T herm o dyn am ic E x tension of th e D iffusion E q uatio n. [A pplication of
th e E q u atio n s to th e System G old-N ickel.] U . D e h lin g e r (Z. P h ysik , 1 9 3 6 , 102,
(9 /1 0 ), 6 3 3 -6 4 0 ).—I t is s h o w n t h a t F ic k ’s la w ~ =
o f t h e g e n e r a l d iffu s io n e q u a tio n
Ot
=
—
is a s p e c ia liz e d fo rm
— A ~ , a n d m a y b e o b ta in e d f ro m i t
OA
b y s u b s t i t u t i n g f o r t h e fre e e n e r g y F , t h e a p p r o p r ia t e v a lu e f o r a n id e a l
m ix tu r e . T h e g e n e r a l e q u a tio n c a n b e u s e d a ls o in t h e c a lc u la tio n o f d iffu s io n
in n o n - id e a l m ix tu r e s w h e n t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f F o n c o n c e n tr a tio n is t a k e n in to
a c c o u n t b y t h e in t r o d u c tio n o f a c tiv itie s o r a c t iv i ty c o e ffic ie n ts. T h e e q u a tio n s
d e d u c e d a r e a p p lie d t o t h e s y s te m g o ld - n ic k e l.— P . W . R .
♦R e la tio n B etw een th e D iffusion R a te of M etals a n d the C rystallographic
D irection (Diffusion A nisotropy). V . B u g a k o w a n d N . B r e g n e v a (Zhurnal
Tehnicheslcoy F iz ik i (J. Tech. P hysics), 1935, 5 , (9), 1 6 3 2 -1 6 3 7 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .]
T h e r a t e o f d iffu s io n o f m e r c u r y i n t o c a d m iu m a n d z in c sin g le c r y s ta ls in th e
d if fe r e n t c r y s ta llo g r a p h ic d ir e c tio n s w a s s t u d i e d ; i n b o t h ca se s t h e r a t e is
a m a x im u m p a r a lle l to t h e b a s a l p la n e , a n d m in im u m p e r p e n d ic u la r t h e r e to ,
b u t t h e d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n t h e tw o r a t e s d e c re a s e s a s t h e te m p e r a t u r e is
in c r e a s e d u p t o 2 0 0 ° C. T h e d iffu s io n o f c o p p e r in to z in c sin g le c r y s ta ls
fo llo w s a s im ila r c o u rse .— N . A .
I I . — Properties of Alloys
1936
523
*D ependence of the Diffusion Coefficient of M etals on Grain-Size. Y . B u g a k o w a n d F . R ib a lk o (Zhurnal Tehnicheskoy F iz ik i (J. Tech. P hysics), 1935,
5, (10), 1 7 2 9 -1 7 3 4 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] M e a s u r e m e n ts o f t h e r a t e o f e v a p o r a tio n
o f zin c a t 7 0 0 ° - 9 0 0 ° C. f ro m a - b ra s s sin g le c r y s ta ls a n d f ro m p o ly c r y s ta llin e
sp e c im e n s w i t h a v e r a g e g ra in -s iz e s o f 0-13 m m ., 0-37 m m ., a n d 0-48 m m .,
sh o w e d t h a t t h e d iffu s io n co effic ien t (D) o f zin c in c re a se s s h a r p ly w it h d e c re a s e
in g ra in -s iz e e s p e c ia lly in t h e t r a n s i t io n f ro m a m o n o - t o a p o ly c r y s ta llin e
s p e c im e n ; t h u s a t 7 0 0 ° C. f o r a s in g le - c r y s ta l D = 0 -0 6 X 10-2 a n d f o r a
sp e c im e n w ith 0 -1 3 m m . g ra in -s iz e D = 2-3 X 10-2. A t h ig h e r te m p e r a tu r e s
t h i s d iffe re n c e is r e d u c e d . A n e x p la n a tio n o f t h e o b s e rv e d p h e n o m e n a a n d
a c o m p a ris o n w i t h r e s u lts o b s e rv e d f o r t h e e le c tr o ly tic c o n d u c tiv ity a r e g iv e n .
— N . A.
♦C hem ical H eterogeneity of Solid Solutions in Cast Alloys. P . C h e v e n a rd
a n d X . W a c h e (B ull. Assoc. Tech. F ond., 1936, 10, (5), 1 5 2 -1 6 5 ).— M a n y so lid
s o lu tio n s a r e h e te ro g e n e o u s , b u t w h ils t c e r ta in p r o p e rtie s a r e o n ly s lig h tly
a ffe c te d sin c e t h e a v e r a g e p r o p e r tie s a r e r e v e a le d , o t h e r p r o p e rtie s , te n a c i t y
a n d c o r ro d ib ility f o r e x a m p le , g iv e v a lu e s r e p re s e n tin g t h e w e a k e s t p o r tio n s .
F o r a sc ie n tific s t u d y o f p ro b le m s o f h e te r o g e n e ity t o b e f ru itf u l, q u a n t i t a t i v e
m e th o d s m u s t b e a p p lie d , a n d th e m o re u s u a l m e th o d s o f a p p r o a c h a r e a ll
q u a lita tiv e . T h e rm o m a g n e tic tr a n s f o r m a tio n s c a n b e u s e d in c e r ta in c a s e s ;
e.g. fe rr o - n ic k e ls . T h e v a r io u s d e g re e s o f s e g re g a tio n a n d t h e i r m e c h a n is m
a r e d e s c rib e d , a n d t h e in flu e n c e o f h e a t - t r e a t m e n t o n th e m is d isc u sse d .
B y th e r m o -m a g n e tic m e a s u re m e n ts , c u rv e s c a n b e p l o tt e d w h ic h sh o w t h e
a m p litu d e a n d e x t e n t o f th e la c k o f u n if o rm ity . C o m p le x a u s te n ite s w ere
c h o se n f o r s t u d y , b u t t h e p r in c ip le s c a n b e a p p lie d to a ll a llo y s o f s im ila r
c o n s titu tio n , a n d i t s sig n ific a n c e in r e la tio n t o t h e h a r d e n in g p h e n o m e n o n o f
c o p p e r - b e r y lliu m a n d s im ila r a llo y s, a n d t o in te r c r y s ta llin e c o rro s io n is
m e n tio n e d . T h e p r a c tic a l im p o r ta n c e o f s e c u rin g h o m o g e n e ity t o s e c u re
c h e m ic a l a n d m e c h a n ic a l s t a b il i t y is o b v io u s .— J . E . N .
♦P ro p e rtie s of M etallic Solutions. I.— T heoretical. V . K . S e m e n c h e n k o
(Zhurnal F izicheskoy K h im ii (J. P h ys. Chem.), 1936, 7, (4 ), 5 0 1 - 5 0 8 ).— [ I n
R u s s ia n .] I n ca se s o f m u t u a l s o lu b ility a n d s u rfa c e p h e n o m e n a , t h e b e h a v io u r
o f t h e s o lu te is d e te r m in e d b y t h e d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n tw o q u a n titie s , o n e
re fe rr in g t o t h e s o lv e n t a n d t h e o th e r t h e s o lu te , w h ic h S . calls “ g e n e ra liz e d
m o m e n ts .”- L iq u id m e ta l c o n s is ts o f io n s, t h e p o te n tia l e n e r g y o f w h ic h is
p r im a r ily d e te r m in e d b y t h e i r r e la tio n t o t h e s u r r o u n d in g e le c tro n ic a tm o EZ
s p h e re , a n d m = —
m a y b e t a k e n a s t h e “ g e n e ra liz e d m o m e n t,” w h e re
E = 4 -7 7 4 x 10-10, Z is t h e v a le n c y o f t h e io n , a n d r t h e io n ic r a d iu s . E x p r e s ­
sio n s a r e d e r iv e d f o r t h e s u r f a c e te n s io n a n d lim itin g su rfa c e a c t iv it y . D e t e r ­
m in a tio n s o f t h e s u rfa c e te n s io n o f d if fe r e n t m e ta l a m a lg a m s c o n firm t h e
th e o r y . P ro b le m s c o n n e c te d w it h t h e m o d ific a tio n o f a llo y s a n d t h e m u tu a l
s o lu b ility o f m e ta ls a r e e x a m in e d f ro m t h e th e o r e tic a l p o in t o f v ie w .— N . A .
♦P ro p e rtie s of M etallic Solutions.
II.— Surface T ension of A m algam s.
P . B e rin g a n d N . L . P o k r o v s k iy (Zhurnal Fizicheskoy K h im ii (J. P hys.
Chem.), 1936, 7, (4), 5 0 9 -5 1 7 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] M e a s u re m e n ts o f t h e s u rfa c e
te n s io n o f m e r c u r y g a v e v a lu e s o f 4 1 0 d y n e s /c m . in vacuo a n d 4 6 5 d y n e s /c m .
in h y d ro g e n . V a lu e s w e re a ls o o b ta in e d f o r t h e su rfa c e te n s io n o f a m a lg a m s
c o n ta in in g u p t o 0 -2 % o f th e a lk a li m e ta ls , a lk a lin e e a r t h m e ta ls , a n d so m e
o f t h e h e a v y m e ta ls .— N . A .
Surface P henom ena and P roperties of Alloys. V . K . S e m e n c h e n k o
(Zvetnye M etalli (Non-F errous M etals), 1936, (6), 9 2 -100).-— [ I n R u s s ia n .]
S ee a b s t r a c t a b o v e (Z h u rn a l Fizicheskoy K h im ii, 1936, 7, (4), 5 0 1 -5 0 8 ).— N . A .
On P olym orphous and M agnetic T ransform ations. S . S . S c h te in b e rg
(M etallurg (M etallurgist), 1936, (9), 6 -1 0 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] I t is p o in te d o u t
t h a t m a g n e tic a s o p p o se d t o p o ly m o rp h o u s tr a n s f o rm a tio n s , d o n o t re p re s e n t
B.
524
Metallurgical Abstracts
V o l. 3
s t r u c t u r a l p h a s e t r a n s f o r m a tio n s . M a g n e tic t r a n s f o r m a t io n t a k e s p la c e in
a h o m o g e n e o u s p h a s e , c o n tin u o u s ly t h r o u g h o u t a w id e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e a n d
is s u b je c te d t o t h e la w o f p h a s e e q u ilib r ia . E x a m p le s a r e g iv e n .— -N. A .
♦T h e M echanism of P recipitatio ns a n d T ran sfo rm atio n s [in Alloys]. U lr ic h
D e h lin g e r (A rch. Eisenhiittenwesen, 1 9 3 6 -1 9 3 7 , 10, (3), 1 0 1 - 1 0 5 ; d isc u ssio n ,
1 0 5 -1 0 7 ).— I n tr a n s f o r m a tio n s in so lid a llo y s t h e e q u ilib r ia o n ly a p p r o x i­
m a t e l y c o n fo rm t o t h e p h a s e r u l e ; b e tw e e n t h e b e g in n in g a n d e n d o f a
r e a c tio n th e r e a r e v a r io u s i n t e r m e d ia te s ta g e s . F o r e x a m p le , in t h e h a r d e n in g
o f s u p e r s a t u r a te d so lid s o lu tio n a llo y s p r e c ip ita tio n m a y o c c u r in th r e e w a y s .
I n t h e h a r d e n in g o f c o p p e r - a lu m in iu m a llo y s a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e t h e
in c r e a s e in h a r d n e s s ta k e s p la c e w i t h o u t a n y o f t h e s o lu te a to m s le a v in g t h e
l a t t i c e ; t h e y a p p e a r t o f o rm c o m p le x e s w ith in t h e s t r u c tu r e o f t h e b a s ic
l a t t i c e w h ic h a r e b r o k e n u p o n ly b y h e a tin g a t 130° C ., a t w h ic h te m p e r a tu r e
v is ib le p r e c i p i t a t i o n f ir s t o c c u rs . O n h e a tin g s u p e r s a t u r a te d b e r y lliu m c o p p e r a llo y s p r e c ip ita tio n m a y o c c u r in e it h e r o f tw o w a y s ; in a llo y s w h ic h
h a v e b e e n h o m o g e n iz e d a f t e r c o ld -w o rk p r e c ip ita tio n s t a r t s a lo n g t h e g r a in
b o u n d a r ie s a n d p ro c e e d s in w a r d s a t a n in c re a s in g r a te , i.e. t h e p r e c ip ita tio n
is a u to - c a t a l y t i c a l l y a c c e le ra te d , w h e r e a s in a llo y s w h ic h h a v e b e e n q u e n c h e d
a f t e r c a s tin g p r e c i p i t a ti o n t a k e s p la c e m o re slo w ly a n d is m o r e u n ifo rm
th r o u g h o u t t h e g r a in . A t h e o r e tic a l e x p la n a tio n o f th e s e d if fe r e n t ty p e s o f
p r e c ip ita tio n is a d v a n c e d .— A . R . P .
The A pplication of th e Q u a n tu m T heory of M etals to th e P hase E qu i­
librium in Alloys. S . T . K o n o b e je w s k i (A n n . P h y s ik , 1936, [v ], 26, (2), 9 7 115).— F r o m e x is tin g d a t a o n t h e s t r u c tu r e a n d r a n g e o f s t a b il i t y o f p h a s e s
o f t h e H u m e - R o th e r y t y p e i t is c o n c lu d e d t h a t th e s e p h a s e s c a n n o t c o r re c tly
b e c o n s id e re d a s c h e m ic a l c o m p o u n d s w i th s to ic h e io m e tric form ulae b u t o n ly
a s t r u e in te r m e ta llic p h a s e s o f v a r ia b le c o m p o s itio n . T h e c o n d itio n s o f
h e te ro g e n e o u s e q u ilib r iu m o f tw o s o lid s o lu tio n s a r e d e te r m in e d o n t h e b a s is
o f t h e q u a n t u m th e o r y . T h e a p p lic a tio n o f t h e th e o r y t o t h e c a lc u la tio n o f
t h e c o u rse o f t h e s o lu b ility c u r v e (a -p h a s e ) g iv e s r e s u lts w h ic h a g re e w e ll
q u a lit a t i v e l y w i t h t h e e x p e r im e n ta l r e s u lts .— v . G .
E quilib rium B etw een M olten M etals a n d Slags. W . K r in g s (Z. M etallkunde, 1934, 26, 2 4 7 -2 4 9 ).— T h e a p p lic a b ility o f t h e la w o f m a s s a c ti o n is
in v e s tig a te d i n t h e ca se o f a fe rr o u s m e ta l- s la g s y s te m a n d o f t h e s y s te m s
c o p p e r - p h o s p h o r u s - o x y g e n a n d m an g an ese - p h o sp h o ru s - ox y g en .
The
s t a b il i t y o f c e r ta in c o m p o u n d s in t h e liq u id s t a t e is s h o w n t o d iv e r g e m a r k e d ly
f ro m t h e e x p e c te d v a lu e s .— P . M . C. R .
•[The N atu re of In term e ta llic P h ases of V ariable Com position. N . W .
A g eew ( Izvestia Sektora F iziko-K him icheskogo A n a liza (A n n . Sect. A nalyse
P h ys.-C him .), 1 9 3 6 , 8 , 1 7 5 - 2 0 0 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] S o lid s o lu tio n s , b o th
a to m ic a n d m o le c u la r, a r e d isc u sse d . T h e e x is te n c e o f t h e l a t t e r i n m e ta llic
s y s te m s is n o t c o n firm e d b y t h e a v a ila b le e x p e r im e n ta l d a t a . I n t e r m e ta llic
p h a s e s c a n b e d iv id e d i n t o th o s e w i th a c o n g r u e n t m e ltin g p o in t ( d a lto n id e s )
a n d t h o s e w i t h o u t ( b e rto llid e s ). D a lto n id e s c a n b e m e ta llic , m e ta llo -h o m o p o la r , a n d m e ta llo -io n ic , a c c o r d in g t o t h e n a t u r e o f t h e b o n d s . B e rto llid e s
g e n e r a lly b e lo n g t o t h e m e ta llo - h o m o p o la r t y p e .— -N. A .
T he Topology of th e D iag ram of C hem ical E q uilib rium . N . S . K u r n a k o w
(Izvestia Sektora F iziko-K him icheskogo A n a liza (A n n . Sect. A n a ly se P hys.C him .), 1936, 8, 1 5 -5 5 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] S ee M et. A h s., th i s v o l., p . 302.
— -N. A .
♦T opological Pro perties of P h a se D iag ram s. A . B . M lo d z e e v sk iy (Izvestia
Sektora Fiziko-K him icheskogo A n a liza (A n n . Sect. A n a ly se P hys.-C him .),
1936, 8, 5 7 -6 8 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e in v e s tig a tio n is a c o n tin u a tio n o f t h e
w o r k o f N . S . K u r n a k o w ( p re c e d in g a b s t r a c t ) . A n a t t e m p t is m a d e t o e s ta b lis h
a r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n t h e g e o m e tr ic a l e le m e n ts o f t h e d ia g r a m a n d c o r re ­
sp o n d in g d e fin ite p h a s e e q u ilib r ia .— N . A .
I I I . — Structure
1936
525
The M elting P o in t D iagram oî Poly-C om ponent System s.— I-IV . Y o s h io
K o n is h i ( Kogyo Kwagalcu Z asshi (J . Soc. Chem. In d . Ja-pan), 1936, 39). — [ I n
J a p a n e s e , w ith E n g lis h a b s t r a c t in s u p p le m e n ta l b in d in g , p p . 2 0 9 - 2 1 0 b .] K .
h a s d e v is e d a m e th o d w h e r e b y t h e c h a n g e o f a p r o p e r ty (e.g. t h e m e ltin g
p o in t) w ith c o m p o s itio n in s y s te m s o f 2 o r m o re c o m p o n e n ts , u n d e r sp e cified
e x p e r im e n ta l c o n d itio n s , m a y b e r e p r e s e n te d b y r e c ta n g u la r c o -o rd in a te s .
T h e m e th o d is d e s c rib e d a n d illu s tr a te d .— S. G .
*X -R ay M ethods for T ernary Systems. (A n d e rs e n a n d J e t t e . ) S ee p . 531.
Complex M ethods fo r th e Study of M etallic Alloys. L é o n D lo u g a tc h
(Congrès In tern a t. M in e s M ét. Céol., Section de M étallurgie, 1936, 2, 3 1 5 -3 2 1
(in F r e n c h ) ; a ls o R ev. M e t., 1936. 33, (10), 6 1 2 -6 1 8 ; a n d (in R u s s ia n )
M etallurg (Metallurgist), 1936, (1), 1 1 5 -1 2 8 ).— T h e a d o p tio n , a s a p rin c ip le
o f re s e a rc h , o f “ c o m p le x m e th o d s ,” in w h ic h s e v e ra l p r o p e rtie s o f t h e sa m e
m a te r ia l a r e s tu d ie d a t t h e sa m e tim e , is d isc u sse d . R e fe re n c e is m a d e t o a
n u m b e r o f e x a m p le s o f t h e su c c e ssfu l u se o f “ c o m p le x m e th o d s ” in m e ta l­
lu rg ic a l re s e a rc h .— J . C. C.
On the Q uan tum T heory of th e Dependence of the M agnetization Curve on
T em perature.
N . A k u lo v (Z. P h ysik , 1936, 100, (3 /4 ), 197—2 0 4 ). M a th e ­
m a tic a l.— P . W . R .
III.— STRUCTURE
(M e ta llo g r a p h y ; M a c ro g r a p h y ; C r y s ta l S tru c tu r e .)
(Continued from pp. 457-459.)
* G rain O rientation a n d G row th in Rolled Sheet [R ecrystallization D iagram s
of A lum inium a n d Copper]. O tto D a h l a n d F r a n z P a w le k (Z. M etallkunde,
1936, 2 8 , (9), 2 6 6 -2 7 1 ).— C o m p le te r e c r y s ta lliz a tio n d ia g r a m s f o r 99-6%
a lu m in iu m a n d p u r e c o p p e r h a v e b e e n c o n s tru c te d . T h e a lu m in iu m d ia g ra m
sh o w s t h a t a c o a rse g r a in is o b ta in e d b y a n n e a lin g a t a b o v e 6 0 0 ° C. a f te r a
3 - 6 % r e d u c tio n b y c o ld -ro llin g , a n d a n e x tr a o r d in a r ily c o a rse g r a in o n
a n n e a l i n g a t a b o v e 5 5 0 ° C. a f t e r m o re t h a n 7 0 % re d u c tio n .
T h e r e c r y s ta l­
liz a tio n d ia g r a m o f c o p p e r is m o re c o m p le x t h a n t h a t o f a lu m in iu m , b u t v e r y
co a rse g r a in g r o w th is o b ta in e d o n a n n e a lin g a t a b o v e 9 0 0 ° C. a f te r m o re
t h a n 8 0 % r e d u c tio n a n d o n ly r e la tiv e ly la rg e g r a in s a f t e r 3 - 6 % r e d u c t io n ;
m in im u m g ra in -s iz e is o b ta in e d b y a n n e a lin g a t 6 0 0 ° C. a f te r 9 8 % re d u c tio n .
T h e 5 0 : 5 0 ir o n -n ic k e l a llo y a lso a c q u ire s a v e r y la rg e g r a in a f t e r a n n e a lin g
se v e re ly c o ld -w o rk e d m a te r ia l a t h ig h t e m p e r a t u r e s ; in a ll th r e e cases t h e
g r a in s e x c e e d 1 0 0 c m .2 in a r e a , b u t o n ly in t h e cases o f c o p p e r a n d ir o n n ic k e l a llo y is a r e g u la r o r ie n ta tio n p ro d u c e d . W it h a lu m in iu m t h e la rg e
g r a in s a r e fo rm e d irre g u la r ly f ro m t h e [112] r e c r y s ta lliz a tio n te x tu r e . B ra s s
d o e s n o t sh o w t h i s co a rse c r y s ta l g ro w th . A llo y in g o f e v e n s m a ll a m o u n ts o f
o th e r m e ta ls w ith c o p p e r c h a n g e s th e ro llin g a n d r e c r y s ta lliz a tio n t e x t u r e a n d
p r e v e n ts t h e co a rse c r y s ta lliz a tio n .— A . R . P .
*The C rystallization of T ernary E utectics. A . A . B o tc h v a r a n d K . V . G o re v
(Izvestia Sektora Fiziko-Khim icheskogo A n a liza (A n n . Sect. A n a lyse P hys.Chirn.), 1936, 8 , 2 8 3 -2 9 0 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e t e r n a r y e u te c tic s l e a d - t i n c a d m iu m , b i s m u th - le a d - c a d m iu m , a n d b i s m u t h - t in - c a d m iu m w e re s tu d ie d .
F o r m a ti o n o f c r y s ta l n u c le i in a ll th r e e p h a s e s o f a te r n a r y e u te c tic d o e s n o t
t a k e p la c e s im u lta n e o u s ly , b u t g r a d u a lly . M e ta ls e n te r in g in to t h e c o m ­
p o s itio n o f t h e e u te c tic s m a y b e p la c e d in o r d e r o f th e i r s e p a r a tio n a s fo llo w s :
c a d m iu m , le a d , t i n , b is m u th . U n d e r g iv e n c o n d itio n s c a d m iu m a p p a r e n tly
h a s t h e la r g e s t a n d b is m u th t h e s m a lle s t n u m b e r o f c r y s ta l n u c le i. C a d m iu m
h a s t h e g r e a t e s t a n d b is m u th t h e lo w e s t r a t e o f lin e a r c r y s ta l g ro w th .
— N . A.
526
Metallurgical Abstracts
Vol. 3
The T heory of Crystal Grow th. R . K a is c h e w (Z. P h y sik , 1936, 102 19/101
6 8 4 -6 9 0 ).— M a th e m a tic a l.— P . W . R .
^
{ 1 ’’
On th e P re p a ratio n of Sections for th e M icroscopic E xam in atio n of
A lum inium a n d Its Alloys. E . K a p e m i c k ( A lu m in iu m , 1936, 18, (9), 4 3 3 43 5 ).— M o u n tin g , p o lis h in g , a n d e tc h in g p r o c e d u r e s a r e d e s c rib e d .— A . R . P
♦M icroscopical M etallography of A lu m inium Bronzes. C. P a n s e r i (A llu m inio, 1935, 4, (1), 3 - 5 0 ). — P . d e s c rib e s t h e c h a r a c te r is tic s o f t h e p r in c ip a l
m e ta n o g r a p h ic r e a g e n ts u s e d f o r t h e c o p p e r - ric h a llo y s (b ro n z e s, b ra ss e s),
a n d t h e p r a c tic a l d iffic u ltie s w h ic h p r e v e n t th e m f ro m b e in g g e n e r a lly u s e d in
t h e m e ta llo g r a p h y o f t h e a lu m in iu m b ro n z e s. A lth o u g h m a n y o f th e s e
r e a g e n ts c a n g iv e g o o d r e s u lts f o r a c e r ta in t y p e o f a lu m in iu m b ro n z e , n o n e
c a n b e u s e d s a fe ly in e v e r y case. T h e p h e n o m e n o n o f p a s s iv ity , e x h ib ite d
b y a lu m in iu m b ro n z e s , is e x p e r n n e n ta lly v e rifie d , a n d a r e a g e n t s u g g e s te d to
o b v ia te i t is a d ilu te a q u e o u s s o lu tio n o f h y d r o flu o r ic a n d n i t r i c a c id s
( n itr ic a c id 1 0 0 c .c ., h y d r o flu o r ic a c id 5 0 c .c ., w a t e r 75 0 c.c.). T h e effe c t o f
t h i s r e a g e n t is il l u s t r a te d b y m a n y p h o to m ic r o g ra p h s . T h e effe ct o f v a rio u s
r e a g e n ts w a s t e s te d o n m a n y a lu m in iu m b ro n z e s, b in a r y o r c o m p le x a n d
p h o to m ic r o g ra p h s a r e g iv e n o f ty p ic a l e x a m p le s . T h e 3 0 5 p h o to m ic r o g ra p h s
g iv e n b y P . c a n th e r e fo r e b e u s e d a s a g u id e in t h e m e ta llo g r a p h y o f th e s e allo y s.
A fe w p e c u lia r itie s o f b in a r y b ro n z e s o f h ig h p u r i ty a n d o f c o m m e rc ia l p u r ity
a r e d is c u s s e d a n d i l l u s tr a t e d .
T h e in flu e n c e o f v a n a d iu m o n t h e b in a r y
9 0 : 10 a lu m in iu m b ro n z e s is also m e n tio n e d .— J . K .
♦M icroscopical Study of Surface M odification Produced by M echanical
Polishing of B rass. P . J a c q u e t ( J . chim. physique, 1936, 33, (3) 2 2 6 - 2 3 1 ) __
E le c tro d e p o s itio n o f c o p p e r o n b r a s s (66-7 : 33-3) w h ic h h a s b e e n p o lish e d
(1) m e c h a n ic a lly w ith e m e r y fo llo w ed b y a lu m in a , o r (2) b y t h e sa m e t r e a t m e n t
fo llo w ed b y e le c tr o ly tic p o lis h in g , p r e v io u s ly d e s c rib e d (see M et. A hs., 1935, 2,
4 4 6 ), sh o w s t h a t in (2) t h e d e p o s ite d c o p p e r c o n tin u e s u n c h a n g e d t h e s tr u c t u r e
o f t h e b r a s s , w h ils t in (1) t h e d e p o s ite d c o p p e r is fin e ly c r y s ta llin e a n d d o es
n o t c o n tin u e t h e b r a s s s tr u c t u r e . T h is is ta k e n a s e v id e n c e t h a t m e c h a n ic a l
p o lis h in g p ro d u c e s a su rfa c e m o d ific a tio n t o a d e p t h e s tim a te d v is u a lly a t
4 x 10 3 m m . T h e s e r e s u lts a r e d is c u s s e d in c o n n e c tio n w i th t h e w o rk o f
L e e s (M et. A h s., t h i s v o l., p p . 2 8 8 ,4 6 8 ) w h o s tu d ie d t h e B e ilb y la y e r b y e le c tr o n
d if fr a c tio n te c h n iq u e .— W . D . J .
♦N o tes on E tchin g and M icroscopical Identification of th e P hases P resent
in th e C opper-Zinc System . J . L . R o d d a (M etals Technology, 1936, 3 (6)
5 p p . ; A . I . M . M . E . Tech. P uhl. N o . 746). — T h e y a n d s p h a s e s in t h e c o p p e r—
z in c s y s te m m a y b e d is tin g u is h e d b y a n o d ic e tc h in g in a 1 7 % a q u e o u s s o lu tio n
o f c h ro m ic o x id e ( C r 0 3). A t c u r r e n t d e n s itie s a b o v e 1-5 a m p ./ in .2, th e
y - p h a s e is a tt a c k e d , b u t n o t t h e e - p h a s e ; a t lo w c u r r e n t d e n s itie s t h e o r d e r o f
a t t a c k is re v e rs e d . T h e 7)-p h a se is a t ta c k e d u n d e r b o th c o n d itio n s .
—W
H -R
♦T h e P re p a ratio n of T in a n d T in Alloys for Microscopic E x am ination . H ' J
T a ffs (J. R oy. Microscop. Soc., 1936, [iii], 56, (3), 3 0 0 - 3 0 6 ).— C h a ra c te ris tic s
o f se a lin g w a x , g o la z , p ic e in , s u lp h u r , S p e n c e m e ta l, fu sib le a llo y s, a n d
B a k e lite a s m o u n tm g m a te r ia ls a r e re v ie w e d . A c id - h a r d e n e d B a k e lite h a s
b e e n f o u n d m o s t s a tis f a c to r y f o r m o u n tin g w ire s, p la te s , a n d s im ila r se c tio n s
g iv m g a h a r d m o u ld in g w h ic h a d h e r e s w e ll a n d d o e s n o t r e q u ire t h e u s e o f
i Ao7 t e i n P e r a tu r e s 01 p re s s u re s . A m ix tu r e o f B a k e lite r e s in s o lu tio n w ith
10 / 0 o f sp e c ia l a c id - h a r d e n in g s o lu tio n is p o u r e d in t h e m o u ld w ith th e
sp e c im e n , h e a t e d f o r § h r . a t 4 0 ° -4 5 ° C. a n d t h e n f o r 1 - 1 4 h r s . a t 6 0 ° C.
P r e lim in a r y p o lis h in g is d o n e b y m a c h in e w ith h e a v y m a g n e s iu m o x id e o r
b y h a n d w i t h “ S ilv o ” o n s e lv y t, a n d fin a l p o lis h in g b y h a n d o n a s tr e tc h e d
s e l v y t c lo th s o a k e d in b e n z e n e , im p r e g n a te d w i th fin e a lu m in a m a d e b y
c a lc in in g a m m o n iu m a lu m f o r 6 - 8 h rs . a t 1 0 0 0 ° C ., a n d lu b r ic a te d w it h w a te r ,
i h e a c tio n o f v a r io u s e tc h in g r e a g e n ts is b rie fly o u tlin e d .— J . C . C.
1936
I I I . — Structure
527
♦In flu e n ce oi a T hird E lem ent on th e S tructure of Z inc Alloys w ith Iron ,
Nickel, and Cobalt. J . C z o c h ra lsk i a n d C. N ie w ia d o m s k i ( Wiadomości
Instytutu Metalurgji i Metaloznawstwa (Warszawa), 1936, 3, (3), 1 1 6 -1 1 8 ).—
[ I n P o lis h , w i t h F r e n c h s u m m a r y .] A d d itio n o f so d iu m , lith iu m , c o p p e r,
m e rc u ry , c a d m iu m , a n tim o n y , le a d , silv e r, m a n g a n e s e , c h ro m iu m , t i n , a n d
c a lc iu m t o a llo y s o f z in c w i th u p t o 1 % o f ir o n , c o b a lt, o r n ic k e l h a s n o effect
o n t h e s t r u c tu r e . A d d itio n o f 3 - 5 -8 % a lu m in iu m , h o w e v e r, c o n s id e ra b ly
m o d ifie s t h e s t r u c t u r e a n d im p ro v e s t h e p r o p e rtie s . T h e b e s t m e c h a n ic a l
p r o p e rtie s a r e o b ta in e d w i th 7 - 5 -8 % a lu m in iu m a n d a b o u t 0 -5 % o f iro n ,
c o b a lt, o r n ic k e l, t h e n ic k e l a llo y , f o r e x a m p le , h a v in g a te n s ile s tr e n g th o f
23-6 k g ./m m .2, a n e lo n g a tio n o f 2 -6 % , a n d a B rin e ll h a r d n e s s o f 64-6.— A . R . P .
♦In v e stig atio n s oi th e S tru cture of R esistance W elds in L ight M etals. H a n s
R o h r ig a n d E lf r ie d e K a p e m ic k (Z. Metallkunde, 1936, 28, (9), 2 8 1 - 2 8 9 ;
d isc u ssio n , 2 8 9 ).— T h e r e s u lts o b ta in e d in a se ries o f t e s ts d e s ig n e d t o e lu c id a te
t h e m e c h a n is m o f t h e s p o t w e ld in g o f a lu m in iu m a llo y s a r e s h o w n in a n
i n s tr u c tiv e se rie s o f m a c ro - a n d m ic ro g ra p h s . W h e th e r w e ld in g o c c u rs b y
sim p le r e c r y s ta lliz a tio n o r b y jo in in g o f t h e tw o p a r t s in t h e p la s tic ra n g e
is d e te r m in e d b y t h e p r e s s u re a p p lie d , b y t h e re s is ta n c e o f o x id e film s, a n d b y
t h e c u r r e n t d e n s ity u se d . I n w e ld s m a d e in D u r a lu m in t h e lin e o f t h e w e ld
w a s b r ig h te r t h a n t h e s u r r o u n d in g m e ta l, in d ic a tin g t h a t a te m p e r a tu r e in th e
so lid s o lu tio n r a n g e h a d b e e n o b t a i n e d ; e tc h in g t e s ts sh o w e d a h ig h e r c o n c e n ­
t r a t i o n o f c o p p e r in t h e w e ld t h a n in t h e b a s is m e ta l, a n d t h e p re se n c e o f b ro k e n
p a r tic le s o f CuA12 in t h e re g io n s a d j a c e n t t o t h e w e ld in d ic a te d t h a t th e
te m p e r a t u r e h a d n o t e x c e e d e d 5 5 0 ° C. T h e o x id e film s o n t h e m e ta l su rfa c e s
f irs t a s s u m e a n u n d u la tin g fo rm a n d t h e n b r e a k d o w n , a llo w in g t h e m e ta l to
u n i t e ; a t t h e sa m e tim e t h e o x id e a n d t h e m o re fu s ib le c o n s titu e n ts te n d
u n d e r c e r ta in c o n d itio n s t o b e f o rc e d o u t o f t h e w e ld fo rm in g a e u te c tife ro u s
r in g r o u n d t h e jo in t. I t is c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e w e ld in g t e m p e r a tu r e is in th e
r e g io n o f 5 2 5 ° -5 4 8 ° C .— A . R . P .
The S tru ctu re of T hin E vaporated M etal Film s on R ock-Salt. L . B riic k
(Ann. Physik, 1936, [v ], 26, (3), 2 3 3 -2 5 7 ).— F ilm s o f m e ta l e v a p o r a te d o n to
r o c k -s a lt in vacuo a c q u ir e a p r e fe rr e d c r y s ta l o r ie n ta tio n a t a c e r ta in
te m p e r a t u r e c h a r a c te r is tic o f th e m e ta l. T h is o r ie n ta tio n is d e te r m in e d b y
t h e n a t u r e o f t h e m e ta l a n d t h e s u b s tr a te .— v . G .
M ethod for D eterm ining Crystal O rientations in M etallic T hin Film s. M . M.
U m a n s k iy a n d V . A . K r ilo v (Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoy i Teoreticheslcoy
Fiziki (J. Exper. 'I'heoret. Physics), 1936, 6, (7), 6 8 4 -6 9 0 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .]
T h e q u a n t i t a t i v e c h a r a c te r is tic o f th e d e g re e o f o r ie n ta tio n is t h e c u rv e o f
d i s tr ib u tio n o f t h e se c tio n o f th e th r e e -d im e n s io n a l p o la r fig u re b y a p la n e . A
m e th o d is g iv e n f o r c o n s tru c tin g th e d is tr ib u tio n c u rv e b y c o m p a rin g t h e
r e la tiv e in te n s itie s o f t h e D e b y e lin e s. A c a lc u la tio n is g iv e n a n d a c u rv e
c o n s tr u c te d f o r t h e d is tr ib u tio n o f c r y s ta ls in a c a d m iu m film o b ta in e d b y
v a p o r iz a tio n in a h ig h v a c u u m .— N . A .
♦E le c tro n D iffraction In vestigation of the S tructure of T hin M etal Film s.
(Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoy i Teoreticheskoy
Fiziki (J. Exper. Theoret. Physics), 1936, 6, (7), 6 9 1 -6 9 9 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .]
M . M . U m a n s k iy a n d V . A . K r ilo v
E x a m in a tio n o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h i n film s sh o w e d t h a t c o p p e r, n ic k e l, m o ly b ­
d e n u m , a n d t u n g s t e n (o b ta in e d b y e v a p o r a tio n in a h ig h v a c u u m ) h a v e th e
n o r m a l la ttic e , w h e re a s w ith s im ila r film s o f m a g n e s iu m , iro n , z in c , a n d
c a d m iu m a n o r ie n te d c r y s ta lliz a tio n w a s o b se rv e d : T h e c r y s ta l size (10-610-7 c m .) a p p e a r s to b e r e l a t e d t o th e m e ltin g p o in t o f t h e m e ta l. T h e s tr u c tu r e
a n d size o f t h e c r y s ta ls d o n o t c h a n g e w ith la p s e o f tim e .— N . A .
♦ A Study of Oxide Film s on M etal Surface w ith Cathode R ay Diffraction.
I.— Cu a n d Its Alloys. S h iz u o M iy a k e (Sci. Papers. Phys. Ghem. Res. Tokyo,
1936, 29, (636), 1 6 7 -1 7 8 ).— [ I n E n g lis h .] S ee also Met. Abs., t h i s v o l., p . 148.
E le c tr o n d iffra c tio n m e th o d s w e re u s e d to s t u d y t h e s u rfa c e film s fo rm e d o n
528
Metallurgical Abstracts
Vol. 3
c o p p e r a n d it s a llo y s w h e n h e a t e d (a) i n a n e le c tric f u rn a c e a t 2 0 0 ° - 9 0 0 ° C
an (i
o x id iz in g fla m e o f a g a s b u r n e r . T h e a llo y s in v e s tig a te d
iUCo/
^ ? - SS’ a lu m in iu m b r o n z e s ( 2 -1 0 % A l), b e r y lliu m b ro n z e s
( 1 -1 5 % B e ), a n d b in a r y c o p p e r a llo y s c o n ta in in g 7 % o f ti n , m a n g a n e s e ,
n ic k e l, a n d m a g n e s iu m , r e s p e c tiv e ly . O n p u r e c o p p e r, a n d t h e a llo y s w ith
t i n , m a n g a n e s e , m a g n e s iu m , a n d n ic k e l, a film o f c u p r o u s o x id e C u „ 0 is fo rm e d
a t lo w te m p e r a t u r e s (2 0 0 ° C ), a n d a c u p r ic o x id e film a t h ig h e r te m p e r a tu r e s .
B e lo w 5 5 0 C. t h e c u p r ic o x id e film g iv e s t h e C uO “ th r e e r in g s ” p a t t e r n
d e s c rib e d b y T h o m p s o n (J In s t. M etals, 1 930, 4 4, 4 8 0 ) a n d M u riso n (M et.
A b s., 1934, 1, 114), b u t a b o v e 6 0 0 ° C. t h e n o r m a l p a t t e r n o f te n o r ite is
o b ta in e d . I n a ll th e s e a llo y s sc a lin g o r fla k in g o f th e s u rfa c e film o c c u rs,
i n t h e a llo y s w i t h z m c , a lu m in iu m , a n d b e r y lliu m th e s u rfa c e la y e r c o n s ists
o i o x id e s o f t h e a llo y in g e le m e n t, w h ic h p r e v e n t f u r t h e r a c t i o n ; in su c h
c a s e s c u p r ic o x id e is n o t o b s e rv e d , a n d sc a lin g is p r e v e n te d o r d im in is h e d .
♦C alcu la tio n of th e Com pressibility Coefficients of Crystals. V . S h d a n o W Z .
P h y s ik , 1936, 101, (1 /2 ), 8 6 -9 2 ).— A s s u m in g t h e M o rse f u n c tio n a p p lic a b le to
c r y s t a l s o f a n y t y p e , t h e c o m p re s s ib ility co effic ien ts o f m e ta llic , io n ic , a n d
h o m o p o la r c r y s ta ls a r e c a lc u la te d a n d f o u n d in s a tis f a c to r y a g r e e m e n t w ith
e x p e r im e n t. T h e o t h e r e la s tic c o n s ta n ts o f a c r y s ta l m a y b e c a lc u la te d in a
s im ila r m a n n e r .— P . W . R .
♦T h e L attice C onstants of Very P u re A lum in ium . A . le v i n s a n d M . S tr a u m a n is (Z. physikal. Chem., 1936, [B ], 33, (4 ), 2 6 5 -2 7 4 ).— A lu m in iu m c o n ta in in g
o n ly 0 -0 0 1 4 % im p u r it y h a s a = 4-04143 ± 0 -0 0 0 0 2 A . a t 25° C. T h e c a l­
c u la te d coeff. o f e x p a n s io n b e tw e e n 2 5° a n d 47° C . is 23-13 x 1 0 - . v . G .
♦X -R a y D eterm in atio n of Coefficients of T h erm al E xpan sion of B eryllium
an d T in. G . P . K o s o la p o v a n d A . K . T ra p e z n ik o v (Zhurnal E ksperim entalnoy
i 1 eoreticheskoy F iz ik i (J. E xp e r. Theoret. P hysics), 1936, 6, (6), 5 7 7 -5 8 3 ). [ I n R u s s ia n .] c a n d a f o r b e r y lliu m a n d t i n w e re d e te r m in e d b y X - r a y s a t
d if fe r e n t t e m p e r a tu r e s . T h e c a lc u la te d coefifs. o f e x p a n s io n a r e : b e ry lliu m
“ M_= 1-04 X 1 0 - , M 0 x 1 0 - , a n d 1-31 x 10— ; a ± = 1-50 X 1 0 - , 1-54 x ’
10 , a n d 1-57 X 10 5 ; f o r t h e t e m p e r a tu r e ra n g e s 1 8 °-2 2 0 °, 1 8 °-3 2 0 ° a n d
18 - 4 5 4 ° C ., r e s p e c tiv e ly ; t i n , in t h e r a n g e 2 3 ° -1 5 0 ° C „ a „ = 2-2 X ’l 0 a n d a± = 4-6 6 X 10—.— N . A .
♦S tr u c tu re of P lastically D eform ed Crystals A ccording to th e L aue P a tte rn s
Plastically Stretched M agnesium Single Crystals. A . K o m a r a n d M .
M o c h a lo v (Zhurnal E ksperim entalnoy i Teoreticheskoy F iz ik i (J. E xp e r. Theoret.
Physics), 1936, 6, (7), 7 0 0 - 7 0 4 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] C f. M et. A bs., t h i s v o l.,
II.
p . 2 5 5 . T h e p re s e n c e o f t h e d ia p a s o n o f t h e i i „ re fle c tio n s o f M o r a d i a ti o n
f r o m t h e (0 0 0 1 ) p la n e o f sin g le c r y s ta l m a g n e s iu m s tr e t c h e d 1 0 % , a n d o f
t a il s
o n t h e L a u e d ia g r a m s , is d u e t o t h e h e te r o g e n e ity c a u s e d b y t h e
r e g u la r d i s t r i b u t i o n o f d is to r t e d a r e a s w h ic h m a y b e r e p r e s e n te d a s a m o sa ic
b e n d in g o f s lip -p la n e s a r o u n d a n a x is p e r p e n d ic u la r t o t h e m .— N . A .
*X -R ay E x am in atio n of th e E quilibrium D iagram of the A lu m in iu m -L ith iu m
A lloys a n d th e S tru ctu re of th e Com pound AlLi. ( K o m o v s k iy a n d M a k sim o v 1
S ee p . 5 0 5 .
'
♦S y ste m A lu m in iu m -M ag n esiu m -Z in c. (R ie d e re r.) S ee p . 506.
♦S u p e rla ttic e P h e n o m en a in N ickel-A rsenic Alloys. F . L a v e s (Forischr
M m . K n s t . P etr., 1935, 19, 3 3 - 3 7 ; C. A b s., 1936, 30, 7499).— C f. M et. A bs.,
1935, 2, 3 7 8 . R o ta tio n - p h o to g r a p h s o b ta in e d w it h te t r a g o n a l N i,A s ,
( m a u c h e r ite ) g iv e a = 3*45, c = 21*7 A ., w i th a s u p e rp o s e d tw o -d im e n s io n a l
s u p e r l a t t i c e h a v in g a — 6-9 A .— S . G .
E x am in atio n of th e T h erm a l T rea tm e n t of M agnetic A lu m in iu m “
H r ° n Alloys. L . V e re s h a g in a n d G . K u r d ju m o v (Zhurnal Tehnicheskoy
F iz ik i (J. Tech. P hysics), 1 935, 5, (9), 1 6 2 9 -1 6 3 1 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .]
The
s t r u c t u r e s o f tw o ir o n a llo y s c o n ta in in g a lu m in iu m 11-23 a n d 10-23, n ic k e l
19 36
I I I . — Structure
529
24-36 a n d 26-6 8 , silic o n 0-18 a n d 0 -0 2 , a n d c a r b o n 0-2 a n d 0 -0 5 5 % , r e s p e c tiv e ly ,
w e re e x a m in e d a f t e r a n n e a lin g f o r 1 h r . a t 1 2 0 0 ° C. a n d q u e n c h in g a n d a f te r
a s u b s e q u e n t p r e c ip ita tio n h e a t - tr e a tm e n t a t 3 0 0 ° -1 0 0 0 ° C. T h e a llo y s h a v e
a b o d y - c e n tre d c u b ic l a t ti c e w ith r e g u la r a to m ic d is tr ib u tio n . T h e c h a n g e s
in c o e rc iv e fo rc e p r o d u c e d b y h e a t- t r e a t m e n t a r e n o t r e la te d to t h e s e p a ra tio n
o f t h e d is p e rs e p h a s e sin c e t h e l a tt i c e p a r a m e te r is u n c h a n g e d b y t h e p r e ­
c ip ita tio n t r e a t m e n t , b u t a r e c a u s e d b y i n t e r n a l c h a n g e s in th e so lid so lu tio n
it s e l f d u r in g p r e c ip ita tio n .— -N. A .
C a lc iu m . A . S c h u b e r t ( Russko-G erm anskiy V estnik Naulci i Tehnilci ( D eut .R u ss. Z . ITis.s. Tech.), 1 936, (6), 8 - 1 5 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] X - r a y e x a m in a tio n
a t h ig h t e m p e r a t u r e sh o w s t h a t c a lc iu m e x is ts in th r e e m o d ific a tio n s : a ,
s ta b le b e lo w 3 0 0 ° C ., h a s a f a c e - c e n tr e d la ttic e , a = 5-56 A . ; (3, s ta b le fro m
3 0 0 ° t o 4 5 0 ° C ., a n u n k n o w n l a t t i c e ; a n d y , s ta b le a b o v e 45 0 ° C ., a closep a c k e d h e x a g o n a l la t t ic e , a = 3-94 A ., c = 6-46 A ., c / a = 1-64. I n th e
p re s e n c e o f s m a ll a m o u n ts o f im p u ritie s y h a s a b o d y - c e n tre d c u b ic la ttic e ,
a = 4-434 A . T h e a-(3 tr a n s f o r m a tio n is a c c o m p a n ie d b y c h a n g e s in th e
coeff. o f lin e a r e x p a n s io n , e le c tr ic a l r e s is ta n c e , a n d c o n to u r o f th e cooling
c u rv e s .— N . A .
♦ X - R a y In v e s tig a tio n of t h e I ro n - C h r o m iu m -S ilic o n P h a se D ia g ra m .
(A n d e rs e n a n d J e t t e . ) S ee p . 507.
♦T h e A to m ic R e a rr a n g e m e n t P ro c e ss in th e C o p p e r-G o ld A lloy C u 3A u.
C . S y k e s a n d F . W . J o n e s (P roc. R oy. Soc., 1936, [A ], 157, (890), 2 1 3 -2 3 3 ).—•
R e s u lts a r e g iv e n o f a n in v e s tig a tio n , b y a m e th o d p r e v io u s ly d e s c rib e d , o f th e
t h e r m a l c o n s ta n ts r e la tin g t o t h e o r d e r - d is o r d e r c h a n g e i n C u 3A u . X - r a y a n d
e le c tr ic a l r e s is ta n c e d a t a a r e a ls o g iv e n , a n d t h e r e s u lts a r e c o m p a re d w ith
t h o s e p r e d ic te d b y t h e th e o r ie s o f B r a g g a n d W illia m s a n d o f B e th e a n d
P e ie r ls .— B . C.
♦ T h e Solid S o lu b ilitie s of th e E le m e n ts o f th e P e rio d ic S u b -G ro u p V6 in
C opper. (M e rtz a n d M a th e w s o n .) S ee p . 5 0 8 .
♦ O n th e I n te r n a l S tru c tu r e o f D e n d rite s in B ro n z e . G u n ji S h in o d a (Tetsu-toH agane, 1936, 2 2 , (9), 7 2 7 -7 3 0 ).— [ I n J a p a n e s e .]
T h e s tr u c tu r e s o f d e n d r ite s
in b ro n z e w e re s tu d ie d b y m e a n s o f X - r a y b a c k -re fle c tio n p h o to g r a p h s ,
w i t h t h e fo llo w in g r e s u l t s : I n t h e c ase o f a llo y s so lid ified v e r y slo w ly th e
c o m p o s itio n s o f t h e s te m s o f t h e d e n d r ite s a r e n e a r ly u n if o rm a n d d iffer
l i t t l e f ro m th o s e o f a n n e a le d allo y s. T h e d is tr ib u tio n o f c o m p o s itio n in
d e n d r ite s o f c h ill-c a s t a llo y s is v e r y n e a r ly t h e sa m e , b u t t h e c r y s ta l a r ra n g e ­
m e n ts d iffe r g r e a tly . W h e n t h e r a t e o f so lid ific a tio n is n o t so r a p i d n o r slow ,
a s in a s a n d m o u ld , t h e X - r a y p h o to g r a p h s sh o w D e b y e - S c h e r r e r r in g s c o rre ­
s p o n d in g t o t h e s te m s o f d e n d r ite s a n d b r o a d b a n d s c o rre s p o n d in g t o th e
fillin g s o f d e n d r ite s . T h e c o m p o s itio n s o f th e s e s te m s , c a lc u la te d fro m la ttic e
c o n s ta n ts , su g g e s t t h e d e g re e s o f s u p e rc o o lin g ; t h e ed g e s o f t h e b a n d s
c o rre s p o n d t o t h e s o lu b ility lim it o f t i n in t h e a so lid s o lu tio n . T h e n o n ­
u n if o r m ity o f c o m p o s itio n a lm o s t d is a p p e a rs o n a n n e a lin g fo r 1 h r . a t 8 0 0 ° C.
F r a c t u r e su rfa c e s o f th e s e c a s t a llo y s c o n s is t o f t h e tin - r ic h sid e o f th e fillings
o f t h e d e n d r ite s .— S . G.
♦ X - R a y S tu d y o i th e In te r-D iffu s io n o i C opper a n d Z in c . E . A . O w en a n d
L le w e ly n P ic k u p (Proc. R oy. Soc., 1936, [A ], 149, (867), 2 8 2 -2 9 8 ).— T h e
in te r-d iffu s io n o f c o p p e r a n d z in c filin g s w a s s tu d ie d b y m e a n s o f X - ra y s ,
o b s e rv a tio n s b e in g m a d e o n t h e e ffe c t o f tim e , te m p e r a tu r e , p a r tic le size,
p r e -a n n e a lin g , a n d p r e -e x p o s u r e t o t h e a tm o s p h e re . In te r- d iff u s io n ta k e s
p la c e in reasonable tim e o n ly w h e n t h e t e m p e r a tu r e is a b o v e t h e m e ltin g p o in t
o f z in c . T h e a - a n d [1-phases w e re d e te c te d b u t n o t t h e y -p h a se . T h e
r e la tio n b e tw e e n t h e a - p h a s e c o m p o s itio n a n d tim e o f in te r-d iffu s io n a t c o n ­
s t a n t te m p e r a t u r e is g iv e n b y M — C = K 1e~mit + X 2e~ ” >‘, w h e re M is th e
c o m p o s itio n o f t h e u n d iffu s e d m ix tu r e , a n d K v K z, m 1, a n d ro2 a r e c o n s ta n ts
d e p e n d in g o n t h e d iffu sin g c o n d itio n s .— W . D . J .
530
Metallurgical A bstracts
V ol. 3
*X -R ay E x am in atio n of C ertain Copper—Z inc Alloys a t E levated T em pera­
tures. E . A . O w en a n d L le w e ly n P ic k u p (P roc. H oy. Soc., 1934, [A ], 145,
2 5 8 -2 6 7 ).— Cf. M e t. A b s., 1935, 2 ,5 9 2 . A m e th o d is b rie fly d e s c rib e d b y w h ic h
a c c u r a te v a lu e s o f c r y s t a l p a r a m e te r s a r e o b ta in e d f ro m X - r a y p h o to g r a p h s
t a k e n w h e n t h e m a t e r i a l e x a m in e d is m a in ta in e d a t h ig h t e m p e r a tu r e in vacuo.
T h e t h e r m a l e x p a n s io n s o f t h e (3 -c o n s titu e n t i n t h e (a + (3), (3, a n d (¡3 + y )
re g io n s o f t h e c o p p e r - z in c s y s te m a r e f o u n d u p t o 6 0 0 ° C. T h e [3-phase in th e
th r e e re g io n s w a s f o u n d t o e x p a n d a t t h e s a m e r a t e u p t o t h e t r a n s f o r m a tio n
t e m p e r a tu r e . T h e r a t e o f e x p a n s io n is slo w e r a b o v e t h i s te m p e r a tu r e , b u t is
a g a in t h e s a m e in e a c h re g io n . T h e s e c h a n g e p o in ts n o te d in t h e e x p a n s io n
a r e sh o w n d is tin c tly , a n d a r e a t a b o u t 4 5 0 ° , 4 7 0 ° , a n d 48 5 ° C. in t h e (a + (3), (3,
a n d ([3 + y) re g io n s, r e s p e c tiv e ly , a n d c o r re s p o n d t o t h e t r a n s f o r m a tio n
te m p e r a t u r e s r e c o r d e d b y p r e v io u s w o rk e rs b y o th e r m e th o d s . T h e e x p la n a ­
t i o n o f t h e a b r u p t c h a n g e f o u n d in t h e e x p a n s io n c u rv e s is t o b e s o u g h t in th e
b e h a v io u r o f t h e a to m s w ith in th e la ttic e . T h e p o s s ib ility o f a c h a n g e in
o r i e n ta tio n o f t h e a to m s in situ w a s c o n s id e re d im p ro b a b le . I t is c o n c lu d e d
t h a t t h e ^ - tr a n s f o r m a tio n is m o re lik e ly t o b e d u e t o a c h a n g e in t h e d is tr i b u ­
t io n o f c o p p e r a n d z in c a to m s w ith in th e la tt ic e .— S . G .
*On th e N on-D iffusion T ran sfo rm atio n of th e (3-Phase in C opper-Zinc Alloys.
( K a m in s k iy a n d K u r d ju m o w .)
S ee p . 511.
^C rystal S tru c tu re of th e In term e ta llic Phases M gAu a n d M gHg. G . B r a u e r
a n d W . H a u c k e (Z. 'physilcal. Ohem., 1936, [B ], 3 3 , (4), 3 0 4 -3 1 0 ).— B o th c o m ­
p o u n d s h a v e t h e c u b ic b o d y - c e n tre d , (3-brass la t ti c e , w i th a = 3-259 fo r
M g A u a n d a = 3-442 A . f o r M g H g .— v . G .
*The C rystal S tru c tu re of P olonium by E lectro n D iffraction. M . A . R o llie r,
S . B . H e n d r ic k s , a n d L o u is R . M a x w e ll (J. Ohem. P hysics, 1936, 4, (10), 6 4 8 6 5 2 ). E le c tr o n d if fr a c tio n p h o to g r a p h s (X : 0 -0 6 2 A .) w e re o b ta in e d fro m
a b o u t 10 7 g rm . o f p o lo n iu m t h a t h a d b e e n v o la tiliz e d i n a s tr e a m o f h y d r o g e n
a n d c o n d e n s e d o v e r a n a r e a o f a b o u t 3 m m .2 o n a t h i n co llo d io n film . D iffra c ­
t io n p a t t e r n s w e re a ls o o b ta in e d f ro m b is m u th a n d te llu r iu m , sin c e i t w a s
e x p e c te d t h a t p o lo n iu m w o u ld h a v e a s im ila r c r y s ta l s tr u c t u r e . A n a ly s is o f
th e s e p a t t e r n s s h o w s t h a t t h e s tr u c t u r e o f p o lo n iu m clo sely re se m b le s t h a t o f
te llu r iu m , t h e l a t t i c e b e in g p s e u d o -h e x a g o n a l, w it h a = 4-25 A ., c = 7 -0 6 A .,
o r 14-12 A ., a n d rfcaIc 9-39, a s s u m in g 3 P o in t h e p s e u d o u n i t o f s tr u c tu r e .
T h e t r u e l a t t i c e is p r o b a b ly m o n o c lin ic w it h a = 7-42 A ., 6 = 4-29 A ., c =
14-10 A . a n d (3 q u ite clo se t o 9 0 ° , a su g g e s te d v a lu e b e in g (3 = 9 2 ° ; d ralc f o r
12 P o in t h e u n i t o f s t r u c t u r e is 9-24. A s t r u c tu r e , b a s e d o n t h e sp a c e g ro u p
C.A ( '2, i n w h ic h e a c h p o lo n iu m a t o m h a s 4 n e a r e s t n e ig h b o u r s g iv e s m o d e r a te
a g r e e m e n t b e tw e e n o b s e rv e d a n d c a lc u la te d in te n s itie s o f re fle c tio n .— S . G.
*X -R ay Studies on E lectrodeposited Silver. S u d h e n d u B a s u a n d M . H u s s a in
( In d ia n J . P hysics, 1936, 10, (4), 2 6 7 -2 7 4 ).— T h e w o r k o f W . A . W o o d (M et.
A b s., 1 9 3 5 ,2 ,5 9 0 ) w ith n ic k e l is e x te n d e d to s ilv e r, c o n firm in g , in a g e n e r a l w a y ,
h is c o n c lu s io n s a s r e g a r d s c o r re la tio n b e tw e e n c u r r e n t d e n s ity a n d s e le c tiv e
o r ie n t a t i o n a n d b e tw e e n h a r d n e s s a n d b r e a d t h o f d if fr a c te d lin e s. I n t e n s i t y
m e a s u r e m e n t is e x te n d e d t o lin e s o f p la n e s 111, 2 0 0 ,2 2 0 , 311, a n d 2 2 2 o f silv e r
f o r d if fe r e n t c u r r e n t d e n s itie s . T h e b r ig h tn e s s o f t h e e le c tr ic a lly - d e p o s ite d
su r f a c e s is e s tim a te d p h o to g r a p h ic a lly , g iv in g a b e t t e r e s tim a te o f t h e l u s tr e
t h a n t h e v is u a l e s tim a te o f W o o d .— S . G .
*X -R ay Study of the S tructu re of th e (3-Phase of A g-Cd [Alloys] a t H igh
T em peratures. G . P . K o s o la p o v a n d A . K . T ra p e z n ik o v (Z hurnal Tehnicheskoy F iz ih i (J . Tech. P hysics), 1936, 6, (7), 1 1 3 1 -1 1 3 4 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] Cf.
J . In s t. M etals, 1928, 39, 5 37, 5 3 8 ; 1928, 40, 5 7 3 ; 1929, 41, 511. T h e (3"p h a s e e x is tin g a t ro o m te m p e r a t u r e s h a s a c u b e - c e n tr e d c u b ic l a tt ic e w ith
T h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e (3'-phase a t 2 7 0 ° C. is s im ila r t o |3". T h e
(3-phase a t 5 0 0 ° C. h a s a h e x a g o n a l s p a c e l a tt ic e w i th a — 3-16 A . a n d
a = 3-32 A .
531
I I I . — Structure
1936
c_
4 .9 5 A.
T h e p h a s e w ith a h e x a g o n a l s tr u c t u r e fix e d b y q u e n c h in g re m a in s
s ta b le a t h ig h t e m p e r a t u r e s — N . A .
*The L attice Spacings oî C ertain P rim ary Solid Solutions m Silver an d Copper.
W illia m H u m e - R o th e r y , G eo rg e F a r le y L e w in , a n d P e te r W illia m R e y n o ld s
(Proc. R oy. 80 c., 1936, [A ], 157, (890), 1 6 7 - 1 8 3 ) — T h e m o d ific a tio n s o f th e
la tt i c e p a r a m e te r s o f silv e r a n d c o p p e r b y t h e a d d itio n o f c e r ta in m e ta ls w h ic h
fo rm so lid so lu tio n s w e re s tu d ie d . I t is s h o w n t h a t t h e la tti c e sp a c in g v a rie s
lin e a r ly w i t h t h e p r o d u c t o f th e a to m ic - % o f s o lu te a n d a f a c to r specific to th e
s o lu te , f o r a g iv e n s o lv e n t. T h e m u ltip ly in g f a c to r s a r e g e n e ra lly e x p re ss ib le
in w h o le n u m b e r s .— B . C.
, TT. 1.
*The T ran sition oî H exagonal a-T itan iu m in to R egular p-T itan iu m a t a H igh
T em perature. J . H . d e B o e r, W . G . B u rg e rs , a n d J . D . F a s t (Proc. K . A h id .
Wet. A m sterdam , 1936, 39, (4), 5 1 5 -5 1 9 ).— [ I n E n g lis h .] T h e a -m o d ific a tio n
• o f ti t a n i u m w h ic h is s ta b le a t ro o m t e m p e r a tu r e s h a s a c lo s e -p a c k e d h e x a g o n a l
s t r u c tu r e , a n d is s ta b le u p t o 882° ( ± 2 0 °) C. a t w h ic h t e m p e r a tu r e a t r a n s itio n
t o th e S -m o d ific a tio n ta k e s p la c e . W it h p u r e tit a n iu m th e e le c tric a l r e s is ta n c e te m p e r a t u r e c u r v e sh o w s a s h a r p b r e a k a t t h e tr a n s i ti o n te m p e r a tu r e , b u t in
t h e p re se n c e o f o x y g e n t h e t r a n s i ti o n ta k e s p la c e o v e r a r a n g e o f te m p e r a tu r e .
B -tita n iu m h a s a b o d y - c e n tre d c u b ic s tr u c t u r e , a n d a t 9 0 0 ° C. t h e la ttic e
c o n s ta n t a = 3-32 A . T h e a llo tr o p y o f ti t a n i u m c lo sely re se m b le s t h a t of
z irc o n iu m , f o r w h ic h t h e t r a n s i ti o n t e m p e r a tu r e is 8 6 2 ° ± 5° C .— W . H .- R .
♦C o n trib u tio n to th e Know ledge of th e System Iro n -T u n g sten . (L a n d g ra f.)
^ E rra ta :
Precision L attice C onstants from X -R ay Pow der Photographs.
M . U . C o h e n (Rev. Sci. Instrum ents, 1936, [N .S .], 7 , (3), 155). A c o rre c tio n of
e r r a t a in a p re v io u s p a p e r (M et. A b s., th is v o l., p . 306) in c lu d e s a re fe re n c e to
t h e D e b y e c a m e r a , w h ic h b e c o m e s a n a b s o lu te in s t r u m e n t o n ly i f th e a n g le
m e a s u re d is t h a t b e tw e e n t h e in c id e n t a n d re fle c te d b e a m s . M o d ific a tio n s in
c o n s tru c tio n a re s u g g e s te d .— P . M . C. R .
■
C ontact P o ten tial Differences B etw een Single Crystal Surfaces of V arious
O rientations. — I. H* K u r z k e a n d J . R o t t g a r d t (Z. P h ysik , 1936, 100, (1 1 /1 2 ),
7 1 8 -7 2 5 ). T h e p h o to e le c tr ic m e th o d w a s u s e d t o g iv e t h e c o n ta c t p o te n tia l
b e tw e e n t h e (111) a n d (1 1 1) fa c e s o f b is m u th c ry s ta ls . T h e v a lu e o b ta in e d
w a s 0 -3 6 v .— B . C .
.
T
*X -R ay M ethods fo r T ern ary System s. A . G . H . A n d e rs e n a n d E r ic R . J e t t e
(T ra n s. A m e r. Soc. M etals, 1936, 24, (3), 5 1 9 -5 4 0 ).— T h e th e o r y o f t h e a p p lic a ­
ti o n o f X - r a y m e th o d s t o t h e d e te r m in a tio n o f p h a s e b o u n d a r ie s m te r n a r y
a llo y s is d isc u sse d i n d e ta il. T h e m e th o d is s im ila r in p rin c ip le to t h a t u se d
in b in a r y a llo y s, e x c e p t t h a t t h e l a tt i c e sp a c in g s o f a g iv e n p h a s e m a tw o p h a s e re g io n a t a g iv e n t e m p e r a tu r e a r e n o lo n g e r c o n s ta n t f o r a se ries of tw o p h a s e a llo y s, sin c e t h e c o m p o s itio n o f t h e tw o p h a s e s m a y v a r y , in c o n tr a s t to
a b in a r y s y s te m w h e re a t a g iv e n te m p e r a tu r e t h e c o m p o s itio n o f tw o p h a s e s in
e q u ilib r iu m a r e fix ed . P o s s ib le v a r ia tio n s a r e d isc u sse d , a n d t h e w a y in
w h ic h is o p a ra m e tr ic lin e s (i.e. lin e s jo in in g allo y s w ith t h e sa m e la ttic e sp a cin g )
c a n b e d r a w n is d e s c rib e d . T h e m e th o d e n a b le s t h e tie -lin e s to b e d e te r m in e d .
— W . H .- R .
M etals • T heir S tructu re, C haracteristics, and Idiosyncrasies. V . N .
K r iv o b o k (Canad. Chem. M et., 1936, 20, (2), 4 8 , 5 0 ).— A re v ie w o f c r y s ta l
s t r u c t u r e a n d t h e e ffe c t o f d e f o rm a tio n th e r e o n .— A . R . P .
The T heory of Alloy Structures. W . L . B ra g g (J. R oy. A eronaut. 80 c.,
1936, 40, (306), 4 0 9 -4 1 3 ; d isc u ssio n , 414—419).— R e c e n t a d v a n c e s in th e
e lu c id a tio n o f s tr u c tu r e s o f a llo y s b y X - r a y a n a ly s is a r e d isc u sse d . T he
p o w d e r m e th o d is r e c o m m e n d e d fo r t h e e x a m in a tio n o f a llo y s. R e fe re n c e is
m a d e t o t h e p r o p e rtie s o f p h a s e s o n w h ic h in f o rm a tio n is g a in e d b y X - ra y
s t r u c t u r a l a n a ly s is . R e c e n t th e o r e tic a l t r e a t m e n t o f t h e th e o r y o f s tr u c tu r e
i n a llo y s is m e n tio n e d b rie fly .— H . S.
532
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
On O ur K now ledge of th e States of M etals in Alloys. W ilh e lm B iltz
(Forschungen u . Fortschritte, 1935, 1 1 , (2 3 /2 4 ), 3 0 6 -3 0 9 ).— C o n s ists o f a
s u m m a r y o f in f o r m a tio n a b o u t t h e s t a t e o f m e ta ls in a llo y s, a n d is m a in ly
a b o u t v o lu m e s, h e a ts o f f o r m a tio n , a n d c o m p re s s ib ilitie s o f a llo y s . B . C.
The Special S tate of M atter in K now n Alloys. Stereochem ical Considera,t z
F r ie d r ic h W e ib k e (Z. anorg. Chem., 1935, 223, (4 ),
3 2 1 -3 6 1 ).— i h e v o lu m e effe c ts o f m e ta llic a to m s o n e a c h o t h e r in b o th
c o m p o u n d s a n d s o lid s o lu tio n s a r e t a b u l a t e d a n d d isc u sse d . T h e r e s u lts a r e
n o t s u ita b le f o r a b s tr a c tin g .— B . C.
»M agnetic a n d E lectronic State of M etallic Alloy Crystals a n d E lem en ts.
U . D e h lm g e r (Z E lektrochem ., 1935, 41, (9), 6 5 7 -6 5 9 ).— T h e s m a ll d ifferen ce
b e tw e e n t h e o b s e rv e d a n d c a lc u la te d v a lu e s o f t h e m a g n e tic s a t u r a ti o n
m o m e n ts o f c o b a lt, n ic k e l, a n d c o p p e r, a n d m ix tu r e s o f th e s e e le m e n ts , a re
d is c u s s e d f ro m t h e p o i n t o f v ie w o f th e q u a n t u m th e o r y . T h e f e rr o m a g n e tis m
of ir o n a n d t h e ir o n -r ic h a llo y s is a ls o c o n s id e re d .— B . C.
*The T ran sition from M etallic to H eteropo lar L inkage. U . D e h lin g e r (Z
E lektrochem ., 1935, 41, ( 6 ), 3 4 4 ^ 3 4 6 ).— T h e l a t ti c e ty p e s o f t h e p h a s e s o f
s im p le a to m ic r a tio s t h a t f o rm b e tw e e n a lu m in iu m a n d v a r io u s o t h e r m e ta ls
a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e e le c tr o n ic s t r u c t u r e s o f t h e m e ta ls . T h e e x is te n c e o f
h e te r o p o la r lin k a g e s b e tw e e n m e ta ls , a n d t h e c o n s e q u e n t e x is te n c e o f in te r m e ta lh c c o m p o u n d s h a v in g n o n - m e ta llic p r o p e rtie s , is a ls o c o n s id e re d .— B . C .
in n io n m ^ 7 , ? î
L in k in g .— I I . P a u l G o m b â s (Z. P h y s ik , 1936,
0 0 , (9 /1 0 ), 5 99 614). - S ee M e t. A b s., t h i s v o l., p. 2 4 5 . A f u r t h e r c o n tr ib u tio n
? Î
m a ™ e in a tic a l th e o r y o f in te r - a to m ic fo rc e s i n m e ta ls : t h e c a lc u la tio n
o f h e a t s o f s u b lim a tio n . T h e f o rm u læ d e d u c e d a r e a p p lie d t o t h e c a lc u la tio n
o f t h e l a t t i c e c o n s ta n ts , t h e l a tt ic e e n e rg ie s, a n d t h e h e a t s o f s u b lim a tio n o f
p o ta s s iu m , r u b id iu m , a n d c æ siu m . T h e r e s u lts a r e in s a tis f a c to r y a g r e e m e n t
w i t h t h e e x p e r im e n ta l v a lu e s .— P . W . R .
P roblem s of th e In te rn a l Physics of M aterials. G eo rg es-A . H o m e s ( Congrès
In tern a t M in e s M e t. Geol., Section de M étallurgie, 1936, 2, 3 2 3 -3 2 7 : a n d Rev.
M e t., 1 9 3 6 ,,3 3 , (1 1 ), 6 4 1 -6 4 5 ).— T h e u se s o f X - r a y s f o r s tu d y in g t h e in te r n a l
s t r u c t u r e o f m e t a l s a n d als o f o r d e te c tin g fla w s a r e b rie fly review ed. E x a m p le s
o f X - r a y d if fr a c tio n p h o to g r a p h s sh o w in g t h e e ffe c ts o f d e fo rm in g a n d a n n e a lm g a SU1S cry st a l o f z in c a n d a p o ly c r y s ta llin e s a m p le o f c o p p e r a r e in c lu d e d .
J
Q
Q
! Qm n rthei I “ ™ ? o r?,e s ,o î Sol?,d States [— 1-11]. W e n g W e n - P o (P hil. M ag.,
1 9 3 6 , [ v u ], 22, (145), 4 9 - 6 8 ).— T h e o re tic a l. T h e r e la tio n s b e tw e e n t h e e la s tic
c o n s ta n ts a n d t h e a to m ic fo rc e s in so lid s a r e d isc u sse d , a n d t h e th e o r y is
d e v e lo p e d . T h e c o m p re ss ib ilitie s , coeffs. o f t h e r m a l e x p a n s io n , m e ltin g
p o in ts , a n d sp ecific h e a t s a r e d e a l t w ith , a n d t h e e x p e r im e n ta l c o n s ta n ts fo r
m e ta ls a n d s a lts a r e c o m p a r e d w ith th o s e e x p e c te d f ro m t h e th e o r y .
*n
a*
• „
— W . H .- R .
m on , e
nnm iC , f 0 re e s o î SoUd States.— H I. W e n g W e n - P o (P hil. M ag.,
1 936, [ v u ], 2 2 , (1 4 6 ), 2 8 1 -2 8 6 ).— Cf. p r e c e d in g a b s tr a c t . T h e th e o r y is
d e v e lo p e d w i t h re fe re n c e to t h e re p u ls iv e fo rc e s b e tw e e n a to m s in so lid s, a n d
m e ltm g p o m t p h e n o m e n a .— W . H .- R .
nJ^T T '
î ur
K n sta llo g ra p h ie.
E rganzun gsband
I I.
S tru ktu rberich t
Îo o în
H e r m a n n , O . L o h rm a n n , a n d H . P h ilip p (Z. K rist.,
1 9 3 b ).— l h e se c o n d v o lu m e o f t h e S t r u k t u r b e r ic h t (S .B . I I ) c o v e rs t h e g r e a t
m a j o r i ty o f t h e p a p e r s o n X - r a y c r y s ta l s tr u c tu r e a n a ly s is p u b lis h e d in t h e
p e n o a 1928 1932. l o r c o m p le te n e s s i t m u s t, h o w e v e r, b e u s e d in coni o o e i° ooa
t t e fi[ s t1v ®Iumne (S .B . I ) , sin c e , i n g e n e r a l, i f p a p e r s i n t h e p e rio d
1 y o u w e re in c lu d e d m S .B . I , t h e y a r e n o t r e p e a te d in S .B . I I , w h ils t th e
l a t t e r c o n ta in s re fe re n c e s t o so m e e a r ly p a p e r s a c c id e n ta lly o m itte d fro m
t h e f ir s t v o lu m e . T h e v o lu m e S .B . I I is d iv id e d i n to th r e e m a in p a r t s , d e a lin g
w i t h in o r g a n ic c o m p o u n d s , a llo y s , a n d o rg a n ic c o m p o u n d s , r e s p e c tiv e ly . T h e
1936
1 V.— Corrosion
533
d is tin c tio n b e tw e e n t h e in o r g a n ic c o m p o u n d s a n d a llo y s is in e v ita b ly n o t
a s h a r p o n e , a n d s u b s ta n c e s s u c h a s se le n id e s, te llu rid e s , a rse n id e s , a n tim o n id e s,
a n d b is m u th id e s a r e in c lu d e d i n t h e in o rg a n ic p a r t , a lth o u g h m a n y a r e c o n ­
s t i t u e n t s o f w e ll-k n o w n a llo y s y s te m s . T h e g e n e ra l a r r a n g e m e n t follow s
t h a t o f S .B . I . T y p e s o f s t r u c tu r e n o t il l u s t r a te d in S .B . I a r e illu s tr a te d
c le a rly a t t h e b e g in n in g o f S .B . I I , t h e g e n e ra l n a t u r e o f e a c h s tr u c tu r e b ein g
e x p la in e d w i t h sp e c ia l re fe re n c e t o o n e o r tw o e x a m p le s . T h e su b s ta n c e s
a r e t h e n classified , a n d a c o m p le te s u m m a r y g iv e n o f a ll X - r a y w o rk b e a rin g
d ir e c tly o n c r y s ta l s t r u c t u r e in t h e p e r io d c o n c e r n e d ; r e s u lts f ro m t h e e le c tro n
d if fr a c tio n m e th o d a r e a ls o in c lu d e d w h e n th e s e b e a r d ir e c tly o n c r y s ta l
s t r u c t u r e . T h e d isc u ssio n is c ritic a l, a n d in so m e cases m is ta k e s in o rig in a l
c a lc u la tio n s h a v e b e e n n o t e d a n d c o rre c te d . T h e w h o le w o rk is o f th e
g r e a t e s t v a lu e , a n d w h e n t h e in d e x is a v a ila b le , i t s h o u ld b ec o m e t h e s ta n d a r d
w o r k o f re fe re n c e . Heft I, p p . v i i - x x i v a n d 1 -9 6 . T h is n u m b e r c o n ta in s
illu s tr a tio n s , a n d d isc u ssio n s o f ty p e s o f s tr u c t u r e n o t d e s c rib e d in S .B . I .
T h e se in c lu d e t h e s t r u c tu r e s o f g a lliu m , a- a n d [3-m anganese, a n d [1 -tungsten,
o f s e v e ra l c a rb id e s , s u lp h id e s , a rse n id e s , b o rid e s, a n d p h o s p h id e s , a s w ell as
t h a t o f t h e c o m p o u n d A u C d . Heft I I , p p . 9 7 -2 5 6 . T h e r e m a in in g ty p e s o f
s t r u c t u r e a r e illu s tr a te d , b u t d o n o t re fe r t o a llo y s. P p . 1 6 2 -2 0 6 r e fe r to
w o rk o n t h e c r y s ta l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e e le m e n ts , in c lu d in g m a n y o f t h e m e ta ls .
P p . 2 0 7 - 2 4 2 r e fe r t o t h e s t r u c tu r e s o f c o m p o u n d s o f fo rm u la AH , a n d in c lu d e
m a n y s u lp h id e s , se le n id e s, te llu r id e s , n itr id e s , p h o s p h id e s , c a rb id e s , silicides,
a n d b o rid e s w h ic h a r e o f m e ta llu r g ic a l in te r e s t. T h e re m a in in g p a g e s d e a l
w ith h a lid e s a n d h y d r o x id e s o f fo rm u la A B z. Heft I I I , p p . 2 5 7 -4 1 6 . P p . 2 5 7 2 8 6 d e a l w i t h c o m p o u n d s o f f o rm u la A JJ2, a n d p p . 2 8 7 -3 2 8 w ith c o m p o u n d s
o f t h e m o re g e n e ra l ty p e A mB n. T h e s e in c lu d e m a n y c o m p o u n d s o f m e ta ls
w i t h m e ta llo id s (c a rb id e s, a n tim o n id e s , & c.) w h ic h a r e o f d ir e c t m e ta llu r g ic a l
in te r e s t. T h e r e m a in in g p a g e s d e a l firs t w ith c o m p o u n d s w h ic h c o n ta in
m o re t h a n tw o k in d s o f a to m s b u t n o c o m p le x r a d ic a ls (so m e d o u b le su lp h id e s
a r e in c lu d e d ), a n d t h e n w i t h m o re g e n e r a l c o m p o u n d s o f in o rg a n ic c h e m is try .
Heft I V , p p . 4 1 7 -5 9 8 . T h e s e p a g e s d e a l w i th t h e m o re c o m p lic a te d c o m p o u n d s
o f in o rg a n ic c h e m is try .—-W. H .- R .
IV .— CORRO SION
(Continued from pp. 459-460.)
*On Corrosion Tests on P u re A lum inium a n d A lum inium Alloys. E .
Z u r b r ü g g ( Korrosion V. Bericht über die Korrosionstagung 1935, 1936, 1 0 0 -1 0 8 ;
d isc u ssio n , 1 0 8 -1 1 0 ).— C f. Met. Abs., t h i s v o l., p . 459. T h e r e s u lts o b ta in e d
in c o rro s io n t e s ts i n d is tille d w a te r , ta p - w a te r , a n d a rtific ia l s e a -w a te r i n th e
p re s e n c e o f s m a ll a m o u n ts o f c o p p e r s a lt, o n 9 9 -3 % a lu m in iu m , D u r a lu m in ,
a n d th r e e a llo y s c o n ta in in g m a n g a n e s e , m a g n e s iu m , a n d s ilic o n a r e sh o w n
g r a p h ic a lly a n d i n p h o to g r a p h s o f t h e sp e c im e n s. A e r a tio n o f t h e c o rro siv e
m e d iu m w i t h c a r b o n d io x id e r e s u lts i n se v e re c o rro s io n s t a r t i n g f r o m t h e c u t
e d g e s a n d l a t e r i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f b lis te r s a n d fla k in g o f t h e s h e e t. T h is
b e h a v io u r is s h o w n e v e n b y t h e s e a -w a te r r e s is ta n t m a n g a n e s e - m a g n e s iu m a lu m in iu m a llo y . T h e p re s e n c e o f e v e n a s l i t t l e a s 0-5 m g ./litr e o f c o p p e r
p r o d u c e s s e v e re lo c a l c o rro s io n irre s p e c tiv e o f t h e p n o f t h e s o lu tio n b e tw e e n
5 a n d 8 ; le a d i n s o lu tio n is a lm o s t a s d e le te rio u s .— A . R . P .
*On th e Influence of th e P u rity of A lum inium on th e Corrosion in H ydro­
chloric Acid of D ifferent C oncentrations. W . J . M ü lle r a n d E . L o w
(Aluminium , 1936, 18, (10), 4 7 8 -4 8 6 ).— T h e r a t e o f d is s o lu tio n o f a lu m in iu m
o f p u r i t y v a r y in g f ro m 99-355 t o 9 9 -9 9 8 % i n 0 - l - 6 A -h y d ro c h lo r ic a c id w a s
d e te r m in e d i n t h e P a l m æ r a p p a r a t u s a n d t h e r e s u lts a r e re c o rd e d in n u m e r o u s
ta b le s a n d g r a p h s a n d d isc u sse d f ro m a th e o r e tic a l p o in t o f v ie w . T h e p u r e s t
534
Metallurgical A bstrads
V ol. 3
g r a d e o f a lu m in iu m is n o t a t t a c k e d b y a c id m o re d il u te t h a n 4 N ; w i th lo w e r
g r a d e s o f a lu m in iu m th e r e is a lw a y s a p e r io d o f in d u c tio n b e fo re d is s o lu tio n
c o m m e n c e s. T h e c o u rs e o f t h e d is s o lu tio n c u r v e s is n o t in a c c o r d w i th th e
s im p le t h e o r y o f lo c a l e le m e n ts , w h ic h a ls o d o e s n o t e x p la in th e in d u c tio n
p e rio d .— A . R . P .
N on-M etallic Inclusions in A lum in ium and T heir Influence on Its Corrodibility. L . T r o n s t a d (Kongelige Norske Videnslcabernes Selskabs, 1935, 1, (19),
1-30). — [ I n E n g lis h .] S ee Met. Abs., t h i s v o l., p . 203. — L . A . O.
♦S tu d y of th e Corrosion in Nitric Acid of W elded a n d R iveted A lum inium
Seams. S . M . G e lm a n a n d I . O . K a z e n ( Khimicheslcoe Mashinostroenie (Chem.
Machine Building), 1936, (4), 2 6 -3 0 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e r e s u lts a r e r e c o r d e d
o f c o rro s io n t e s t s o n g a s -w e ld e d a n d e le c tr ic a lly w e ld e d j o in ts in 3 m m .
s h e e ts o f a 0 -9 3 % c o p p e r - a lu m in iu m a llo y in 9 5, 7 5, 5 5 , 4 0 , a n d 2 0 % n itr ic
a c id a t r o o m t e m p e r a tu r e , 25° a n d 6 0 ° C ., w ith a n d w i th o u t s tir r in g , e lo n g a tio n
b e fo re a n d a f t e r t h e t e s t b e in g m e a s u re d . G a s -w e ld e d j o i n ts c o r ro d e d le a s t
u n d e r a ll c o n d itio n s . W i th r i v e t e d j o in ts h o le s fo rm e d b y c o rro s io n r o u n d t h e
r iv e ts . A lu m in iu m a p p a r a t u s c a n b e u s e d f o r 9 5 , 7 5, a n d 5 5 % n i tr i c a c id
u p t o 6 0 ° C. p r o v id e d t h a t t h e jo in ts a r e g a s -w e ld e d , b u t c o rro s io n is h ig h e r in
5 5 t h a n in 95 a n d 7 5 % a c id .— N . A .
* A lum inium Alloys in th e M anufactu re of K itch e n U tensils. M . N . R o z o v
(Legkie Metalli (Light Metals), 1936, (4 ), 4 3 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e c o rro sio n
i n 3 % b r in e a n d 1 % o x a lic a c id o f A lc la d a n d o f a lu m in iu m a llo y s c o n ta in in g
(et) c o p p e r 1-58, (b) m a n g a n e s e 1-37, o r (c) m a n g a n e s e 1-42 a n d m a g n e s iu m
0 - 2 0 % w a s in v e s tig a te d . T h e c o rro s io n -re s is ta n c e o f ( 6 ) is a b o u t e q u a l to
t h a t o f p u r e a lu m in iu m , b u t t h e m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s a r e i n f e r i o r ; t h e a llo y ,
h o w e v e r, is s u ita b le f o r t h e m a n u f a c tu r e o f k it c h e n u te n s ils b y s ta m p in g .
— D . N . S.
On th e C orrosion-R esistance of H ydronalium Especially Towards S ea-W ater.
über die Korrosionstagung 1935, 1936, 1 1 0 - 1 1 3 ;
G . S ie b e i (Korrosion V. Bericht
d is c u s s io n , 1 1 4 -1 1 6 ).— S ee Met.
Abs., t h i s v o l., p . 8 .— A . R . P .
*R esistance of H ydronalium Castings to Corrosion. G . S ie b e l (Aluminium,
1936, 18, (10), 5 1 1 -5 1 8 ).— C o rro sio n t e s ts in a lk a lin e s o lu tio n s a n d i n s e a ­
w a t e r sh o w t h a t H y d r o n a liu m a llo y s h a v e a n e x tr a o r d i n a r il y g o o d r e s is ta n c e
t o c o rro s io n b y s e a -w a te r o w in g t o t h e s m a ll p o te n t ia l d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n th e
v a r io u s p h a s e s : i n c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h i s t h e h e te ro g e n e o u s a llo y w h e th e r i n th e
c a s t o r h e a t - t r e a t e d c o n d itio n b e h a v e s j u s t a s s a tis f a c to r ily a s t h e h o m o ­
g e n iz e d a llo y . T h e p re s e n c e o f m ic ro -p o re s , d u e t o t h e p h e n o m e n a o f
c r y s ta lliz a tio n , m a y p r o d u c e lo c a l c o rro s io n , b u t th e i r f o r m a tio n m a y b e
p r e v e n t e d b y a d d i t i o n o f 1 % o f silic o n t o t h e a llo y .— A . R . P .
♦R e la tio n B etw een C orrosion-R esistance of M a g n esiu m -A lum in iu m Alloys
a n d th e P roperties of T heir Surface Film s. B . I . R im m e r (Izvestia Akademii
Nauk S.S.S.R . (Bull. Acad. Sei. U.B.8.8.), 1935, [v ii], (10), 1 3 9 9 -1 4 1 0 ).—
[ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e d e n s itie s w e re d e te r m in e d o f a lu m in iu m a llo y s w it h 5 -0 ,
24-8, 3 3 -6 , 4 8 -0 , 7 4 -0 , a n d 9 5 -7 % m a g n e s iu m , a n d o f t h e o x id e m ix tu r e s o b ­
t a i n e d b y h e a tin g t h e p o w d e r e d a llo y s a t 8 0 0 o- 1 0 0 0 o C. I n a ll ca se s e x c e p t
p u r e m a g n e s iu m t h e v o lu m e o f t h e o x id e s is g r e a te r t h a n t h a t o f t h e a llo y .
O x id e s w ith a s m a ll m a g n e s iu m c o n t e n t a r e o n ly s lig h tly h y g ro s c o p ic , t h e
h y g r o s c o p ic ity in c re a s in g t o a m a x im u m w ith t h e o x id e s g iv e n b y a llo y s w ith
7 0 - 9 5 % m a g n e s iu m . C o rro sio n t e s ts in 3 % s a l t s o lu tio n a n d i n a i r o f 75,
8 4 , a n d 9 5 % R .H . sh o w e d t h a t t h e r e s is ta n c e o f t h e a llo y s t o c o rro s io n d e p e n d s
c h ie fly o n t h e h y g r o s c o p ic ity o f t h e s u r f a c e o x id e film .— -N. A .
♦O n th e Q uestion of th e Stability of M anganese-A lum iniu m Alloys A gainst
Chemical a n d A tm ospheric Influences. W . H e llin g (Aluminium , 1936, 18,
( 1 0 ), 4 7 3 - 4 7 7 ).— T h e lo ss in w e ig h t o f a llo y s o f a lu m in iu m w i th m a n g a n e s e
1 - 3 , ir o n 0 -1 2 -0 -3 , a n d silic o n O' 1 7 - 0 -4 % w a s d e te r m in e d i n t h e fo llo w in g m e d i a :
0 -0 5 a n d 0 - 5 % s o d iu m h y d r o x id e s o lu tio n a t 20 ° C . ; 4 0 % a c e tic a c id a t 50° C . ;
I V .— Corrosion
19 36
535
% s u lp h u r d io x id e s o lu tio n , 2 % s u lp h u r ic a c id , a n d a 4 : 4 : 1 m ix tu r e o f
n i tr i c a c id , w a te r , a n d h y d r o c h lo ric a c id a t 20° C . ; flu e g a s e s c o n ta in in g
s u lp h u r d io x id e a t 100° C . ; w a t e r v a p o u r in a c o o lin g to w e r a t 40° C . ;
M .B .V . s o lu tio n a t 9 5 ° C . ; a n d 3 % s a lt s o lu tio n c o n ta in in g 1 % o f h y d ro g e n
p e ro x id e a t 2 0 ° C . T h e r e s u lts , g iv e n i n ta b le s a n d g r a p h s , sh o w t h a t w i t h
in c re a s e in t h e m a n g a n e s e c o n te n t t h e r e s is ta n c e t o c o rro s io n b y c a u s tic
a lk a lis in c re a s e s , w h e r e a s t h a t b y s u lp h u r o u s a n d s u lp h u r ic a c id d e c r e a s e s ;
i n a ll a c id s o lu tio n s a llo y s a n n e a le d a t 6 00° C . b e h a v e b e t t e r t h a n th o s e
a n n e a le d a t 4 0 0 ° C . I n t h e o x id iz in g s a l t t e s t b y f a r th e m o s t r e s i s t a n t a llo y
is t h a t c o n ta in in g m a n g a n e s e 3, ir o n 0 -1 8 , a n d s ilic o n 0 -3 2 % , e s p e c ia lly a f t e r
a n n e a lin g a t 4 0 0 ° C .— A . R . P .
f C orrosion-R esistant A lum inium Casting Alloys.
R . S te r n e r - R a in e r
(A lu m in iu m , 1936, 18, (9), 4 0 8 - 4 1 5 ).— T h e c o m p o s itio n a n d p r o p e rtie s o f
c o m m e rc ia l c o r ro s io n -r e s is ta n t c a s tin g a llo y s o f a lu m in iu m a r e ta b u la te d
a n d t h e e ffe c t o f v a r io u s a llo y in g c o n s titu e n ts o n t h e b e h a v io u r o f a lu m in iu m
a llo y s is d isc u sse d .— A . R . P .
2
♦X -R a y E x am in atio n of th e Oxidation of Cobalt a t H igh T em peratures.
I . A r h a r o v a n d Z . A . V o ro s h ilo v a (Zhurnal Tehnicheskoy Fizilci (J. Tech.
Physics), 1 9 3 6 ,6 , (5), 7 8 1 -7 8 2 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] S c a le o n m e ta llic c o b a lt d u r in g
V.
o x id a tio n a t 3 8 5 ° -8 0 0 ° C. c o n s ists p r im a r ily o f c o h a lto u s o x id e a s a n in n e r la y e r
a d h e r in g t o t h e m e ta l a n d c o v e re d w ith a film o f C o 3 0 4. I t is p o ssib le t h a t t h i s
is c o v e re d w i t h a film o f C o 20 3, w h ic h is to o t h i n t o b e d e te c te d b y X - ra y s .
T h e r a t e o f g r o w th o f t h e CoO la y e r in c re a se s w ith in c re a s e o f t e m p e r a t u r e ; a t
r e la tiv e ly lo w t e m p e r a tu r e s t h e p r o p o r tio n o f Co 3 0 4 i n t h e film is g r e a te r .— -N. A .
* 0 n th e O xidation of Copper a t H igh T em peratures. V . I . A r h a ro v a n d
Z . A . V o ro s h ilo v a (Z hurnal Tehnicheskoy F iz ik i (J. Tech. P hysics), 1935, 5,
(9), 1 6 2 5 -1 6 2 8 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] C o p p e r o x id e is s ta b le b e lo w 375° C. B e ­
tw e e n 2 9 0 ° a n d 4 9 0 ° C. t h e r a t e o f o x id a tio n o f c o p p e r in c re a se s r e g u la rly w ith
t h e te m p e r a t u r e , t h e o x id e film fo rm e d b e in g a lm o s t e n tir e ly c u p r o u s o x id e .
T h e b la c k film o f c u p ric o x id e fo rm e d o n t h e s u rfa c e o f a 4 -h r.-o ld sc a le is so
t h i n t h a t i t g iv e s n o lin e s o f its o w n in t h e X - r a y d ia g r a m . O x id a tio n o f
c o p p e r a p p a r e n t l y a lw a y s b e g in s w i th t h e f o r m a tio n o f a c u p ric o x id e film ,
b e lo w w h ic h a c u p r o u s o x id e is t h e n fo rm e d .— N . A .
♦P h e n o m e n a A ccom panying th e A tm ospheric Oxidation of Copper a t 5 00 °800° C. S . P . G v o z d o v (Metallurg (M etallurgist), 1936, (5), 5 7 - 6 0 ).— [ I n
R u s s ia n .] O n h e a tin g c o p p e r a t 5 0 0 ° -7 5 0 ° C. in a ir o n a film o f c u p ro u s
o x id e a n e e d le - s h a p e d c r y s ta l p e r p e n d ic u la r t o t h e su rfa c e is fo rm e d h a v in g a
v e lv e ty b la c k a p p e a r a n c e ; a t a b o v e 7 50° C. t h e p o in ts o f t h e c r y s ta ls s in te r
i n to a g r e y c r u s t in w h ic h , o n co o lin g to 7 0 0 ° - 8 0 0 ° C ., c r y s ta lliz a tio n c e n tr e s
a p p e a r fo llo w ed b y s p r e a d in g o f t h e n e e d le c r y s ta ls ir re g u la r ly o v e r t h e s u r f a c e .
T h e b la c k c o lo u r o f t h e v e lv e ty film is a n o p tic a l illu sio n sin c e t h e in d iv id u a l
c r y s ta ls a r e t r a n s p a r e n t a n d h a v e a r e d d is h t i n t . A b n o rm a l o x id a tio n o f
c o p p e r a t c e r ta in te m p e r a t u r e s is c o n n e c te d w ith t h e a b o v e - m e n tio n e d
p h e n o m e n a .—-N . A .
♦In flu e n c e of Im p urities on O xidation of Copper a t H igh T em peratures.
S . P . G v o z d o v a n d N . N . N a g o r n o v (M etallurg (M etallurgist), 1936, ( 6 ), 7 8 8 2 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e r a t e o f o x id a tio n a t 9 5 0 °, 9 0 0 °, a n d 84 0 ° C. follow s
Q
a p a r a b o lic la w , t h e la w o f c h e m ic a l r e a c tio n r a t e s (log K — j^ rj , + c o n s t.)
b e in g in a p p lic a b le . T h e g r o w th o f th e o x id e film h a s a s h a r p ly d e fin e d l a te r a l
effe c t. T h e o r ie n ta tio n o f t h e c u p ro u s o x id e c r y s ta ls d o e s n o t fo llo w t h a t o f
t h e o rig in a l c o p p e r.— N . A .
♦T h e R a te of Oxidation of Metals a t H igh T em peratures. Nickel, Copper,
Iro n , B rass. A le x a n d r e K r u p k o w s k i a n d J e a n J a s z c z u ro w s k i (Congres
I n te m a t. M in e s M e t. Okol., Section de M etallurgie, 1936, 2, 3 2 9 - 3 3 6 ; a n d
R ev. M e t., 1936, 33, (11), 6 4 6 -6 5 3 ).—-T he r a t e o f o x id a tio n o f m e ta l p la te s
O O
536
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
3 - 5 c m . lo n g b y 2 - 1 c m . w id e h a s b e e n fo llo w e d b y o b s e rv in g t h e i r in c re a s e
i n w e ig h t w h e n s u r r o u n d e d b y a f u rn a c e a n d s u s p e n d e d f r o m o n e a r m o f a
b a la n c e . A t e a c h t e m p e r a t u r e s tu d ie d , t h e p a r a b o lic f o rm u la it >2 = Id, w h e re
w is t h e in c r e a s e i n w e ig h t in ti m e t a n d h is a c o n s t a n t , w a s fo llo w e d e x a c tly ,
in d ic a tin g t h a t o x id a tio n is d e te r m in e d b y t h e r e s is ta n c e o f t h e o x id e film t o
_
A
d iffu s io n . T a k in g 1c = ce RT, t h e v a lu e s f o u n d f o r c a n d A , r e s p e c tiv e ly , w e re
0-9 5 g r m .c m .- 2 m in u te - * a n d 4 3 ,4 2 0 e a l.m o l .- 1 f o r n ic k e l b e tw e e n 900° a n d
1200° C ., 6-96 a n d 4 0 ,5 6 0 f o r c o p p e r b e tw e e n 750° a n d 1070° C ., a n d 1-77 a n d
4 9 ,9 9 0 f o r b r a s s (2 9 -2 % z in c ) b e tw e e n 53 0 ° a n d 80 0 ° C . B e lo w 700° C .,
t h e r a t e o f o x id a tio n o f c o p p e r d e p a r t s f ro m t h e a b o v e r e la tio n , p r o b a b ly
o w in g t o t h e f o r m a tio n o f C u O i n p la c e o f t h e C u 20 p r o d u c e d a t h ig h e r
t e m p e r a tu r e s . S im ila rly , b r a s s sh o w s d e v ia tio n s in i ts r a t e o f o x id a tio n a b o v e
8 0 0 ° C ., p r o b a b ly o n a c c o u n t o f a n in c r e a s e in t h e v a p o u r p r e s s u re o f th e zin c.
T h e o x id a tio n o f ir o n w a s a ls o s tu d ie d . A bibliography is a p p e n d e d .— J . C . C.
*The R a te oi Solution oi Copper in D ilute A queous R eagents. C ecil V . K in g
a n d L illia n W e id e n h a m m e r (J. A m e r. Chem. Soc., 1936, 58, (4), 6 0 2 - 6 0 7 ).—
T h e r a t e o f s o lu tio n o f p o ly c r y s ta llin e c o p p e r f ro m a r o t a t i n g c y lin d e r w a s
m e a s u re d in s o lu tio n s o f a c e tic a c id a n d v a r io u s o x id iz in g a g e n ts , e s p e c ia lly
h y d r o g e n p e r o x id e a n d q u in o n e , a n d a ls o i n s o lu tio n s o f fe rric c h lo rid e a n d
n i t r a t e , w i t h t h e a d d itio n o f h y d r o c h lo ric a c id . F r o m t h e te m p e r a tu r e coeff.,
v a r i a t i o n i n r a t e w i t h r o ta t i o n a l s p e e d , e ffe c t o f c h a n g e d v is c o s ity , a n d a
c o m p a ris o n o f t h e r a t e w i th t h a t f o r o t h e r m e ta ls d iss o lv in g in a c id so lu tio n s ,
i t is c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e r a t e in t h e fe rric s a l t s o lu tio n s is la rg e ly d iffu sio n c o n tro lle d . I n t h e a c e tic a c id s o lu tio n s t h e r a t e m a y b e e n tir e ly o r p a r tl y
c o n tro lle d b y t h e r a t e o f t h e c h e m ic a l r e a c t i o n ; in so m e o f th e s e so lu tio n s
s u rfa c e c o a tin g s m a y m e c h a n ic a lly p r e v e n t a c c e ss o f r e a g e n t t o t h e c o p p e r
s u rfa c e o r o th e rw is e c h a n g e t h e c h a r a c te r o f t h e r e a c tio n .— S . G .
in f lu e n c e of H e a t-T rea tm e n t on F atig u e a n d C orrosion-R esistance of
A lu m iniu m B ronze. ( M u s a tti a n d D a in e lli.) S ee p . 509.
*Cause of Inten sive Corrosion of E qu ipm ent [B ronze Valves, &c.] of the
Soviet Tube Still in th e P y atak o v Refinery. V . F . N e g re e v a n d M . S . A r u ty u n o v (N ovosti Neftepererabotlci, 1936, 3, (4), 4—5 ; G. A b s., 1936, 30, 7086).—
[ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e p r e c ip ita te s f o u n d i n d if fe r e n t s e c tio n s o f th e t u b e s till
c o n ta in e d s o d iu m c h lo rid e 93-02, c a lc iu m s u lp h a te 0-94, c a lc iu m c h lo rid e
0 -3 6 , m a g n e s iu m c h lo rid e 0-39, w a t e r 3 -44, a n d m u d , c o k e , &c ., 1 -2 2 % .
T h is p r e c i p i t a t e w h e n ta k e n u p w i th w a t e r sh o w e d a s t r i c t l y a c id r e a c tio n .
T h e c h e m ic a l a n a ly s is o f c o n d e n s e d w a te r y ie ld e d F e + + 0 -1 6 7 6 a n d C l- 0-1955
p e r l itr e . A b r o w n is h p r e c ip ita te f o u n d i n t h e u p p e r p la te s e c tio n o f th e
b u b b le to w e r w a s c o m p o s e d o f 2 7 -3 9 -2 8 -9 4 % F e + + , 0 - 1 - 5 2 % S , a n d 3 0 - 4 3 3 -0 % C l- . T h e b ro n z e v a lv e s o f t h e h o t o il p u m p s w e re d e s tro y e d t h r o u g h
t h e h ig h c o n t e n t o f a c tiv e s u lp h u r in t h e o il f o rm in g a s e d im e n t w i th c o p p e r
5 5 -9 4 a n d s u lp h u r 1 6 -7 1 % . H y d r o g e n s u lp h id e s e p a r a te d d u r in g t h e d i s t il ­
la t i o n c o m b in e s w i t h ir o n fo rm in g f e r r o u s s u lp h id e . H y d r o c h lo ric a c id
p r e s e n t i n t h e v a p o u r s a c t s w it h f e r r o u s s u lp h id e fo rm in g f e rr o u s c h lo rid e
a n d w a t e r ; t h e s e p a r a te d h y d r o g e n s u lp h id e r e a c ts a g a in w it h a fre s h
s u r f a c e o f ir o n f a c ilita tin g t h e f o r m a tio n o f f e rr o u s c h lo rid e in t h e p re se n c e
o f h y d r o c h lo ric a c id . T h e se d iffic u ltie s c a n b e o v e rc o m e b y p r o p e r d e h y d r a ­
t i o n a n d t r e a t m e n t o f t h e c r u d e o il w it h a m m o n ia , w h ic h s h o u ld b e a d m it te d
i n t o t h e b u b b le to w e r .— S . G .
*Studies on th e Corrosion of C ondenser Tubes (Second R eport). T o m o jiro
T a n a b e a n d G o ro K o is o ( J . Soc. M ech. E ng. J a p a n , 1934, 37, (208), 5 0 6 5 1 6 ; J a p . J . E ng. A b s., 1936, 14, 2 9 ).— [ I n J a p a n e s e .] G iv e s (1) t h e r e s u lts
o f c o rro s io n t e s t s o n c o n d e n s e r tu b e s o f v a r io u s m a te r ia ls in s e r te d in a sp e c ia lly
c o n s t r u c t e d m o d e l c o n d e n s e r ; (2 ) a n e x a m in a tio n a n d c o n s id e ra tio n o f so m e
c o n d e n s e r t u b e s u s e d in J a p a n a n d a b r o a d ; (3) r e s u lts o b ta in e d b y th e j e t
1936
I V .— Corrosion
537
te s t o n t h e c o p p e r - z in c s y s te m a n d so m e o t h e r c o p p e r a llo y s ; a n d (4) s tu d ie s
o n th e fo rm s o f c o rro s io n , a n d c o rro s io n p h e n o m e n a in g e n e r a l.— S . Or.
*A Study of the P h eno m en a of A bnorm al Corrosion in Condenser Tubes.
K u ra z o F u k a g a w a a n d K e n -ic h iro K a m e y a m a (R ikw agaku-K enkyu-jo I ho
(Bull. In st. P hys. Chem. Res. Tokyo), 1935, 14, (12), 1 2 4 6 -1 2 6 1 ).—- [I n
Ja p a n e s e .] B rie fly r e p o r ts t h e r e s u lts o f a n in v e s tig a tio n c a r r ie d o u t a t
v a rio u s e le c tr ic ity p l a n t s a n d o n s te a m b o a ts .— S . G .
.
Cleaning [B rass Tubes of] Colliery Condensers. P . A . R e d f o r d (Colliery
Enq. 1936, 13, (1 4 8 ), 2 0 7 ).— M e c h a n ic a l m e th o d s f o r r e m o v in g d e p o s its
f ro m ’ b r a s s c o n d e n s e r tu b e s u s u a lly r e s u lt i n sc o rin g . T h e lo ss o f m a te r ia l
in o r d in a ry s o lv e n t c le a n in g w i t h d ilu te h y d ro c h lo ric a c id is c o n s id e ra b le , a n d
a g r a p h i l l u s tr a te s t h e b e n e fic ia l effe c t o f in tro d u c in g s m a ll a m o u n ts o f co llo id a l
m a te r ia l i n t o t h e a c id .— P . M . C. R .
^
R ecent D evelopm ent in Condenser Tubes.
------- (Mech. E ng., 1935, 57,
(10), 6 2 8 -6 3 0 ).— A b s tr a c t o f P ro g re s s R e p o r t N o . 8 o f t h e A .S .M .E . ¡special
R e s e a rc h C o m m itte e o n C o n d e n se r T u b e s , p r e s e n te d D e c . 1934. I h e
e x p e r im e n ta l c o n d e n s e r t e s ts c a rrie d o u t b y t h e U .S . N a v a l E n g in e e rin g
E x p e r im e n t S ta tio n a t A n n a p o lis a r e d e s c rib e d , a s a r e a se rie s o f im p in g e m e n t
te s ts in a m o d ifie d ty p e o f a p p a r a tu s . A r e p o r t o n p ittin g fro m a n in d u s tr ia l
r e se a rc h l a b o r a to r y is s u m m a riz e d . T h e p e rfo rm a n c e o f se v e ra l re c e n tly d e v e lo p e d a llo y s is re v ie w e d .— P . M . C. R .
,
r
.
Brass Tubes in th e Ja v a Cane S ugar Ind ustry. P . H o m g (Korrosion u.
Metallschutz, 1936, 1 2 , (11), 3 1 0 -3 1 2 ).— C o rro sio n o f t h e b r a s s tu b e s o l p r e ­
h e a te r s a n d e v a p o r a to r s in s u g a r fa c to rie s m a y b e c a u s e d b y a c id g a se s (c a rb o n
d io x id e a n d s u lp h u r d io x id e ) in t h e p re se n c e o f tr a c e s o f o x y g e n w h ic h ca u se
d e z in c ific a tio n , b y tr a c e s o f h y d r o g e n s u lp h id e w h ic h su lp h id iz e s th e c o p p e r,
a n d b y t h e p re se n c e o f fe rric o x id e p a r tic le s w h ic h a t t a c k th e zin c a n d r e n d e r
t h e tu b e s b r ittle . R a p id m o v e m e n t o f t h e s u g a r s y r u p o r th e p re se n c e th e r e in
o f a ir b u b b le s o r s u s p e n d e d m a t t e r m a y c a u s e se rio u s e ro sio n o f th e tu b e s .
T h e m o s t s a tis f a c to r y t u b e m a te r ia l is 7 0 : 30 b ra ss fre e f ro m a n tim o n y , le a d ,
a rs e n ic , a n d iro n , a n d h a v in g a u n if o rm fin e -g ra in e d s tr u c tu r e (g ra m s 0 -0 3 0 -0 4 m m . ) . — A . R . P .
x r - i ,i
♦T u b e Corrosion [Copper, Bronze, Brass] in the Sugar In d u stry . W . K o h le r
(Korrosion u . M etallschutz, 1 9 3 6 ,1 2 , (11), 3 1 2 -3 3 1 ).— T h e b e h a v io u r o f c o p p e r,
b ro n z e , a n d v a r io u s b ra s s t u b e s in a c id a n d a lk a lin e so lu tio n s a n d in v a rio u s
s y r u p s o b ta in e d in s u g a r re fin in g w a s in v e s tig a te d . T a b le s a n d g r a p h s a re
g iv e n sh o w in g t h e r e la tiv e a n d a b s o lu te r a te s o f c o rro sio n in O T A -h y d ro ch lo ric a c id a n d 0 - lA - p o ta s s iu m h y d r o x id e s o lu tio n a n d t h e p o te n tia ls o f th e
v a r io u s a llo y s in th e s e so lu tio n s a n d in s u g a r s y r u p s a f te r v a r io u s tim e s o i
im m e rsio n . T h e a p p e a r a n c e o f tu b e s e x p o s e d t o th e s e liq u id s is illu s tr a te d
b y n u m e r o u s p h o to g r a p h s in c o lo u r, a n d c h a r a c te r is tic c o rro s io n p h e n o m e n a
a r e a ls o illu s tr a te d b y c ro ss -s e c tio n s o f t h e tu b e s a n d m ic ro g ra p h s o f th e
c o rro d e d p a r ts . T h e r e s u lts in d ic a te t h a t c o rro s io n o f p r e h e a te r tu b e s is
ch iefly o f a n e le c tro c h e m ic a l o r c h e m ic a l n a t u r e a n d is r a r e ly c a u s e d b y e ro sio n
d u e t o su s p e n d e d m a t t e r in t h e s y ru p s . C o p p e r a n d fin e -g ra in e d 70 : 30 b r a s s
sh o w e d a n e x c e lle n t r e s is ta n c e to a t ta c k . S p e c ia l b ra s s e s a p p e a r e d to h a v e
n o a d v a n ta g e sin c e t h e w a lls o f t h e t u b e s ra p id ly b e c a m e c o a te d w ith a, p r o ­
te c tiv e la y e r o f n o n -s u g a rs . F o r u se w ith d ilu te s y r u p s c o n ta in in g s u lp h u r
d io x id e o r c a r b o n d io x id e 6 0 : 4 0 b r a s s w ith 0 -4 % c h ro m iu m a n d 70 : 29 : 1
n ic k e l- b r a s s g a v e t h e b e s t r e s u lts sin c e th e s e a llo y s q u ic k ly d e v e lo p e d a
p r o te c tiv e film .— A . R . P .
♦S u m m a ry of M em oranda and O ther In fo rm atio n Subm itted to the LCorrosion] Com m ittee [of the Iro n a n d Steel In stitute] [Corrosion in a Sugar Beet
P lan t].
(Iro n Steel In st. Special R ep. N o . 13 ( 4 th R e p . C o rro sio n C tte e .),
1936, 2 3 5 -2 4 0 ).— C o rro sio n o f baffle p la te s (steel) a n d in te r n a l fittin g s o f d r y ­
in g d r u m s t h r o u g h w h ic h c o m b u s tio n g a se s a r e p a s s e d is a t t r i b u t e d t o c o n ­
538
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
d e n s a tio n . I n c o n v e y o rs f o r w e t p u l p c o p p e r c o a tin g s o n sp in d le s , r u b b e r
c o a tin g s o n t h e sc re w s, a n d lin in g s o f p h o s p h o r - b r o n z e o r c o p p e r in th e
c h a n n e l o v e rc a m e c o rro s io n tr o u b le s . I n p u m p s , p h o s p h o r - b r o n z e im p e lle rs
g a v e t h e b e s t r e s u lts . R e s u lts o f im m e rs io n t e s ts o f v a r io u s m e ta ls a n d a llo y s
in t h e p ro c e ss w a t e r a r e g iv e n .— H . S.
Corrosion D am age in Beet S ugar W orks. H . C la a ss e n ( Korrosion u.
Metallschutz, 1936, 12, (11), 3 0 5 -3 0 7 ).— C a u se s o f c o rro s io n o f s te e l a n d b r a s s
p l a n t in b e e t s u g a r f a c to rie s a r e b rie fly d isc u sse d . A t t e n t i o n is d ir e c te d t o
t h e c o rro s iv e effe cts o f a m m o n ia , s u lp h u r d io x id e , a n d c a r b o n d io x id e in t h e
s y r u p s a n d v a p o u r s th e r e f r o m a n d m e a n s f o r a v o id in g th e s e d iffic u ltie s a r e
in d ic a te d .— A . R . P .
T he Im p o rtan ce of p R M easurem ents w ith R eference to T heir P ra c tic al
Use in the S ugar In d u stry . G . G o lln o w a n d P . T o d t ( Korrosion u. Metall­
schutz, 1936, 12, (1 1 ), 3 0 7 -3 1 0 ).— T h e im p o r ta n c e o f ps c o n tr o l in r e s tr a in in g
t h e c o rro s io n o f m e t a l p a r t s o f s u g a r e v a p o r a to r s is e m p h a s iz e d .— A . R . P .
’ Corrosion of W ate r Pipes of L ead a n d of a New L ead Alloy. E . S o rr e n tin o
a n d R . I n t o n t i (Annali Chim. applicata, 1936, 26, (9), 3 8 5 -3 9 8 ).— T h e
c o r ro s iv e a c t i o n o f v a r io u s p o ta b l e w a te r s o n c o m m o n le a d a n d o n a n a llo y
o f l e a d w i t h c a d m iu m 0 -7 5 a n d a r s e n ic 0 - 1 % w a s in v e s tig a te d . T h e a llo y
h a s a g r e a t e r s t r e n g t h a n d m o re r e s is ta n c e t o c o rro s io n t h a n o r d in a r y le a d , a n d
p ip e s m a d e o f i t c a n th e r e fo r e h a v e t h i n n e r w a lls . D is s o lv e d s ilic a a n d c a r b o n
d io x id e p r o d u c e t h e g r e a te s t c o rro s iv e a c tio n w h e r e a s so m e d is s o lv e d s a lts
h a v e a n in h ib itin g e ffe c t. T h e m e c h a n is m o f t h e a c ti o n o f th e v a r io u s
c o n s t it u e n ts o f w a te r s o n le a d is d is c u s s e d a t so m e l e n g th .— A . R . P .
*The Corrosion of L ead a n d Iro n by Solutions of P o tassium Chloride Con­
tain in g Sodium Chloride, P otassiu m C hlorate, a n d Sodium Hydroxide. S. S.
S h a ib m a n a n d A . V . B a le e v ( K alii , 1936, (5), 4 3 ; G. Abs., 1936, 30, 7 08 7 ).—
[ I n R u s s ia n .] L e a d a n d ir o n w e re t e s te d in a s o lu tio n o f p o ta s s iu m c h lo rid e
3 0 0 - 3 5 0 , s o d iu m c h lo rid e 8 0 - 1 2 0 , p o ta s s iu m c h lo r a te 5 0 - 7 0 , a n d so d iu m
h y d r o x id e 0 - 3 g r m ./l it r e , a t 9 5 ° -1 0 5 ° . T h e c o rro s io n o f ir o n in s o lu tio n
w i t h o u t s o d iu m h y d r o x id e a f t e r 3 d a y s w a s 3 4 9 g r m ./m .2 a n d w it h so d iu m
h y d r o x id e n o n e . T h e c o rro s io n o f le a d in s o lu tio n w it h o u t so d iu m h y d r o x ­
id e a f t e r 9 d a y s w a s 16 g r m ./m .2 a n d w it h s o d iu m h y d r o x id e 31 g r m ./m .2.
— S. G.
* A nodic Corrosion of L ead Cable-Sheaths in M anhole W ate r. M o s a k u
I w a s a (Rev. Electrotech. Lab. Japan, 1 934, (361), 1 -1 7 ).— [ I n J a p a n e s e , w it h
E n g lis h s u m m a r y .] — S . G .
* 0 n C able-Sheaths Subjected to Solutions of V arious Salts. K o e i S a s a k i
( J . Inst. Teleg. Teleph. Eng. Japan, 1934, (139), 7 0 2 -7 1 0 ).— [ I n J a p a n e s e .]
T h e c o rro s io n o f c a b le - s h e a th d e p e n d s o n t h e d e n s ity o f t h e o u t-g o in g c a b le s h e a t h c u r r e n t, a n d is a ls o c o n n e c te d w i th t h e n a t u r e a n d c h e m ic a l c o n ­
s t i t u e n t s o f t h e w a t e r s u r r o u n d in g t h e b u r ie d c a b le . S . d e s c rib e s t h e s t a t e o f
c o rro s io n o f c a b le - s h e a th s i n s o lu tio n s o f v a r io u s s a lts a n d i n n a t u r a l a n d
p u r e w a te r . T h e s p e c im e n s u se d w e re p ie c e s o f le a d c a b le -s h e a th , 10 x 10 x
0-1 c m ., o f t h e c o m p o s itio n le a d 97 a n d t i n 3 % . T h e s o lu tio n s w e re
s u lp h u r ic , n itr ic , h y d r o c h lo r ic , a n d o x a lic a c id s , s o d iu m c h lo rid e , a n d
c a lc iu m a n d so d iu m h y d r o x id e s , e a c h s o lu tio n b e in g o f 6 d if fe r e n t d e n s itie s
o f 0 - 1 , 0 - 3 ,0 - 5 ,1 , 3 , a n d 5 % b y w e ig h t. T h e s h e a th s w e re s u b m e rg e d f o r f ro m
1580 t o 1640 h rs . S u lp h u ric a c id h a d t h e l e a s t a n d n i tr i c a c id t h e g r e a te s t
c o rro s io n e ffe c t. T h e e x t e n t o f c o rro s io n is s m a lle r i n t h e h o r iz o n ta l t h a n in
t h e v e r t i c a l s u b m e rg e n c e t e s t.— S . G .
*On a M ethod for P roducing a Good P rotective F ilm on M agnesium Alloys.
S . G o to a n d H . A s a d a ( Tetsu-to-Hagane, 1936, 22, (10), 7 9 8 -8 0 0 ).— [ I n
J a p a n e s e .] C a d m iu m - z in c - m a g n e s iu m a llo y s c o n ta in in g a la r g e a m o u n t o f
m a n g a n e s e , e.g. A Z G a n d A Z F , h a v e c o n s id e ra b le r e s is ta n c e t o c o rro s io n b y a
3 % s a l t s o lu tio n . I f , h o w e v e r, th e s e a llo y s a r e h e a t e d i n a ir a t a b o u t 2 0 0 ° C.
1936
I V .— Corrosion
539
a f te r m a c h in in g , t h e i r s u rfa c e s a r e c o v e re d w ith a film w h ic h is m u c h m o re
r e s is ta n t. T h e a v e r a g e lo ss in w e ig h t o f a te n s io n te s t- p ie c e (35 g rm .) o f th e
m a g n e s iu m a llo y c o n ta in in g c a d m iu m 4 , z in c 3, a n d m a n g a n e s e 1 -8 % , h e a te d
a t a b o u t 2 0 0 ° C . w a s 0 -9 % o f its in itia l w e ig h t o n im m e rsio n i n a 3 % s a lt
s o lu tio n f o r 28 d a y s , a n d th e r e w a s a d e c re a s e in s tr e n g t h f ro m 23 t o 19 k g ./m m .2.
T h e c o rro sio n , w h ic h to o k p la c e a t 2 o r 3 p its , is a s c rib e d t o d e fe c ts in th e
film , i.e. p i t t i n g c o rro sio n . A n u n h e a te d sp e c im e n , h o w e v e r, h a d a loss in
w e ig h t o f 1 -3 % a n d a r e d u c tio n in s tr e n g t h o f 7 k g ./m m .2 ; i t w a s g e n e ra lly
c o rro d e d o v e r t h e su rfa c e . C a d m iu m - m a n g a n e s e - m a g n e s iu m a n d z in c m a n g a n e s e - m a g n e s iu m a llo y s o f n u m e r o u s c o m p o s itio n s w e re p r e p a r e d to
s tu d y t h e effe c ts o f c a d m iu m a n d zin c o n t h e film . T h e a llo y s w e re h e a te d
a t 150 °, 2 0 0 ° , 2 5 0 ° , a n d 3 0 0 ° C. a n d t h e ir c o rro s io n -re s ista n c e c o m p a re d
q u a lita tiv e ly w i t h u n h e a t e d o n e s b y im m e rs io n in a 3 % s a l t so lu tio n . I t
w as fo u n d t h a t z in c u p t o 2 % h a s n o h a r m f u l effe ct, w h ile c a d m iu m u p to
6 % a id s t h e f o rm a tio n o f t h e film a n d t h e g r e a te r t h e m a n g a n e s e c o n te n t th e
m o re e ffe c tiv e is t h e film . T h e b e s t h e a tin g , te m p e r a t u r e f o r t h e p ro d u c tio n
o f th e film is 2 0 0 ° C.— S. G.
* 0 n the New Non-Corrodible M agnesium Alloys. I s a m u I g a r a s h i a n d H y o ji
N a k a ta (Tetsu-to-Hagane, 1936, 22, (10), 8 0 0 -8 1 3 ).-— [ I n J a p a n e s e .] T h e
c o rro sio n o f m a n g a n e s e - m a g n e s iu m a llo y s c a n b e a lm o s t e n tir e ly o v e rc o m e
b y s o lu tio n t r e a t m e n t a n d q u e n c h in g . A d d itio n o f lith iu m im p ro v e s th e
c o rro s io n -re s ista n c e , b u t o t h e r e le m e n ts a r e in ju rio u s — z in c , c a d m iu m , a n d
b is m u th h a v in g t h e l e a s t ill effe ct. T h e c o rro s io n o f th e s e a llo y s a n d o f
A Z M in t h e q u e n c h e d a n d a n n e a le d s t a te s is s tu d ie d .— S . G .
*Influence of L ig ht on Corrosion of E lek tro n “ A ZM ,” Im m ersed in SeaW ater from th e B lack Sea. V . M . F a k e e v ( Vestnicle Ingenerov i Tehnikov
(Messenger E n g . and Tech.), 1936, (5), 3 0 2 -3 0 3 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e a llo y
w h ic h c o n ta in s a lu m in iu m 7-15, z in c 0-73, a n d m a n g a n e s e 0 -4 8 % w a s te s te d
fo r c o rro s io n in d a y lig h t, in t h e d a r k , a n d in e le c tric l ig h t b y t h e h y d ro g e n
e v o lu tio n m e th o d . I n t h e d a r k th e r a t e o f c o rro s io n is c o n s id e ra b ly g r e a te r
t h a n in li g h t a n d re m a in s c o n s ta n t, w h e re a s in li g h t i t d e c re a s e s, te n d in g
to w a r d s a lim it.— N . A .
t ( l ) Passivity of M etals. *(2) E xperim ental Study of Passivity of Nickel.
L o u is C o lo m b ie r (Publ. Sci. Tech. M in . A i r (Paris), N o . 8 2, 1935, 95 p p . ; B ull.
B .N . F . M .R .A . , 1936, (91)).— (1) A s u r v e y (33 p p .) is g iv e n o f t h e p r e s e n t
k n o w le d g e o f t h e p a s s iv ity o f m e ta ls : h is to r ic a l r e v i e w ; p a s s iv ity o f iro n ;
p a s s iv ity o f o t h e r m e ta ls — n ic k e l, c h ro m iu m , a lu m in iu m , m a n g a n e s e , tin ,
le a d , s ilv e r, th a lliu m , z in c , c o p p e r, m o ly b d e n u m , tu n g s te n — a n d a l l o y s ;
th e o r ie s o f p a s s iv ity . (2) G .’s o w n i n v e s tig a tio n o f t h e p a s s iv ity o f n ic k e l is
d e s c rib e d (61 p p . ) ; th i s in c lu d e d a c a re fu l s tu d y o f its n o r m a l p o te n tia l a n d
its p a s s iv a tio n b y o x id iz in g a g e n ts a n d b y e le c tro c h e m ic a l m e th o d s . A
bibliography o f a p p r o x . 2 0 0 re fe re n c e s is g iv e n .— S . G .
*H igh-T em perature Properties of N ickel-C obalt-Iron-B ase A ge-H ardening
Alloys. — I I . (A u s tin .) S ee p . 516.
*Corrosion of Milk Tins in Ocean T ran sit. W . F . S e y e r a n d R . J . D o n a ld
(Ganad. Chem. a n d M et., 1936, 20, (7), 2 2 7 -2 2 8 ).— R u s tin g o f tin p l a te m ilk
c o n ta in e r s i n o c e a n t r a n s i t is sh o w n t o b e d u e t o c o n d e n s a tio n o f m o is tu r e fro m
s a lt- la d e n a i r c a u s e d b y r a p i d te m p e r a tu r e c h a n g e s ; i t c a n b e p r e v e n te d b y
p a c k in g t h e t i n s in a i r - t i g h t p a c k a g e s m a d e o f m o is tu r e - r e s is ta n t m a te r ia l,
e.g. c a r d b o a r d im p r e g n a te d w ith a s p h a lt.— A . R . P .
*Roofing P aper a n d Z inc. H . M a lliso n ( Vedag-Buch, 1935, 1 1 1 -1 1 8 ; B uild.
Sci: A b s., 1936, 9, 125).— A s t u d y w a s m a d e o f th e b e h a v io u r o f zin c w h e n u se d
in j u x t a p o s itio n w i t h ro o fin g p a p e r s a t u r a t e d w i t h t a r o r w ith a s p h a ltic b itu m in . P r o d u c ts o f t h e l a t t e r ty p e d o n o t c o n ta in a n y c h e m ic a lly a c tiv e
p h e n o ls k n o w n t o h a v e a c o rro s iv e a c tio n o n z in c , w h ile th o s e e m b o d y in g t a r
m a y c o n ta in a s m a ll % o f p h e n o ls , a lth o u g h t h e r e le v a n t G e rm a n s ta n d a r d
540
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
s p e c ific a tio n s a r e s e v e re ly r e s tr ic tiv e in t h i s r e s p e c t. S p e c im e n s o f e a c h ty p e
o f p a p e r w e re a p p lie d t o o n e - h a lf o f o n e s u rfa c e o f z in c s h e e ts , s im ila r to th o s e
u s e d in r o o f c o n s tru c tio n , th e t a r - s a t u r a t e d p a p e r b e in g fix e d b y m e a n s o f a
h o t - t a r c o a tin g , a n d a h o t a s p h a lt i c - b i t u m in c o a tin g b e in g u s e d f o r t h e p a p e r
o f t h a t t y p e . A f te r e x p o s u re t o t h e w e a th e r f o r 4 w e e k s t h e e x p o s e d su rfa c e s
o f n e i t h e r s e t sh o w e d a n y d e te r io r a tio n . O n r e m o v a l o f t h e p a p e r c o a tin g s , b y
m e a n s o f a n o rg a n ic s o lv e n t, t h e s u rfa c e o f th e m e ta l b e n e a th sh o w e d n o
h a r m f u l e ffe c t in e ith e r ca se . A s im ila r se rie s o f e x p e r im e n ts w a s c a r r ie d o u t
i n w h ic h t h e c o a tin g s w e re a t t a c h e d o n ly t o t h e ed g e s o f th e zin c sh e e ts , th u s
f o rm in g a s o r t o f p o c k e t. T h e s e w e re e x p o s e d t o t h e w e a th e r fo r so m e w eek s
a n d i t w a s f o u n d t h a t w h e re a s w a te r h a d c o lle c te d in t h e p o c k e ts , t h e s h e e ts
e x h ib ite d a t y p i c a l w h ite c o rro s io n p r o d u c t, a r e s u lt o f r e a c tio n b e tw e e n zin c
o x id e , c a r b o n d io x id e a n d w a te r , w h ile t h e u n c o a te d p a r t s o f t h e su rfa c e s w e re
u n a f fe c te d . I t is c o n c lu d e d , th e r e fo r e , t h a t w h e re z in c is u s e d in ju x ta p o s itio n
w i t h ro o fin g p a p e r s p r e c a u tio n s s h o u ld b e t a k e n t o p r e v e n t t h e a c c u m u la tio n
o f s ta n d in g w a t e r o r p la c e s in w h ic h c o n d e n s e d m o is tu r e m ig h t c o lle c t. A n
i n s ta n c e is d e s c rib e d o f c o rro s io n o f th is t y p e in a b u ild in g .— S . G .
““In ju ry to Z inc G uttering by B itum ino us Roofing F elt. E . D e is s (VedagBuch, 1936, 1 2 3 - 1 3 5 ; Build, Sci. Abs., 1936, 9, 26 6 ).— Cf. Met. Abs., th is v o l.,
p . 36 2 . O w in g t o it s m a r k e d d u r a b i l ity o n e x p o s u re t o w e a th e r , zin c is w id e ly
u s e d f o r ro o fin g s, g u tte r in g , r a in w a te r d o w n -p ip e s, a n d th e c lo th in g o f s t r u c tu r a l
e le m e n ts . I t s u s e fu l life w h e n u s e d f o r g u t t e r in g is c o m m o n ly r e c k o n e d a t
15 y e a r s , a lth o u g h th e r e a r e ca se s w h e re i t h a s b e h a v e d w ell f o r tw ic e a s lo n g ,
w h ile ro o fin g h a s b e e n k n o w n to l a s t f o r 5 0 y e a r s w it h o u t r e p la c e m e n t.
R e c e n tly , h o w e v e r, t h e r e h a v e b e e n case s in G e r m a n y in w h ic h z in c g u tte r in g
o r t h e lik e , w h e n u s e d in c o n ju n c tio n w i th b itu m in o u s ro o fin g m a te r ia ls , h a s
sh o w n m a r k e d d e te r io r a tio n a f t e r 2 o r 3 y e a r s ’ s e rv ic e . S e v e ra l in s ta n c e s a r e
d e s c rib e d in d e ta il, a n d i t is e s ta b lis h e d t h a t t h e s e v e re c o rro s io n is n o t
a t t r i b u t a b l e t o p o o r q u a l i ty o f t h e m e ta l o r t o a ir -b o r n e c o m b u s tio n p r o d u c ts ,
b u t o c c u r r e d in th o s e s itu a tio n s o n t h e b u ild in g s w h ic h r e c e iv e d t h e g r e a te s t
a m o u n t o f s u n lig h t. I t is s h o w n t h a t t h e c o m b in e d a c tio n o f s u n lig h t,
m o is tu r e , a n d a tm o s p h e ric c a r b o n d io x id e r e s u lts in th e f o rm a tio n o f a n a c id
d e c o m p o s itio n p r o d u c t o f t h e b itu m in w h ic h w h e n w a s h e d in to th e g u t t e r ­
in g , & c., h a s a m a r k e d ly c o rro s iv e a c tio n o n z in c . I n th i s c o n n e c tio n re fe re n c e
is m a d e t o W a l t h e r ’s in v e s tig a tio n s (Oel u. Kohle Erdol u. Teer, 1936, 12, 191).
— S. G.
Corrosion T ests on G alvanized Sheet. F r a n z S c h re ib e r ( lllust. Zeit. Blechindustrie, 1936, 65, (38), 1 1 3 0 -1 1 3 1 ).— A c ritic is m o f t h e re v ie w o f te s tin g
m e th o d s b y R a d e c k e r a n d H a a r m a n n (see Met. Abs., th is v o l., p . 459).
— P . M . C. R .
Corrosion oi B earing Surfaces. C h r is to p h e r H . B ie r b a u m (Mech. Eng.,
1 935, 57, (4 ), 2 3 9 - 2 4 0 ).— T h e a c id c o n s titu e n ts p r o d u c e d in lu b r ic a tin g oils
b y o x id a tio n e x e r t a s lig h t b u t d e fin ite c o rro siv e effe c t o n b e a r in g allo y s.
T h is , i f se le c tiv e , m a y b e b e n e fic ia l, b u t t h e g e n e ra l c o rro s io n d u e t o c e r ta in
s u lp h u r c o m p o u n d s a n d f a t t y a c id s is u s u a lly s im p ly d e s tru c tiv e .
— P . M . C. R .
“ R esearch on T hin L ayers of T in and O ther Metals. II.— The Corrosion of
M etals [Tin, Copper, a n d Lead] by Technical In su la tin g Oils. P . J . H a rin g h u iz e n a n d D . A . W a s (Proc. K. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam,, 1936, 39, (2), 2 0 1 214 ; a n d Tech. Publ. Internat. T in Res. Develop. Council, Series A , 1936, (35),
16 p p .) .— [ I n E n g lis h .] B y e v a p o r a tio n in a h ig h v a c u u m , m e ta llic film s w ere
p r e p a r e d su ffic ie n tly t h i n f o r th e m to sh o w a p p re c ia b le tr a n s m is s io n o f lig h t.
T h e film s w e re t h e n e x p o s e d t o te c h n ic a l in s u la tin g o ils a t 2 0 ° a n d 6 0 ° C ., a n d
t h e c o rro s io n w a s e s tim a te d b y t h e in c re a s e in t h e tr a n s m is s io n . W i th tin ,
le a d , a n d c o p p e r, t h e in i t ia l r a t e o f c o rro s io n a t firs t d im in ish e s ra p id ly ,
in d ic a tin g t h a t a s u rfa c e film is b e in g b u ilt u p . W it h t i n a n d le a d , t h e film
1936
I V — Corrosion
541
is d u r a b le , a n d t h e r a t e o f c o rro s io n d im in ish e s c o n tin u a lly . W ith c o p p e r th e
film a p p e a r s t o b r e a k d o w n o r to b e c o n tin u o u s ly d e s tro y e d , a n d t h e co rro sio n
c o n tin u e s w ith a f lu c tu a tin g v e lo c ity . T h e v e lo c itie s o f c o rro sio n w ere n o t
r e la te d t o t h e c o n c e n tr a tio n s o f th e a c id fo rm e d o n th e d e te r io ra tio n o f th e oil.
A d iffu sio n th e o r y is d e v e lo p e d o n t h e a s s u m p tio n t h a t t h e c o n c e n tr a tio n o f
t h e a g e n t p ro d u c in g t h e a c tu a l c o rro s io n is s m a ll in c o m p a riso n w ith t h a t o f
th e a v a ila b le a c id .— W . H .- R .
»Investigation o£ the Corrosion of M etals by N on-E lectrolytes. I.— The Action
o£ L ight H ydrocarbon Fuels on M etals and Alloys. L . G . G in d in a n d R . S.
A m b a r z u m ja n (Izvestia Akademii Nauk S.S.S.B . (Bull. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S.),
1935, [v ii], (10), 1 3 8 5 -1 3 9 7 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e a c tio n o f p e tr o l w a s i n ­
v e s tig a te d o n a lu m in iu m (S i 0 -23, F e 0 -3 2 % ), D u r a lu m in (C u 3-74, S i 0-2,
F e 0-43, M g 0 -9 4 % ), a llo y N o . 11 (M g 3-15, M n 1-0, F e 0-29, S i 0 -1 7 % ,
r e m a in d e r A l), A m e r ic a n a llo y (C u 7-41, S i 0 -0 8 , F e 0 -2 7 % , r e m a in d e r A l),
m a g n e s iu m ( tra c e s S i ; 0 -1 2 % F e ) , zin c ( F e 0-19, C u 0 -0 9 , P b 1 -0 % ), c o p p e r
(tra c e s o f B i a n d S b ), b r a s s (3 8 -8 8 % Z n ), b ro n z e (1 0 % S n ), c a r b o n s te e l, a n d
s ta in le s s s te e l. I t m a y b e a s s u m e d t h a t a v ia tio n p e tr o l d o e s n o t a ffe c t th e
a b o v e m e ta ls a n d a llo y s, e v e n a f t e r b e in g s a tu r a t e d w ith w a te r a t 14° C.
— N . A.
»Investigation of th e Corrosion of M etals by N on-E lectrolytes, n . — Action
of L ight H ydrocarbon Fuels on M etals a n d Alloys. L. G. G in d in , I. I. T o rs u e v ,
a n d R . S. A m b a r z u m ja n (Izvestia Akademii Nauk S.S.S.B. (Bull. Acad. Sci.
U.B.S.S.), 1936, [v ii], (1), 7 5 -8 9 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] Cf. p re c e d in g a b s tr a c t.
T h e v ig o ro u s a t t a c k o n m e ta ls b y c r a c k e d p e tr o ls is d u e to th e i r a u t o - o x i d a t io n ;
t h i s is p r o v e d e x p e r im e n ta lly in t h e case o f zin c. I t w a s e s ta b lis h e d t h a t th e
a t t a c k o f zin c is a f u n c tio n o f a c id c o n c e n tr a tio n a s a lso o f re sin -fo rm in g
s u b s ta n c e s in t h e p e tr o ls in c o n ta c t w ith t h is m e ta l. I t w a s sh o w n t h a t a
p e c u lia r film m a y f o rm o n t h e z in c , p r o te c tin g i t fro m a t t a c k .— N . A.
»M ethods of Testing M aterials for Use as S alt-W ater Pipe-Lines in the Naval
Service. W . C. S te w a r t (Proc. 9th Ann. Conf. Maryland-Delaware Water
Sewerage Assoc., 1935, 2 8 - 6 2 ; d isc u ssio n , 6 2 -6 6 ).— F o r c o m p a rin g th e
b e h a v io u r o f m a te r ia ls u n d e r c o n d itio n s o f h ig h w a te r v e lo c ity s h o r t p ip e
s e c tio n s a r e r o t a t e d v e r tic a lly a b o u t t h e i r o w n a x e s in th e c o rro d in g m e d iu m ,
t h e p ip e b e in g a r ra n g e d off c e n tr e a s r e g a r d s th e a x e s o f t h e j a r c o n ta in in g
t h e m e d iu m . F o r h e a tin g m a te r ia ls u n d e r c o n d itio n s s im u la tin g lo w w a te r
v e lo c itie s t h e sp e c im e n s a r e r ig id ly su s p e n d e d fro m h a r d r u b b e r h o ld e rs
a t t a c h e d t o c ro ss -a rm s e x te n d in g a c ro ss a n d a b o v e 4 g la s s ja r s m o u n te d in
a n e le c tric a lly h e a te d a n d th e r m o s ta tic a lly c o n tro lle d o il-b a th , a n d p ro v id e d
w ith p ip e s p a s s in g t h r o u g h t h e o il-b a th t o s u p p ly w a te r a n d a ir t o th e cells
a t t h e a p p r o p r ia te t e m p e r a t u r e ; in th is a p p a r a t u s t h e sp e c im e n s a r e m o v e d
th r o u g h a c irc u la r p a t h in t h e v e r tic a l p la n e a n d c a n b e to t a ll y im m e rs e d fo r
a p a r t o r t h e w h o le o f a t e s t w ith o r w ith o u t e le c tric a l c o n ta c t, so t h a t loss in
w e ig h t a n d p o te n tia l v a r ia tio n s c a n b e d e te r m in e d u n d e r v a r io u s c o n d itio n s.
I n t h e im p in g e m e n t a p p a r a t u s a c o n tro lle d j e t o f w a te r is d is c h a rg e d a g a in s t
a f la t d isc o f t h e m e ta l in a g la s s v e sse l m o u n te d in a n o il-b a th . S o m e p r e ­
lim in a r y r e s u lts o b ta in e d o n p ip e m a te r ia ls a n d so ld e re d jo in ts a r e re c o rd e d
w ith p h o to g r a p h s o f t h e c o rro s io n p ro d u c e d . S ilv e r-s o ld e re d jo in ts a p p e a r
f ro m th e s e t e s ts t o b e s tr o n g e r a n d less lia b le to c o rro s io n t h a n jo in ts m a d e
w ith o r d in a r y b ra z in g so ld e rs .— A . R . P .
»Corrosion of Alloys un der Conditions of Fibre M anufacture. M . M . R o m a n o v
a n d O . I . V e h r (Khimicheskoe Mashinostroenie (Chem. Machine Building),
1936, (3), 3 6 -4 2 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e r e s is ta n c e o f a lu m in iu m , iro n , c a d m iu m ,
c o p p e r, z in c , a n d v a r io u s s te e ls a n d c a s t iro n s t o c o rro s io n in zin c c h lo rid e
s o lu tio n s a t 2 0 ° a n d a t 100° C. d e p e n d s o n t h e pa ; a c id s o lu tio n s b e in g h ig h ly
co rro s iv e . M o st o f t h e m a te r ia ls te s te d lo s t less t h a n 0-1 g r m ./m .2/h r . a t
r o o m te m p e r a tu r e . I n b o ilin g c o n c e n tr a te d z in c c h lo rid e s o lu tio n th e m o s t
542
Metallurgical A bstracts
V ol. 3
r e s i s t a n t n o n -fe rro u s m a te r ia ls a r e : e le c tr o ly tic c o p p e r, le a d —b ro n z e , a n d
m a n g a n e s e —b ro n z e . S in c e c o p p e r in s o lu tio n is less o b je c tio n a b le in fib re
m a n u f a c tu r e t h a n ir o n , c o p p e r a llo y s a r e r e c o m m e n d e d f o r t h e n e c e s s a ry
a p p a r a t u s .— N . A .
Use of C orrosion-R esistant M etals a n d Alloys in Cider M ills
G . W a rc o llie r
a n d J . T a v e r n ie r ( I V . C ongr.internat.tech. chim . ind. agr., B ruxelles, 1935, 3,
4 4 8 - 4 5 4 ; C. A b s., 1936, 30, 7 0 8 6 ).—-T he m e ta ls c o n s id e re d a r e classified in th e
fo llo w in g o r d e r a s r e g a r d s r e s is ta n c e t o c o rro s io n b y c i d e r : s p e c ia l ste e ls
A .R .C . 2 7 0 2 a n d U r a n u s 10, p u r e a lu m in iu m (9 9 -9 % ), M o n e l m e ta l. A lu ­
m in iu m m e ta ls a r e cla ssifie d a s p u r e a lu m in iu m , 9 9 -5 % a lu m in iu m , a n d
A lm a s iliu m , a lu m in iu m - m a n g a n e s e . A lu m in iu m a n d i t s a llo y s a r e t o b e
r e je c te d f o r s tr o n g ly s u lp h ite d (0 -1 % ) w o r t s ; th e r e is a s tr o n g a t t a c k a t t h e
liq u id —a ir —m e ta l c o n t a c t a n d t h e n o n - s u b m e r g e d m e ta l is c o rro d e d m o re t h a n
t h e s u b m e rg e d p o r tio n . T h e s e m e ta ls h a v e l i t t l e e ffe c t o n t h e t a s t e o f a p p le
ju ic e , b u t t h e t a s t e o f c id e r is d e p r e c i a t e d ; t h e y s h o u ld a ll b e g iv e n a p r o ­
te c t i v e c o a t.— S . G .
* 0 n th e R eactio n of S u lph ur D ioxide on M etals a n d Alloys of Soviet M anu­
factu re. I . J . K lin o v a n d Y . V . A n d r e e v a (KhimichesJcoe M ashinostroenie
(Chem. M achinebuilding), 1936, (4), 3 1 -3 4 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e in v e s tig a tio n
d e a l t m a in ly w i t h s te e ls a n d p ig iro n s. O f t h e n o n - fe r r o u s m e ta ls v a r io u s
b ro n z e s w e re t e s te d a ll o f th e m p r o v e d u n s ta b le t o s u lp h u r d io x id e . R e a d
c o n ta in in g 8 % a n tim o n y w a s p a r t ic u la r l y r e s i s ta n t.— X . A .
*Corrosion of M etals by W ate r and Carbon Dioxide u n der P ressure. F . H .
R h o d e s a n d J o h n M . C la rk , J r . (In d u st, a n d E n g . Chem., 1936, 2 8, 1 0 7 8 -1 0 7 9 ).
T h e r a t e o f c o rro s io n o f m e ta ls in q u ie s c e n t s o lu tio n s o f c a r b o n d io x id e
u n d e r p r e s s u re w a s s tu d ie d , a n d th e e x p e r im e n ta l p ro c e d u r e is d e s c rib e d .
T h e r a t e s o f p e n e t r a t i o n ( in ./m o n th ) f o r v a r io u s n o n -fe rro u s m e ta ls , w ith
c a r b o n d io x id e u n d e r a g a u g e p r e s s u re o f 4 5 0 l b ./ i n .2 a r e a s fo llo w s : b ra ss
( c o p p e r 61, z in c 3 9 % ) 2-7 X 1 0 % M o n e l m e ta l 1-4 X 1 0 % m a lle a b le n ic k e l
1-4 x 10 5, e le c tr o ly tic c o p p e r 2-0 x 1 0 % D u r a lu m in 1-5 X 1 0 % a lu m in iu m
2-5 X 10 4, c h e m ic a l le a d 1-4 X 1 0 % z in c 5-2 X l ( r 4. T h e o n ly m e ta l w h ic h
sh o w e d a n y p i t t i n g w a s z in c .— F . J .
Corrosion of M etals in W aterw orks P ractice. G . W ie g a n d (Korrosion V.
Bericht über die Korrosionstagung 1935, 1936, 3 5 - 4 0 ; d isc u ssio n , 4 0 - 4 1 ) ■ a n d
Illu s t. Z eit. Blechindustrie, 1936, 65, (2 ), 3 6 -3 7 ).— C o p p e r a n d b r o n z e ’ f ilte r
sie v e s a r e f r e q u e n tly d e s tr o y e d b y t h e s m a ll h y d r o g e n s u lp h id e c o n te n t o f so m e
w e ll w a t e r s ; b itu m e n - c o a te d a lu m in iu m w ire sie v es h a v e p r o v e d s a tis f a c to r y
s u b s t i t u t e s . A n e x a m p le o f c o rro s io n o f 63 : 37 b ra s s tu b e s c o n n e c te d t o a
c a s t-ir o n p u r ific a tio n v e s se l is d e s c r ib e d ; c o n s id e ra b le d e z in c ific a tio n h a d
ta k e n p la c e b y t h e a c tio n o f t h e w a te r w h ic h c o n ta in e d 30 m g ./litr e o f c a rb o n
d io x id e a n d 10 m g ./litr e o f o x y g e n . T h e b ra s s t u b e s l a s te d 6 y e a r s w h e re a s
p h o s p h o r - b r o n z e re p la c e m e n ts h a v e s h o w n n o c o rro s io n a f t e r 15 y e a r s . O th e r
sim ila r e x a m p le s o f c o rro s io n w h e n tw o d is s im ila r m e ta ls w e re in c o n ta c t a re
d e s c rib e d .— A . R . P .
C orrosion by In d u stria l W aste W aters and Its P revention. H . S to o ff
(Korrosion V. B ericht über die Korrosionstagung 1 9 3 5 , 1936, 4 1 - 4 7 ; d isc u ssio n ,
4 7 —48).— B r ie f n o te s a r e g iv e n o f t h e a c ti o n o f v a r io u s c h e m ic a ls in in d u s tr ia l
w a s te w a te r s o n p ip e s , s u m p s , & c., o f le a d , c o p p e r, a lu m in iu m , iro n , a n d v a r io u s
n o n - m e ta llic m a te r ia ls .— A . R . P .
The H and ling and Storage of Acids. T h o m a s J . D ix o n a n d F r a n k R o ffe y
(Proc. Chem. E ng. Group ( Soc. Chem. In d .), 1935, 17, 1 0 8 - 1 1 3 ; d isc u ssio n ,
1 1 3 -1 1 7 ).— K o n -fe rro u s m e ta ls a n d a llo y s u s e d in t h e h a n d lin g a n d s to r a g e o f
s u lp h u r ic , n itr ic , h y d r o c h lo ric , a c e tic , fo rm ic , a n d o x a lic a c id s in c lu d e a l u ­
m in iu m , le a d , s ilv e r, c o p p e r, a n d a n u m b e r o f b ro n z e s. T h e m o s t w id e ly u se d
o f t h e fo re g o in g a r e le a d , e ith e r p u r e o r a llo y e d w ith a n tim o n y o r te llu r iu m ,
1936
I V .— Corrosion
543
a n d a l u m i n i u m ; t h e fo rm e r m a in ly f o r s u lp h u r ic a n d fo rm ic a c id s , t h e l a t t e r
f o r n i t r i c a n d a c e tic a c id s .— P . M . C. R .
* O rganic Inhibitors oi Corrosion. A rom atic Am ines. C h a rle s A . M a n n ,
B y r o n E . L a u e r , a n d C liffo rd T . H u l t i n (In d u st, and E ng. Chem., 1936, 28,
1 0 4 8 -1 0 5 1 ).— T e s ts sh o w in g t h e e ffe c t o f v a r io u s o rg a n ic in h ib ito rs o n th e
r a t e o f c o rro s io n o f m ild s te e l in s u lp h u r ic a c id a r e d e s c rib e d . T h e a ro m a tic
a m in e s f o rm s a lts w i t h c o rro d in g a c id s t h a t io n iz e t o g iv e p o s itiv e in h ib ito r
io n s, w h ic h fo rm a p r o te c tin g la y e r b y b e in g a d s o rb e d b y t h e c a th o d ic a re a s
o f t h e m e ta l su rfa c e . T h e v a r y in g effe c t o f d iffe re n t in h ib ito rs is e x p la in e d .
—F. J.
♦S tu d ies on Corrosion. E r n s t C o h e n a n d W . A . T . C o h e n d e M e ester
(Pros. K . A k a d . Wet. A m sterdam , 1936, 39, (3), 3 6 1 -3 6 5 ).— [ I n G e rm a n .] T h e
c o rro sio n o f s h e e ts o f t i n im m e rs e d in O -lA -h y d ro c h lo ric a c id w a s stu d ie d .
I n d iv id u a l r e s u lts f o r t h e lo ss o f w e ig h t sh o w e d s u c h g r e a t d iv e rg e n c e fro m th e
m e a n v a lu e s t h a t a m e re d u p lic a tio n o f te s ts m ig h t g iv e c o m p le te ly m isle a d in g
r e s u lts . E x p e r im e n ts w i t h r o t a t in g c y lin d e rs o r ro d s o f t i n g a v e m u c h m o re
c o n s is te n t r e s u l t s ; t h e a p p a r a tu s u s e d is d e s c rib e d .— W . H .- R .
C avitation R e se a rc h : A P rogress R eport on W o rk a t the M assachusetts
In stitu te of Technology. J . C. H u n s a k e r (Mech. E ng., 1935, 57, (4), 2 1 1 -2 1 6 ).
T h is i n v e s tig a tio n o f t h e m e c h a n is m o f h y d r a u lic c a v ita tio n w a s c a rrie d
o u t in a n a p p a r a t u s p e r m ittin g c o n tr o l o f v e lo c ity , p re s s u re , te m p e r a tu re ,
a n d a ir c o n t e n t ; k in e m a to g r a p h ic , p h o n o g r a p h ic , a n d d y n a m o m e tr ic m e th o d s
w e re c o m b in e d in t h e in v e s tig a tio n s , w h ic h d e m o n s tr a te d t h e m e c h a n ic a l
n a t u r e o f t h e p h e n o m e n o n , it s d e p e n d e n c e o n t h e sh a p e o f th e b o u n d a r y w alls
a n d o n a ir c o n te n t, a n d i t s p r o b a b le a s s o c ia tio n w ith t h e p e rio d ic a l f o rm a tio n
a n d c o lla p se o f w a te r - v a p o u r.— P . M . C. R .
♦C av itatio n a n d Surface Tension.— I - I I . P . K . T h . v a n I t e r s o n (Pros.
K A k a d . Wet. A m sterdam , 1936, 39, (2), 1 3 8 - 1 4 9 ; (3), 3 3 0 -3 3 9 ).— [ I n F re n c h .]
T h e p h e n o m e n o n o f c a v ita tio n is d e s c rib e d w ith s p e c ia l re fe re n c e t o t h e b la d e s
o f c e n tr ifu g a l p u m p s . S im ila r effe c ts s o m e tim e s a r is e w ith sh ip s ’ p ro p e lle r
b la d e s , a n d a r e a c c o m p a n ie d b y m a r k e d e ro sio n . T h e p h e n o m e n o n is d u e
t o lo c a l r e d u c tio n o f p r e s s u re c a u s in g t h e f o rm a tio n o f b u b b le s o f w a te r
v a p o u r o r a ir. v a n I . d e s c rib e s t h e effe c ts o f su rfa c e te n s io n , th e p re se n c e o f
d is s o lv e d o r su s p e n d e d im p u ritie s , a n d o th e r f a c to r s o n t h e f o rm a tio n o f
b u b b le s .— W . H .- R .
T he Principles of the T heory of M etal Corrosion. W . J . M u ller (Korrosion
V. B ericht iiber die Korrosionstagung 1935, 1936, 6 - 9 ).— I t is sh o w n t h a t th e
b e h a v io u r o f a m e ta l u n d e r c o rro s iv e c o n d itio n s d e p e n d s p rin c ip a lly o n th e
n a t u r e o r a t t a c k a b i l i t y o f t h e c o v e rin g f ilm ; i f th is is u n a t ta c k e d b y th e
c o rro siv e m e d iu m n o a t t a c k o n t h e m e ta l o c c u rs w h e n t h e a r e a o f th e p o re s is
a b o u t 10-4 c m .2/c m .2 a n d a t t a c k a lw a y s o c c u rs w h e n th is a r e a is g r e a te r th a n
10“3 c m .2/c m .2. W i t h a p o re a r e a in te r m e d ia te b e tw e e n th e s e v a lu e s th e
n a t u r e o f t h e ’m e d iu m , t h e m e ta l, a n d th e film d e te r m in e s w h e th e r a t t a c k o r
p a s s iv a tio n w ill o c c u r.— A . R . P .
.
T he Corrosion of Metals. I.— M echanism of Corrosion Processes. R . M.
B u r n s ( Bell System Tech. J ., 1936, 15, (1), 2 0 - 3 8 ; a n d B ell Telephone System
Tech P ut,L, Chemistry, M onograph B -912, 1936, 19 p p .)— B . o u tlm e s th e
a p p lic a tio n o f e le c tro c h e m ic a l m e th o d s t o c o rro s io n in v e s tig a tio n s , a n d
d isc u sse s t h e p o s itio n o f t h e p o te n tia l o f a m e ta l a g a in s t i ts e n v ir o n m e n t a n d
t h e t r e n d o f th i s p o te n t i a l w ith tim e , p o in tin g o u t t h a t i t is th e r e b y p o ssib le
t o d e te r m in e w h e th e r t h e c o rro s io n p ro c e ss is c o n tro lle d b y r e a c tio n s o cc u rrin g
in th e a n o d ic a re a s , t h e c a th o d ic a r e a s , o r b o t h ; i.e. w h e th e r th e r e is a te n d e n c y
t o p a s s iv a tio n , in h ib itio n , o r p ro g re s siv e a tt a c k . M e a su re m e n ts o f film
s t a b il i t y w h e th e r in te r m s o f t h e le a k a g e c u r r e n t w h ic h m a y b e p a s se d th r o u g h
t h e film o r in te r m s o f t h e a m o u n t o f film -fo rm in g m a te r ia l r e q u ire d to p ro d u c e
p a s s iv ity o r t h e a m o u n t o f film -d e s tro y in g m a te r ia l r e q u ire d t o r e n d e r a m e ta l
544
Metallurgical A bstracts
V ol. 3
a c tiv e , fu rn is h in f o rm a tio n a s t o t h e q u a l it y o f c o r ro s io n -r e s is ta n t film s.
M e a s u re m e n ts o f t h e r a t e a t w h ic h a film fo rm s o n a m e ta l w h e n p la c e d in a
film -fo rm in g e n v ir o n m e n t th r o w s lig h t o n it s r e la tiv e s u rfa c e r e a c tiv ity , a n d
su c h in f o rm a tio n is o f a s s is ta n c e in d e te r m in in g t h e r a t e o f c o rro s io n in h o m o ­
g e n e o u s c o rro s iv e e n v ir o n m e n ts o r t h e r a t e o f p a s s iv a tio n in t h e film -fo rm in g
e n v ir o n m e n ts . O n t h e b a s is o f s u c h m e a s u re m e n ts , a n d w i th a c h e m ic a l
k n o w le d g e o f t h e e n v ir o n m e n ts in w h ic h t h e m e ta ls a r e u s e d , a s w ell a s th e
c o m p o s itio n a n d p h y s ic a l s t a te o r s t r u c tu r e o f t h e m e ta ls , i t is p o ss ib le to
p r e d ic t c o rro s io n b e h a v io u r a n d t o o b ta i n a n u n d e r s ta n d in g o f c o rro s io n
p r o b le m s u s u a lly n o t p o ss ib le b y o r d in a r y e m p ir ic a l c o rro s io n t e s ts .— S. G.
T he Corrosion of Metals. G . D . B e n g o u g h , W . H . J . V e rn o n , a n d F . W o rm w ell. T . P . H o a r (M et. In d . (Land.), 1936, 4 9, (16), 3 9 4 - 3 9 5 ; (19), 4 7 0 - 4 7 1 ).—
B ., V ., a n d W . c ritic iz e H .’s i n te r p r e t a ti o n o f t h e i r r e s u lts (M et. A b s., th is v o l.,
p . 4 0 0 ) , a n d s t a t e t h e i r v ie w s o f t h e film d i s tr ib u tio n th e o r y a s o p p o s e d t o th e
d if fe r e n tia l a e r a tio n th e o r y . T h e y b e lie v e t h a t a ir -f o r m e d film s a r e o f n e g li­
g ib le im p o r ta n c e o n s u b s e q u e n t c o rro s io n u n d e r im m e r s e d c o n d itio n s (a v ie w
n o t s h a re d b y E v a n s a n d H o a r ) , a n d s tr e s s t h e v a lu e o f tim e -o x id a tio n c u rv e s
f o r s t u d y in g t h e r a t e s o f g r o w th o f o x id e film s. I n h is r e p ly , H . d isc u sse s
p rin c ip le s o f c o rro s io n r a t h e r t h a n th e specific m e ta ls q u o te d b y B ., V ., a n d W .
in t h e i r w o rk , a n d p o in ts o u t t h a t in e s s e n tia ls t h e tw o sc h o o ls o f th o u g h t h a v e
m u c h in c o m m o n , a n d c o n c lu d e s b y s u g g e s tin g t h a t le n g th y m a s s - v o lu m e - tim e
o b s e rv a tio n s b e s u p p le m e n te d b y e le c tr o n d if fr a c tio n a n d o t h e r m o d e r n
r e s e a rc h m e th o d s .— J . E . N .
*The D esign, In terp re ta tio n , a n d Uses of S tand ard Corrosion Tests in Salt
Solutions an d In d u strial W aters. — II. G . D . B e n g o u g h a n d F . W o rm w e ll
( Iro n Steel In s t. Special R ep . N o . 13 ( 4 th R e p . C o rro sio n C tte e .), 1936, 2 1 3 2 3 2 ).— S t a n d a r d c o rro s io n t e s ts in s t a g n a n t o r slo w ly m o v in g n e u tr a l s a lt
s o lu tio n s u n d e r a tm o s p h e ric a n d h ig h e r p re s s u re s o f o x y g e n a n d a i r a r e d e ­
s c rib e d . T h e sp e c im e n s a r e t e s te d u n d e r t o t a l im m e rs io n c o n d itio n s , a n d
c o n s is t o f d is k s . T h e s e a r e s u p p o r te d in a h o r iz o n ta l p o s itio n b y g la s s p o in ts .
T y p ic a l c o r ro s io n -tim e c u rv e s a r e g iv e n a n d t h e r e s u lts a r e r e a s o n a b ly r e p r o ­
d u c ib le . C o rro sio n r a t e s c a n b e in c r e a s e d b y slo w ly r o t a t i n g t h e sp e c im e n s
i n t h e c o rro d in g m e d iu m u n d e r a tm o s p h e ric p r e s s u re o r b y t h e u se o f h ig h
o x y g e n p r e s s u re a n d s t a g n a n t c o rro d in g m e d iu m .— H . S.
Two M ethods of Investigation of the Corrosion B ehaviour of M etals. M .
P r o t a n d N . G o ld o w sk i (Puhl. Sei. Tech. M in . A i r (Paris), N o . 9 1, 1936, 47
p p . ; B u ll. B . N . F . M .R .A . , 1936, (91)).— D e s c rib e s (1) t h e “ co lo ro sco p ic ”
m e th o d , u s in g p a in d ic a to r s , w h ic h is s t a te d t o r e v e a l zo n e s p r o n e t o c o rro sio n ,
a n d (2) t h e t h i n te s t- p ie c e m e th o d . B o t h a r e c la im e d t o b e s p e e d y .— S . G .
A R apid M ethod fo r Testing Corrosion. W . P a lm e e r (Korrosion V. B ericht
über die Korrosionstagung 1935, 1936, 1 0 -1 6 ; a n d (in g r e a te r d e ta il) Korrosion
u n d M etallschutz, 1936, 1 2, (5 /6 ), 1 3 9 -1 4 8 ).— A n a p p a r a t u s is d e s c rib e d fo r
d e te r m in in g t h e r a t e o f r u s tin g o f ir o n b y m e a s u rin g t h e o x y g e n a b s o rb e d w h e n
t h e m e ta l is im m e r s e d in c a lc iu m o r so d iu m c h lo rid e s o lu tio n s .— A . R . P .
T he Stan dard izatio n of Corrosion R esu lts a n d Corrosion Tests. F r i t z T ö d t
(Korrosion V. Bericht über die Korrosionstagung 1 9 3 5 , 1 936, 2 6 - 3 0 ; d isc u ssio n ,
3 1 -3 3 ).— I t is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t lo ss in w e ig h t fig u re s in c o rro s io n t e s ts b e
e x p re s s e d a s g r m ./m .2/ d a y a n d lo ss in th ic k n e s s fig u re s a s m m ./d a y .— A . R . P .
The E v alu atio n of R eports on Corrosion. F . T ö d t (L isty Cukrovar, 1936,
54, 1 7 1 ; G. A b s., 1936, 3 0, 7 0 8 5 ).— S ee also p r e c e d in g a b s tr a c t. T . a d v o c a te s
a s t a n d a r d m e th o d f o r r e p o r tin g c o rro s io n a n d s u g g e s ts t h a t i t b e r e p o r te d a s
t h e w e ig h t lo ss p e r s q u a re m e tr e p e r 2 4 h rs . w ith a d d itio n a l c o m m e n ts a s to
t h e n a t u r e o f th e r e a c tio n , p re s e n c e o f g a s e s in s o lu tio n , d y n a m ic s o f th e fluids,
a p p e a r a n c e o f th e m e ta llic s u rfa c e , p e n e t r a ti o n o f t h e liq u id , & c.— S. G .
On th e M ethods of Physico-C hem ical A nalysis [in th e Study of Corrosion].
A . K is tia k o v s k iy (Izvestia Sektora F iziko-K him icheskogo A n a liza (A n n .
Sect. A n a l. P hys.-C him .), 1 936, 8 , 5 - 1 3 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] K . d isc u sse s t h e
V.
V. — Protection
1936
545
a p p lic a tio n o f p h y sic o -c h e m ic a l a n a ly s is t o th e e le c tr o c h e m is tr y o f colloids
fo r t h e p u r p o s e o f s t u d y in g t h e c o rro s io n o f
A.
Conversion F acto rs in D eterm ining Corrosion R a t e s .
(inco, i ! » o , ±*,
(1) 2 6 - 2 8 ).— A s u ita b le e x p re s s io n f o r c o rro s io n r a t e m te r m s o f w e ig h t loss
s h o u ld c o v e r t h e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n w e ig h t loss, a r e a o f e x p o s e d su rfa c e
a n d tim e . A c o m p a ris o n is s h o w n f o r v a r io u s m a te r ia ls , o f t h e c o rro sio n r a
i n m g ./ d m .2/ d a y a n d d e p t h o f p e n e t r a t io n i n c m . p e r y e a r , it- U .
V — PR O T E C T IO N
( C o n t i n u e d f r o m p p . 4 6 0 - 4 6 2 .)
*On the P rotective A ction of Sodium Chrom ate in th e D issolution of A lu­
m inium in Caustic Soda. J . F is c h e r a n d W . G e lle r (K<^
01p
S u m
i(>36
12
(9)
2 9 7 -2 9 9 ).— Addition o f s o d iu m c h r o m a te
to 0 5 /o so d iu m
1, d i x i i e s o lu tio n J L . « f W
th % ra“ , A
Z m S i fc
9 9 -9 9 % a lu m in iu m ; w ith 3 % so d iu m c h r o m a te o n ly 0 24 p m / m - / £ * * ■ »
d isso lv e d . W ith 9 9 -5 % a lu m in iu m t h e in h iln tin g e ffe c t ^
a n n r e c ia b le o n ly w ith s o lu tio n s c o n ta m m g m o re t h a n 1 / 0 . W ith v e r y sm a ll
am O T rits o f c h r o m a te d is s o lu tio n is a c tu a lly a c c e le ra te d o w m g t o r e d u c tio n
o f t h e c h r o m a te t o c h ro m ic h y d ro x id e . A . R . 1 .
(A lu m in iu m
T h e E lv ta l P ro c e ss [of P la tin g A lu m in iu m ]. H . G in s b e rg (A lu m in iu m
1936 18 (9) 4 4 1 -4 4 2 ).— T h e p ro c e ss c o n s ists i n p r o d u c in g a n o x id e film b y
a n o d ic o x id a tio n ^ th e n ’ p a r t l y d iss o lv in g th is i n su itab d e
o v e r t h e r e m a in d e r w h ic h a c ts a s a n a n c h o r f o r t h e p la te . JNo d e ta ils a r e g iv ,
b u t i t is c la im e d t h a t t h e p l a t e d m e t a l m a y b e m e c h a n ic a lly w o r k e d w ith o u t
A etA ‘c h f m i a i i o r '’W P r o t e c t i o n of L ig ht Alloys.
(Rev. A lu m in iu m , 1936, 13, (80),
1 7 2 - 1 7 3 ) .-S
The P ro ta l Process
- -
e e a ls o M et. A b s., 1934, 1, 18.
1 h O n 'theSV roducliondo T o x id ic P rotective Film s on A hrm inium a n d JUurnin^
Alloys. R o b e r t J . S n e llm g (M etall-W oche, 1936, (12), 221 223).
iu m
r e v ie w
o f
A m e ric a n p a t e n t l i te r a t u r e .
A .
R .
■
p
m
c m,
^Electrolytic Colouring of Anodic Layers of A lum inium Oxide. G . M . b e lia
/ * ?!
• • iq o k a (0 \ 89—9 2 1 — S . f o u n d t h a t n o c o lo u rin g c o u ld b e o b ta in e d
j w d ir o c t i n t r o d u c k o n o f t t e ' d y e i i t h e e le c tr o ly tic b a t h . u s e d f o r a n o d ic
tre a tm e n t
I r r e g u la r r e s u lts a r e o b ta in e d b y im m e r s io n in th e c o lo u rin g
s o lu tio n
A g r e a te r p e n e t r a t io n o f t h e p ig m e n t is p o ss ib le u s in g a d iffe re n t
J„ f t h e e le c tro d e s
T h e a d d itio n o f a s m a ll p e r c e n ta g e o f fe rro u s
f 8r t T o a n t i f c o lo u rin g s o lu tio n in c re a s e s t h e s t a b il i t y o f th e c o lo u r
h y d r a t e t o a n a c id
^
^
fo rm e d ; w h ic h p e r m its a
d e e p e r p e n e t r a t i o n o f t h e d y e , f a v o u r a b ly in flu e n c e s t h e r e s is ta n c e o f th e
' ol°on g liste rs o n ' A lplate [A lum inium -C oated D uralum in]
Sheets.
I.
T.
S r a n S e S
b S s T m l s e r w d / ^ f o r m ^ h a v e n“
c t o n th e
m e c h a n ic a l m o p e r tie s , w h e re a s t h e l a t t e r t e n d to p r o d u c e p e e lin g o f t h e p la te
ris'i.A'—'in
S
S
ssspzr.*;
W k t S T o » C p r r o n J b , « .t o g . h ig h d e g n e o f o o m p n .to o n to th e
f i r + V ln m ? u iu n fc o a tin g S o n I ro n . A . v o n Z e e rle d e r (Korrosion u . Metallschutz,
1936 1 2 (10) 2 7 5 -2 8 3 ).— A b r ie f a c c o u n t is g iv e n o f th e fo llo w in g p ro cesses
c ^ a t o g ir o n w i t h a lu m in iu m : c a lo riz in g , “ a litie r e n ,” t r e a t m e n t w ith
l
■ h im c h lo rid e v a n o u r “ a lu m e tie r e n ,’* a lu m in iu m p a in tin g , e le c tro ly tic
a n d ro llin g -o n p n ~
d
»
of
a p p e n d e d .— A . R . P .
546
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
*Copper-PIating of B oiler H atches. N . M . G a lu z in a n d S . A . N e s te ro v
(.Avtogennoe Delo (Autogenous Practice), 1935, (10), 2 5 - 2 7 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .]
T h e fo llo w in g m e th o d s w e re i n v e s tig a te d : c o p p e r - p la tin g w it h a g a s b u r n e r ,
c a r b o n a r c , m e ta l a r c ; b r a s s - p la tin g w i th g a s b u r n e r ; b r o n z e - p la tin g w ith
c a r b o n a rc . T h e b e s t m ic r o s tr u c tu r e a s r e g a r d s t h e n u m b e r o f c a v itie s a n d
o x id e s w a s o b ta in e d w ith b r a s s a n d t h e w o r s t w ith b ro n z e . T h e b e s t r e s u lts
fo r c o p p e r w e re o b ta in e d b y t h e g a s - b u r n e r m e th o d .— N . A .
Protection of T elephone Cables A gainst Corrosion D ue to E lectrolysis and
Chemical A ction. C o m ité C o n s u lta tif I n t e r n a t i o n a l T é lé p h o n iq u e (Proc. 10th
Plenary Meeting, Comité Consult. Internat. Télèph., 1934, S e p t .; Enqlish
Translation, 1936, 1 3 3 - 1 5 6 ; Bull. B .N .F .M .B .A ., 1936, (91)).— T h is E n g lis h
tr a n s la tio n o f t h e P ro c e e d in g s o f t h e 1934 B u d a p e s t m e e tin g , in c lu d e s e x te n s iv e
r e c o m m e n d a tio n s o n v a r io u s e le c tr ic a l p r o te c tiv e m e a s u re s , a s w ell a s n o te s
o n p r o te c tio n a g a in s t c h e m ic a l c o rro s io n a n d o n m e th o d s f o r d is tin g u is h in g
b e tw e e n e le c tr o ly tic a n d c h e m ic a l c o rro s io n .— S . G.
Contribution to th e E lectrolytic T inning of W ires. (S n e llin g .) S ee p . 553
Porosity Tests fo r T inplate. R . G ire (Rev. trav. Office Pêches Maritimes
1 935, 8, (4), 4 2 3 - 4 2 9 ; Bull. B .N .F .M .R .A ., 1936, (91)).— G . re v ie w s th e
f e rr ic y a n id e a n d h o t - w a t e r t e s ts a n d t h e n d e s c rib e s h is o w n t e s t (first a n ­
n o u n c e d ibid., 1934, 7 , (2), 2 2 3 ), w h ic h c o n s ists o f a n o d ic t r e a t m e n t in a
s o d iu m m o n o s u lp h id e so lu tio n . T h e te c h n iq u e o f c le a n in g t h e sp e c im e n
a n d c a r r y in g o u t t h e t e s t is d e s c rib e d . T h e t e s t is c la im e d t o b e r a p id , a n d
p o re s a r e s t a t e d t o b e s h o w n u p v e r y c le a rly .— S. G.
A T est fo r P orosity in the Coating of T inplate. J . C. A n d re w s a n d R T
I ) ’A n v e r s (Analyst, 1 936, 61, (723), 4 0 2 ).— S h e e ts o f C e llo p h a n e p a p e r a re
s o a k e d i n 7 5 0 c.c. o f a 7 % s o lu tio n o f p o ta s s iu m f e rr ic y a n id e c o n ta in in g 10
d r o p s o f s u lp h u r ic a c id (d 1-84). A s h e e t is w ith d r a w n f ro m t h e s o lu tio n ,
d r a in e d , a n d la id o n t h e t i n p la t e , g o o d c o n ta c t b e in g e ffe c te d b y d r a w in g a
sq u e e g e e o v e r t h e p a p e r . A f te r 45—6 0 m in u te s t h e s h e e t is r e m o v e d , w a s h e d ,
a n d d r ie d , w h e n t h e im p e r fe c tio n s i n t h e p la te a r e r e v e a le d b y t h e d e v e lo p ­
m e n t o f b lu e s p o ts a n d s ta in s o n t h e p a p e r . I t is e s s e n tia l t h a t a ll g re a se be
re m o v e d f ro m t h e p l a t e b e fo re m a k in g th e t e s t ; t h i s is e ffe c te d b y w a s h in g
f ir s t w ith c a r b o n te tr a c h lo r id e , t h e n w it h a c e to n e .— A . R . P .
A R apid M ethod for Testing T inplate a n d T inned C ontainers. R . L e g e n d re
(Recherches et Inventions, 1936, 17, (259), 9 6 -9 8 ; Bull. B .N .F .M .R .A ., 1936,
(91)).— A m e th o d is d isc u sse d b a s e d o n t h a t o f P r o t a n d G o ld o w sk i (cf. Met.
Abs., 1934, 1, 5 0 2 ) ; i t c o n s ists o f t h e a p p lic a tio n to tin p l a te , & c., o f a je lly
c o n ta in in g a n y d e s ire d c o rro s iv e a g e n t a n d a pa in d ic a to r
P r a c ti c a l d e ta ils
o f t h e t e s t a r e g iv e n .— S . G .
Z inc C oating [H ot-G alvanizing] ; A B ibliography. V ic to r S . P o la n s k y
(Carnegie Library o f Pittsburgh, 1936, 110 p p .) .— C o v e rs t h e p e r io d f ro m th e
y e a r 1 9 1 0 .— S . G .
H ot-G alvanizing in Connection w ith Sheets. N e ls o n E . C o o k (Iron Steel
Eng., 1 9 3 4 , 11, 1 3 5 -1 4 1 ; C. Abs., 1 934, 2 8, 3 7 0 0 ).— A b r i e f d e s c rip tio n o f
z ™?. o ° a tm g s w i t h e m p h a s is o n h o t- g a lv a n iz in g . T h e u se s a n d lim ita tio n s
o f d if fe r e n t k i n d s o f z in c c o a tin g s a r e p o in te d o u t.— S . G.
...
D evelopm ent a n d Control of Spangles on G alvanized Iro n .— V III.
\ \ a lla c e G . Im hoflf (Metal Cleaning and Finishing, 1936, 8, (2), 8 9 -9 3 ). T he'
e ffe c t o f a d d i t i o n o f t i n t o t h e g a lv a n iz in g b a t h is d isc u sse d . T in a d d itio n s
o p e n u p t h e c o a tin g , d e v e lo p a flo w e r s p a n g le , a n d t e n d t o g iv e th e fin ish
a b r i g h t t i n b r illia n c y .— S . G .
H ow T hick Should th e Sides of th e G alvanizing P ot Be ? W a lla c e G . Im h o ff
(Amer. Metal Market, 1934, 41, (72), 4—5 ).— A n a t t e m p t t o p r o v id e a s y s te m ­
a t i c b a s is f o r u s in g a d e f in ite th ic k n e s s f o r e a c h size o f p o t .— S . G .
New W ire Galvanizing Process Applies D ense Coatings a t H igh C urrent
D ensities. (L y o n s .) S ee p . 553.
1936
V .— Protection
547
The Basic T heory of the New “ B ethanizing ” Process [for Galvanizing
W ire]. ( T a in to n .) S ee p . 553.
M ethods fo r D eterm ining th e T hickness of Z inc Coatings. W a lte r R . M ey er
(M et. In d . (N . Y .), 1 9 3 6 , 34, (5), 1 7 3 -1 7 5 ).— T h e v a r io u s m e th o d s a r e c o m p a re d ,
f o r e le c tr o d e p o s ite d , S h e r a rd iz e d , a n d h o t- g a lv a n iz e d c o a tin g s . F o r e le c tr o ­
d e p o s ite d c o a tin g s t h e H u ll—S tr a u s s e r drop^ t e s t , a n tim o n y c h lo rid e -h y d ro c h lo ric a c id s t r i p m e a s u re m e n t, m ic ro sc o p ic m e a s u re m e n t, a n d a n a ly tic a l
m e a s u r e m e n t g iv e r e lia b le a n d c o r re la te d r e s u lts . T h e s tr ip p in g —a n a ly tic a l
m e th o d is m o s t r e lia b le f o r S h e r a rd iz e d c o a tin g s . F o r d e te r m in in g t h e a m o u n t
o f z in c o n h o t- g a lv a n iz e d c o a tin g s th e s tr ip p in g —a n a ly tic a l m e th o d is c o n sid e re d
t o b e t h e m o s t r e l i a b l e ; t h e P re e c e t e s t a n d m ic ro sc o p ic m e a s u re m e n t a re
v a lu a b le i n d e te r m in in g t h e d i s tr ib u tio n o f t h e c o a tin g . S. G .
Corrosion P reven tion on th e N orth-Sea Coast. W . W it tn e b e n (Bauverwaltung, 1935, 55, (50), 1 0 0 0 - 1 0 0 1 ; B u ild . S c i. A b s., 1936, 9, 87).— E ffe c tiv e
p r o te c tio n o f ir o n a n d s te e l s t r u c tu r e s is a ffo rd e d b y d e n s e c o a tin g s o i zin c,
t o w h ic h a lu m in iu m h a s b e e n a d d e d , a p p lie d b y t h e S h e ra rd iz m g p ro cess.
P a i n t i n g is a ls o n e c e s s a ry .— S. G .
Specifications for C orrugated [Galvanized] M etal Pipe.
(B ull. A m er.
R a ilw ay E ng. A ssoc., 1935, 37, (381), 1 2 8 -1 3 2 ).— A p p e n d ix F to R e p o r t o f
C o m m itte e I . — R o a d w a y o f t h e A m e ric a n R a ilw a y E n g in e e rin g A s so c ia tio n .
— b . Or.
*The Cem entation of Grey Cast Iro n w ith B eryllium . J o s e p h L a iss u s
(Conqres Internat. M in e s M B , Oeol., Section de M etallurgie, 1936, 2, 219 222 ,
a n d Rev. M et., 1936, 33, (8), 4 9 4 -4 9 7 ).— [ I n F r e n c h .] C f. M et. A bs., 1935, 2,
697
T h e c e m e n ta tio n o f g r e y c a s t ir o n w it h b e r y lliu m h a s b e e n s tu d ie d by
h e a tin g s m a ll p o lis h e d c u b e s a t 8 0 0 °-1 1 5 0 ° C . f o r 2 1 - 1 0 h r s . i n a p o w d e re d
m i x t u r e o f e i t h e r 9 8 % b e r y lliu m o r 8 0 % f e r r o - b e r y lliu m w i th 2 5 % b y v o lu m e
o f b e r y llia . D iffu s io n o c c u rs in a m a n n e r s im ila r t o t h a t o b s e rv e d m th e
c e m e n ta tio n o f ir o n a n d s te e ls w it h b e r y lliu m . T h e la y e r s p r o d u c e d axe e x ­
tr e m e ly h a r d , t h e m a x im u m V ic k e rs d ia m o n d h a r d n e s s n u m b e r o c c u n n g o n
s a m p le s c e m e n te d a t 1000° C . i n f e r r o - b e r y lliu m a n d re a c h in g a v a lu e o f 1561,
t h e h ig h e s t so f a r r e c o r d e d o n a n y m e ta llic b o d y . R u s tin g is r e ta r d e d , b u t
n o a p p r e c ia b le p r o te c tio n is g iv e n a g a in s t c o rro s io n in a c i d s — J . C . C.
^C em entation of F erro us Alloys by B eryllium . J o s e p h L a is s u s (Compt.
rend., 1934, 199, 1 4 0 8 -1 4 1 0 ).— S ee M et. A bs., 1935, 2, 697. S . G .
M etallic Coatings as P rotective Media.
S . R o b s o n a n d P . S . L ew is
(Proc. Chem. E ng. Group (Soc. Chem. In d .), 1935, 17, 2 3 - 3 5 ; d isc u ssio n ,
3 5 -3 7 ). A re v ie w o f t h e p r in c ip a l ty p e s o f c o rro s io n (a tm o s p h e ric , o r d u e to
w a t e r , so il, o r fo o d stu ffs ) w h ic h in c lu d e s su g g e stio n s r e g a r d in g s u ita b le p r o ­
te c tiv e m e d ia . T h e a d v a n ta g e s , lim ita tio n s , a n d c h ie f a p p lic a tio n s o i th e
v a r io u s t y p e s o f z in c , a lu m in iu m , t i n , le a d , c a d m iu m , a n d n ic k e l c o a tm g a re
c o n s id e re d , sp e c ia l a t t e n t i o n b e in g d e v o te d t o S h e ra rd iz in g , c a lo n z m g , a n d
m e t a l sp r a y in g . I n th e d isc u ssio n , re fe re n c e w a s m a d e t o so m e c h a r a c te r is tic s
o f e le c tr o d e p o s its , a n d t o t h e e le c tro c h e m ic a l p r o p e rtie s d e s ira b le i n a c o v e rin g
m e t a l .— P . M . C . R .
.
,
„„
M etal Coatings for A ircraft Structures. R . M . W ic k (Autom otive I n d ., 193b,
7 4 , (12), 4 2 3 , 4 3 0 ).— A b s tr a c t o f a n a d d r e s s d e liv e re d i n P h ila d e lp h ia o n
E u r o p e a n a n d B r itis h p r a c tic e i n e le c tr o p la tin g . S p e c ia l e m p h a s is w a s la id
o n t h e p r o te c tio n o f m a g n e s iu m a llo y s f o r a ir c r a f t w o rk , o n t h e u s e o f c o p p e ro x id e re c tifie rs , a n d o n t h e r e p a ir o f w o rn p a r t s b y e le c tro d e p o s itio n .
— P . M . C. R .
P rotection A gainst Corrosion of Metals. H . K a lp e r s ( Um schau, 1935, 39,
7 9 4 -7 9 6 ).— G e n e ra l in f o rm a tio n is g iv e n o n p r o te c tio n a g a in s t c o rro s io n a n d
o n c o r ro s io n -r e s is ta n t a llo y s.— L . A . 0 .
P reventing Corrosion [by E lectroplating]. W illia m S w a llo w (Automobile
E n g ., 1936, 26, (350), 4 0 9 -4 1 0 ).— S e rv ic e a b le p ro c e ss e s f o r p r e v e n tin g c o rro sio n
548
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
i n m o to r - c a r s te e l b o d y w o r k a r e d e a l t w ith , a n d t h e u s e o f e le c tr o p la tin g b y
m e a n s o f c h r o m iu m , n ic k e l, c a d m iu m , z in c , a n d c o p p e r is c o n s id e re d .
C h ro m iu m a n d n ic k e l p l a t i n g b e s id e s b e in g p r o t e c t i v e is a ls o o r n a m e n ta l,
b u t c o p p e r p l a t i n g is u n s a t is f a c to r y a n d c a u s e s se rio u s e le c tr o ly tic c o rro s io n
o f th e s te e l, i f t h e c o a tin g is d a m a g e d o r i f m o is tu r e is p r e s e n t.— J . W . D .
fP re v e n tio n of C orrosion by A dditions to th e Corroding M edium [— 11].
E r ic h R a b a l d (Ghem. Fabrilc, 1936, 9, (4 3 /4 4 ), 4 7 3 - 4 7 9 ).— S ee a ls o Met. Abs.,
t h i s v o l., p . 4 0 0 . C o n tin u a tio n o f a re v ie w o f th e u se s o f i n h ib ito r s a n d a
d is c u s s io n o f t h e m e c h a n is m o f t h e i r a c tio n w it h e s p e c ia l re fe re n c e to s ilic a te
a n d c h r o m a te a d d itio n s . N u m e r o u s ta b le s a n d g r a p h s a r e in c lu d e d t o g e th e r
w i t h a bibliography o f 7 0 re fe re n c e s .— A . R . P .
Influence of P rotective L ayers on th e Life of M etals.
F r a n k N . S p e lle r
(Mech. Eng., 1 935, 57, (5), 355—3 6 0 ).— A c la s sific a tio n o f t h e p r in c ip a l t y p e s
o f c o rro s iv e a t t a c k is fo llo w e d b y a s u m m a r y o f t h e f a c to rs a s s o c ia te d w ith
c o rro s io n in t h e p re s e n c e o f w a te r . M e th o d s o f p r o te c tio n in c lu d e im p r o v e ­
m e n ts in t h e i n h e r e n t r e s is ta n c e o f t h e m e ta ls a n d t h e m o d ific a tio n o r e x c lu s io n
o f t h e e n v ir o n m e n t. I n d iv id u a l m e th o d s a r e d is c u s s e d , a n d r e s u lts o b ta in e d
b y t h e U .S . B u r e a u o f S t a n d a r d s in c o n n e c tio n w ith so il c o rro s io n a re
r e p r o d u c e d w ith a s u m m a r y o f t h e e s s e n tia l r e q u ir e m e n ts o f u n d e r g ro u n d
c o a tin g s .— P . M . C. R .
F u n d a m en ta ls of M etal Spraying. G . S c h e n k (Tech. Zentr. pralct. Metallbearbeitung, 1935, 45, (9 /1 0 ), 2 5 9 -2 6 2 ).— T h e p ro c e ss o f m e ta l s p r a y in g a n d
t h e te c h n o lo g ic a l c h a r a c te r is tic s o f m e ta l film s so f o rm e d a r e d isc u sse d . S in ce
m e ta lliz a tio n o f c o m b u s tib le s u rfa c e s is p o ssib le i t is c o n c lu d e d b y so m e t h a t th e
t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e s p r a y o n r e a c h in g th e s e s u rfa c e s is b e lo w i t s m e ltin g p o i n t ;
b u t m ic ro sc o p ic a l e x a m in a tio n o f t h e d r o p le ts fo rm e d o n a g la s s su rfa c e
a p p e a r s t o in d ic a te t h a t th i s c o n c lu s io n is w ro n g a n d t h a t , in d e e d , t h e m e ta l
is s till m o lte n a t t h e tim e o f im p a c t. T h e c h e m ic a l a n d p h y s ic a l p r o p e rtie s
w h ic h a r e c o m m o n ly f o u n d in s p r a y e d film s a n d t h e h a r m f u l e ffe c ts o f fo re ig n
m a t t e r a r e b rie fly re v ie w e d .— W . A . C . N .
New M ethod of Spraying A lum in ium a n d O ther M etals. C . F . L u m b
(Alum inium and Non-Ferrous Rev., 1936, 2, (1), 4 5 - 4 7 ).— A n a c c o u n t o f t h e
S c h o ri m e ta l- s p r a y in g p ro c e ss , w h ic h c o n s is ts in d r a w in g p o w d e r e d m e ta l
f ro m a c o n ta in e r i n to a s t r e a m o f c o m p re s s e d a ir . T h e p r e s e n t t y p e o f p is to l
w ill s p r a y z in c , w h ic h f o r so m e p u r p o s e s is p r e fe rr e d to c a d m iu m a n d a l u m i n ­
iu m . T h e p ro c e s s is u s e d in m a r in e a n d r a ilw a y w o rk , b o t h f o r fe rro u s
m a te r ia ls a n d f o r lig h t- a llo y p a r t s w h ic h m u s t b e p r o te c te d f ro m s e a -w a te r.
T h e c o a tin g is s a id t o f o rm a s a tis f a c to r y b a s is f o r p a i n t.— P . M . C. R .
Im pro vem ent ol th e P roperties oi Sprayed M etal Coatings by Non-M etallic
In term e d ia te L ayers a n d Adhesive Bases. H . R e in in g e r (Metallwaren-Ind.
u. Oalvano-Tech., 1936, 34, (2), 2 9 -3 1 ; (3), 5 1 - 5 3 ).— L . A . O.
A pplication of M etallization in A utom obile C onstruction. S . P . K u r k in
(Mashinostroitel (Mechanician), 1936, (4), 3 7 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] A b r i e f s u r v e y .
•— N . A .
D a v id W . M a n n (Rev. Sci. Instruments,
1936, [N .S .], 7, (4), 192).— T h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f a d ip p in g s o lu tio n is d e s c rib e d .
— P . M . C. R .
A Sim ply-M ade Fire B ronze for B rass. A . H . C o x (Rev. Sci. Instruments,
1 936, [ N .S .], 7, (4), 192).— L a c q u e r in g m a y b e o b v ia te d b y d ip p in g b r a s s p a r t s
in to a c o p p e r n i t r a t e s o lu tio n , w it h s u b s e q u e n t h e a tin g a n d b r u s h in g .
— P . M . C. R .
A M ethod for B lackening Brass.
T he P ro blem of Efficient E nam elling of L ight Alloy. C om ponents of the
M agnesium -B ase Type. E . E . H a lls (Metallurgia, 1936, 14, (84), 157-161).—
P r a c t i c a l d e ta ils a r e g iv e n o f v a r io u s fin is h in g sc h e m e s f o r m a g n e s iu m -b a s e
a llo y s , a n d t e s t r e s u lts a r e g iv e n t o sh o w h o w f a r t h e n o r m a l fin is h in g m e d ia
u s e d in t h e a v e r a g e e n a m e llin g s h o p o f a g e n e r a l e n g in e e rin g f a c to r y c a n be
1936
V.— Protection
549
u tiliz e d f o r m isc e lla n e o u s m a g n e s iu m a llo y c o m p o n e n ts . R a p id a n d slow
c h ro m a te t r e a t m e n t s a r e c o n s id e re d , a n d v a r io u s fin ish e s w i th a n d w ith o u t
c h r o m a te t r e a t m e n t a r e in v e s tig a te d a n d s u b m it t e d t o a h u m id ity te s t,
o u ts id e a tm o s p h e ric e x p o s u re , a n d t o a s a lt- s p r a y t e s t. F r o m th e re su l s
o b ta in e d , i t is c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e in c lu s io n o f b o th a n a q u e o u s c h r o m a te
t r e a t m e n t a n d a z in c c h r o m a te t y p e o f p r im in g is h ig h ly d e s ira b le it th e b e st
finishes a r e t o b e o b ta in e d .— J . W . D .
, .
, T
The Surface Protection of Z inc Articles. S. W . K . M o rg a n a n d L . A . J .
L o d d e r (Metallwaren-Ind. u. Galvano-Tech., 1936, 34, (7), 1 3 3 - 1 3 4 ).— S u m m a ry
o f a p a p e r r e a d a t t h e F e b r u a r y m e e tin g o f t h e J a m e s W a t t M e m o rial I n s t it u t e ,
B irm in g h a m .— L . A . O .
„ , ,
...
L ithoform , a n Aid in P a in tin g Z inc a n d M etal Surfaces Coated w ith Zinc.
J . J . R a a ff ( Verfkroniek, 1936, 9, 1 6 1 - 1 6 2 ; G. Abs., 1936, 30, 7 8 7 7 ).— A d h e sio n
difficu lties in p a in tin g m e ta l su rfa c e s a r e d isc u sse d , a n d t h e u t i l i t y of ln tn o fo rm ( a p p a r e n tly a n a c id ic p r o d u c t) in p r e p a r in g zin c su rfa c e s to r p a in tin g is
p o in te d o u t.— S . G.
Bonderite “ Z ” Process for T reating Z inc Surfaces.
(Amer. Metai
Market, 1936, 43, (1 8 6 ), 3 ; a ls o H e i. Ind. ( N .Y . ), 1936, 34, (9 ), 3 5 3 ; a n d
Metal Gleaning and Finishing, 1936, 8. (9 ), 5 7 7 - 5 8 0 ).— B r ie f n o te s o f a n ew
p ro cess fo r s ta b iliz in g p a i n t fin ish e s o n zin c d ie -c a s tin g s a n d o th e r z in c s u rta c e s .
A n in s o lu b le c ry s ta llin e c o a tin g is p r o d u c e d w h ic h p ro v id e s a n e x c e lle n t b asis lo r
th e fin ish . T h e p ro c e ss is p a r tic u la r ly e ffe c tiv e f o r p a r t s h a v in g d e e p recesses a s
th e s o lu tio n flow s in to , a n d r e a c ts o n , a ll su rfa c e s , a s su m in g a u m to rm p ° a tm g
on a ll a re a s . T h e te m p e r a t u r e o f t h e p ro c e ss in g b a t h is 170 - 1 8 0 r . I
82° C.) a n d w ill n o t d i s t o r t o r c h a n g e t h e sh a p e o f f la t w o rk .— B . A . U.
Protective Coating fo r Z inc [the C ronak Process].
(Met. Ind. (A . i .),
1936, 34, (7), 2 7 3 ).— A b r ie f d e s c rip tio n o f th e C r o n a k p ro c e ss .— h . A- U.
P ain t a n d V arnish Problem s in A eronautics. E . W . d. M ardles ^Oii CoioMr
Trades J., 1935, 86, 1 6 8 3 -1 6 8 7 ; a n d Paint Manuf., 1935, 5, (1), 8 - 1 3 ; (/), 40 ,
d isc u ssio n , 4 6 - 4 9 ).— D e a ls w i t h : a d h e s io n o f f i l m s ; p a in ts f o r c a d m iu m p la te d s t e e l s ; a d h e s io n o f c e llu lo se f in is h e s ; a d h e s io n o n s ta in le s s s t e e l ;
u n d e r c o a ts f o r s y n th e tic re s in e n a m e ls ; a b r a s io n t e s ts ; a n ti - r u s t p r e p a r a io n s ,
w e a th e r in g a n d a r tific ia l a g e in g ; a n ti- fo u lin g p r e p a r a t i o n s ; m e th o d s oi
t e s t i n g ; c o n s is te n c y a n d v is c o s ity .— L . A . O.
Properties a n d Uses of A lum iniu m -B ronze P ain ts. H . J e n s c h (Metallwaren- Ind. w. Galvano-Tech., 1936, 34, (18), 3 4 9 -3 5 2 ). L . A . O.
O btained w ith A lum in ium -B ro nze P aints. - ,1',
(Farbe u. Lack Cent., 1936, (1), 4 ; (2), 1 5 ; a n d ( a b s tr a c t) Light
Metals Rev., 1936, 2, (22), 3 98).— 80 s p e c im e n s o f s h e e t ir o n p a i n t e d w ith
*Some R esults
Jü rg en
a lu m in iu m - b r o n z e p a i n t w e re e x p o s e d f o r 7 y e a r s to o u td o o r c o n d itio n s .
4 0 s p e c im e n s w e re p a i n t e d u s in g v a r io u s v a r n is h e s f o r t h e p a i n t v e m c le ;
t h e r e m a in in g 4 0 w e re d e s ig n e d t o t e s t t h e e ffe c t o f a n u m b e r o f p r im in g p a m s
o n a lu m in iu m - b r o n z e p a in ts . R e s u lts o b ta in e d w e re a s fo llo w s : A lt e r s
y e a rs o n ly th o s e s p e c im e n s w e re d e s tro y e d in w h ic h n itr o - v a r m s h w a s t ü e
p a i n t v e h ic le a n d in w h ic h w h ite - le a d p a i n t w a s th e p r im e r
T h e sp e c im e n s
w ith 2 c o a tin g s o f a lu m in iu m - b r o n z e p a i n t w e re u n a tt a c k e d e x c e p t 4 w itn a
c o p a l-lin s e e d o il-w o o d o il v e h ic le . T h e se sh o w e d in c ip ie n t r u s tin g , ¡speci­
m e n s w i t h o n e c o a tin g o f a lu m in iu m p a i n t d a r k e n e d o w in g to s lig h t r u s tin g
o f th e m e ta l su rfa c e w h ic h p e n e t r a te d th e p a i n t l a y e r ; t h e r e w a s , h o w e v e r,
n o te n d e n c y t o r u s tin g b e y o n d a c e r ta in s ta g e . S o m e o b s e rv a tio n s w e re m a d e
o n t h e effe c t o f p a r tic le size o n p o r o s ity , p e r m e a b ility t o w a te r a n d o x y g e n ,
a n d o n t h e o il-p a in t p rim in g .— L . A . 0 .
A n Im p o rta n t In n o v atio n in th e T reatm en t of M etal Surfaces. The eposition of R ubber. ------- (Metallwaren-Ind. w. Galvano-Tech,., 1936, 34, IJ),
1 7 2 -1 7 4 ).— L . A . O.
550
Metallurgical Abstracts
Vol. 3
V I.— E L E C T R O D E P O S IT IO N
(Continued from pp. 462-464.)
Two Im p o rta n t New Processes in th e Surface T rea tm e n t of M etals. I.—
Deposition of A lu m in iu m by F in k ’s Process. I I .— Seofoto Process. -----( M etallw aren-Ind . u . Galvano-Tech ., 1936, 3 4 , (4), 7 2 -7 3 ). L . A . 0 .
,,,
Calculations fo r B arrel P la tin g w ith Cadm ium . A u s tin F le tc h e r
(M etal Cleaning a n d F in ish in g , 1936, 8, (9), 5 5 9 - 5 6 0 , 5 9 1 -5 9 2 ).— T h e b a t h
re c o m m e n d e d f o r b a r r e l p la tin g c o n ta in s c a d m iu m 1-5 a n d fre e so d iu m c y a n id e
a o z ./U .b . g a ll. M e th o d s o f c a lc u la tin g t h e th ic k n e s s o f d e p o s it a n d tim e o f
p i a t m g a r e g iv e n .— A . I t . P .
1 9 3 M l ^ ° m - 1 8 9 ) a^ L ? A PO tieS 0Í C a d m iu m P la tin g ‘
------- ( M etall-W oche,
^Investigation of th e S tru c tu re a n d P rop erties of E lectrolytic Deposits. III.
rp “ v?atigation i of th e Porosity of C hrom ium D eposits. V . I . A r h a r o v (Z hu rn a l
^
P h Vsics)’ 1935, 5, (9), 1 6 1 8 -1 6 2 4 ).— [ I n R u s .] Gf. M et. A b s., 1935, 2 , 2 3 5 , 7 0 0 . I n d e te r m in in g t h e p o r o s ity o f
c h r o m iu m p l a t e o n b r a s s b y m e a s u rin g t h e r a t e o f e v a p o r a tio n o f t h e z in c
th r o u g h t h e p l a t e o n h e a tin g , r e s u lts w ith a n a c c u r a c y o f ± 3 - 4 % a r e o b ta in e d
b y h e a tin g t h e m e ta l u n d e r r e d u c e d p r e s s u re p r o v id e d t h a t t h e th ic k n e s s o f
t h e p l a t e d o e s n o t e x c e e d 2 0 p . T ra c e s o f n i tr i c a c id in t h e c h ro m iu m b a th
c o n s id e ra b ly a ffe c t t h e p o r o s ity o f t h e p l a te .— N . A .
,,
t h e . H eí e?;tí5 ? and R em oval of F a u lty C hrom ium P late. R a lp h W .
H a r b is o n (M etall-W oche, 1936, (2 0 ), 3 8 1 -3 8 2 ).— T h e c o p p e r s u lp h a te d ip ,
le r r o x y i, a n d e le c tr o d e p o s itio n o f c o p p e r m e th o d s f o r d e te c tin g p o r o s ity in
c h r o m iu m p l a t e a r e d e s c rib e d a n d t h e i r r e la tiv e m e r its d isc u sse d . C h ro m iu m
p í a t e is b e s t s tr ip p e d b y a n o d ic d is s o lu tio n in c a u s tic s o d a so lu tio n s ; s tr ip p in g
i h h y d r o c h lo ric a c id s h o u ld b e u s e d o n ly w h e n n ic k e l is t h e b a s is m e ta l.
^ ^ p
The.°J?r ° f E lectrolytic C hrom ium -P latin g : A n A ttem pt a t a New
E xp lanation . -with P a rtic u la r R eference to th e M ore E lectro-N egative Metals.
Vi i, f
(
í Research, 1936, 5, (6), 1 2 8 -1 3 0 ).— A b r id g e d fro m Z .
Elektrochem., 1 936, 4 2, 377, 5 8 5 ; se e M et. A b s., t h i s v o l., p p . 3 6 6 , 462.
tv
(1
SW SF? ,? la tin g ° f, MetaUic R eflectors. N . B ir iu k o v a n d ¡ ^ M a k a r ie 'v a
esmicK M etallopromishlennosti (Messenger M etal In d .), 1 9 3 6 , 18, (3), 8 1 -9 4 ) —
L in R u s s ia n .]
T h e c h ro m iu m p l a ti n g o f m o to r - c a r h e a d la m p s is d e a l t w ith .
Chrom ium P la tin g of Sections. I . S . T u ti n ( V od nii T ransport ^( Water
Transport), 1936, (6), 1 9 -2 2 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] A s u r v e y .— -N. A .
so“ , - m e r a ^ eaí , R eduction [C hrom ium P latin g]. ------- (M arine
i n i t ’ so i’i^
^7 ^ 2 9 7 - 2 9 8 ; a n d J . Commerce (S h ip , a n d E n g . E d n .), 1936,
J* .
n e w p ro c e ss ( L is ta rd ) o f c h ro m e h a r d e n in g o f c a s t-ir o n
y m d e r s a n d lin e r s t o re d u c e w e a r t o a m in im u m is d isc u sse d . T h e c h ro m iu m
is d e p o s ite d b y e le c tro c h e m ic a l m e a n s a n d g iv e s a v e r y h a r d su rfa c e w h ic h is
a id t o r e s is t b o th c h e m ic a l a n d m e c h a n ic a l w e a r t o a g r e a te r e x t e n t t h a n
n itr o g e n h a 'r d e n e d . - J ^ W .
“
CylÍndCI'S h a r d e n e d ^
th is P ro c e ss a n d
n * ° “ Ah e fPi,'oblem of ¿he In vestig ation of th e F o rm a tio n of L ayers in Cathode
Nm T?
ir a .V ag r a m i a a a n d E . S . S a r k is o v (Izvestia Alcadem ii
N a u k S . S . S . R . (B ull. A cad. S c i. U . R . S .S .), 1935, [v ii], (10), 1 4 1 1 - 1 4 1 7 ) .[In
R u s s ia n .]
tT w f
I t is sh o w n t h a t i t is p o ss ib le t o o b ta i n s tr e a k s o n c o p p e r
i m a n f vCld m e d iu !n > t h e r e i n h y d r o ly s is o f c o p p e r s u lp h a te a c t u a l l y
; tjP ?
111 d is a g re e m e n t w it h T a f t ’s r e s u lts .
T h e s tr e a k e d
e p o s it is f o rm e d b o t h w ith a n d w i th o u t g e la tin e , a n d w h e th e r t h e e le c tr o ly te
is s t i r r e d o r n o t . T h e f o r m a tio n o f t h e s t r e a k y d e p o s its is c o n s id e re d t o b e
V I.— Electrodeposition
1936
551
p ro d u c e d b y t h e v a r y in g r a te s o f g r o w th o f t h e d e p o s it o n d iffe re n t p a r t s o f th e
ca th o d e , d e p e n d in g i n t h e i r t u r n o n t h e d is tr ib u tio n o f t h e lin e s o f fo rce o n th e
c a th o d e su rfa c e a n d o n t h e th ic k n e s s o f th e d iffu s io n la y e r th e r e . -N. A .
Electrolytic D eposition oi D ivalent E uropium . A lfre d B r u k l (Angew. Chem.,
1936, 49, (9), 1 5 9 -1 6 1 ).— T h e s u lp h a te s o lu tio n o f t h e m o s t so lu b le c e riu m
g ro u p e a r th s is e le c tro ly z e d w ith a m e r c u ry c a th o d e ; w h e n t h e e u ro p iu m
c o n s titu te s m o re t h a n 2 % o f t h e t o t a l e a r th s i t is a lm o s t c o m p le te ly d e p o s ite d as
E u S 0 4. O n ly a few r e p e titio n s o f t h e p ro c e ss a r e r e q u ir e d t o o b ta in p u r e
e u ro p iu m . W h e n le ss t h a n 2 % o f th e t o t a l e a r t h s is e u ro p iu m , s tr o n tiu m
ch lo rid e is a d d e d d r o p b y d r o p t o t h e e le c tr o ly te d u r in g e le c tro ly sis a n d th e
re su ltin g p r e c ip ita te o f ( S r ,E u ) S 0 4 is r o a s te d a n d le a c h e d w ith d ilu te h y d r o ­
chloric a c id t o e x t r a c t t h e e u ro p iu m w h ic h is p u rifie d b y r e p e a te d e le c tro ly sis.
—A. R . P.
Lead Coating of A lum inium . O. S c a r p a (AU um inio, 1936, 5 , (1), 1_5)-—
A s tu d y o f t h e p ro b le m o f le a d c o a tin g o f a lu m in iu m , a n d a d e s c rip tio n o f t h e
g a lv a n ic m e th o d s .— J . K .
♦C orrosion Prevention of Steel S tructures by Electrodeposition of Lead.
R.
B e rn h a r d ( B autechnik, 1 9 3 5 , 13, (2 0 ), 2 5 1 -2 5 5 ; B uild. Sci. A bs., 1936, 9, 4 9 ).—
A r e s e a rc h o n t h e e le c tro d e p o s itio n o f le a d o n ste e l f o r t h e p r o te c tio n o f ste e l
s tr u c tu r e s e x p o s e d t o sm o k e a n d a c id - c o n ta in in g g a se s is b e in g c a rrie d o u t b y
th e D e u ts c h e R e ic h s b a h n G e s e llsc h a ft. A b r ie f a c c o u n t is g iv e n o f t h e p l a n t
a n d p ro c e ss d e v e lo p e d , o f t h e e lim in a tio n o f c e r ta in d ifficu lties in t h e p ro cess,
a n d o f i ts c o s t c o m p a r e d w ith p a in tin g . F o r th e m a x im u m d e g re e o f p r o te c tio n
a c o a tin g 0-3 m m . th i c k h a s b e e n f o u n d n e c e s s a r y ; t h e tim e r e q u ir e d t o
o b ta in t h e c o a tin g h a s b e e n r e d u c e d to 6 h rs . T h e e le c tro d e p o s itio n o f le a d
c o a tin g s o n w e ld e d jo in ts c a n b e c a r r ie d o u t s a tis f a c to rily , b u t d iffic u ltie s h a v e
b e e n e n c o u n te r e d w ith r iv e te d jo in ts . A tte n t io n is d ir e c te d t o t h e im p o rta n c e
o f a p p ly in g a r u s t- p r e v e n tiv e p a i n t to a ll c o n ta c t su rfa c e s b e fo re a sse m b lin g
le a d -c o a te d p a r t s , in c lu d in g b o lts a n d n u ts in e x is tin g s tr u c tu r e s .— S . G.
* 0 n the S im ultaneous E lectrodeposition of Lead and Copper. P . P . B e lja e v ,
S P . M a rk o v a , a n d S. P . G e lm a n ( Vestnick M etallopromishlennosti (Messenger
M etal In d .), 1 9 3 6 , 16, (4), 9 0 - 9 4 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] F ro m b e n z e n e d is u lp h o n a te
s o lu tio n s c o n ta in in g le a d 0-7, c o p p e r 0-2, a n d n ic k e l 0-2 g rm .-e q u iv . w ith
0*2 g rm .-e q u iv . o f fre e a c id p e r litr e a n d 1 % o f g e la tin , a n a llo y c o n ta in in g
1 1 % le a d is o b ta in e d w i th o u t s tir r in g , a n d o n e w ith 5 % le a d w ith s tir r in g u sin g
c u r r e n t a t 1 a m p ./ d m .2. W i t h 3 a m p ./d m .2 t h e c o rre s p o n d in g d e p o s its c o n ta in
9 0 a n d 5 0 % le a d , r e s p e c tiv e ly .— D . N . S.
E lectrolytic M anganese. J . K o s te r a n d S . M . S h e lto n (E ng. <f- M in . J .,
1936, 137, (10), 5 1 0 -5 1 2 , 5 1 4 ).— O u tlin e s th e m e th o d s o f d e p o s itio n a n d s ta te s
t h a t t h e d e g re e o f p u r i ty o b ta in a b le is 9 9 -6 % .— R . G r.
New B right Nickel Process.
(M et. I n d . ( N .Y .) , 1936, 34, (1), /.7).—
A n e w p ro c e ss fo r b r i g h t n ic k e l p la tin g is d e s c rib e d in w h ic h t h e d e p o s it
c o n ta in s so m e c o b a l t ; th is is s u p p lie d f ro m s p e c ia l c o b a lt- n ic k e l a n o d e s . A
sp e c ia l b r ig h te n in g a g e n t is a lso r e q u ire d . A b r ie f a c c o u n t is g iv e n o f t h e
p ro cess, t h e p r o p e rtie s o f t h e d e p o s it o b ta in e d , a n d its u se s. L . A . 0 .
T he Production of Nickel Sheets by Deposition. A . I . W y n n e -W illia m s
(J. Electrodepositors' Tech. Soc., 1936, 11, 1 4 3 -1 5 3 ; a n d M et. In d ., (Lond.),
1936, 4 9 , (9), 2 1 5 -2 1 9 ).— C o n sid e rs t h e p r o d u c tio n o f n ic k e l sh e e ts b y d e p o s itio n
o n r o ta tin g c a th o d e s fro m th e p o in t o f v ie w o f p u r i ty o f p r o d u c t (h ig h ), size
(12 f t . X 4 f t . is q u ite p r a c tic a l) , a n d c o st. T h e p r e s e n t lim ita tio n s o f th e
m e th o d a r e t h e in a b ility t o p r o d u c e m o d ifie d c o m p o s itio n s , a n d th e la c k o f
a b r ig h t fin ish o n b o t h sid e s o f t h e sh e e t. T h e th e o r y o f t h e p ro c e ss a n d c o n ­
s tr u c tio n a l a n d o p e r a tin g d a t a a r e c o n s id e re d in so m e d e ta il.— W . D . J .
Alloy P lating B ath and Process. ------- ( Autom otive I n d ., 1936, 74, (18),
840 ).— A d e s c rip tio n o f a ( p a te n te d ) p ro c e ss f o r th e e le c tro d e p o s itio n o f a
P P
552
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
h a r d , b r ig h t, a n d n o n - p ittin g n ic k e l- c o b a lt a llo y , w h ic h c a n b e d e p o s ite d
d ir e c tly o n s te e l.— P . M . C . R .
♦In flu e n c e of the A ddition of Cadm ium Salts to Nickel B aths on th e Properties
of Nickel Deposits. N . P . L a p in a n d G . P . M a tv e e v (Z hurnal P rikladnoy
K h im ii (J. Applied, Chem.), 1936, 9, (7), 1 2 6 0 -1 2 6 8 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] A d d itio n
o f a c a d m iu m s a l t t o a n ic k e l b a t h a s s is ts in t h e p r o d u c tio n o f a b r i g h t d e p o s it,
t h e e ffe c t d e p e n d in g o n t h e b a t h c o m p o s itio n a n d o p e r a tin g c o n d itio n s . T h e
b e s t r e s u lts a r e o b ta in e d w i th b a th s c o n ta in in g b o ric a c id a n d a m m o n iu m
c h lo rid e . W i t h in c r e a s in g th ic k n e s s o f d e p o s it t h e b r ig h te n in g e ffe c t o f
c a d m iu m d i m i n i s h e s ; i t is a m a x im u m w h e n t h e n ic k e l is d e p o s ite d o n c o p p e r
o r a c o p p e r u n d e r c o a t. T o m a i n ta i n t h e c a d m iu m c o n te n t o f th e e le c tr o ly te ,
s m a ll c a d m iu m a n o d e s m a y b e u s e d to g e th e r w it h t h e o r d in a r y n ic k e l a n o d e s .
T e s t r e s u lts a r e ta b u l a t e d .— N . A .
Nickel a n d C hrom ium P la tin g of Z inc a n d Die-Cast Z inc. V . P . S a c c h i
(In d u stria meccanica, 1936, 18, 334—3 3 9 ; C. A bs., 1936, 30, 7 0 4 7 ).— A v e r y
e x h a u s tiv e re v ie w o f t h e l i te r a tu r e o n p r o c e d u r e s f o r o b ta in in g g o o d d e p o s its ,
d e f e c ts m o s t c o m m o n i n t h e d e p o s its , p r o p e rtie s o f t h e d e p o s its fro m a c id a n d
b a s ic b a t h s , a n d s tr e s s e s o c c u rrin g in t h e d e p o s its . A bibliography o f 67
r e fe re n c e s is g iv e n .— S . G .
A nalysis of Nickel Salts fo r P la tin g B ath s. (M aly .) S ee p . 563.
Some R e m a rk s on P la tin u m , Pallad ium , a n d R h odium B ath s. A . W o g rin z
( M e ta llw a re n -ln d . u . G alvano-Tech., 1936, 34, (9), 1 7 4 -1 7 7 ).— A b r ie f re v ie w ,
w i t h p a r t i c u l a r re fe re n c e t o t h e p a t e n t l i t e r a tu r e .— L . A . O.
P la tin g R h e n iu m a n d R h en iu m -N ick el Alloys. C. B . P . Y o u n g (M et. In d .
(.N . Y . ), 1936, 3 4 , (5 ), 1 7 6 -1 7 7 ).— A b r ie f h is to r ic a l re v ie w a n d d e s c rip tio n o f
p r e s e n t m e th o d s , w i t h re fe re n c e s t o t h e lit e r a t u r e .— L . A . O.
R ho diu m P la tin g : A New P rotective Process. F . K u c h ( M etallw irtschaft,
1936, 15, (2 5 ), 5 6 9 -5 7 0 ).— T h e in c r e a s e d p r o d u c tio n o f r h o d iu m h a s r e n d e r e d
p o ss ib le i t s u se a s a p r o te c tiv e c o a tin g , a n d d e v e lo p m e n ts i n d e p o s itio n
p ro c e sse s a r e b rie fly o u tlin e d . T h e h ig h re fle c tin g p o w e r, m e c h a n ic a l s tr e n g th ,
a n d r e s is ta n c e t o o x id a tio n o f t h e m e ta l h a v e le d t o i t s in c re a s in g u s e in
o r n a m e n ta l w o r k , c lo c k m a k in g , r a d io c o n s tru c tio n , a n d in s u rfa c in g m irr o r s
a n d o p tic a l p r o je c to r s y s te m s .— P . M . C. R .
R hodanizing.
(Jeweller a n d M etalworker, 1936, 62, (1503), 5 5 0 ).—
A b r i e f a c c o u n t o f a n e w p ro c e ss f o r t h e r h o d iu m - p la tin g o f s ilv e r, a n d it s
p o ss ib le in flu e n c e o n t h e p re c io u s m e ta l in d u s t r y .— L . A . O.
Control of Silver-P lating Solutions. E . J . D o b b s (J. Electrodepositors’
Tech. Soc., 1936, 11, 1 0 4 -1 0 8 ).— A n a c c o u n t o f t h e d e te r m in a tio n o f fre e
c y a n id e , m e ta l, a n d c a r b o n a te c o n te n t o f s ilv e r - p la tin g s o lu tio n s , to g e th e r w ith
so m e r e c o m m e n d e d a n a ly s e s .— W . D . J .
H istorical D evelopm ent and P ractice of Silver-P lating. R . E . C lose (J.
Electrodepositors’ Tech. Soc., 1 9 3 6 , 1 1 , 1 0 1 -1 0 3 ).— A v e r y b r ie f h is to r ic a l a c c o u n t
o f s ilv e r - p la tin g , t o g e t h e r w it h so m e r e c o m m e n d a tio n s f o r p r a c tic e .— W . D . J .
Silver a n d Gold P la tin g of A lum inium , D uralu m in , & c. G . H u t h (Deut.
Goldschmiedezeit., 1934, 3 7 , 3 1 - 3 2 ).— T h e su rfa c e o f t h e b a s e m e ta l is firs t
o x id iz e d e ith e r c h e m ic a lly o r e le c tr o ly tic a lly . A s t h e n a t u r a l o x id e la y e r o n
a lu m in iu m is u n s u ita b le f o r p l a tin g w i t h g o ld o r s ilv e r t h i s is p r o d u c e d a r t i ­
fic ia lly b y e le c tro ly s is in e ith e r 1 0 % c h ro m ic a c id o r 3 % o x a lic a c id s o lu tio n s ,
o r b y c h e m ic a l t r e a t m e n t in a n a q u e o u s s o lu tio n c o n ta in in g 3 % a m m o n iu m
c h lo rid e a n d 1 % a m m o n ia , a t 1 0 0 ° C . T h e s ilv e r p la tin g is c a r r ie d o u t b y
d ip p in g in a s o lu tio n o f s ilv e r n i t r a t e a t 160° C. A s im ila r m e th o d is u s e d f o r
g o ld p la tin g .— L . A . O.
P la tin g Silver to Specifications. C. B . F . Y o u n g (M etal Gleaning and
F in ish in g , 1 936, 8 , (5 ), 2 2 7 -2 3 1 ).— D e s c rib e s a m e th o d o f c o n tr o l.— S . G.
*X -R ay Studies on E lectrodeposited Silver. (B a s u a n d H u s s a in .) S ee
p . 530.
1936
V I.— Electrodeposition
553
Electroplating in th e Service oi M etallurgy. E lectrolytic Tinning as
Protection A gainst Nitride H ardening. A . B a r a t t i n i (In d u stria meccanica,
1934, 16, 9 4 - 9 5 ; C. A b s., 1936, 30, 7 4 6 0 ).— P a r t s o r a r e a s n o t t o b e h a r d e n e d
are p r o te c te d b y a n e le c tr o d e p o s it o f t in .
p o sitio n o f t h e b a t h is n o t s ta te d .-—S. G.
D e ta ils a r e g iv e n , b u t t h e c o m ­
Contribution to th e E lectrolytic Tinning of W ires. R o b e r t G . S n ellin g
(MetaU-Woche, 1936, (21), 4 0 9 —i l l ) . — A d isc u ssio n o f t h e r e la tiv e m e r its o f
acid s u lp h a te a n d s t a n n a t e - a c e t a t e p la tin g b a th s .— A . R . P .
E lectro-G alvanizing R ou nd W ire. A rn o ld W e is se lb e rg (M et. In d . ( N .Y .) ,
1936, 34, (5), 1 6 8 -1 7 2 ).— S ee M et. A bs., th i s v o l., p . 2 6 0 .— S. G.
New W ire G alvanizing Process Applies D ense Coatings a t H igh Current
Densities.
E r n e s t H . L y o n s , J r . ( M etal Cleaning and F inishing, 1936, 8, (9),
5 41-54 2 ).— A p ro c e ss r e c e n tly in tr o d u c e d in A m e ric a is c la im e d to p r o d u c e
dense, b r ig h t, s m o o th a n d n o n -p o ro u s z in c d e p o s its o n s te e l w h ic h re q u ire n o
w iping , b u rn is h in g , o r o th e r m e c h a n ic a l t r e a t m e n t. N o d e ta ils a r e g iv e n .
— A. R . P.
The Basic T heory of the New “ B ethanizing ” Process [for G alvanizing W ire].
U . C. T a in to n (W ire and W ire Products, 1936, 11, (5), 2 2 5 -2 2 7 , 2 4 3 ; a n d
Draht-W elt, 1936, 29, (29), 4 3 1 -4 3 3 ).— T h e m e th o d , w h ic h is b a s e d o n th e
n o n - re a c tiv ity o f p u r e z in c to w a r d s a c id s , c o n s is ts i n t h e p u r ific a tio n o f z in c
c o n c e n tra te s a n d in t h e s u b s e q u e n t d ir e c t d e p o s itio n o f m e ta llic z in c o n t h e
ste e l w ire , w h ic h is p r e v e n te d f ro m a d s o rb in g e ith e r h y d r o g e n o r o x y g e n b y
im m ersio n i n f u s e d so d iu m h y d r o x id e . A n a c c o u n t is g iv e n o f t h e n e c e s s a ry
a d ju s tm e n ts o f c u r r e n t d e n s ity , a n d a la rg e c o m m e rc ia l B e th a n iz in g p l a n t is
d e sc rib e d .— P . M . C . R .
Im proved M ethod fo r E lectrodepositing Alloys. H . K e r s te n a n d W m . T .
Y o u n g (In d u st, and E ng. Chem., 1936, 28, (10), 1 1 7 6 -1 1 7 7 ).— A m e th o d fo r th e
e le c tro d e p o s itio n o f n ic k e l- ir o n a llo y s o f a r e q u ir e d c o m p o s itio n is illu s tr a te d
a n d d e s c rib e d . T h e b a t h is k e p t s a t u r a t e d w ith r e s p e c t t o a s a lt o f o n e o f th e
m e ta ls (in t h i s ca se , n ic k e l f o rm a te ) a n d t h e s a lt o f t h e o th e r (fe rro u s s u lp h a te )
is a d d e d c o n tin u o u s ly o r a t f r e q u e n t in te r v a ls . A n in s o lu b le a n o d e is u se d ,
a n d th e p H o f t h e s o lu tio n is k e p t c o n s t a n t b y f r e q u e n t a d d itio n s o f a n e u tr a liz ­
ing s u b s ta n c e o r b y p a s s in g t h e e le c tr o ly te c o n tin u o u s ly o v e r a so lid n e u tr a liz ­
ing s u b s ta n c e . C r y s ta l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e e le c tr o d e p o s it, m a d e b y t h e H u l l D e b y e - S c h e r re r m e th o d , sh o w e d t h a t i t h a d t h e sa m e s tr u c t u r e a s t h a t o f
n ic k e l a n d w a s p r o b a b ly a so lid s o lu tio n o f ir o n in n ic k e l.— E . J .
Castings for E lectrodeposition. B . C a p la n (F ound. Trade J ., 1936, 54,
(4), 8 3 - 8 4 ; d isc u ssio n , 134-136).-— R e a d b e fo re t h e M id la n d B r a n c h o f th e
E le c tro d e p o s ito rs ’ T e c h n ic a l S o c ie ty a n d t h e C o v e n tr y a n d W e s t M id la n d
B r a n c h o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o f B r itis h F o u n d r y m e n , e n t i t l e d : “ T ro u b le s
E x p e rie n c e d in E le c tro d e p o s itio n d u e to U n s u ita b le C a stin g s.” — J . H . W .
*Some C haracteristics of E lectrolytically Deposited M etals [Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe].
L a d is la v J e n ic e k (Congres In te m a t. M in e s M et. Geol., Section de M etallurgie,
1936, 2, 1 3 1 - 1 3 8 ; a n d R ev. M e t., 1936, 33, (6), 3 7 1 -3 7 8 ).— [ I n F re n c h .]
T h e effe cts o f a n n e a lin g t h i c k e le c tr o d e p o s its o f c h r o m iu m , n ic k e l, c o p p e r,
a n d ir o n o n t h e i r h a r d n e s s , m ic r o s tr u c tu re , a n d d e n s ity w e re s tu d ie d , a n d
a C h e v e n a rd d if fe r e n tia l d ila to m e te r w a s u s e d to d e te r m in e c h a n g e s in le n g th
o n h e a tin g . T h e u n e tc h e d p o lis h e d s u rfa c e o f a c h r o m iu m d e p o s it sh o w s
n u m e ro u s c a v itie s , b u t a f t e r a n n e a lin g fe w e r a r e f o u n d . T h e y a r e p r o b a b ly
fo rm e d a s a r e s u lt o f p a r tic le s o f th e b r i tt l e d e p o s it b e in g t o m o u t d u r in g
p o lish in g . A n e tc h e d s u rfa c e a ls o sh o w s n u m e r o u s fin e fissu res. T h e se
a p p e a r u n a f fe c te d b y a n n e a lin g o r r e c r y s ta lliz a tio n a n d m a y r e p r e s e n t s m a ll
c h a n n e ls w h ic h h a v e n o t b e e n fille d u p d u r in g d e p o s itio n . T h e h a r d n e s s ,
o rig in a lly 8 0 0 -1 0 0 0 B r in e ll, s t a r t s t o d e c re a s e a f t e r a n n e a lin g a t a b o u t 300° C.
a n d d e c re a s e s t o 2 3 0 -2 5 0 B r in e ll a f t e r a n n e a lin g a t 1000° C . D ila to m e tr ic
c u rv e s sh o w a c o n tr a c tio n , c o m m e n c in g a t a lo w e r te m p e r a tu r e , a n d re a c h in g
554
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
n e a r l y 1 % a f t e r a n n e a lin g a t 1000° C . F o r a g iv e n a n n e a lin g te m p e r a tu r e ,
c o n tr a c tio n a n d lo ss o f h a r d n e s s a r e a f u n c t io n o f a n n e a lin g tim e , a p p r o a c h in g
a c o n s t a n t v a lu e a f t e r s e v e ra l h o u r s . D e p o s ite d ir o n , lik e c h r o m iu m , sh o w s
a d ila to m e tr ic c o n tr a c tio n , a c c o m p a n ie d b y a n in c r e a s e i n d e n s ity , a f t e r
a n n e a lin g . D e p o s ite d n ic k e l, o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , sh o w s p r a c tic a lly n o in c re a s e
in d e n s ity , a n d n o in c r e a s e h a s b e e n d e t e c t e d in d e p o s ite d c o p p e r .— J . C . C.
P la tin g M otor-Car H eadlights. A M odern In sta lla tio n in P a r i s . ------(M et. I n d . {Lond.), 1936, 49, (18), 4 4 3 - 4 4 5 ).— A b r ie f d e s c rip tio n o f th e
p o lis h in g a n d a u t o m a t i c p l a ti n g e q u ip m e n t o f t h e S o c ié té d e s P h a r e s M a rc h a i
à P a n t i n (P a ris ).— J . E . N .
E lectroplating on A lum inium . R . V o g t (A lu m in iu m and N on-F errous
Rev., 1936, 1, (10), 481 ; 2, (1), 4 3 ^ 4 ) . — A re v ie w o f t h e p r in c ip a l d iffic u ltie s
in e le c tr o p la tin g a lu m in iu m a n d its a llo y s.— P . M . C . R .
A lum inium P ickle “ C ” a M eans for th e R eady Electrodeposition on
L ight M etals w ith A lum in ium Base. -------- (M etallw aren-Ind. u . GalvanoTech., 1936, 34, (1 8 ), 3 5 2 ).— L . A . 0 .
O bservations on th e P la tin g of N on-F erro us M etals fo r O utdoor E xposure
Tests. P . W . C . S tr a u s s e r (M o n th ly R ev. A m e r. Electroplaters' Soc., 1936,
23, (1 0 ), 2 3 - 3 3 ).— M e th o d s a n d b a t h s f o r p r o d u c in g s t a n d a r d p la te s o f n ic k e l,
c o p p e r, a n d c h r o m iu m o n ir o n , s te e l, c o p p e r, b r a s s , a n d z in c -b a s e d ie -c a s tin g s
a r e d e s c rib e d .— A . R . P .
The Com m ercial a n d P ractical Aspects of Throw ing Pow er as a F a c to r in
th e C haracter of Deposits. D o n a ld W o o d (M o n th ly Rev. A m e r. Electroplaters'
Soc., 1 936, 2 3 , (10), 7 -1 1 ; d is c u s s io n , 1 1 -2 2 ).— T h e im p o r ta n c e o f th r o w in g
p o w e r i n s ilv e r - p la tin g s o lu tio n s is d isc u sse d .— A . R . P .
P la tin g E conom y D em ands Control of “ D rag -O u t ” Losses from P latin g
Solutions. G e o rg e B . H o g a b o o m (M etal Cleaning and F in ish in g , 1936, 8,
(1 0 ), 6 7 7 -6 8 2 ).— T h e lo ss o f p l a ti n g s o lu tio n b y d r a g - o u t h a s b e e n c a lc u la te d
f o r a n u m b e r o f c o m m e r c ia l p l a ti n g b a th s a n d is s h o w n t o in c r e a s e w i th
d e c r e a s in g size of t h e a r tic le s p la te d , w i th in c r e a s in g v is c o s ity o f t h e s o lu tio n ,
w i t h d e c re a s e i n d r a in in g tim e a n d w i th in c r e a s e i n t h e size o f t h e b o tto m
e d g e .— A . R . P .
*The Significance of th e />„ N um ber of A lkaline B ath s in E lectrodeposition.
R i c h a r d S p rin g e r (Z. Elektrochem., 1936, 42, (1 0 ), 7 3 2 - 7 3 6 ; a n d M etallwaren
In d . u . G alvano-Tech., 1936, 34, (14), 2 6 9 - 2 7 0 ).— A n in v e s tig a tio n o f th e
q u a l i t y a n d c o lo u r o f b r a s s p l a t e d f ro m a s o lu tio n c o n ta in in g 37 g r m ./li tr e
N a C H (? N a C N ), 18 C u C N , 11 Z n C l2, 22 N a 2C 0 3, 2 N H 4C1, a n d 10 N a 2S 0 3
( c ry s t.), a n d h a v in g p H v a lu e s o f f ro m 9-8 t o 13-5. F r o m p a 9-8 t o 10-3 th e
c o a tin g w a s b r a s s y e llo w ; f r o m 10-4 t o 12-5 i t w a s in c r e a s in g ly m o t tl e d a n d
n o n - u n ifo r m ; a b o v e 12-5, i t b e c a m e u n if o rm a g a in a n d w a s o f a y e llo w -re d
( T o m b a k ) c o lo u r. D ilu tio n d o w n t o 50 g r m ./l it r e o f s a l t h a d l i t t l e effe ct
o n t h e d e p o s it. T h e e ffe c t o f N H 4 io n s, t h e d e p o s itio n o f T o m b a k f ro m b ra s s
b a t h s , t h e sig n ific a n c e o f t h e p s v a lu e in c a d m iu m b a t h s , t h e p K v a lu e o f
a lk a lin e c y a n id e c o p p e r b a t h s a n d o f s ilv e r b a th s , a n d t h e u se o f L P W - P e h a
p a p e r (s im ila r t o l i t m u s p a p e r , b u t m o re s e n s itiv e ) f o r t h e d e te r m in a tio n o f th e
p n v a lu e a r e d is c u s s e d .— J . H . W .
T he Influence of New A dvances in p B D eterm inatio n in th e M etal and
E lectro plating Indu stries. A . K a r s t e n (M etallw aren-Ind. u. Galvano-Tech.,
1936, 34, (1), 1 0 - 1 2 ; a n d M et. In d . (Lond.), 1936, 49, (2 2 ), 5 4 1 -5 4 2 ).
—J. E. N.
p n D eterm in ation in E lectrop lating B aths. R . S p rin g e r (M etallw aren-Ind.
u. G alvano-Tech., 1936, 34, (11), 2 1 1 -2 1 2 ).— L . A . 0 .
A R apid M ethod of D eterm ining Boric Acid in Nickel P lating Solutions.
M . H . L o n g fie ld (M onthly Rev. A m e r. Electroplaters' Soc., 1936, 23, (5), 2 3 -2 4 ).
— S . G.
19 36
V I.— Electrodeposition
555
Modern F iltra tio n Practice in E lectroplating. F . D . P a c e ( Metal Cleaning
and Finishing, 1936, 8, (5), 2 3 3 -2 3 8 , 2 6 0 ).— S ee Met. Abs., t h i s v o l., p . 163.
— S. G .
H . L . F a r b e r (Monthly Rev. Amer.
Electroplaters' Soc., 1936, 23, (9), 5 - 1 7 ).— E x a m p le s f r o m a ty p i c a l A m e ric a n
w o rk s p r o d u c in g d o m e s tic e le c tr ic a l a p p a r a tu s w ith n ic k e l- o r c h ro m iu m p l a t e d fin is h a r e d is c u s s e d .— A . R . P .
Pickling a n d P latin g B rittleness of Steel. H . S u tto n (J. Electrodepositors'
Tech. Soc., 1936, 11, 1 1 7 -1 3 0 ).— C o m p rise s a n a c c o u n t o f th e c a u s e s o f
p ic k lin g a n d p l a tin g b r ittle n e s s o f s te e l, th e effe ct o f p ic k lin g o r p la tin g o n t h e
m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s , t h e in flu e n c e o f c o m p o s itio n a n d c o n d itio n o f th e s te e l,
a n d t h e m o d ific a tio n s w h ic h m a y b e o b ta in e d b y v a r y in g th e p ic k lin g
c o n d itio n s . R e c o m m e n d a tio n s a r e g iv e n , e.g. f o r a c id e le c tro ly tic p ic k lin g ,
low o r m o d e r a te t e m p e r a tu r e a n d h ig h in i ti a l c u r r e n t d e n s ity , o r a lte r n a tiv e ly ,
p a s s iv a tio n t r e a t m e n t , i n c h r o m a te - s u lp h u r ic b a t h s .— W . D . J .
Process Control a n d F inishing Costs.
D eterm ination of Some M etal C ontents fin Plating B aths].
------ (Metall-
waren-Ind. w. Galvano-Tech., 1936, 34, (8), 1 5 4 -1 5 6 ).— L . A . O.
P latin g by the A m pere-H our M eter Method. R o b e r t W . W ilso n (Met. Ind.
(N.Y.), 1936, 34, (1 0 ), 3 8 7 -3 8 8 ).— T h e m e th o d p ro v id e s a c c u r a te k n o w le d g e
o f th ic k n e s s a n d a s s u re s e c o n o m y b y o b v ia tin g o v e r p la tin g .— S. G.
T he G row th of th e E lectroplating In dustry. D . J . M a c n a u g h ta n (J. Electro­
depositors' Tech. Soc., 1936, I I , 1 5 5 -1 8 1 ).— C o m p rises a n a c c o u n t o f t h e d e v e lo p ­
m e n t o f t h e e le c tr o p la tin g i n d u s tr y in so m e d e ta il. T h e a r tic le is illu s tr a te d
w ith so m e in te r e s tin g d a t e c h a r ts .— W . D . J .
E lectroplating. P resen t Position of In dustry. H . J . T . E llin g h a m (Canad.
Chem. and Met., 1936, 20, (9), 2 8 2 -2 8 3 ).— A re v ie w o f r e c e n t a d v a n c e s .
— A. R . P.
O bservations on E lectroplating in E urope. W illia m B lu m (Monthly Rev.
Amer. Electroplaters' Soc., 1936, 2 3 , (4), 38—46).— S. G.
R ecent D evelopm ents in E lectroplating. — I—II. M . d e K a y T h o m p s o n
(Metal Cleaning and Finishing, 1936, 8, (1), 1 3 - 1 6 ; (2), 6 5 -6 6 , 7 0 ).— A b r ie f
s u m m a r y o f t h e m o re i m p o r t a n t d e v e lo p m e n ts d u r in g t h e p a s t 3 y e a r s .— S. G.
P rogress in th e Electrodeposition of Metals. C. B . F . Y o u n g (Metal
Cleaning and Finishing, 1 936, 8, (2), 6 1 -6 4 ).— S. G.
The R elative Com mercial V alues of V arious M ethods of H eating, Together
w ith Some Notes on H e a t Transm ission. J . B in n s (J. Electrodepositors' Tech.
Soc., 1936, 11, 1 3 1 -1 4 2 ).— D isc u sse s th e h e a tin g o f p la tin g b a t h s b y (i) coalfire d s te a m h e a t i n g ; (ii) fu e l-o il fire d s te a m h e a t i n g ; (iii) fu e l-o il d ir e c t fire d ;
(iv) p a ra ffin d ir e c t f i r e d ; (v) g a s d ir e c t f i r e d ; a n d (vi) e le c tric h e a tin g ,
m a in ly f ro m t h e p o i n t o f v ie w o f c o s t. S o m e u s e fu l c o s tin g d a t a a r e c ite d .
A n in tr o d u c tio n t o t h e p r a c tic a l s t u d y o f h e a t t r a n s f e r in c o n n e c tio n w ith
p la tin g is in c lu d e d .— W . D . J .
Pow er Supply for E lectro -P latin g w ith P a rtic u lar R eference to Rectification.
(J. Electrodepositors' Tech. Soc., 1 9 3 6 , 11, 1 0 9 - 1 1 6 ; a n d (su m m a rie s)
Met. Ind. (Lond.), 1936, 48, (13), 3 9 1 - 3 9 4 ; Met. Ind. (N .Y.), 1936, 34, (7),
A. S m a rt
2 6 1 -2 6 4 ).— A n e le m e n ta r y d e s c rip tiv e a n d e x p la n a to r y a c c o u n t o f e le c tric
s u p p ly e q u ip m e n t n e c e s s a ry f o r p la tin g . S o m e a p p r o x im a te fig u re s fo r
c a p i t a l c o s t a r e c ite d .— W . D . J .
Use of K orolac as a Protective Coating on E lectroplating R acks. H . E .
F r i tz (Met. Ind. (N .Y.), 1936, 34, (1), 2 6 -2 7 ).— K o ro la c is a s o lu tio n o f
k o ro se a l, a n e w s y n th e tic r u b b e r- lik e m a te r ia l, w h ic h a t n o r m a l te m p e r a tu r e s
is a je lly -lik e s u b s ta n c e b u t w h e n h e a te d b e c o m e s liq u id . I n th e l a t t e r fo rm
i t h a s b e e n su c c e ss fu lly a p p lie d a s a p r o te c tiv e c o a tin g fo r e le c tr o p la tin g ra c k s.
T h e m e th o d o f a p p lic a tio n o f K o ro la c to th e r a c k s is d e s c rib e d .— L . A . O.
Coating Procedure for P lating Racks. H . E . F r it z a n d M . H . L o n g e n e c k e r
(Metal Cleaning and Finishing, 1936, 8, (5), 2 8 7 -2 8 8 ).— B rie fly d e s c rib e s a
556
M etallurgical A bsiracts
V ol. 3
s a tis f a c to r y c o a tin g p r o c e d u r e f o r p l a t in g r a c k s , w h ic h c a n b e a p p lie d to
i n d iv id u a l p l a n t s a n d w h ic h g iv e s g o o d p r o te c tio n w h e n u s e d in v a rio u s
p l a t i n g a n d c le a n in g s o lu tio n s .— S . G .
R ubber-L ined E q uipm ent Finds E xtensive Use in M odern P ickling Room s.
J . R . H o o v e r (Metal Cleaning and Finishing, 1936, 8, (10), 6 8 7 -6 9 2 ).— S om e
t y p e s o f m o d e r n r u b b e r - lin e d p ic k lin g v a t s a n d o t h e r e q u ip m e n t a r e d e s c rib e d
a n d i l l u s t r a t e d .— A . R . P .
D evelopm ents in P la tin g M achinery.— I - H . J o h n V a n d e r V o o r t (Metal
Cleaning and Finishing, 1936, 8, (1), 17—2 0 ; (2), 67—6 9 ).— B rie fly d isc u sse s
d e v e lo p m e n ts i n g e n e r a to r s , la t h e s f o r p o lis h in g a n d b u ffin g , c o n v e y o r s y s te m s,
p l a t i n g b a r re ls , b u r n is h in g b a r re ls , a n d c e n tr if u g a l d r y e r s a n d c le a n in g e q u ip ­
m e n t .— S . G .
M aintenance of G enerators a n d R heo stats. M . M . R o s e (Metal Cleaning
and Finishing, 1936, 8, (5), 2 4 9 -2 5 0 , 2 7 6 ).— S. G .
“ T rouble Shooting ” on P la tin g G enerators. L . L . S to ffel (Metal Cleaning
and Finishing, 1 936, 8, (8), 4 7 9 -4 8 2 ; (9), 5 6 5 - 5 7 0 ,5 9 0 ; a n d Met. Ind. (N. Y.),
1936, 3 4 , (9), 3 3 9 -3 4 1 ).— T h e c u re s f o r t h e c o m m o n tr o u b le s w h ic h o c c u r in
r o u tin e p r a c tic e a r e d isc u sse d .— S . G .
V II.-E L E C T R O M E T A L L U R G Y A N D E L E C T R O C H E M IS T R Y
( O th e r t h a n E le c tro d e p o s itio n .)
(Continued from pp. 464-465.)
E lectrolytic P rod uctio n of Calcium . V . M . G u s k o v a n d M . T . K o v a le n k o
(Metallurg (Metallurgist), 1 9 3 6 , (8), 73 -76). — [ I n R u s s ia n .] A d e s c rip tio n a n d
t h e r e s u lts o f t e s ts o f a b a t h d e s ig n e d f o r t h e p r o d u c tio n o f c a lc iu m .— N . A .
^C ontributions to th e C hem istry of G erm anium . On th e E lectrochem ical
B ehaviour of G erm anium . R o b e r t S c h w a rz , F r i t z H e in r ic h , a n d E r ik a
H o lls te in (Z. anorg. Chern., 1936, 229, (2), 146-159). — O n a c c o u n t o f its r e a d y
o x id iz a b ility in t h e p re s e n c e o f o x y g e n e le c tr o ly tic g e r m a n iu m g iv e s n e ith e r
a c o n s t a n t n o r a re p ro d u c ib le e .m .f. in th e c e l l: G elA -Z n S O jIiV -K C h H g jC ljIH g .
A t t e m p t s t o d e te r m in e t h e n o r m a l d is s o lu tio n p o te n ti a l G e -G e lT b y p o te n tia l
m e a s u re m e n ts in a q u e o u s s o lu tio n s fa ile d , b u t c .d .- p o t e n ti a l c u r v e s f o r v a rio u s
g e r m a n iu m -c o n ta in in g e le c tr o ly te s h a v e b e e n c o n s tr u c te d . G e rm a n iu m
c a n n o t b e e le c tr o ly tic a lly d e p o s ite d q u a n t it a ti v e ly e x c e p t f ro m a lk a lin e
o x a la te s o lu tio n s c o n ta in in g t i n , w h e n b o th m e ta ls a r e d e p o s ite d q u a n ti ­
t a t i v e l y ; e x a m p le s a r e g iv e n .— A . R . P .
*The Influence of a Sm all Q uantity of A gar-A gar a n d G elatin on the R a te of
C rystallization of Cathodic Silver D eposits. A . G la z u n o v , J . T e in d l, a n d J .
H a l i k (Chem. Listy, 1935, 2 9 , (9), 117-118, 131-133).— T h e in flu e n c e o f co llo id s
a n d o rg a n ic s u b s ta n c e s o n t h e n a t u r e o f c a th o d ic d e p o s its is re v ie w e d . T h e
a p p a r a t u s u s e d is s im ila r t o t h a t d e s c rib e d p r e v io u s ly (Met. Abs. (J. Inst.
Metals), 1932, 50, 636). U s in g a s lig h tly a c id ifie d 1% s o lu tio n o f s ilv e r n i t r a t e
a n d v a r y in g t h e c u r r e n t d e n s ity a n d t h e a d d itio n s o f a g a r - a g a r a n d g e la tin , t h e
r a t e o f c r y s ta lliz a tio n K G j w a s m e a s u re d . R e s u lts a r e g iv e n in t h e fo rm o f
ta b le s a n d d ia g ra m s . K G Xd e c re a s e s w i th in c re a se in t h e a m o u n t o f g e la tin o r
a g a r - a g a r a d d e d , t h e in flu e n c e o f g e la tin b e in g m o re e ffe c tiv e . A n in c re a s e o f
t h e v is c o s ity o f t h e e le c tr o ly te h a s p r a c tic a lly n o in flu e n ce. T h e co llo id s a re
p r e s e n t a s in s ig n ific a n t re s id u e s o f t h e e le c tr o ly te , b e tw e e n t h e c r y s ta llite s , o r
t h e y a r e p la c e d i n t h e s p a c e - la ttic e e n d o c r y p tic a lly .— 0 . Q.
*The Influence of a Sm all Q uantity of A g ar-A g ar and G elatin on th e R a te of
C rystallization of the Anodic D eposit of Silver Peroxide (Electrolysis u n d e r the
M icroscope.— X II). A . G la z u n o v a n d K . V a le c k a (Chem. Listy, 1935, 29, (23),
359-361). — T h e f a c t t h a t t h e co llo id s h a v e a c e r ta in in flu e n c e o n t h e a n o d ic
d e p o s it is a n a r g u m e n t a g a in s t t h e v ie w t h a t t h e v a r i a ti o n in f o rm a n d r a t e o f
V I I I . — Refining
1936
p articles se em t o b e b ip o la r ”
557
O . J a n s c h ( A lu m in iu m ,
E ie c tr odes
iT T r n
p—
film w h ic h is c o n d u c tiv e w h e n
^
itr°a
i n s u lp h u r io aoid .
The
ty p e o f fi’* T ^ m ^ c ^ t e d w ith a lu m in e s c e n t g a s film w h e n im m e rs e d m
am m o m a film b e c o m e s co a
a m m o n iu m c a r b o n a te t o th e a m m o n ia
S S U
S K
£ . ‘£
f o r m a tio n o f
« ¿ m ^ t.m a .
of
a m m o n iu m
^ l e c t r o d e ^ D .^ . M e h ta a n d S . K . K u l k a r n i J a t k a r
s t u d i e s in A n tim o n y E ie c tro d e ^ ^ Q o ^
gg> 7 8 2 4 ). _ T h e e.m .f.
(J. I n d ia n In s t. S e t., 1 9 3 5 , 18A, 8
>
h y d r o g e n a t 68 5 m m . in a s o lu tio n
o f p o lish e d c a s t a n 'tim o n y a g
- 0P9279 v a t 4 0 ° .° A g a in s t s a tu r a t e d calo m el
a t Va 6-0 is 0 -2 7 7 4 v a t 2 5 andA)>2 2 7 9 v ^ a t » ^
g
2 -5-8-5, w ith a n
a t 25° F 0 f o r c a s t a n ^ ° nyT h e cai c u i a t e d A H o f t h e cell r e a c tio n h y d ro g e n +
apcoclish
u raed
c y coafs t0 a01
q o0 oal
nd
n tim o n y , is 197 ^29
cal. aa tt 22 55°--4
4 u0 ° , i n a gg r e e m e no tf wh ith
y d rSo im
g e no nwa ith
T h a le r (Z. anorg
Chem
»
T
•
d S J K
C
1 927, 162, 2 5 3 M o r t n e
^ S f
U n ^ h fd
A ttr ib u te d to
c L t a n tim o n ^ d e v e lo p s a film
w h ich d o e s n o t e x h ib it t h e s™ P ^ ^ f j cA r o L Cin the
*The Behaviour tf tl m Cadmium E l e c ^
^
A lk a lin e
ElM rochem
Nickel-Cadmium
1936 42 (5)
A c c u m u la to r. G .
t o t a l v o lta g e a n d t h e e le c tro d e p o te n tia ls o f
2 4 7 -2 5 3 ).— O b s e rv a tio n s o n t h e t o t a l v o tag e^ ai p r im a r y o b je c t o f e lu c id a tin g
n ic k e l-c a d m iu m cells w e re u
_ c o n ta in e d in th e n e g a tiv e m a s s. T h e
th e function of th e h a m m e r-d a g ( F e 30 ^ n t ^ e a m
^ ^g
F u r th e r
iro n o x id e w a s s h o w n ° p f .?
in v e s tig a tio n s o n t h e n a t u r c o f
th e q u a n t i t y
d isc h a rg e p r o d uot o f t h e c a d m iu m e le c tro d e ,
e le c tro d e s p r e p a r e d b y d iffe re n t m e th o d s ,
°f electricity p a s s m g
" 'ass
s
.
th o u g h a p M
^
pm t
“ jrstoM £oSrs»”ft
of a s te a d y s u p e rim p o s e d d
d e c o m p o s itio n p o te n tia l
m e a s u re d
at
■ m p e r a tu
- —re .- - P . M . C . R .
te
V I I I — R E F IN IN G
(Continued from p. 408.)
• S ta d i,, on th e »
W
SffiSSii«£S£>
'
?
L
5
31-33).
*
.
[ I n P olish,
„it*
558
Metallurgical A bstracts
V ol. 3
G e r m a n s u m m a r y .] E le c tr o ly tic re fin in g o f c o m m e rc ia l a lu m in iu m in a fu se d
m ix tu r e o f s o d iu m , p o ta s s iu m , a n d a lu m in iu m c h lo rid e s a t 15 0 ° C. is c o n ­
s id e ra b ly a ffe c te d b y t h e p re s e n c e o f a s m a ll q u a n t i t y o f w a te r in t h e e le c tr o ­
ly te ; d e n s e u n if o rm d e p o s its s e v e ra l t e n t h s o f a m illim e tre t h i c k m a y t h u s
b e o b ta in e d o n iro n o r o th e r m e ta l c a th o d e s .— A . R . P .
IX .— AN A LY SIS
(Continued from pp. 465-468.)
On Physical M ethods in Chem ical L aboratories. X X X II.— A New Method
oi Q u a n titativ e E m ission Spectrographic A nalysis for M icro-A nalysis. G .
S c h e ib e a n d A . R iv a s (A n g ew . Chem ., 1936, 49, (28), 4 4 3 -4 4 6 ).— T h e s u b s ta n c e
is d is s o lv e d in a n a p p r o p r i a te s o lu tio n a n d a m in u te d r o p p la c e d o n e a c h
e le c tr o d e o f a c a r b o n a r c , a c ro ss w h ic h a c o n s t a n t c u r r e n t is p a s s e d f o r 30
se c o n d s d u r in g w h ic h tim e t h e s p e c tr u m is p h o to g r a p h e d . T h e p r o p o r tio n
p r e s e n t o f t h e e le m e n t s o u g h t is t h e n c a lc u la te d f ro m t h e r e la tiv e in te n s itie s o f
c e r ta in o f i t s lin e s a n d lin e s o f th e m a jo r c o n s titu e n t. T h e m e th o d is p a r t i ­
c u la r ly v a lu a b le f o r d e te r m in in g tr a c e s o f o n e m e ta l in a n o t h e r ; e x a m p le s
d e s c rib e d a r e t h e d e te r m in a tio n o f M g in A1 a n d th e d e te r m in a tio n o f A1 a n d
C r i n E e .— A . R . P .
A nalysis of M aterials by the X -R ay D iffraction M ethod. H e r b e r t R .
I s e n b u r g e r (P roduct E n g ., 1936, 7, 1 7 7 -1 7 9 , 2 6 4 - 2 6 6 ; C. A b s., 1936, 30,
7 4 7 9 ).— T h e p r in c ip le s o f X - r a y a n a ly s is a r e re v ie w e d , w ith a d e s c rip ­
t io n o f t h e a p p a r a t u s u s e d , d ra w in g s , a n d p h o to g r a p h s . P h o to g r a p h s o f
t y p i c a l d if fr a c tio n p a t t e r n s a r e sh o w n .— S. G .
A New X -R ay M ethod for th e Chemical A nalysis of Sections. L . v . H a m o s
( M etallwirtschaft , 1 936, 15, (19), 4 3 3 -4 3 6 ).— T h e s e c o n d a r y r a d ia tio n s f ro m t h e
p r e p a r e d s u rfa c e o f a m e ta llic s e c tio n e x p o s e d to X - r a y s v a r y in w a v e - le n g th
a c c o r d in g t o t h e c h e m ic a l c o m p o s itio n o f t h e m a te r ia l a t t h e p o in t o f in c id e n c e ,
a n d a r e c a p a b le o f f o rm in g a se rie s o f m o n o c h r o m a tic im a g e s a f te r d isp e rs io n
b y a c y lin d r ic a l c r y s ta l r e fle c to r o f s u ita b le s tr u c tu r e . T h e m e th o d s o f
s ta n d a r d iz in g t h e c r y s ta l a n d o f o b ta in in g a n d in te r p r e tin g c o m p a r a b le im a g e s
a r e d e s c rib e d , w ith p r a c tic a l e x a m p le s .— P . M . C. R .
The A ir-C arbon A rc in H igh V acuum [A pplication to Spectroscopic A nalysis
of Volatile M etals]. F . H . N e w m a n (P hil. M ag., 1936, [v ii], 22, (147), 4 6 3 4 6 5 ).— D e s c rib e s t h e c o n d itio n s f o r t h e o p e r a tio n o f a n a ir - c a r b o n a r c w ith
g a s p re s s u re s b e tw e e n 1-0 a n d 0-01 m m . m e r c u r y a n d v o lta g e s a n d c u r r e n ts
o f t h e o r d e r o f 1 0 0 a n d 1-5, r e s p e c tiv e ly . T h e a rc h a s c e r ta in a d v a n ta g e s in
t h e sp e c tro s c o p ic e x a m in a tio n o f v o la tile m e ta ls .— W . D . J .
The Im p ortance a n d Use of X -R ay M ethods in W o rk s’ L aboratories. G . I .
A k s e n o v , V . I . A r h a ro v , a n d V . I . K h r is tia n i (Zavodslcaia Laboratoria (W orks’
L ab.), 1936, 5, (1), 7 0 - 8 8 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] A c o m p re h e n s iv e s u r v e y .— D . N . S.
*Q uantitative Chem ical Spectrum A nalysis of A lu m iniu m Alloys. G . S c h e ib e
a n d A . S c h o n ta g (L ight M etals Research, 1936, 5, (5), 106—108).— S u m m a ry
f ro m M etallwirtschaft, 1936, 15, 1 3 9 ; see M et. A b s., t h i s v o l., p . 312.
— L. A. 0 .
M ethod fo r Spectrographic A nalysis of Silum in. A . R . S tr o g a n o v (Zavodskaia Laboratoria (W orks’ Lab.), 1936, 5 , (5), 6 1 4 - 6 2 0 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e
m e th o d d e s c rib e d a llo w s o f t h e d e te r m in a tio n o f 0 - l - T 0 % o f M g, F e , Co,
a n d C u , a n d u p t o 8 - 1 0 % o f S i w ith a n a c c u r a c y o f 7 - 1 0 % . B i, Z n , S b , T i,
a n d C a c a n b e d e te c te d q u a lita tiv e ly .— D . N . S.
Analysis of M agnesium . K a t s u m i I n o u y e (K y u s h u T eiko k u -D a ig a ku
K o k a k u lh o (Tech. R ep. K y u s h u I m p . U niv.), 1934, 9, (6), 2 5 3 -2 6 0 ). — [ I n
J a p a n e s e .] N o s u m m a r y is g iv e n in a E u r o p e a n la n g u a g e .— S. G.
1936
I X .— Analysis
559
* Study oi the M ethod oi A lkalim etry. I — The V olum etric Analysis of
M aenesium
S a n n o ii M u k a i (K y u sh u Teikoku-D aujaku K o k a ku Iho ( le c h
« 5
Im p . U niv.), 1 9 3 5 , 10, (1), 3 1 - 3 6 ) . - [ I n J a p a n e s e .] N o s u m m a r y
i,C “. to« £ 2 f i £ S
AS
'*hr
• 5 S
M , t W t b l o o « b . » . . t . » a R ea«ent I „
Reactions. J u l i u s G r a n t a n d F . A . M eg g y (A nalyst, 1936, 61, (723), 4U1-4U )
W h e n a few d ro p s o f t h e s o lu tio n t o b e te s te d a r e s h a k e n w ith a s a t u r a t e d
so lu tio n o f t h e r e a g e n t a n d a l i t tl e C6H 6, a n d t h e C6H 6 la y e r is e v a p o r a te d o n
a “
sco p e s l i d e , c h a r a c te r is tic c r y s ta ls a r e fo rm e d a s follow s : cod—
.
larg e h e x a g o n s w ith w e h -d e fin e d f a c e ts (s e n s itiv ity 0-01 m g C d ) ,
b ro w n p la te s (s e n s itiv ity 0-1 m g . ) ; m anganese: el7 § , a t e d , ^ X
^ a tT a n d
(se n s itiv ity 0-01 m g . ) ; lead, zinc, strontium : e lo n g a te d r e c ta n g u la r p la te a n d
J o u p s 7 r a d i a t i n g ' c r y s t a l s ; cobalt . r e c ta n g u la r , b ro w n ish -g re e n p l a t e s ,
nick el' ti n y , g re e n h e x a g o n s fo rm e d w ith d iffic u lty . A . K . L .
„
»Electrolytic Application oi th e H ydrobrom ic Acid Test for Copper. G err a r d W
B a k e r (A nalyst, 1936, 61, (726), « J ^ - A
p ie c e o f P t w im : ip p e d
w ith c o tto n w ool s o a k e d in a s a t u r a te d s o lu tio n o f K B r i n H « p O . * P * ^ e£ o m
th e m e ta l s u s p e c te d t o b e C u a n d a c u r r e n t o f 1 a m p . a t 6 v . is p a s s e d 1
m e ta l to w ire ^ in t h e p re se n c e o f C u a p u r p le -r e d c o lo u r d e v e lo p s o n t h e Cu
T h e m e th o d d e te c ts a s l i ttle a s 0 -0 0 0 2 m g . o f C u a n d h a s b e e n e m p fo y e d
d e te c t t h e p re se n c e o f C u o n s h e a rs u s e d to c u t te ie p h o n e w ^ e s .—-A
*M irrochem ical D etection of Gallium w ith Morin. G o ttf r ie d B e c k \M ™
z.
1 Qoa
on (9,1^) 194^-197) — T h e r e a c tio n o f G a w ith m o r in is m o r
in te n se t h a n ^ t ^ f f i ^ S U i b i t e d b y t h e p re se n c e o f N a F ; h e n c e th e
d e v e lo p m e n t o f a g re e n is h flu o rescen ce w h e n th e t e s t is m a d e in s o lu t
' ^ ¡ S S S S ^ u S S S t S S ^ Gr . T AK o ^ e n m a n n a n d S h . S h . M e so n g en ik
(Mikrochemie, 1936, 20, (2 /3 ), 1 8 9 -1 9 3 ).— S ee M et. A bs., th is v o l^
4 ®7 p_
»Detection o£ M anganese by Catalysis. L . S z e b e l l e d y a n d M . B a r t f a y (Z.
ni rhpm
1936 106 (1 1 /1 2 ), 4 0 8 -4 1 6 ).— T h e s o lu tio n is t r e a t e d w ith
s t a t e d ^ K i o f s o l u t i o n a i d a few d ro p s o f 0 -1 % p - p h e n e tid in e s o lu tio n ; m
th e p re se n c e o f a s lit t l e a s 0-001 y M n a v io le t- re d c o lo u r a p p e a r s in 2 -3
''’ »On tee^D e'tection oi Sm all Q uantities of P la tin u m in M inerals, Alloys
Residues, &c. S eparation a n d C oncentration of P la tin u m by Coprempxtatio^
with T ellurium . S. K u h n e l H a g e n (M ikrochemie, 1936, 20, J / 3 )>
j
T h e aqua regia s o lu tio n o f t h e m a te r ia l is e v a p o ra ite d w ith HC1 t o e x p e l
H N O o a n d , a f t e r a d d itio n o f N a 2T e 0 3 a n d a d j u s tm e n t
a lT th e
o 9 KN HP1 is s a t u r a t e d w ith SO„. T h e T e p r e c ip ita te w h ic h c o n ta in s a ll th e
£
U n i t e d 2 in a ir , t h e ^ e s i d u e d is s o lv e d i n aqun r e g ^
th e so lu tio n e v a p o r a te d t o d ry n e s s , th e re s id u e d i s s o l v e d m H 20 , a n d
so lu tio n b o ile d , f ilte re d , n e u tr a liz e d w ith N a O H , t r e a t e d w ith K I , a n d acid ified
w ith C H „ -C O ,H ; a ro se c o lo u r in d ic a te s th e p re se n c e of F t .— A . K . r .
»Detection of R h e n iu m in th e Sodium Carbonate Bead. H e r m a n Y a g o d a
T S z e b e lle d v a n d S t. T a n a y ( Z . anal. Chem., 1936, 106, w / l ^ b
>
T h e s o l u t i o n ^ b e t e s te d (1 d ro p ) is a d d e d t o a m ix tu r e o f 6 d ro p s o f 2 %
K 3F e(C N )6, 2 d r o p s o f 2 A - H 2S 0 4, a n d 12 d ro p s o f 1 % p - p h e n e tid m e h y d ro -
560
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
c h lo rid e s o l u t i o n ; in t h e p re s e n c e o f Z n a b lu e c o lo u r o r p r e c ip ita te fo rm s
im m e d ia te ly . P e , C o, N i, a n d C u in te r fe r e b y g iv in g c o lo u r re a c tio n s .— A . R . P .
*Separation oi Iro n , A lum iniu m , an d C hrom ium from M anganese, Cobalt,
a n d Nickel by M eans of Pyridine. E . A . O s tr o u m o v (Z . anal. Ghent., 1 9 3 6 , 106,
(4 /6 ), 170 176).— A d d itio n o f C 5H 5N t o d ilu te c h lo rid e o r n i t r a t e so lu tio n s
c o n ta in in g t h e c o rre s p o n d in g N H 4‘ s a l t a ffo rd s a q u a n t i t a t i v e s e p a r a tio n o f
F e , A l, a n d C r f ro m M n , C o, a n d N i in o n e o p e r a tio n , p r o v id e d t h a t e x c e ssiv e
a m o u n ts o f s u l p h a te a r e a b s e n t.— A . R . P .
*On a M ethod of Separating Iro n , T itanium , and A lu m in iu m by M eans of
8-H ydroxyquinoline. A . M . Z a n k o a n d G . A . B u te n k o (Zavodskaia Laboratoria
(W orks’ Lab.), 1936, 5, (4), 4 1 5 -4 1 8 ).—-[In R u s s ia n .] T h e s o lu tio n is t r e a t e d
w ith t a r t a r i c a c id a n d 8 0 % C H 3-C 0 2H , t h e P e r e m o v e d b y a d d it io n o f a
2 % C H 3- C 0 2H s o lu tio n o f t h e p r e c i p i t a n t , t h e f iltr a te n e u tr a liz e d w i th
N H 4O H a f t e r a d d itio n o f H 2C20 4, t h e T i p r e c i p it a te d w ith a n a lc o h o lic s o lu tio n
o f 8 - h y d ro x y q u in o lin e , a n d t h e A l in th e f iltr a te p r e c ip it a te d s im ila r ly a f t e r
a d d i t i o n o f N H 4O H .— D . N . S.
Separation of L ead from Copper, Nickel, Cobalt, a n d Cadm ium by Carbonic
Acid in Pyridine M edium . A . J i le k , J . K o l a , a n d J . V reS f a l (Chem. L isty , 1935,
29, (1 9 ), 2 9 9 -3 0 4 ).— T h e s e p a r a tio n c a n b e e a s ily e ffe c te d i f t h e r e s p e c tiv e
m e ta ls a r e in t h e f o rm o f n i t r a t e s a n d i f t h e c o n te n ts o f e a c h d o e s n o t e x c e e d
0-2 g r m . P b a n d C u a r e s e p a r a te d b y p r e c ip ita tio n w ith C 0 2 in p re se n c e o f
a m m o n ia . T h e P b C 0 3 is d r ie d , ig n ite d , a n d w e ig h e d , C u is d e te r m in e d b y
e le c tro ly s is . T h e p re s e n c e o f a lk a lin e n i t r a t e s h a s n o in flu e n c e . N i a n d Co a re
s e p a r a te d s im ila r ly b u t w i th o u t a d d i ti o n o f N H 4O H . W h e n s e p a r a tin g P b
f ro m C d C H 3C O O N H 4 is a d d e d ; t h e r e s u lts o b ta in e d in th is c a s e a r e n o t
q u ite a c c u r a te .— 0 . Q.
*On th e Separation of Sm all Q uantities of T in fro m A ntim ony a n d Arsenic.
N . I . C h e rv ia k o v a n d E . A . O s tr o u m o v (A n n . chim. analyt., 1936, [iii], 18, (8),
2 0 1 - 2 0 7 ).— T h e m e ta ls a r e p r e c i p i t a te d in th e u s u a l w a y w ith H aS , t h e A s,
S b , a n d S n e x t r a c t e d f ro m t h e p r e c i p i t a te b y d ig e s tio n w ith N a 2S s o lu tio n ,
a n d t h e m ix e d s u lp h id e s r e p r e c i p i ta t e d b y a d d itio n o f C H 3-C 0 2H t o th e
f i ltr a te . T h e w a s h e d p r e c i p i t a te is d is s o lv e d in W -HC1 a n d t h e ic e -c o ld
s o lu tio n is t r e a t e d w i th c u p f e r ro n w h ic h p r e c ip ita te s o n ly t h e S n .— A . R . P .
*A New M ethod fo r th e P recip itatio n of U ranium and Its S eparation fro m
A lkaline E a rth s w ith Pyridine. E . A . O s tr o u m o v (Z . anal. Ghent., 1936, 106,
(7 /8 ), 2 4 4 ^ 2 4 8 ).— P r o m n e u t r a l n i t r a t e s o lu tio n s C 5H 5N p r e c ip ita te s U c o m ­
p le te ly a s H 2U 20 7, ig n itio n o f w h ic h a ffo rd s U 30 8 fre e f ro m a lk a lis a n d a lk a lin e
e a r t h s .— A . R . P .
♦U se of F orm aldehyde for E lim in atin g A m m onia a n d A m m o nium Salts.
I I I .— D ecom position of A m m ine Complexes by Form aldehyde. D eterm in atio n
of M etals by P recip itatio n w ith A lkali Carbonates or H ydroxides in Solutions
C ontaining A m m o nia o r A m m o nium Salts. A n to n io H e m m e le r (A n n a li
chim . applicata, 1936, 26, (6), 2 4 0 - 2 4 8 ).— T o p r e c ip ita te A g , C u , Z n , C d , M n,
C o, o r N i f ro m a m m o n ia c a l s o lu tio n s c o n ta in in g N H 4 s a lts C H 20 is a d d e d to
c o n v e r t t h e N H 3 t o (C H 2)6N 4, a n d t h e m e ta l is t h e n p r e c ip ita te d w it h N a O H o r
N a 2C 0 3.— A . R . P .
♦D e te rm in a tio n of Gases in A lu m in iu m by the H o t-E x tra ctio n M ethod i n
V a c u o . J . A . K lia c h k o (Zavodskaia Laboratoria (W orks' L ab.), 1936, 5, (5),
5 7 2 -5 7 9 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e a p p a r a t u s d e s c rib e d d iffe rs f ro m t h a t o f
O b e rh o ffe r a n d H e s s e n b r u c h b y t h e u s e o f a N ic h ro m e w ire -w o u n d r e s is ta n c e
f u rn a c e , a n d b y m o d ific a tio n s o f so m e o f t h e g la s s p a r ts , f la t-g r o u n d g la s s jo in ts
b e in g u s e d in s t e a d o f s o c k e t jo in ts . T h e g a s is e x p e lle d b y h e a tin g th e sp e c im e n
t o 8 0 0 ° C . ; n o g a s c a n b e o b ta in e d f ro m s p e c im e n s t e s te d im m e d ia te ly a f te r
a n n e a lin g , b u t t h e g a s c o n t e n t in c re a s e s w it h tim e o f s to r a g e . U n a n n e a le d
s p e c im e n s c o n ta in m o s t g a s e s, t h e g a s c o n t e n t o f a ll t h e m o s t im p o r t a n t
a lu m in iu m a llo y s b e in g a p p r o x im a t e ly t h e s a m e a n d less t h a n t h a t o f p u r e A l,
J X .— Analysis
1936
561
te n d in g t o in c re a s e w i t h a n in c re a s e in t h e S i c o n te n t (e.g. in S ilu m in ) a n d w ith
th e C u c o n t e n t (in D u r a lu m in ). M g h a s o n ly a s lig h t in flu e n c e . W r o u g h t
m e ta l c o n ta in e d m o re g a s t h a n c a s t m e ta l.— D . N . b .
_ o m m ian
M ethods of Analysis for Im p u n tie s in Copper a n d Brass. P . 1 . Lcragmam
( A l u m n i Z * N on-F errous R ev., 1936 1 , (6), 2 3 8 2 4 0 ) . - R e a d b c fo re th e
M id la n d M e ta llu rg ic a l S o c ie tie s ( B ir m in g h a m L o c a l S e c tio n o f t h e I n s t i t u t e
" f * T h e' Colorim etric d e te r m in a tio n of A lum inium w t h the Aid of AUzann
(Red) S. A . P . M u s sa k in (Z hurnal P n U a d n o y K h i m n (J. A p p lie d C hem N L 3 6 ,
9 (7) 1 3 4 0 -1 3 4 6 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] S ee M et. A b s., th i s v o l., p . 369.
. •
’ Snectrographic M ethods fo r th e Q uantitative D eterm ination of Al, Z n, and
Mn in th e AUoy E lek tro n . L . W . W e d je n s k i a n d S. M a n d e ls ta m (Tech.
P hysics U .S . 8 . R .. 1936, 3, (7), 6 6 2 - 6 8 1 ) . - [ I n G e r m a n . ]
r a p i d v is u a
m e th o d is d e s c rib e d f o r t h e e s tim a tio n o f A l f ro m 4 t o 8 % , Z n fro m 0 5 to
1 -5 % , a n d M n f ro m 0-1 5 t o 0 -5 % . T h e r e s u lts a re c o m p a r e d w i th t h e re su lt^
o f c h e m ic a l a n a ly s is , b o t h b e in g a p p lie d to sa m p le s o f E le k tr o n . (2) A n e w
p h o to m e tr ic in te r p o la tio n m e th o d o f q u a n ti ta t i v e s p e c tro g ra p h ic a n a ly s is is
^ ♦ D i r e c t D eterm ination of A lum inium in A lu m in iu m -Iro n -M a n g an e se
Bronze. M . I . S h u b in (Zavodskaia Laboratoria ( W ° r J ^ L a b ) , i m , 5, (4),
4 0 7 -4 1 1 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e a llo y is d iss o lv e d in H N 0 3 a n d H 2S 0 4, t
so lu tio n is e v a p o r a te d t o fu m e s, t h e s u lp h a te s a r e d is s o lv e d m H 20 , a n d t h e
s o lu tio n e le c tro ly z e d w i t h a H g c a th o d e f o r 2 0 m in u te s w ith 1-2 -1 -5 a m p - th e n ,
a f t e r n e u tr a liz in g w ith N H 4O H f o r 1 | h r s . a t 2 a m p . w h e r e b y afl t h e C u , h e ,
Z n M P b a r e d e p o s ite d in4 t h e H g . T h e A l in t h e s o lu tio n is t h e n re c o v e re d
to * « 7
E . I . F o g e ls o n a n d N . V . K a lm y k o v a (Zavodl i ? L a b o ra to ria (W orks’ Lab.) 1936, 5 (5 ), 5 M
) _ [ I n ^
a n d S n -b a s e a llo y s a r e d is s o lv e d m 1 : 1 HC1 w i th t h e a i d ^ a l i tt l e K U U 3 ,
th e s o lu tio n is d ilu te d t o 1 50 c .c . w it h t h e sa m e a c id , t r e a t e d w ith 0 3 0 5 g rm .
« fT n C l a n d b o ile d w ith 5 -7 g rm . o f C a H P 0 2, a n d t h e A s p r e c ip ita te c o lle c te d ,
w a s h e d 2f iis t w flh H C l c o n ta in in g C a H P 0 2, t h e n w ith 5 % N H Cl s o lu tio n ^ a n d
d e te r m in e d io d o m e tric a lly . W i t h P b a n d P b - b a s e a llo y s t h e ? b C l 2 m u s
b e r e m o v e d b e fo re p r e c ip ita tin g th e A s. C u a n d b ro n z e a r e to o llv < e d m
aqua regia, a n d t h e A s c o n c e n tr a te d b y p r e c ip ita tio n w i th F e ( O H ) 3 , t h e
p r e c ip ita te is d is s o lv e d in HC1 a n d t h e a n a ly s is c o n tin u e d a s a ^ o v e - D . N . b .
*A New V olum etric M ethod for th e D eterm ination of B eryllium . B . b . E v a n s
(A n a ly st, 1935, 60, (710), 2 9 1 - 2 9 3 ) .- T h e B e (O H )f obtainedL a f te r sep;aratiion o f
o t h e r m e ta ls g iv in g in s o lu b le h y d r o x id e s is d iss o lv e d in HC1, 1 c.c. o t U
/p
£ m o T p h t h a l ge in a d d e d , fo llo w ed b y 2 % N a O H s o lu tio n untdI th e » liq u id ( is
b lu e 1 • 1 HC1 u n t i l co lo u rless a n d , a f te r b o ilin g fo r 10 m in u te s , N a O H u n til
a d a r k ‘ b lu e c o lo u r is o b ta in e d . T h e b o ilin g s o lu tio n is t h e n n e u tr a liz e d
e x a c tly w i t h 0-1 N -H C 1 u n t i l co lo u rle ss a b o v e t h e B e (O H ) 2 p r e c ip ita te a
m e a s u re d v o lu m e o f t h e sa m e a c id su ffic ie n t t o d isso lv e t h e p r e c ip ita te a d d e d
(v o lu m e o J s o l u t i o n n o t less t h a n 2 0 0 c.c.), t h e s o lu tio n co o led , a n d a m ix tu re
L f 2 0 c c o f s a t u r a t e d K I 0 3 s o lu tio n a n d 2 0 c.c. o f 4 % K I a d d e d , fo llo w ed , a f te r
2 - 3 se c o n d s, b y 4 g r m . o f so lid N a H C 0 3 a n d i m m e d i a t e ? f ¿ ¡ g d
I w ith 0 -1 N -A s2O 3 s o lu tio n c o n ta m m g N a H C O s. T h e HC1 is s ta n d a r a iz
a g a in s t t h e A s20 3 s o lu tio n b y t h e K I - K I 0 3 m e th o d a n d t h e f f i f i e r e n c e b e tw e e n
t h e a c id a d d e d in t h e t e s t a n d t h a t c o rre sp o n d in g t o th e I 2 lib e r a te d m t h e la s t
s t a g e t c a T c u l a t e d t o B e (1 c.c. o f 0-1N -H C 1 = 0 - 0 0 0 4 5 g rm . B ^ . — ^ K . P .
c
H v n o n h o s p h ite
♦S tu d ie s in In te rn a l Electrolysis. T - T h e D eterm m atio n o Sm all Q u a n ^ ^
of C adm ium and Nickel in Z inc J a m e s G . F ife ( A n a l y s L } ^ M M 7 2 7 M 68
6 8 4 1 — T h e a n o ly te c o n s is ts o f a s o lu tio n o f Z n C l2 ( = = “ £ r m ' “T ,
N H 4C 1 10 g rm ./lO O c.c. a n d t h e c a th o ly te o f t h e s o lu tio n (3 0 0 c.c.) o f th e m e ta l
562
Metallurgical A bstracts
V ol. 3
in HC1, 5 c.c. o f 5 % C H 3-C 0 2N a s o lu tio n , 2 d r o p s o f 2 % HC1, a n d 0-25 g rm . o f
N H 20 H -H C 1 . T h e a p p a r a t u s a n d te c h n iq u e a r c s im ila r to th o s e o f C o llin
(Analyst, 1030, 5 5 , 4 95). T o r t h e d e p o s itio n o f N i t h e sa m e a n o ly te is u s e d
w i t h t h e a d d itio n o f 17 c.c. o f N H 4O H (d 0-88) w h ile t h e c a th o ly te c o n s ists o f
Z n C l2 a n d N H 4C1 w i t h 2 g rm . o f N a 2S 0 3,7 H 20 ; e le c tro ly s is is c o n d u c te d a t
6 5 ° - 7 0 ° C .— A . R . P .
*New R apid M ethod fo r th e D eterm ination of Copper. L . J o ls o n (Z. anal.
Chem., 1936, 106, (4 /6 ), 1 5 7 -1 6 7 ).— T h e a m m o n ia c a l s o lu tio n is r e d u c e d w ith
N H 2O H o r N J 1 , a n d t h e C u c o n v e r te d i n to C u 2C2 h y p a s s in g C2H 2 t h r o u g h t h e
liq u id a f t e r a d d i t i o n o f g e la tin a s a p r o te c tiv e co llo id . T h e s u s p e n s io n is th e n
t i t r a t e d w i t h s t a n d a r d K C N s o lu tio n u n t il c o m p le te ly d e c o lo riz e d . A d d itio n
o f N a 4P 20 7 p r e v e n ts in te r fe r e n c e o f F e . S o m e a p p lic a tio n s o f th e m e th o d a re
d e s c rib e d .— A . R . P .
*The D eterm inatio n of Sm all A m o unts of Copper in T in hy Controlled P o te n ­
tial. S y d n e y T o rr a n c e (Analyst , 1936, 61, (727), 6 8 8 -6 8 9 ).— T h e S n (10 g rm .)
is d is s o lv e d in HC1 w i t h t h e a id o f a l i tt le H N 0 3, t h e s o lu tio n is e v a p o r a te d to
f u m e s w i t h 3 0 c .c . o f H 2S 0 4, 5 0 c.c. o f H 20 a r e a d d e d , a n d t h e m ix tu r e b o ile d
t o d iss o lv e S n ( S 0 4)2, c o o led a n d filte re d . T h e f iltr a te is d i lu te d t o 150 c.c.,
t r e a t e d w i t h 10 c.c. o f 2 % N 2H 4-H 2S 0 4 a n d e le c tro ly z e d in t h e L in d s e y a n d
S a n d a p p a r a t u s (Met. Abs., 1934, 1, 3 9 0 , 6 0 7 ).— A . R . P .
* G ravim etric
D eterm inatio n
of
Copper
w ith
H exam ethy lenetetram in e.
A n to n io H e m m e le r (Annali chim. applicata, 1936, 26, (6), 2 3 7 -2 4 0 ).— A d d itio n
o f (C H 2)6N 4 t o a b o ilin g n e u t r a l C u s a lt s o lu tio n e ffe c ts c o m p le te p r e c ip ita tio n
o f t h e C u ; t h e p r e c i p i t a te is i g n ite d t o C u O f o r w e ig h in g . Z n a n d A g
i n te r f e r e .— A . R . P .
C olorim etric M ethod of D eterm ining G erm anium . I . P . A lim a r in a n d B . N .
I v a n o v - E m i n (Zhurnal Prikladnoy K him ii (J. Applied Chem.), 1936, 9, (7),
1 334r-1339).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e HC1 s o lu tio n o b ta in e d b y d is tilla tio n in a
c u r r e n t o f C l2 is d e c o lo riz e d w i th N a H S 0 3, t r e a t e d w i th B r w a te r u n t i l p a le
y e llo w , a g a in b le a c h e d a s b e fo re a n d , i f m u c h S e is p r e s e n t, t r e a t e d w ith
N H 2O H -H C l. T h e f i ltr a te f r o m t h e S e is a d j u s te d t o 6A -H C 1, t r e a t e d w i th
H 2S f o r J h r ., a n d f ilte re d n e x t d a y . T h e G eS 2 p r e c ip it a t e is d is s o lv e d in
10 c .c . o f 1 % N a O H fre e f ro m S i 0 2 a n d P 20 5, t h e s o lu tio n o x id iz e d w i th H 20 2
a n d b o ile d t o d e c o m p o s e ex cess, a n d a n a l iq u o t p o r tio n t r e a t e d w it h 2 0 - 4 0 c.c.
p f 5 % ( N H 4)2M o 0 4 a n d H N O s t o 0 -1 5 —0-351V. T h e r e s u ltin g y e llo w c o lo u r
is c o m p a r e d w i t h t h a t o f a s t a n d a r d s o lu tio n o f K 2C r 0 4 o r p ic ric a c id (10 m g ./
l i t r e o f p ic ric a c id c o r re s p o n d s to 74-8 m g ./litr e o f G e 0 2).— N . A .
*On th e D eterm in ation of Sm all Q uantities of G erm anium . N . S. P o lu e k to v
(Zavodskaia Laboratoria (Works' Lab.), 1936, 5, (1), 2 7 - 2 8 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .]
S ee a b s t r a c t f r o m G e r m a n s o u rc e , Met. Abs., t h i s v o l., p . 3 6 9 .— D . N . S.
*On th e D etection a n d D eterm in ation of Gold by M eans of H ydrogen
Phosphide a n d F ilter P aper. N . D . C o s te a n u (Bull. Soc. chim. France, 1936,
[v ]> 3, (8 /9 ), 1527—153 0).— T h e A u a llo y (e.g. 2 5 m g . o f m a t e r i a l file d f ro m a n
a r tic le ) is b o ile d w i t h H N 0 3 t o re m o v e C u a n d A g , a n d t h e r e s id u a l A u
d is s o lv e d i n aqua regia. A f te r d ilu t in g th e s o lu tio n t o 2 5 c .c . a s t a n d a r d
s t r i p o f f ilte r p a p e r is s o a k e d in t h e liq u id a n d p la c e d i n a t u b e th r o u g h w h ic h
P H 3 (fro m t h e a c t i o n o f K O H o n P H 4I ) is p a s s e d . T h e d a r k b lu e c o lo u r
p r o d u c e d is c o m p a r e d w i t h t h a t o f a se rie s o f s t a n d a r d s p r o d u c e d s im ila r ly
f ro m s o lu tio n s c o n ta in in g k n o w n a m o u n ts o f A u .— A . R . P .
*A New M ethod fo r the Q ualitative a n d Q uan titativ e D eterm in atio n of
T races of Gold in Presence of Copper. L . M . K u lb e r g (Zavodskaia Laboratoria
(Works' Lab.), 1 936, 5 , (2), 1 7 0 -1 7 5 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e C H 3-C 0 2H
s o lu tio n (p H 3-6) is t r e a t e d w it h 0-2 g r m . K F a n d 5 - 6 d r o p s o f a 2 -5 % s o lu tio n
o f t h e le u c o -b a s e o f m a la c h ite o r b r illia n t g r e e n in 2 0 % C H 3-C 0 2H , b o ile d fo r
2 - 3 m in u te s a n d , a f t e r c o o lin g , s h a k e n w ith CHC13. A p a le g r e e n to in d ig o b lu e c o lo u r in t h e CHC13 la y e r in d ic a te s A u ( s e n s itiv ity 0 -0 0 3 -0 -1 m g . o f A u
I X — Analysis
1936
in 1 0 c c )
T h e m e t h o d c a n b e u s e d q u a n t i t a t i v e l y , t h e c o lo u r b e m g c o m p a r e d
FerroL M M i s (D okladi A ka d e m ii N a u k S . S . S . B
w ith t h a t g iv e n b y a H A u C l,
♦Q u a n tita tiv e ^ e ™
a n T u
u f i t h19396 6 ’[N
S?'
illy 4 ’ titra tio n
£ ?
Uctll l/c
---- ,
d ilu te H 2S 0 4 solution.
A.
♦F o rm a tio n of H ydrogen Peroxide
A nalytical M ethod lo t fro m
ar
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S
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o f H , M . w ith K ,F .,C N > .
•
in
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563
to H c i S « «
silv er R eductor.
A Microan(j p a y y . T ooley (J. A m er.
? im B o n o f , „ „ J | q n j n t i t l « o f F .
w ith a —
w i t h c o ric s u l p h a t e i . a i e c t c d b y im e rro r d u e t o H f t | „ n w i j B
fo t *t o
w i t h Absorption
lescu (Ann. chim, arudyt., 1936, [iii],
i n d i c a t o r ( o r t h o - p h e n a n t h r o U n e - f e n o u s )M olybdaj e
♦V o lu m etric D eterm in atio n
Indicators. C . C a n d e a a n d 1.
o£M^
.
g
1 8 , (2 ), 3 3 - 3 6 ) - T h e t i t r a t i o n - o f F h ^ r f h
W M oO , i n a n e u t r a l a c e t a t e
in d ic a to r, th e
s o lu tio n c a n b e a c c u ra te ly
l
t ;t r a t i o n a n d b e c o m in g y e llo w a t t h e
p r e c i p i t a t e b e i n g r o s e - c o lo u r e d d u
0
d e te rm in in g M o b y titr a t io n o f
e n d - p o i n t . T h e m e t h o d c a n a ls o bet u s e d f o r d e t e r m
g'
^
a neutral molybdate solution with (CH3-COa)aFb, me origin y
a s a d s o r p t i o n i n d i c a t o r . . h ' n le D eterm ination of A lkali and
^ " ¿ ¿ 9Sp h o S 5 o S r f f h o i r
«ami s p e c t r a
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M e rc u ry .
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erage'difEe“ en c e is o n ly 0 -3 % f ro m t h e th e o r e tic a l f i g u r ^
Analysis of Nickel Salts for
s o ^ C l \ ^ i % B 0 3, a n d w a te r
29, (2 ), 2 4 -26 ).— I n a d d itio n to N i, N H 4 J N a , b U 4 ,
b o ra te i t ig
a r e d e t e r m i n e d . I n ®t e a d H ° i 0 Sf p a ™h “ t h e r . 3 T h e r e m a i n d e r is d e t e r m i n e d
e x tr a c te d , ( in c lu d in g f r e e H 2S 0 4)
•
o f t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f a n e c o n o m ic a l
a c c o u n t th e „ n i t . of
Temperatures. A . A . Grmbe g
(1), 1 7 - 1 8 ; (in R u s s ia n ) , and
S .S .S .B . (R ep A cad S c i
£ '^ 6
fN s ’] 2 (1), 1 7 -1 9 (in G e r m a n )).Comvt. rend. A cad. Sci. U .R .b -b -, f» * « ,
-I’ ’ -A p tr 1 n(j H J r C L w ith
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564
Metallurgical Abstracts
Vol. 3
c h e m is tr y o f O s, .1’ u . P t , R h , a n d I r is d is c u s s e d , a n d t h e p ro c e d u r e w o r k e d
o u t a t t h e B u r e a u o f S t a n d a r d s (U .S .A .) is o u tl i n e d (of. M et. A b s., th i s v o l.,
p . 4 8 ).— S . G .
*The D eterm ination of R h en iu m , ü . — The G eilm ann R eaction. L o re n
C. H u r d a n d B e r n a r d J . B a b le r ( I n d u s t . and E ng. Chem. (A n a ly t. E d n .),
1936, 8 , (2), 1 1 2 -1 1 4 ).— S e e a ls o M e t. A b s., t h i s v o l., p . 167. T h e s o lu tio n
s h o u ld c o n t a i n less t h a n 5 0 0 y R e , 2 % HC1, 0 - 4 % K C N S , a n d 0 - 2 % S n C l2.
T h e c o lo u re d c o m p le x is e x t r a c t e d w it h b u t y l a c e ta te , c y c /o h e x a n o l, o r e th y l
a c e t a te 7 m in u te s a f t e r a d d in g t h e r e a g e n ts , a n d t h e c o lo u r o f t h e s o lv e n t
la y e r c o m p a r e d im m e d ia te ly w i t h t h a t o f t h e s t a n d a r d s o lu tio n (fre sh ly
p r e p a r e d ) .— A . R . P .
*O n th e D eterm in atio n of Silver by M eans of A cetylene. I . I . S trig e v s k i
(Zavodskaia Laboratoria [W orks' Labi), 1936, 5, (5), 5 9 0 - 5 9 1 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .]
T h e A g N 0 3 s o lu tio n c o n ta in in g n o t less t h a n 0-01 g r m . o f A g is t r e a t e d a t
6 0 ° C. w i t h 5 c.c. o f 5 0 % t a r t a r i c a c id s o lu tio n a n d 10 c.c. o f N H 4O H , t h e n w ith
a c u r r e n t o f C2H 2, f re e d f ro m H 2S a n d P H 3 b y p a s s a g e th r o u g h N a 2P b 0 2 a n d
N a 2C r 0 4 s o lu tio n s , f o r 15 m in u te s . T h e p r e c i p it a te is c o lle c te d , w a s h e d w ith
H 20
s a t u r a t e d w i t h C2H 2, a n d d is s o lv e d in H N 0 3 ; th e A g is t h e n t i t r a t e d
w i t h K C N S .— D . N . S.
D e term in atio n of Sm all A m oun ts of Sodium a n d P otassium in M etallic
M agnesium . K . M . P o p o v (K a lii, 1936, (5), 3 9 - 4 3 ; C. A b s., 1936, 30, 7 06 3 ).—
[ I n R u s s ia n .] C f. J . I n s t. M etals, 1 924, 31, 4 8 1 ; 1 930, 44, 5 8 5 ; M e t. A bs.,
1935, 2, 65. T h e N a is d e te r m in e d a s “ t r ip le a c e t a te ” a n d t h e K a s c o b a ltin itrite .— S. G .
in v e s tig a tio n s in to th e A nalytical C hem istry of T antalu m , N iobium , a n d T heir
M ineral A ssociates. X X X II.— O bservations on P hosphorus, V anadium , and
a T an n in P recipitation Series. W . R . S c h o e lle r a n d H . W . W e b b (A nalyst,
1936, 61, (726), 5 8 5 -5 9 0 ).— I n t h e h y d r o l y tic p r e c ip ita tio n o f T a a n d N b fro m
t a r t a r i c a c id s o lu tio n s t h e p r e c ip i ta t e is c o n ta m i n a t e d w it h P 20 6 i f t h e s o lu tio n
c o n t a i n s H 3P 0 4. T h e P m a y b e r e m o v e d b y f u s in g t h e ig n ite d p r e c ip ita te
w i t h N a O H a n d e x t r a c ti n g t h e m e l t w it h H aO , N a 3P 0 4 a lo n e d is s o lv in g . I n
t h e t a n n i n p r e c i p i t a t io n p ro c e ss in o x a la te s o lu tio n s h a l f s a t u r a t e d w ith
N H 4C1 T a a n d T i c a n b e s e p a r a te d f r o m V i n o n e o p e r a tio n , b u t t h e N b
p r e c i p i t a t e is a lw a y s c o n t a m i n a te d w i th t h e b la c k V - ta n n in c o m p le x . V c a n
b e r e m o v e d e i t h e r b y r e p r e c i p i ta t io n o r in t h e s a m e w a y a s P . T h e u se o f
t a n n i n i n t h e a n a l y t i c a l c h e m is tr y o f t h e e a r t h a c id s a n d e a r t h o x id e s (T i
Z r, H f , U , T h ) is d is c u s s e d .— A . R . P .
* A pplication of G ravim etric M ethods to th e Separation a n d D eterm in atio n
of Sm all Q uantities of T ho rium . L . E . K a u f m a n (Zhurnal P rikla d n o i K h im ii
(J. A p p lie d Chem.), 1936, 9, (5), 9 1 8 -9 2 3 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e fo llo w in g
m o d ific a tio n o f t h e K I 0 3 m e th o d g iv e s t h e b e s t r e s u lts : t h e T h s o lu tio n
(w h ic h m a y c o n ta in m u c h C e) i n 1 : 3 H N 0 3 is t r e a t e d w i th a n e q u a l v o lu m e
o f 1 : 2 H N 0 3 c o n ta in in g 1 0 % K I 0 3 a t 6 0 ° - 8 0 ° C. a n d a f t e r 15 m in u te s tw ic e
t h e v o lu m e 1 : 9 H N 0 3 c o n ta in in g 0 - 8 % K I 0 3 is a d d e d . A f te r c o o lin g , t h e
p r e c i p i t a t e is c o lle c te d , w a s h e d , d is s o lv e d i n B N 0 3, a n d r e p r e c ip ita te d . T h e
se c o n d p r e c i p i t a t e a n d t h e f ilte r p a p e r a r e b o ile d w ith 2 - 3 g r m . o f H 2C20 4 in
5 0 c .c . o f w a te r , a n d t h e r e s u ltin g T h (C 20 4)2 is c o lle c te d , w a s h e d , a n d ig n ite d
t o T h 0 2.— N . A .
'‘'D e term in atio n of T in in M inerals a n d M etallurgical P rodu cts [e.g., W hite
M etals] by M eans of 0 1 A -P o ta s s iu m B rom ate. L e o p o ld D e u ts c h (A n n .
chim . analyt., 1936, [in ], 18, 10).— T h e m e ta l is d iss o lv e d b y h e a tin g w ith
2 0 c .c . o f H 2S 0 4 a n d 5 g r m . o f N a 2S 0 4, t h e co ld s o lu tio n is t r e a t e d w ith 10 0 c.c.
o f H 20 a n d 3 0 c.c. o f HC1, b o ile d a n d t i t r a t e d w ith 0 - lA - K B r O 3 fo r S b , a n d th e
S n is t h e n d e te r m in e d b y re d u c in g t h e s o lu tio n w ith E e w ire a n d a g a in t i t r a t i n g
w i t h t h e K B r O s u sin g Z n l 2- s ta r c h s o lu tio n a s in d ic a to r .— A . R . P .
1936 X .— Laboratory Apparatus, Instruments, &c. 565
* Separation and Determination of Tungsten and Molybdenum
H erm an
Y a g o d a a n d H a r o ld A . F a le s (J. A m e r. Chem. Soc., 1936, 5 8 ,( 8 ) , 1 4 J4 -1 5 0 1 ).
M oS c a n b e p r e c ip ita te d q u a n ti ta t iv e l y in fo rm ic a c id m e d ia b y in itia tin g th e
r e a c tio n a t a lo w t e m p e r a tu r e w ith s a t u r a t e d H 2S i n w a te r a t 0 m excess.
F o r s e p a r a tio n f ro m t u n g s t e n t h e Pa is a d j u s te d to 2-9 b y a b u ffe r m ix tu re o f
a m m o n iu m f o rm a te , t a r t a r i c a n d fo rm ic a c id s . A s im p le e le c tric c ru c ib le
f u rn a c e f o r ig n itin g p r e c ip ita te s a t c o n s ta n t te m p e r a tim e ^ e s m b e A - R G
N o tes o n th e V o lu m e tric D e te r m in a tio n o f U r a n iu m . M . A x t (in g em eu r
Chimiste 1936, 2 0 , (115), 2 3 -2 9 ).— (a) A g r a v im e tric m e th o d , t h e U b ein g
pfecT pda’t e d w ith o k y q u in o lin e a n d w e ig h e d d r y o r e s tim a te d b r o m o m c tn c a lly
o r a s o x i d e ; (b) a m o re c o n v e n ie n t v o lu m e tr ic m e th o d b y r e d u c tio n w ith Z n
to M O
th e g r e a te r p a r t
m a in d e r b y H .S
fin a lly , t h e Z n is
R e - p r e c ip ita tio n
X.
3. l ™
- V. r
o f t h e C d r e m o v e d b y p r e c ip ita tio n o n A1 fo il, a n d th e r e ­
in 5 % H 2S 0 4 s o lu tio n c o n ta im n g c itr ic o r t a r t a r i c a c id , a n d ,
p r e c i p i t a t e d w i t h H 2S f ro m a n a c e tic o r fo rm ic a c id so lu tio n .
o f t h e Z n S is a d v is a b le . D . .N. b .
L A B O R A T O R Y A P P A R A T U S , IN S T R U M E N T S, & c.
(See a ls o “ T e s tin g ” a n d “ T e m p e r a tu r e M e a s u re m e n t a n d C o n tro l.” )
(Continued from p. 468.)
A Self-Recording Apparatus for Thermal Analysis
R . L. W d « » : and
,1 R B o s s a r d ( M etals and A lloys, 1936, 7 , (9), 2 2 1 -2 2 4 ). A iN icnrom e
w o u n d h e a tin g f u rn a c e is w o u n d in s u c h a w a y a s t o m a i n t a in a c o n s ta n t
t e m p e r a tu r e a r e a in t h e w o rk in g zo n e. T h e o p e r a tio n o f t h e f u rn a c e is
r e g u la te d b y th r e e r h e o s ta ts , o n e o f w h ic h is a m o to r- d r iv e n s p ir a l r h e o s ta t
w h ic h c o n tro ls t h e r a t e o f h e a tin g a n d co o lin g . T h e te m p e r a tu r e w m e a s u re d
w ith a n ir o n - C o n s ta n ta n c o u p le r e c o r d in g o n a M ic ro m a x c h a r t w ith
° Ur Apparatus1 for S tu d yin g’ the D eteriora ti0n [ F i c t H m c m m i ] o f A lloys and
M etals
F . C o m b e tte s (Documentation set., 1935, 4 , 2 6 2 - 2 6 4 , C him . et in a .,
1936 36 3 1 9 : C. Aba., 1936, 30, 7 5 1 4 ) .- T h e a p p a r a t u s c o n s ists e s s e n tia lly
o f a P y r e x c ry s ta lliz in g d is h c o n ta in in g a n e le c tric h e a tin g e le m e n t c o n n e c te d
t o t h e lig h tin g c ir c u it t h r o u g h a r h e o s ta t. A P y r e x b e ll- ja r is s u p p o r te d m
th e d is h o n p ie c e s o f g la s s w h ic h ra is e i t s lig h tly a b o v e t h e b o tto m o f th e d i s k
A th e r m o m e te r p a s se s th r o u g h a s lo t te d s to p p e r in to t h e j a r . W a t e r is fe d
i n to th e d is h t h r o u g h a g la s s c o n s ta n t-le v e l d e v ic e w h ic h su p p lie s w a te r o n ly a s
i t e v a p o r a te s . T h e te s t-p ie c e s a r e s u p p o r te d o n g la s s a b o v e t h e le v e l o f th e
w a te r
T h e v a p o u r c o n d e n se s o n t h e w a ll o f t h e j a r w h ic h i t follow s, a n
c a n n o t fa ll o n t h e te s t-p ie c e s . T h e a d v a n ta g e o f t h e a p p a r a t u s ^ t h a t , b e in g
a ll o f g lass, t h e te s t- p ie c e s c a n b e o b s e rv e d th r o u g h o u t t h e t e s t. b . H.
Table-Type Metallographic Microscope. H . F r e u n d (E ng. Progress, 1936,
17 (9) 2 1 2 ).— A ta b le - ty p e m e ta llo g ra p liic m ic ro sc o p e w it h a b u ilt- in m ir r o r
re fle x c a m e ra is d e s c rib e d . T h e in s tr u m e n t is o f th e u p r ig h t ty p e , w ith a
sid e t u T f o r v is u a l o b s e rv a tio n . A b o v e t h e b ello w s is a fo c u s s in g .m irro r,
w h ic h is re m o v a b le fro m t h e p a t h o f t h e r a y s a f t e r t h e fo c u ss e d im a g e h a s b e e n
o b ta in e d . T h e lo w -v o lta g e la m p is a d a p t e d fo r p h o to g r a p h y a s w ell
'
P a n p h o r ’ a' New' Photo-Metal-Microscope. H u g o F re u n d ■J A^
ene
Metallbearbeitung, 1936, 2 9 , (5), 6 9 - 7 2 ) . - S e e M et. A b s., 1935, 2, 245, 617
566
Metallurgical Abstracts
3
V o l.
*An A rc Support fo r M aking a Series of Spectrographic A nalyses.
R.
B r e c k p o t (B ull. Soc. cliim. Belg., 1936, 45, (6), 3 7 5 -3 7 8 ).— T h e c o n s tru c tio n
o f a s t a n d f o r h o ld in g t h e a r c a n d f o r e x h a u s tin g t h e fu m e s d e r iv e d fro m a t e s t
is d e s c rib e d w ith re fe re n c e t o d e ta ile d d ia g r a m s .— A . R . P .
Spectroscopy and th e N on-F errous Metals. T h o m a s L . T ip p e ll (A lum inium ,
and, N o n-F errous R ev., 1936, 1, (10), 4 5 9 -4 6 1 ).— A n illu s t r a t e d d e s c rip tio n o f
a s im p le s p e c tro s c o p e f o r w o rk s ’ u se o n n o n -fe rro u s m a te r ia ls .— P . M . C. R .
A New M ethod of T esting Surface F inish in th e W ire In d u stry . A . K a r s te n
(D raht-W elt, 1936, 29, (21), 3 2 7 - 3 2 8 ; (22), 3 4 3 -3 4 4 ).— S ee M et. A b s., th is
v o l., p . 8 6 .— P . M . C. R .
D e term in atio n of th e T hickness of Coatings on W ire.
(D raht-W elt,
1936, 29, (2 0 ), 3 1 4 ). — A b r ie f d e s c rip tio n is g iv e n o f t h e p rin c ip le a n d a p p lic a ­
tio n s o f th e C u lo m e te r, a n a p p a r a t u s f o r d e te r m in in g t h e w e ig h t o f a m e ta llic
c o a tin g b y t h e m e a s u re m e n t o f it s h y d r o g e n e q u iv a le n t.— P . M . C . R .
Optical In stru m e n ts in th e T esting of D iam ond and H ard -M etal D raw ing
Dies. A . M e tz (Draht- Welt, 1936, 29, (2 7 ), 4 0 3 - 4 0 4 ).— I l lu s t r a t e d d e s c rip tio n s
a r e g iv e n o f a m e a s u rin g m ic ro sc o p e , w h ic h p e r m its t h e u se o f b o t h re fle c te d
a n d t r a n s m i t t e d lig h t a n d m a g n ifie s 15—2 0 0 d ia m e te r s , a n d a m ic ro -p ro je c tio n
a s s e m b ly , a d a p t a b l e f o r m ic r o m e tric w o rk a n d f o r p h o to g r a p h y .— P . M . C. R .
In d u strial O ptical T esting and G auging In stru m e n ts. H . A lq u is t (E ng.
Progress, 1936, 17, (5), 1 1 1 -1 1 6 ).— T h e o p tic a l p ro c e ss e s a n d a p p a r a tu s u s e d
i n m o d e r n m e ta l- w o rk in g p l a n t a r e d is c u s s e d a n d illu s tr a te d . T h e m a in
cla sse s o f a p p a r a t u s a r e : in s tr u m e n ts f o r th e e x a m in a tio n o f s u r f a c e s ;
a p p a r a t u s fo r m e a s u rin g f o rm a n d c o n to u r , e.g. t h r e a d - c o n to u r t e s t s ; c o m p a r a ­
t i v e le n g th g a u g e s f o r h ig h -p re c is io n m a s s - p ro d u c e d p a r t s ; d ir e c t le n g th
g a u g e s f o r la r g e r w o r k ; in s tr u m e n ts f o r c h e c k in g a lig n m e n t, a n g le s , a n d
d ir e c tio n s .— P . M . C. R .
A p paratu s and M easuring M ethods for the M echanics of Solids, Liquids,
and Gases.— I. H . E b e r t (D ie Physilc, 1936, 4, (3), 9 3 - 1 0 6 ; Sci. A bs., 1936,
[A ], 39, 105 1 ).— E s s e n tia lly a s u r v e y o f t h e s u b j e c t ; i t h a s a v e r y e x te n s iv e
bibliography o f th e p a p e r s r e la tin g to t h e m e a s u re m e n ts d isc u sse d . T h e to p ic s
d e a lt w ith in c lu d e e la s tic d e f o rm a tio n , d e n s ity , a n d “ q u a n t i t y ,” a n d a ls o
p re s s u re , in c lu d in g t h e m e a s u re m e n t o f h ig h a n d lo w p re s s u re s , p r e s s u re a n d
v a c u u m p u m p s , a n d v a c u u m a p p a r a t u s .— S. G.
*The D esign of E ddy-C urrent H eatin g A p paratu s for O utgassing Electrodes
in a V acuum . C. W . O a tle y a n d J . B . S m ith (P hil. M ag., 1936, [v ii], 22,
(147), 453 4:62). — T h e c o n d itio n s o f o p e r a tio n o f e d d y - c u r r e n t h e a tin g a p ­
p a r a t u s a r e in v e s tig a te d e x p e r im e n ta lly , p a r tic u la r a t t e n t i o n b e in g p a id to
t h e h e a tin g o f tu b e s a n d d isc s c o n s tr u c te d o f t h i n s h e e t m e ta l. T h e d e s ig n o f
t h e h e a tin g co il is c o n s id e re d a n d a m e th o d o f d e te r m in in g t h e o p tim u m
f re q u e n c y is d e s c rib e d .— W . D . J .
The H ydrocal. A H ydrodynam ic C alculating M achine fo r Solving U n ­
steady-S tate Problem s in H eat T ran sfer and O ther Types of Diffusion. A . D .
M o o re (In d u st, a n d E n g . Chem., 1936, 28, (6), 7 0 4 -7 0 8 ).— T h e H y d r o c a l, a
c a lc u la tin g in s t r u m e n t o p e r a tin g o n h y d r o d y n a m ic p rin c ip le s , is illu s tr a te d
a n d d e s c rib e d . T r a n s ie n t p ro b le m s in d iffu sio n o f h e a t, c h e m ic a l d iffu sio n ,
o r o t h e r field s w h e re d iffu s io n la w s p r e v a il, c a n b e s e t u p o n th e H y d r o c a l a n d
w o rk e d . E x p la n a t io n c a n b e m a d e in te r m s o f a tr a n s i e n t h e a t s itu a tio n in a
sim p le so lid — a s la b b e in g h e a te d f ro m o n e sid e . T h e s la b is d iv id e d i n to a
s u ita b le n u m b e r o f in c r e m e n ta l slices a n d th e H y d r o c a l is th e n s e t u p t o
i m i t a t e a ll o f th e h e a t c h a r a c te r is tic s o f t h e sla b .— F . J .
1936 X I .— Physical and Mechanical Testing, &c. 567
X I — PH Y SIC A L AN D M E C H A N IC A L T E ST IN G , IN SPECTIO N
AN D RA D IO L O G Y
(Continued from pp. 469-471.)
M odern M ethods of Testing M etals. R o b e r t L ’H e r m ite (B ull. Soc. Ing.
Soudeurs, 1936, 7, (4 0 ), 2 1 9 5 - 2 2 1 6 ) . - T h e a to m ic s tr u c tu r e o f m e ta ls is d is ­
c u s se d w i t h p a r t i c u l a r re fe re n c e t o it s e lu c id a tio n b y X - r a y m e th o d s o f in ­
v e s tig a tio n , a n d t h e m e c h a n is m s o f f a ilu re b y s ta tic s tr e s s , f a tig u e , im p a c t,
a n d c re e p a re c o n sid e re d . T e s tin g a p p lia n c e s , in u se a t t h e L a b o ra to ir e s d u
B â ti m e n t e t d e s T r a v a u x P u b lic s , a r e d e s c rib e d , a n d a d e ta ile d a c c o u n t is
g iv e n o f t h e d e s ig n o f a s p e c ia l c o m p re ss io n te s tin g m a c h in e , r e c e n tly ^ s t a l l e d ,
w h ic h h a s a c a p a c ity o f 1 0 ,0 0 0 to n n e s . S o m e re m a rk s a r e a d d e d o n t h e effect
o f g r e a t h y d r o s ta tic p r e s s u re o n t h e p r o p e rtie s o f m e ta ls .— H . W . G . H .
M echanical Testing of A lum inium and A lum inium Alloys. R . I r m a n n
(.A lu m in iu m , 1936, 1 8 , (5), 1 9 2 - 2 0 2 ) .- T h e sh a p e a n d d im e n sio n s o f s t a n d a r d
te s t- p ie c e s f o r d e te r m in in g th e te n s ile p r o p e rtie s , th e h a rd n e s s , t h e b e n d in g ,
s h e a r, im p a c t ( n o tc h e d b a r ) , a n d to r s io n s tr e n g th s th e E ric h s e n v a lu e , a n d th e
r e s is ta n c e t o a lt e r n a t e b e n d in g a r e illu s tr a te d a n d a b r ie f d e s c rip tio n is g iv e n
o f a p p r o p r ia te m a c h in e s f o r m a k in g t h e t e s ts .— A . R . P .
«Com parative Study of Different M ethods of Testing B rass-W are (Tubes)
for S e a so n -Cracking. L . A . G lik m a n a n d S . P . G o n c h a ro v (Zhurnal le h n i cheskoy F iz ik i (J. Tech. P hysics), 1935, 5 , (9), 1 5 9 8 - 1 6 1 2 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .]
A s t u d y o f t h e m e th o d s (m e rc u ry , a m m o n ia , c u ttin g o f rin g s e c tio n s), to r
d e te c tin g t h e te n d e n c y o f b r a s s tu b e s t o s e a s o n -c ra c k sh o w e d t h a t , f o r f a c to ry
c o n tr o l te s ts , t h e l a s t- n a m e d m e th o d is b e s t, a n d a ffo rd s a s a tis f a c to r y
e x p la n a tio n o f t h e m e c h a n is m o f c ra c k in g .— N . A.
New M ethod for Testing A ntifriction Alloys fo r W e a r. N . A ¿ m d r e e v s k iy
a n d I . V . P ic h u g in ( Dizilestroem e (D iesel-B uilding), 1936, (5), 9 lo ) . [ i n
R u s s ia n ] ’ D e s c rib e s a m a c h in e f o r te s tin g f la t sp e c im e n s b y w e a rin g w ith a
s t a n d a r d c y lin d r ic a l a x le o n t h e C o n e lly p rin c ip le .— N . A.
Q u ality 'C o n tro l of H ard Alloys, Subjected to Friction. S. B . K o c h a r o v
(M ashinostroitel (M echanician), 1 936, (7), 3 3 - 3 4 ) . - [ I n R u s s i a n , D e s c rip tio n
o f a m a c h in e f o r te s tin g h a r d a llo y s f o r f ric tio n a l w e a r. R e s u lts o f te s ts o n
se v e ra l h a r d a llo y s a r e g iv e n .— N . A .
... ,
,
Gloss Investigations U sing Reflected Im ag es of a T arget P a tte rn . R ic h a r d
S H u n t e r (J. Opt. Soc. A m e r., 1936, 2 6, (4), I 9 0 - 1 9 6 ) . - F o r t h e s tu d y o f t h e
c h a r a c te r is tic s o f re fle c tiv e su rfa c e s o f v a r io u s k in d s , a la m p is u s e d g iv in g a
b e a m o f c o n c e n tric li g h t a n d d a r k rin g s. T h e im a g e re fle c te d fro m t h e
m e ta l o r p a i n t su rfa c e is p h o to g r a p h e d .— R . G .
,r . . . . , , ,
p , ,
M easuring Surface Finishes. W illis G . M e y e rs (M achinist (E u r. E d n .),
1936 80 (6), 9 6 - 9 7 e ).— T h e u s e o f t h e P ro filo g ra p h f o r m e a s u rin g a n d r e ­
co rd in g t h e c h a r a c te r o f fin ish e d su rfa c e s is d e s c rib e d . A r a y o f lig h t is
fo c u ss e d o n a h in g e d m irr o r a n d re fle c te d o n t o a se n s itiz e d p h o to g r a p h ic p a p e r
m o u n te d o n a d r u m . T h e sp e c im e n is p a s ss e d u n d e r a d ia m o n d t r a c e r p o in t
a t t a c h e d t o t h e m irr o r , so t h a t a c u rv e o f t h e p ro file is m a d e p h o to g r a p h ic a lly
w ith re a d in g s m e a s u ra b le in m illio n th s o f a n in c h .— J . H . W .
. ,
*A New M ethod fo r Testing the R esistance to Cracking of M etallic M aterials.
P B r e n n e r (Luftfahrtforschung, 1935, 12, 1 0 7 -1 1 5 ).— T e s ts o n th e c o rro s io n o f
v a r io u s lig h t m e ta l a llo y s u n d e r b e n d in g s tre s se s a r e d e s c rib e d . I t is sh o w n
t h a t c ra c k in g s e ts in e a r lie r w ith la r g e r te n s io n s , a n d t h e effe c t o f te m p e r a tu r e
is d isc u sse d — _ 0 .
,
«Two- a n d T hree-D im ensional Cases of Stress C oncentration and Com parison
w ith F atigue Tests. R . E . P e te r s o n a n d A . M . W a h l ( J . A p p lie d M echanics,
1936 3 (1) a 2 3 - 2 5 ) — A c o m p a riso n o f v a lu e s o b ta in e d f o r th e s tre s s -c o n c e n tr a tio n f k c to r in t h e s t u d y o f tw o - a n d th re e -d im e n s io n a l cases o f stre s s
c o n c e n tr a tio n in s h a f ts h a v in g fille ts o r tr a n s v e r s e h o le s w ith d a t a fro m
QQ
568
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
f a tig u e t e s ts le a d s t o t h e fo llo w in g c o n c lu s io n s : (1) i n so m e ca se s fa tig u e
r e s u lts a r e q u ite clo se ^ to th e th e o r e tic a l s tr e s s - c o n c e n tr a tio n v a l u e s ; (2)
f a tig u e r e s u lts f o r a llo y s te e ls a n d q u e n c h e d c a tb o n s te e ls a r e u s u a lly c lo s e r
t o t h e th e o r e tic a l v a lu e s t h a n a r e c o r re s p o n d in g r e s u lts f o r u n q u e n c h e d
c a r b o n s t e e l s ; (3) w it h d e c re a s e i n size o f s p e c im e n , t h e r e d u c tio n in f a tig u e s tr e n g t h d u e t o a fille t o r h o le b e c o m e s s o m e w h a t less a n d f o r v e r y sm a ll fille ts
o r h o le s t h e r e d u c tio n is c o m p a r a tiv e ly s m a ll ; (4) s e n s itiv ity f a c to rs d e t e r ­
m in e d f o r s m a ll sp e c im e n s s h o u ld n o t b e a p p lie d t o th e d e s ig n o f m a c h in e d
p a r t s re g a r d le s s o f size.— J . W . D .
E n d u ran c e T ests on M etals. DIN DVM4001. — — (Z. Metalllcunde, 1936,
2 8 , (4 ), 1 0 3 -1 0 4 ).— T e rm s a r e d e fin e d , s t a n d a r d t e s ts a r e sp e c ifie d , a n d a
u n if o r m m e th o d o f r e p o r tin g r e s u lts s u g g e s te d .— A . I t . P .
*A n A pplication of th e In terfe ro m e ter Strain-G auge in Photoelasticity.
R . W . V o se (J . A p p lie d M echanics, 1935, 2 , (3), a 99—102).— T h e d iffe re n c e o f
t h e p r in c ip a l s tre s s e s a n d t h e ir d ir e c tio n a t a n y p o i n t i n a s u ita b le lo a d e d
s p e c im e n a r e d e te r m in e d b y m e a n s o f t h e u s u a l p h o to e la s tic m e th o d s , a n d
t h r o u g h a k n o w le d g e o f P o is s o n ’s r a ti o t h e i r s u m is o b ta in e d a n d a s o lu tio n
m a d e p o ss ib le b y a m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e l a t e r a l d e f o rm a tio n o f t h e sp e c im e n
b y m e a n s o f a n i n t e r f e r o m e te r s t r a i n g a u g e . T h e i n s tr u m e n t u s e d t o g e th e r
w i t h i t s a c c e ss o rie s a n d t h e i r u s e is d e s c rib e d , a n d e x a m p le s o f p ro b le m s
s o lv e d b y m e a n s o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t a r e g iv e n , w h ic h s h o w its a c c u r a c y a n d th e
c o n s is te n c y o f t h e r e s u lts o b ta in e d .— J . W . D .
T echnique of Studying D eform ations by M eans of V arnish Coatings. I . P .
P ro k o fie v (V estnick Ingenerov i Tehnilcov (Messenger E n g . m id Tech.), 1936,
(7), 4 1 1 -4 1 7 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] A d e s c rip tio n is g iv e n o f t h e m e th o d f o r
d e te r m in in g t h e p re s e n c e a n d d is tr i b u t io n o f s tre s s e s b y c o a tin g t h e su rfa c e s
o f t h e a r tic le s w i t h d if fe r e n t v a r n is h e s .— N . A .
The N otched-B ar Test Applied to Steel a n d W eld M etal, w ith Special
R eference to th e Izod Test. L . W . S c h u s te r (B rit. E n g in e Boiler a n d Elect.
Insurance Co. Tech. S e p ., 1935, 114r-172).— I n a d isc u s s io n o f t h e n o tc h e d - b a r
t e s t a n d i t s a p p lic a tio n s , c o n s id e ra tio n is g iv e n t o t h e v a lu e o f t h e I z o d t e s t
i n t h e n o r m a l te s ti n g o f m a te r ia ls , t o so m e c a u s e s o f s o -c a lle d in c o n s is ta n c ie s
i n t h e r e s u lts o b ta in e d , t o t h e u s e o f r o u n d a n d s q u a re I z o d s p e c im e n s i n t h e
t e s ti n g o f w e ld e d jo in ts , t o t h e in flu e n c e o f t h e d e p t h o f th e n o t c h a n d t h e
h e ig h t o f t h e s p e c im e n i n a n I z o d t e s t, t o slo w n o tc h - b e n d t e s ts o n b e a m t y p e s p e c im e n s, a n d t o I z o d t e s ts o n fu sio n -w e ld e d b o ile r d r u m s . T h e r e s u lts
o f e x p e r im e n ts c a r r ie d o u t f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f illu s tr a tin g t h e v a r io u s p o in ts
u n d e r c o n s id e ra tio n a r e g iv e n , a n d a r e u s e d in th e d isc u ssio n t o a m p lif y t h e
v a r io u s p o in ts d e a l t h w ith .— J . W . D .
T he B end T est a n d Its Value as a Guide to D uctility. L . W . S c h u s te r
(Proc. I n s t. M ech. E n g ., 1935, 129, 2 5 1 - 3 5 0 ; d isc u ssio n , 3 5 1 - 3 9 8 ; a n d
(su m m a rie s ) E ngineer, 1 9 3 5 , 149, 354—3 5 6 ; M ech. World, 1935, 97, 4 4 5 -4 4 7 ,
4 7 0 -4 7 2 ).— M a in ly f e rr o u s .— L . A . O.
*E lastic L im its a n d M icrodeform ations u nder D ynam ic B ending Stresses o f
C onstructional M aterials a t H ig h T em peratures. G e o rg W e lte r (Z . M etallkunde, 1 936, 2 8 , (9), 2 5 7 -2 6 1 ).— A n a p p a r a t u s f o r d e te r m in in g t h e d y n a m ic
b e n d in g s t r e n g t h o f m e ta ls a n d a llo y s is d e s c rib e d . I t c o n s ists o f a p e n d u lu m
g iv in g a n i m p a c t fo rc e o f 3 0 c m .-k g . a n d a d iv id e d e le c tric f u rn a c e w h ic h c a n
b e p u s h e d o v e r e a c h e n d o f t h e b a r a n d m o v e d a s id e t o e x p o s e t h e n o tc h j u s t
b e fo re t h e p e n d u lu m is d r o p p e d ; t h e s p e c im e n is c o n n e c te d w ith a n a r r a n g e ­
m e n t o f m irr o r s w h ic h r e c o r d s t h e firs t p e r m a n e n t d e f o rm a tio n . R e s u l t s
o b ta in e d o n a lo w n ic k e l- c h r o m iu m s te e l, a m ild s te e l, a n d a n a g e d D u r a lu m in
a llo y (sh o w n i n t a b le s a n d g r a p h s ) in d ic a te t h a t t h e a llo y s te e l is m u c h s u p e rio r
t o t h e m ild s te e l, w h ic h is a b o u t a s g o o d a s t h e D u r a lu m in . C o n c lu s io n s
c a n a ls o b e r e a c h e d a s t o t h e b e h a v io u r o f m e ta ls u n d e r a lt e r n a t i n g s tr e s s e s
a t h ig h te m p e r a tu r e s .— A . R . P .
19 36
X I . — Physical and Mechanical Testing, &c.
569
♦P h o to ele ctric E xten som eter for Very Sm all G auge-Lengths. E . L e h r a n d
G r a n a c h e r ( Forsch. Ingenieurwesens, 1 9 3 6 ,7 ,6 6 - 7 4 ; Sci. A bs., 1936, [B ],
39, 2 8 4 ).— A n e w t y p e o f e x te n s o m e te r, 4 0 m m . lo n g a n d w eig h in g a b o u t 15
H.
g r m ., is d e s c rib e d w i t h t h e a id o f s e c tio n a l view s. T h e g a u g e p o in ts a re
2 m m . a p a r t a n d t h e e x te n s io n is m a g n ifie d m e c h a n ic a lly a b o u t 5 0 tim e s b y
le v e rs w h ic h c a u s e a s lit t o v a r y i ts w id th . A r a y o f lig h t f ro m a la m p w ith in
t h e e x te n s o m e te r p a s s in g th r o u g h t h e s lit fa lls o n a s m a ll p la n e p h o to e le c tiic
cell a t t h e e n d o f t h e in s tr u m e n t, a n d t h e c u r r e n t p r o d u c e d is m a g n ifie d u n ti l
a t o t a l e x te n s o m e te r m a g n ific a tio n o v e r 3 0 ,0 0 0 tim e s is o b ta in e d . M e th o d s o f
c a lib r a tin g t h e i n s tr u m e n t a n d a tta c h in g i t t o a sp e c im e n a r e d e sc rib e d ,
t o g e t h e r w i t h a n a u to m a tic p u n c h f o r m a r k in g ofi th e sp e c im e n . T h e a c c u ra c y
o f th e in s t r u m e n t is c o m p a r e d w ith a H u g g e n b e r g e r e x te n s o m e te r b y a series
o f t e s ts o n a f la t d isc s p rin g , a n d t h e e x p e r im e n ta l r e s u lts a r e g iv e n m g ra p h ic a l
f o rm t o g e t h e r w i t h c a lc u la te d v a lu e s .— S. G.
D eterm in atio n of th e E lon gatio n w ith out D estroying th e Specim en. A .
g a h n a z a ro w (M aschinenbau, 1936, 15, (1 5 /1 6 ), 4 4 3 -4 4 4 ). T w o h o le s 7 m m .
i n d ia m e te r a r e d r ille d in t h e m e ta l w it h c e n tr e s 8 m m . a p a r t a n d t h e th m
p a r t i t io n w a ll is p r e s s e d in w ith a s u ita b le to o l u n t i l i t b e g in s t o f r a c tu r e .
T h e r e s u ltin g b e n d in g is a m e a s u re o f t h e e lo n g a tio n , v . G.
Note on th e T orsion Im p act Test. N . D a v id e n k o w (Tech. P hysics U .S .S .B .,
1 936, 3 , (6), 5 7 7 -5 8 0 ).— [ I n E n g lis h .] T h e d is c re p a n c ie s b e tw e e n t h e re s u lts
o f t o r s io n a n d b e n d in g im p a c t t e s ts in s te e l a r e e x p la in e d b y c o n s id e ra tio n o f
t h e d if fe r e n t effe c ts o f n o r m a l a n d s h e a r s tre s se s , a n d t h e d iffe re n t ra tio s
b e tw e e n th e m in t h e tw o k in d s o f t e s t.— B . C.
♦S im ilarity B etw een th e S tress-S train D iagram s O btained from Im p act,
Tensile, a n d T orsional Tests. M itito s i I t i h a r a (J. Soc. M ech. E ng. dapom ,
1934, 3 7 , (212), 8 69 (in J a p a n e s e ) ; T ra n s. Soc. M ech. E ng. J a p a n , lJ 3 b ,
2, (6), 1 9 7 -2 0 2 (in J a p a n e s e , w ith E n g lis h s u m m a r y in s u p p t., p p . 5 5 -5 8 )).
S ee M et. A bs., t h i s v o l., p . 268.— S . G .
_
.
Im p ac t T orsion Tests. M itito s i I t i h a r a (M etallurgist (S u p p t. to Engineer),
1936, 60, 1 4 1 -1 4 3 ).— A s u m m a r y a n d d isc u ssio n o f p a p e r s b y I . , Tech. R ep.
Tdhoku I m p . U niv., 1933, 11, 1 6 ; 1935, 11, 489, 5 1 2 ; 1936, 12, 63, 1 0 5 ; see
M et. A bs., 1934, 1, 6 1 5 ; 1935, 2, 3 5 6 ; a n d th is v o l., p . 268 .— R .
The M icrocharacter [H ardness Testing M achine] as a R esearch Tool.
W . J . C o n ley , W . E . C o n ley , H . J . K in g , a n d L . E . U n g e r (T ra n s. A m e r. Soc.
M etals, 1936, 24, (3), 7 2 1 -7 3 4 ).— T h e M ic ro c h a ra c te r (C. H . B ie r b a u m , M et.
A bs. (J. In st. M etals,) 1931, 47, 491) is e s s e n tia lly a s c le ro m e te r m w h ic h t h e
c u ttin g to o l is a d ia m o n d g ro u n d t o th e sh a p e o f t h e c o m e r o f a cu b e ,
m ic ro -h a rd n e s s , K , is d e fin e d b y K =
ib e
, w h e re X is t h e w id th o f t h e c u t
in m ic ro n s, a n d a s t a n d a r d lo a d o f 3 g rm . is u se d .
A p p lic a tio n s o f t h e i n ­
s t r u m e n t a r e d e s c rib e d w it h s p e c ia l re fe re n c e to it s u se f o r d e te r m in in g th e
r e la tiv e h a r d n e s s o f t h e d iffe re n t c o n s titu e n ts o f a n a llo y .— W . H .- R .
G erm an H ardness-T esting M achines and Appliances. G . R ic h te r {Eng.
Progress, 1936, 17, (4), 8 1 -8 6 ).— D e v e lo p m e n ts in w o rk s ’ h a r d n e s s -te s tm g
e q u ip m e n t h a v e b e e n d ir e c te d to w a r d s e lim in a tin g t h e p e r s o n a l e q u a tio n of
t h e o b s e rv e r, s ta n d a r d iz in g c o n d itio n s b y h o ld in g t h e w o rk u n d e r p re s s u re ,
s u p p ly in g a n e le c tr o - a u to m a tic d r iv e o r o th e r ty p e s o f d r iv e lik e ly t o f a c ilita te
t h e te s tin g p ro c e ss , a n d p r o v id in g re lia b le m e th o d s o f te s tin g c u m b e rso m e o r
irre g u la r ly s h a p e d p ieces. S ta tio n a r y a n d p o r ta b le m a c h in e s fo r d iffe re n t
t y p e s o f h a r d n e s s t e s t a r e d e s c rib e d a n d illu s tr a te d .— P . M . C . R .
A New H ardness T ester. O tt o W e lz (E ng. Progress, 1936, 17, (7), J57).—
T h e i n s tr u m e n t d e s c rib e d m a y b e u s e d e ith e r f o r t h e V ic k e rs o r B rm e li t e s t ;
a n o p tic a l s y s te m p r o je c ts a n im a g e o f th e im p re ss io n a t a s t a n d a r d m a g n ific a ­
t io n o n a g ro u n d -g la s s sc re e n . T h e h a r d n e s s m a y e ith e r b e r e a d d ir e c t fro m
570
Metallurgical A bstracts
V ol. 3
t h e sc re e n b y m e a n s o f “ in v o lu te s ,” o r c a lc u la te d f ro m m e a s u re m e n ts o f th e
im a g e .— P . M . C. R .
R A D IO L O G Y .
Some A pplications o£ X -R ays. J . R . T o w n s e n d a n d L . E . A b b o t t (M etal
Progress, 1936, 29, (2), 64—7 0 , 86 ).— A n il lu s t r a te d d e s c rip tio n is g iv e n o f t h e
C o o lid g e t u b e a n d o f its u se i n t h e e x a m in a tio n in p a r t ic u la r o f w e ld s a n d
s h rin k a g e c ra c k s .— P . M . C. R .
* A New M ethod fo r th e D etection of In te rn a l Strains in Solids by R adiog raph.
b h in s u k e T a n a k a a n d C h u jiro M a ta n o (J. Soc. M ech. E n g . J a p a n , 1934, 3 7,
(2 1 2 ), 8 6 0 -8 6 3 ).— [ I n J a p a n e s e .] S ee a ls o M et. A b s., 1935, 2, 24 8 .— S . G .
T, The Use of X -R ays fo r E xam ining W eld Seam s a n d T esting W elders.
E r ic h W e g e rh o ff (.Elektroschweissung, 1936, 7, (10), 1 9 2 -1 9 5 ).— T y p ic a l f a u lts
m w e ld s a r e d e s c rib e d a n d ill u s tr a te d b y r a d io g ra p h s . I t is p o in te d o u t t h a t
X - r a y s p r o v id e a n e x c e lle n t m e th o d o f s u p e rv is in g w o r k m a n s h ip , a n d i t is
e m p h a s iz e d t h a t t h e y d isc lo se f a u lts w h ic h a r e in su ffic ie n t t o ju s ti f y r e je c tio n .
— H . W . G. H .
X -R ays a n d A rc-W elding. F . G r e b e r t (A r ts et M etiers, 1936, 89, (188),
1 0 7 -1 1 0 ).— A m e th o d o f d e te r m in in g b y X - r a y e x a m in a tio n n o t o n ly t h e
p o s itio n o f a d e fe c t, b u t t h e d e p t h a t w h ic h i t o c c u rs, is d e s c rib e d a n d i l l u s t r a t e d :
t h e li m i t s o f a c c u r a c y a r e d is c u s s e d . A n a p p a r a t u s s u i ta b le f o r w o r k s ’
r o u t in e is i l l u s t r a t e d , a n d t h e th ic k n e s s e s o f c o p p e r, b ro n z e , b ra s s , a n d
a lu m in iu m u p t o w h ic h i t c a n b e e m p lo y e d a r e s t a te d .— P . M . C. R .
R adiographic Inspection of W elded R efinery E quipm en t. H e r b e r t R . I s e n b u r g e r (M ech. E n g ., 1936, 5 8, (7), 44 2 —446).— T h e r a d io g ra p h ic e x a m in a tio n
o i w e ld e d o il-re fin in g e q u ip m e n t is d e s c rib e d . A s e m i- p o r ta b le X - r a y i n s t a l ­
la t i o n f o r w 'o rk sh o p u se , a n d a p o r ta b le a p p a r a t u s f o r field e x a m in a tio n , a r e
d e s c rib e d a n d i llu s tr a te d , a n d t h e lim ita tio n s o f g a m m a - r a y e x a m in a tio n a re
d isc u sse d . M e th o d s o f lo c a tin g d e fe c ts a r e d e s c rib e d , a n d s e v e ra l illu s tr a te d
e x a m p le s a r e g iv e n .— P . M . C. R .
The X -R ay Inv estig atio n of F in e S tru ctu re in th e F oundry. A . K a r s t e n
( Giesserei, 1936, 23, (3), 57—59).— S o m e m o d e r n p o r ta b le a p p a r a tu s is d e s c rib e d .
— L. A. 0 .
S tereom etric M easurem ents of X -R ay P hotographs. A . M a ttin g ( Giesserei ,
1 J3 6 , 23, (1), 7 - 1 1 ).— X - r a y ste re o s c o p y c a n b e a p p lie d t o t h e te s tin g o f
m a te r ia ls . V a rio u s i n s tr u m e n ts a r e d e s c rib e d w ith t h e p rin c ip le s u n d e r ly in g
t h e i r u se .— L . A . O .
3
6
, r ^ he^ X ' R a y E xa m in a tio n of W ire-B ars. M . S . B e le ts k i (L e g tie M etalli
(Light M etals), 1936, (4), 4 0 —42).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] X - r a y m e th o d s f o r e x a m in in g
t h e h o m o g e n e ity o f a lu m in iu m w ire -b a rs , a s u s e d a t t h e D n ie p e r A lu m in iu m
P l a n t , a r e d e s c rib e d .— D . N . S.
In d u stria l X -R ays : A n In tro d u ctio n to th e Physics of th e Science. R o b e r t
C. W o o d s (M etals a n d A lloys, 1936, 7, (2), 4 5 -5 0 ).— L . A . 0 .
X -R ay s a n d A tom s : A n In d u stria l Review. R o b e r t C. W o o d s (M etals
a n d A llo ys, 1936, 7, (7), 1 8 1 -1 8 4 ).— A n e le m e n ta r y re v ie w .— L . A . O.
P ra c tic al A pplications fo r X -R ay s for the E x am in atio n of M aterials.—
I-m .
W . G . B u r g e r s (P h ilip s Tech. R ev., 1936, 1 , (1), 2 9 - 3 1 ; (2), 6 0 - 6 1 ;
(3 ), 9 5 ).— S . G .
X II.— T E M P E R A T U R E
M E A S U R E M E N T A N D CON TRO L
(Continued from p. 471.)
P yro m etry in F oundries a n d Sm elting W orks. E d m u n d T . R ic h a rd s
( FeUerungstechnilc, 1936, 24, (8), 141—1 43).— P y r o m e te r s m a y b e d is p e n s e d w ith
i n c e r ta in f o u n d r y a n d s m e ltin g o p e r a tio n s w h e re sp e c ia l s ta g e s in t h e p ro c e ss
a r e a c c o m p a n ie d b y u n m is ta k a b le in d ic a tio n s (e.g. t h e e v o lu tio n o f fu m e s ,
1936
X I I . — Temperature Measurement, &c.
571
c o lo u r c h a n g e s , & c.).
E ls e w h e re p y r o m e tric c o n tro l m u s t b e effe cted b y
in s tr u m e n ts o f t h e im m e rs io n ty p e , th e rm o c o u p le s w i th e x p o s e d ju n c tio n s ,
o r o p tic a l p y r o m e te rs . T h e a d v a n ta g e s , lim ita tio n s , a n d sp e c ia l a p p lic a tio n s
o f e a c h ty p e a r e d e s c rib e d .— P . M . C. R .
M ethods and In stru m en ts of In d u strial T em peratu re M easurem ent and
Control. R . B o y e (E ng. Progress, 1936, 17, (5), 1 1 7 - 1 2 1 ; (6), 1 3 5 -1 3 9 ).—
A s h o r t d isc u ssio n o f t h e p rin c ip le s o f t e m p e r a tu r e m e a s u re m e n t is follow ed
b y a c la s sific a tio n o f t h e in s tr u m e n ts e m p l o y e d : t h e f o u r m a in classes—
e x p a n s io n th e r m o m e te rs , e le c tric a l r e s is ta n c e th e r m o m e te rs , th e rm o c o u p le s,
a n d r a d i a t i o n p y r o m e te rs — a r e t h e n c o n s id e re d , a n d r e c e n t t y p e s o f e a c h are
i l l u s tr a te d a n d d e s c rib e d .— P . M . C. R .
*A G as-T ight F u rn a c e fo r T herm ocouple S tandardization. C. if . JNiven
(Canad, J . Research, 1936, [A ], 14, (9), 1 7 7 -1 8 0 ).— A d e ta f ie d d e s c rip tio n o f
a f u rn a c e f o r c a lib r a tin g p la tin u m / p l a ti n u m - r h o d iu m th e rm o c o u p le s in m o lte n
m e ta ls . T h e e s s e n tia l p a r t is a w a te r-c o o le d g a s - tig h t lid d e s ig n e d m s u c h a
w a y a s t o m a in ta in a re d u c in g a tm o s p h e re o v e r t h e su rfa c e o f t h e c ru c ib le .
A d e v ic e is a ls o d e s c rib e d f o r r e m o v in g t h e c ru c ib le fro m t h e f u rn a c e w ith o u t
h a v in g t o t u r n t h e f u rn a c e u p s id e d o w n .— J . W . D .
T em perature M easurem ents w ith a New Colour P yro m eter. G e rh a rd
N a e s e r (Giesserei, 1936, 2 3, (15), 3 6 3 -3 6 8 ).— S ee M et. Aba., th is v o l., p . 269.
A. XV. X .
T herm oelectric P yrom eters for Very H igh T em peratures (1500°-2000° C.).
A . A . B o r z d y k a (Zavodskaia Laboratoria (W orks’ Lab.), 1936, 5, (2), 2 0 4 ^ 2 0 7 ).
— f i n R u s s ia n .] C h a ra c te ris tic s o f t h e th e rm o c o u p le s : R h / P t + 8 % R e ;
R h / R h + 8 % R e ; I r / I r + 6 0 % R h ; W -M o a n d C -S iC a r e d isc u sse d . ^
A Spindle fo r In su latin g [Therm ocouple] W ires. J u l i a n M . S tu r t e v a n t
(In d u st, and E ng. Ghem. (A nalyt. E d n .), 1936, 8, (5), 3 4 1 ).— I n t h e c o n s tru c tio n
o f th e r m o c o u p le s i t is s o m e tim e s d e s ira b le t o w r a p a s m a ll b u n d le of w ires
w ith c o tto n o r s ilk in s u la tin g th r e a d . T h is is a te d io u s p ro c e d u re w h e n d o n e
b y h a n d . A sim p le a n d e a s ily c o n s tr u c te d sp in d le , w h ic h is ill u s tr a t e d a n d
b rie fly d e s c rib e d , e n a b le s 1 f t . o f w ire to b e w r a p p e d w it h o n e la y e r o f t h r e a d
i n 1 m in u te .— S . G.
*The P la tin u m R esistance T herm om eter. W . H . K e e s o m (7e. Congr.
internat. froid, l e . Comm, internat., R apports et Com m unic., 1936, 12-lf> ;
C. A b s., 1936, 30, 6 999).— Cf. M e t. A bs., th is v o l., p p , 8 7 , 2 7 0 , 4 1 3 . F iv e
p l a t i n u m r e s is ta n c e th e r m o m e te r s w e re c o m p a re d w ith a h e liu m th e r m o m e te r
a t 10° in te r v a ls f ro m 0 ° t o - 1 8 0 °. A ll t h e th e r m o m e te r s w e re c a lib r a te d a t
0 ° a n d a t - 182-985° ( th e b o ilin g p o i n t o f o x y g e n ). F r o m 0 ° t o a b o u t - 1 1 0
t h e in t e r n a t i o n a l (p la tin u m ) sc ale is lo w ; m a x im u m e rro rs o f 0 -0 3 7 5 t o 0-0455
o c c u r r e d a t — 8 0 ° a n d a t — 9 0 °. F r o m a b o u t — 110° t o — 183 t h e n ite rn a t i o n a l sc a le is h i g h ; m a x im u m e r ro r s o f 4 o f t h e p l a t in u m th e r m o m e te rs
w e re 0 -0 1 3 5 -0 -0 2 3 5 ° a t - 130° a n d - 1 4 0 ° ; t h e f ifth th e r m o m e te r h a d a
m a x im u m e r r o r o f 0 -0 4 9 5 ° a t — 140°. F o u r o f t h e p la tin u m th e r m o m e te rs
h a d m a x im u m d ifferen ces (a m o n g th e m se lv e s) o f 0 -012 ; in c lu d in g a ll 5,
t h e m a x im u m d iffe re n c e w a s 0 -038°.— S . G.
* T herm om etry a t Low T em peratures. W . H . K e e s o m (7e. Congr. internat.
froid, le . Comm, internat., R apports et C om m unic., 1936, 2 7 - A 4 ; C. A bs., 1936,
30 6 99 9 ).— A s a r e s u lt o f a r e d e te r m in a tio n o f t h e f u n d a m e n ta l p re s s u re
coeff. o f h e liu m , a t a b l e o f c o rre c tio n s f ro m 0 ° to — 2 7 0 ° is g iv e n fo r th e
C elsiu s—A v o g a d ro sc a le . T h e re v isio n is te r m e d t h e
1936 scale.
P la tin u m
r e s is ta n c e th e r m o m e te rs w e re f o u n d to h a v e a m a x im u m u n r e lia b ility o f 0-05
a n d 0-15° in t h e r a n g e s 0 ° t o 190° a n d - 190° t o - 259°, re s p e c tiv e ly , t h e
tw o form ulae u s e d t o d e te r m in e te m p e r a tu r e s a t liq u id h e liu m te m p e r a tu re s
h a v e a d is c o n tin u ity o f a b o u t 0-01° a t 2-19° K . P h o s p h o r - b r o n z e re sis ta n c e
th e r m o m e te r s g a v e e x c e lle n t r e s u lts fo r t h e r a n g e 0-7°—7-3 K . T h e effe cts of
572
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
c u r r e n t i n te n s ity (0 -0 2 5 -1 -3 6 m a .), le a d c o n te n t (0 -0 2 5 7 -0 -0 0 1 0 ), a n d e x te r n a l
m a g n e tic field ( 0 - 6 5 0 0 g a u s s) o n t e m p e r a t u r e d e te r m in a tio n s m a d e w ith
p h o s p h o r - b r o n z e w ire s a r e sh o w n g ra p h ic a lly . R e s is ta n c e s o f c e riu m a n d
m a g n e s iu m f ro m 1 t o 4 K . a r e sh o w n . T h e rm o e le c tric c o u p le s o f th e g o ld
a llo y - s ilv e r a llo y t y p e a r e d is c u s s e d ; e .m .f.s o f t h e c o u p le A u + 2-11 a to m s /o C o -A g + 0-37 a t o m - % C u a r e g iv e n f ro m 2-5 t o 17-5° K . A ll th e s e m e th o d s
b e c o m e u n r e lia b le a t 0-7 t o 0 -8° K . t o t h e e x t e n t o f p e r h a p s 1 % . T h e d e t e r ­
m in a tio n o f te m p e r a tu r e s b e lo w 1° K . o b ta in e d b y a d ia b a ti c d e m a g n e tiz a tio n
a n d t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f te m p e r a tu r e s b y a d ia b a t ic e x p a n s io n a r e d isc u sse d
b rie fly . 2 5 references a r e g iv e n .— S . G .
T he M easurem ent o£ th e T em p eratu re oî H o t M oving Objects. A E
p o g h A l r o n and S t e e l E n g ., 1936, 13, (4), 1 1 -1 2 ).— T h e p y r o m e tr ic s y s te m
d escrib ed . (O p tim a tic ) is b a s e d o n t h e d if fe r e n tia l r e a c tio n s o f tw o p h o to c e lls
in c lu d e d in a b r id g e c ir c u it c o n ta in in g a n a m p lif y in g tu b e . T h e s y s te m
i n d ic a te s te m p e r a t u r e s w it h a la g o f o n ly 0-5 se c o n d , a n d m a y o p e r a te a u t o ­
m a tic re c o rd e rs . A n y n u m b e r o f g a lv a n o m e te r s m a y b e c o n n e c te d w i th a
sin g le s y s te m , o r o n e g a lv a n o m e te r m a y b e u s e d w it h s e v e ra l s y s te m s in tu r n .
T h e r a p i d i t y a n d sc o p e o f t h e o b s e rv a tio n s t h u s m a d e p o ss ib le e n s u re c o m p le te
c o n tr o l a n d u n if o r m ity o f tr e a t m e n t , e s p e c ia lly i n t h e ca se o f c o n tin u o u s
p ro c e ss e s.— P . M . C . R .
X III.— FO U N D R Y
P R A C T IC E A N D A P P L IA N C E S
(Continued from pp. 471-473.)
*Second R eport of th e Steel Castings R esearch C om m ittee [of the Iro n and
Steel In stitu te a n d B ritish Iro n a n d Steel Federation],
{Iron Steel In st.
Special R ep . N o . 15, 1936, 117 p p . ; a n d F ound. T rade J ., 1936, 55 (1051)
2 6 7 - 2 7 0 ; (1 0 5 2 ), 2 9 1 -2 9 3 , 29 6 ; (1 0 5 3 ), 3 1 4 -3 1 8 ; (1 0 5 5 ), 3 5 4 -3 5 5 ; 1056)
3 7 7 - 3 7 9 ; (1 0 5 7 ), 3 8 9 - 3 9 0 , 3 9 2 ).— T h is s y s te m a tic in v e s tig a tio n o f t h e
d iffic u ltie s a s s o c ia te d w i t h s te e l c a s tin g s s h o u ld p r o v e in v a lu a b le in s im ila r
s tu d ie s o f a llie d p r o b le m s r e la tin g t o n o n - fe r r o u s c a s tin g s w h e re m a n y
o f t h e s a m e p r in c ip le s a r e in v o lv e d a n d h a v e n o t b e e n s u b je c te d t o s u c h
s c ie n tific t r e a t m e n t . T h e r e p o r t is d iv id e d in to 6 s e c tio n s : I . — I n tr o d u c t i o n ;
H - — i 1 ) R e v ie w o f e x is tin g in f o r m a tio n o n d im e n s io n a l c h a n g e s a n d o n th é
s t r e n g t h a n d d u c t i l i t y o f s te e l a t h ig h t e m p e r a t u r e ; (2) re v ie w o f e x is tin g
in f o r m a tio n o n f lu id ity o r c a s ta b ility , o n c a s t ir o n a n d n o n -fe rro u s m etals^
a s t u d y o f t h e p r o b le m a p p lie d t o s te e l a n d e x p e r im e n ts ; I I I . — D e s c rip tio n
o f a s t a n d a r d m e t h o d e v o lv e d t o m e a s u re f lu id ity f o r t h e s t u d y o f t h e e ffe c t
o f v a r io u s e le m e n ts ; I V .— R e s e a r c h o n t h e s t r e n g t h a n d d u c ti l it y o f ste e l
w h ile c o o lin g d o w n f r o m t h e e a s t c o n d itio n ; V .— O u tlin e s t h e w o rk o f M o u ld ­
in g M a te ria ls S u b -C o m m itte e . F in d in g s t o b e e m b o d ie d in a l a t e r r e p o r t ;
V I .— R a d io lo g ic a l e x a m in a tio n o f s te e l c a s tin g s .— J . E . N .
Cooling of Castings in M oulds. I . E . G o rs h k o v (.M etallurg (M etallurgist),
1936, (8 ), 1 0 4 -1 1 0 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] A t t e n ti o n is d ir e c te d t o t h e m a r k e d
e ffe c t, o n t h e c r y s ta lliz a tio n o f c a s tin g s , o f t h e d e f o rm a tio n o f t h e m o u ld d u e
t o i t s u n e q u a l h e a tin g . I n th e f ir s t s ta g e o f h e a tin g , w h e n t h e o u t e r su rfa c e s
o f t h e m o u ld r e m a in c o ld , i t s in n e r p a r t s a r e in c lo ser c o n ta c t w it h t h e c a s tin g
a n d c o n d u c t h e a t a w a y m o re v ig o ro u s ly . A s t h e m o u ld b e c o m e s h o t t e r , a
r e v e r s a l o f t h e d e f o rm a tio n o f its w a lls o c c u rs, i.e. s e p a r a tio n o f its in n e r p a r t s
f ro m t h e c a s tin g . G .’s c o n c lu s io n s a r e s u p p o r te d b y so m e e x a m p le s N A
W all T hickness Sensitivity of M etals a n d Alloys. E . S ô h n c h e n a n d E
P iw o w a r s k y (Z . V . d . I ., 1936, 80, (31), 9 3 3 -9 3 6 ).— A re v ie w o f th e l i te r a tu r e o n
t h e m o u ld in g o f a llo y s .
v q
*A C entrifugal P u rifier for M olten M etals. E . V ro o n e n (Congrès In tern a t
M in e s M et. Géol., Section de M étallurgie, 1936, 2 ,2 2 7 - 2 3 4 ; a n d R ev. M et., 1936,
33, (8), 5 0 2 - 5 0 9 ).— [ I n F r e n c h .] A d e s c rip tio n is g iv e n o f a r e fr a c to r y -
X I I I . — Foundry Practice and Appliances
1936
~ S S
£ S B
2
S
iB
S
C
573
Z
89 (184) 13 • a n d Rev. Fonderie moderne, 1936, M a r. 10, 81). I t is claim e
t h a t s o u n d c a s tin g s o f g o o d s u rfa c e fin is h a r e p r o d u c e d b y v ib r a tin g t h e ta b le
c a r r y in g t h e m o u ld s . § T h e m e th o d is s a id t o b e e s p e c ia lly a p p lic a b le to
a lu m im u m .— P . M. C- R ^ pro d u ctio n o£ T hick Castings in N on-F errous Metals.
A New rroces!
(2 9 /3 0 ) 3 1 3 -3 1 4 ). — D e s c rib e s t h e m e th o d s
tR e c e n t r ro g e
2 6 9 -2 7 1 ).— A re v ie w o f p ro g re s s m lig h t
terid o n d eB a r e d e v e lo p in g : (1)
. . (2) im p ro v e m e n t i n c o rro s io n -re s ist-
A s « * . Tech. F m d .,
a lu m in iu m
c a s tin g
f-Uoy .
S »~
^
S
a
3
S
f
c
l 1« —
‘ s a
e x a m p le , o f c o m p i l e .,« ! « » « g m ,
• ! t i e C . , l ,0 5 of L ig h t M e ta l A l io ,,.
^ s M
th e s e a llo y s t o o x id iz e .— J . H . W .
f f i^ W
TVie M elting of A lum m ium a n d Its Alloys.
-I.
,1 5 /1 6 )
W illi
K
(Giesserei-Praxis, 1936,
y liK '“.
, ____’ ,
’
1 6 9 -1 7 3 ) — D isc u sse s te m p e r a tu r e c o n tr o l, c a s tin g te m p e r a t u
s & iJ i: m
,
s s *
o o s f - P r a c f e a l h i S s a r e g iv e n o n m o u ld in g a n d c a s tin g , t o g e th e r w ith
c u r v e s a n d ta b le s sh o w in g t h e p r o p e rtie s o f t h e c a s tin g s , a n d c o s t ^ a ^ ^
V T “ S
m a n d 1AUSS Sa n S a n '
" S
OfLd.n'i
rTn’R u s s ia n 1 B y b lo w in g o x y g e n , w a te r v a p o u r , c a rb o n m o n o x id e ,
574
Môtatturgical A bstracłs
V ol. 3
a s th ic k film s c o v e rin g c r y s ta ls o f t h e m e ta l, a n d s o m e tim e s a s lo n g in c lu sio n s
w h ic h a r e n o t c o n n e c te d w it h t h e c r y s ta ls . O x id a tio n b y b lo w in g g a s e s o r
a d d itio n o f a lu m in a h a s l i tt l e e ffe c t o n t h e m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e r tie s o r e le c tric a l
c o n d u c tiv ity , b e c a u s e i f c a s tin g is c a r r ie d o u t c o r re c tly , th e o x id e is n o t r e ­
t a i n e d in t h e a lu m in iu m t o a n y g r e a t e x t e n t . A d d itio n o f o x id e film s m a y
ca u s e d e t e r i o r a ti o n o f t h e m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e r tie s a n d e le c tr ic a l c o n d u c tiv ity .
— D . N . S.
The Blow ing of N itrogen T h ro u g h A lu m inium Alloys. ------ (Vestnick
Metallopromishlennosti (Messenger M etal In d .), 1936, 1 6, (7), 4 6 ). [ I n
R u s s ia n .] T h e n u m b e r o f f a u l t y p is to n s c a s t f ro m a n a llo y o f a lu m in iu m w ith
c o p p e r 9—12, n ic k e l 1*3—1*5, a n d ir o n 0 -3—0*5% w a s r e d u c e d c o n s id e ra b ly b y
t r e a t i n g t h e m e t a l w i th n itr o g e n f o r 8 - 1 0 m in u te s b e fo re c a s tin g .— D . N . S.
*A Study of th e Effect of a Prolonged O verheating on the M echanical,
M acroscopical, and M icroscopical C haracteristics of a n A lu m in iu m -[C o p p erSilicon] Alloy w ith a n d w ith o u t T itan iu m . ( V iv a n ti a n d G u a s ta lla .) S ee
p . 50 4 .
G ating P ractice in th e A lum iniu m F o und ry. -------(Giesserei-Praxis, 1936,
5 7 , (1 5 /1 6 ), 1 6 7 -1 6 9 ).— D e s c rib e s t h e d iffe re n c e s in g a tin g p r a c tic e in t h e
a lu m in iu m a n d t h e b r a s s fo u n d rie s .— J . H . W .
♦C o n tra ctio n of A lu m in iu m a n d Its Alloys D uring Solidification. (L o s a n a .)
S ee p . 503.
The ^Rational D ressing of A lum iniu m Castings.
------ (Giesserei-Praxis ,
1 936, 5 7 , (1 5 /1 6 ), 1 7 3 -1 7 5 ).— D e s c rib e s th e v a r io u s m e th o d s o f tr im m in g
a n d c le a n in g a lu m in iu m c a s tin g s .— J . H . W .
Sources of F a u lts in th e Casting a n d F orging of Ingo ts of Al u m i n i u m and
A lu m in iu m Alloys. W . S c h n o r re n b e rg (A lu m in iu m , 1936, 18, (9), 4 2 2 4 2 7 ).— T h e fo llo w in g f a u lts , t h e a p p r o p r ia t e re m e d ie s a n d p r e c a u tio n s t o a v o id
th e m a r e d isc u sse d : p o r o s ity , c o a rse c r y s ta l s t r u c t u r e , s e g re g a tio n a n d
in v e r s e s e g re g a tio n , p ip in g , o x id e in c lu sio n s , c a s tin g s tre s se s , h o t sh o rtn e s s .
— A. R . P.
P oints of View in th e Use of Scrap in the A lum inium Found ry. R . I r m a n n
(A lu m in iu m , 1 9 3 6 ,1 8 , (9), 4 1 6 -4 2 1 ).— P r a c t i c a l h in ts f o r th e c o r re c t u tiliz a tio n
o f f o u n d r y a n d m a c h in e -s h o p s c r a p .— A . R . P .
Com position, P hysical Properties, a n d R ange of A pplication of Com mon
L igh t M etal Casting Alloys.
(Oiesserei-Praxis, 1936, 5 7, (1 5 /1 6 ), 1 6 0 1 6 2 ).— T a b u la te s d a t a r e la tin g t o 22 a lu m in iu m a llo y s in t h e s a n d - a n d chillc a s t c o n d itio n s , a n d classifies th e m in 9 g ro u p s .— J . H . W .
Be Careful in th e Use of Old M aterial. Test I t F irst. ------- (GiessereiP ra x is, 1936, 5 7 , (1 5 /1 6 ), 1 6 3 -1 6 5 ).— S in ce m o s t d e fe c ts in m e ta ls a ris e in t h e
f o u n d r y , c a re is r e q u ir e d in m e ltin g li g h t a llo y s fro m s c ra p m e ta l. A c c o rd in g
to D I N 1713, t h e a lu m in iu m a llo y s c a n b e classified in 9 g r o u p s (see p re c e d in g
a b s t r a c t ) , a n d f o r th e s e o ld m e t a l c a n b e re m e lte d . T h e r e s is ta n c e t o a t t a c k
b y 2 0 % c a u s tic s o d a s o lu tio n a n d , in t h e case o f E le k tr o n , o f 3 0 % h y d r o ­
c h lo ric a c id r e q u ir e d b y c a s tin g s o f m a g n e s iu m a llo y s a n d a lu m in iu m a llo y s
c o n ta in in g c o p p e r, z in c , m a g n e s iu m , o r silic o n is d isc u sse d .— J . H . W .
L ight [M agnesium a n d A lum inium ] Alloys. H . G . W a r r in g to n (A lu m in ­
iu m a n d N on-F errous R ev., 1936, 1 , (4), 1 2 5 - 1 3 2 ; d isc u ssio n , 1 3 2 -1 3 4 ).—
S ee M et. A b s., th is v o l., p . 8 8 .— J . C. C.
H ow Do I Cast T hick-W alled D iscs and P lates in A lum inium o r Silum in ?
(Giesserei-Praxis, 1936, 5 7, (2 3 /2 4 ), 2 5 3 -2 5 5 ).— D e s c rib e s t h e m o u ld in g ,
m e ltin g , a n d c a s tin g o f th ic k - w a lle d p la t e s in th e s e m e ta ls . T h e te m p e r a tu r e
d u r in g t h e m e ltin g o f a lu m in iu m m u s t n o t e x c e e d 7 4 0 ° C ., a n d o f S ilu m in
7 8 0 ° o r 8 0 0 ° C. a t t h e m o s t. T h e c a s tin g te m p e r a tu r e o f a lu m in iu m is 6 9 0 ° 7 0 0 ° C. a n d o f S ilu m in 7 0 0 ° C ., t h e m o u ld b e in g in c lin e d .— J . H . W .
Difficulties in th e P ro duction of a P a n ta l G rating.
(Giesserei-Praxis,
1 936, 5 7 , (2 9 /3 0 ), 3 1 2 -3 1 3 ).— C o n s id e ra b le c a re is r e q u ir e d in t h e m a n u ­
X III.—Foundry Practice and Appliances
1 93 6
575
f a c t u r e o f a g r a tin g in P a n t a l ; t h e p r e c a u tio n s t o b e o b s e rv e d in m o u ld in g ,
m e ltin g , a n d c a s tin g a r c g iv c m
™
m S id s a n d fu h y S L
a lu m
p is to n s .
in iu m
•
p istons.--- ------- (M achinist (E ur.
t h e u se o f p e r m a n e n t
L
m e R in g a n d L n e a l i n g in t h e m a s s p r o d u c tio n o f
J. H. W.
xr
Sand-Castings of Copper Silicon Alloy
W eaver
(Trans. Amer Found. A *
ą
.
>
;
B e d w o rth a n d V . P .
d isc u ssio n , 2 0 5 c
.
Met. Ind.
u ° ’ 1 f T o 3 6 ° 49 (6) S t l J l ; F o m d . Trade J . , 1936, 55 , (1057) 3 9 1 -3 9 2 ;
(Lond.), 1936, 4 9 , (b), w » 1 >
j _ ;}2).— C o p p e r-silic o n allo y s
and Non-Ferrous R >•,
^ ave b e e n d e v e lo p e d a s su b -
A l u m i n i u m
c o n ta in in g s m a ll q u a n titie s o f o t h e r
0ee£ h e m e ltin g , c a stin g ,
B titu te s f o r t h e o ld e r a n d
eÎi?o v < x m tïïn in g c o p p e r 9 5 , silic o n 4 , a n d
a n d f o u n d r y te c h n iq u e o
y
slig h tly o x id iz in g f u rn a c e a tm o sm a n g a n e s e 1 % is
t o c h a rc o a l a s a c o v e r. S h rin k a g e
gY vena d Î n na T n ^ h y d îsc u ssk m , i^ ° ™ atoi° X % T r i o î s t ^ o p r i e t a ^ S l o y l
S
S
L
S
-
t
y
Of th e a llo y s fo r w e ld in g a n d ^ d e r i n g .
Casts B ronze P a rts for Pum ps.
f ^ X
o f “
m
^ n d
c o m 's lf o p
^ 't o t i n g ^ ^ ^ a d - B r o n z e in a Reducing A tm osphere of Carboy Monoxide.
N . A . A n d r e e v s k iy ( D i z i l e d r o e m e J f i i e s d ^ W i n ^
g h e a t i i g o f th e core
[ I n R u s s ia n .]
S
.
t
o
T h e re d u c in g p ro c e sse s
t
i
S
a r e d isc u sse d a n d a
‘ X o p c r . t i o n o f . D i c l e n g in e » i . b b e a rin g s
S u t" Z h l IS S » * 3
b u t 't o
the in c o r re c t u r e o f p b o e p b o r -c o p p e r -
D . S . V e r o n in (Liteinoe
R u s a ia n J T o e lim in a t e
Delo (Foundry Practice), 1.936, (7),
Qr a ir t e s t s , t h e m te r n a l
p o r o s ity in b ro n z e c a s tin g s s u J
m o lte n le a d u n d e r p re s s u re . S e c tio n s
p o re s o f t h e s e c tio n s a r e p lu g g e
c h a rg in g w it h c h a lk d is s o lv e d in
e a r m a r k e d fo r p lu g g in g “ % c o a te f ’ b7f ^ t f S
T h e s e c tio n s h e a te d to
w a te r t o p r e v e n t t h e le a d f ro m frc e z m g t o ^
a te m p e r a tu re o f
M oans to Avoid I t .
a d e o x id iz e r.— J . H . W .
Porosity in B ronze Castm gs a n d Mea ^
1 5 0 ° -2 0 0 ° C. a r e p la c e d “
S
" ^
y
ire Z n
S b Z
a
10"
te s u n d e r a p r e s s u re o f 6 0 S
t P . n d t h . c b . l t . „ d .d h c r i n g b » d i . .c r e p c d
" " . { ' A , Segregation a n d t b . '• T in S w e .t ” of B r o n » , .
(S o m ig li.)
Sc
P ' ' ¿ ' . t i n , . P r o , «net b r S n .P -F b » k M eth od,. X X
< » » -.
T raded ., 1936, 5 4 , (1032), « h f - S A l .
^
(N .Y.), 1936,
Nickel in B rass F oun dry P ractice.
• •
/ c h a p t e r o f t h e A m e ric a n
34
, (9),
3 3 0 - 3 3 2 ).— A n
a d d re s s t o t h e b t . L o u is o
p
576
Metallurgical Abstracts
V o l.
3
F o u n d r y m e n ’s A s s o c ia tio n . B rie fly d isc u sse s d e v e lo p m e n ts in t h e a d d itio n o f
n ic k e l t o b ra ss e s a n d b ro n z e s , n ic k e l- b ra s s e s , a n d f o u n d r y p r a c t i c e 8 G
Melting of M agnesium Alloys u n d e r a Gaseous M edium . K V P e r e d e ls k iy
(Liteinoe Delo (F o u n d ry Practice), 1 9 38, (5), 3 3 - 3 6 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .! M a g ­
n e s iu m a llo y s c a n b e m e lte d s a tis f a c to r ily i f p r o t e c t e d b y o x y g e n -fre e g a s^ s
w h ic h d o n o t d is s o c ia te a t t h e m e ltin g t e m p e r a tu r e s . I n e r t g a s e s a n d s u lp h u r c o n ta m m g g a s e s w h ic h d is s o c ia te c a n b e e m p lo y e d , i f t h e p r o d u c ts d o n o t
r e a c t w ith t h e m o lte n m e ta l, b u t t h e g a s s h o u ld b e d r y a n d p u r e . H y d r o g e n
g iv e s t h e b e s t r e s u lts , t h u s a f t e r m e ltin g t h e 8 % a lu m in iu m - m a g n e s iu m a llo y
u n d e r h y d r o g e n t h e te n s ile s t r e n g t h w a s 1 6 -1 7 k g ./ m m .2, a n d t h e e lo n g a tio n
2 - 4 % ; w h ile a f t e r m e ltm g u n d e r h y d r o g e n s u lp h id e t h e c o rre s p o n d in g v a lu e s
w e re 1 3 -6 -1 4 -4 k g ./ m m .2 a n d 2 - 2 % .— 1ST. A .
°
Pro duction of W hite M etal Linings. E d m u n d R . T h e w s (Canad. Chem.
an d M et., 1936, 2 0 , (4), 1 1 1 -1 1 2 ).— T h e fo llo w in g p o in ts a r e b rie fly d isc u sse d ■
w h ite m e ta l a d h e s io n , c le a n in g a n d e tc h in g , tin n in g t h e b e a rin g , te m p e r a tu r e
o l lin in g , e ffe c t o f r a t e o f c o o lin g , co re c o n d itio n s .— A . R . P
1
SheUs w ith T in -R ich W hite Metals'. E . T . R ic h a rd s
(M etall-W oche, 19 36, (15), 2 8 1 -2 8 3 ).— T h e fo llo w in g p o in ts a r e d is c u s s e d :
effe ct o f t h e n a t u r e o f t h e sh e ll a n d t h e d e g re e o f w o rk in g o n t h e a d h e s io n
of t h e lin in g , t h e t in n in g o f t h e sh e ll, in flu e n c e o f t e m p e r a t u r e c o n d itio n s
d u r in g c a s tin g .— A . R . P .
The P resen t Position of Casting U nder P ressure. P a u l B a s tie n ( A lu m in iu m
an d N on -F erro us R ev., 1936, 1, (12), 5 4 3 - 5 4 6 ; 2, (1), 3 2 -3 4 , 3 7 -3 8 4 0 - 4 1 ) —
T h e c o m p o s itio n a n d p r o p e r tie s o f t h e p r in c ip a l g ro u p s o f d ie - c a s tin g a llo y s
a r e r e v i e w e d : g r a p h s illu s t r a te t h e in flu e n c e o f m a g n e s iu m a d m ix tu r e s o n
t h e s t r e n g t h o f a z i n c - c o p p e r - a lu m in iu m a llo y , t h e s h r in k a g e o f 4 z in c c a s tin g
a llo y s a t a tm o s p h e r ic te m p e r a tu r e , a n d t h e in flu e n c e o f in je c tio n p r e s s u re o n
t h e re silie n c e o f z in c a n d o f a lu m in iu m a llo y s. T h e m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s
of o r d in a r y a n d p r e s s u re c a s tin g s o f b ra s s , A lp a x , a n d z in c a llo y a r e ta b u la t e d .
I h e a p p lic a tio n s o f p is to n a n d c o m p re s s e d -a ir in je c tio n a r e d isc u sse d a n d
co m m o n t y p e s o f c a s tin g m a c h in e a r e b rie fly d e s c rib e d . A d isc u ssio n o f th e
g e n e ra l p rin c ip le s o f t h e d e s ig n o f p r e s s u re c a s tin g s a n d o f m o u ld s is fo llo w ed
b y a s u m m a r y o f t h e c a u s e s o f p o r o s ity . A bibliography is a p p e n d e d .
p
Q p
On the Poro sity of Die-Cast Sections.
Practice), 1 9 36, (7 ), 5 - 1 0 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .]
B . S a c h s (Liteinoe Delo ( F oundry
P o re s in d ie - c a s t s e c tio n s fa ll in to
tw o g r o u p s : (1) t h o s e d u e t o t h e d iffe re n c e in sp ecific v o lu m e o f t h e m e ta l
in th e liq u id a n d so lid s t a te s a n d t o ir r e g u la r c r y s ta lliz a tio n f ro m t h e o u te r
t o t h e in n e r p o r tio n s , a n d (2) th o s e d u e t o t h e d iffe re n c e in t h e c a p a c ity o f
t h e m e ta l t o a b s o r b g a s e s in th e liq u id a n d so lid s t a te s , a s w ell a s to ir re g u la r
c r y s ta lliz a tio n . M o s t d e t r im e n t a l a r e t h e c le a rly d e fin e d s h r in k a g e c a v itie s •
m o s t f a v o u r a b le is a r e g u la r d i s tr ib u t io n o f m ic ro sc o p ic p o re s s p r e a d o v e r th e
c a s tin g . D ie - c a s tin g p r o v id e s f a v o u r a b le c o n d itio n s f o r r e d u c in g p o r o s ity .
Porosity of D ie-C ast Sections. K . V . P e r e d e ls k iy (Liteinoe D d o ~ F o u td r y
Practice), 19 36, (7), 1 0 -1 3 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] P o r o s ity in c re a s e s w ith t h e w aflth ic k n e s s o f t h e c a s tin g . I n s e c tio n s w it h th ic k a n d t h i n p a r t s p o re s a r e
c o n c e n tr a te d m a in ly in th e t h i c k p a r t s . B o th g a s a n d s h r in k a g e p o r o s ity
is o b se rv e d . T o o b t a m a d e n s e c a s tin g s t r i c t te c h n ic a l c o n tr o l is e s s e n tia l
d e p e n d m g o n t h e t y p e o f s e c tio n c a s t, t h e n a t u r e o f t h e a llo y , a n d d e s ig n
o f t h e a p p a r a tu s . C a stin g s w i t h t h e h ig h e s t d e n s ity a r e o b ta in e d in p l a n t
o p e r a tm g o n t h e p re s s p rin c ip le (w ith a co ld p r e s s u re c h a m b e r ) , p is to n m a c h in e s
co m e n e x t, a n d c o m p re ss o rs a r e le a s t s u ita b le . I t is e s s e n tia l t o s e le c t a llo y s
w ith a m in im u m s h rin k a g e .— -N. A .
M eans of E lim inating Porosity in Die-Casting. A . S . L u g a s k o v (Liteinoe
Delo (F ou n dry Practice), 1 9 36, (7), 13).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e p ro c e ss o f c a s tin g
X III.—Foundry Practice and Appliances
1936
577
u n d e r p r e s s u re is a c c o m p a n ie d b y r e d u c tio n o f p o r o s ity a n d in c re a se ™ d e n s ity
a n d m e c h a n ic a i p r o p e rtie s . I n t h e c a s tin g o f a llo y s t h e l a t e s t m e th o d s o f
d e L T f i c " m u s t b e e m p lo y e d . T h e t y p e o f m a c h in e se le c te d m u s t be
a d a p t e d t o t h e n a t u r e o f t h e a l l o y ; c o m p re ss o r p l a n t is n o t re c o m m e n d e d fo r
alU1C o p p er A llo y lli^ -C a stin g s. A lle n F . C la rk (.M achine Design, 1934 6.
i l l ) 2 ^ 2 6 • M ech. E n g ., 1935, 5 7, 266).— I n sp e c ify in g c o p p e r aU oy diec i s tin e s u n d e r c u ts a n d s h a r p c o m e r s s h o u ld b e a v o id e d . G e n e ro u s fillets
a n d w e b s a d d s t r e n g t h t o t h e p a r t a n d a s s is t in p r o d u c in g a b e t t e r c a s tin g .
T h e
u s e
o f L e r t “ sh o u ld b e c o n fin e d to th o s e a p p lic a tio n s w h e re sp e c ia l
d u a litie s a r e r e q u ire d . M in im u m w a ll s to c k s m a c y lin d ric a l p o r tio n o r th e
m S n part ° f a c a s tin g s h o u ld b e * in ., a lth o u g h p o r tio n s o f a c a s tm g m a y h a v e
a -V in w a ll. V a r ia tio n s f ro m d ra w in g d im e n sio n s m u s t b e ± 0 0 0 3 i .
D e s ira b le d r a f t f o r s id e w a lls a n d co res is 0 -0 2 0 i P er
pJ Y n of f i t f h .
w a lls d r a f t a s is s o m e tim e s d e s ira b le , m a y b e 0 -0 0 5 m . p e r m . o i le n g 1“ T h e 'w a l l in te r s e c tio n s s h o u ld b e lib e r a lly fille te d a s a ls o i
p
n
ovduutl t h e b a s e o f b o sses. M in im u m size o f c o re d h o le s is | in . d ia m . i n
g e n e r a l, h o iM fro m * t o i in . d ia m c a n b e c a s t 1* ^ h e i r ^ a m e t e r m
fie u th • la r a e r h o le s t h a n th is c a n b e c a s t d e e p e r. E x te r n a l t h r e a d s ,
o
co a rse p i t c h m a y b e c a s t b u t h a v e t o b e c h a s e d , w h ile in te r n a l t ^ d 8 oa" f ° *
be cast
S p u r- g e a r t e e t h o f 2 4 -p itc h o r la r g e r c a n b e c a s t a n d t h e n s h a v e d t o
aiZCD ies'£o r B rass Die-Castings. C h a rle s 0 H e r b (M achine moderne, 1936,
on ( 3 3 4 ) 4 3 8 -4 5 0 ).— S ee M et. A b s., th i s v o l., P* 3 2 0 7
pV s 1Qofi
aram (A p e x S m e ltin g C o .), 1936, (15), 4 p p . ; B u ll. B .N .F .M M .. d . , 1!Mt >,
( 9 1 ) 1 _ _ A s u m m a r y o f t h e b e h a v io u r o f a n a llo y , c o n s istin g o f zm c (99-99 +
i u o y e d ' w X a h J i n i u m 4-1, c o p p e r 1, a n d m a g n e s iu m 0 -0 3 % w h e n a t ^ a t
v a r io u s m e ta l a n d d ie t e m p e r a tu r e s a n d v a r io u s p re ss u re s . I t 18 clal
t h a t c o n s id e rin g e v e r y m a jo r p h y s ic a l p r o p e r ty , a s w ell a s c a s tin g
m a c h i Z g q u a litie s , su rfa c e fin is h , & c„ th i s a l l o y t o . p r o v e d s u p e rio r t o a n y
o f th e p r e s e n t c o m m e rc ia l z in c -b a se d ie -c a s tm g allo y s. S. 'G .
_
tu o r o o t P o rlia to r Grilles
(Autom otive In d ., 1936,
x/i 1 !■
An f f l S S e d d e s c r L t o is g iv e n o f th e z in c -a llo y d ie - c a s t g rille s n o w m u se
o n S C o f S c a n a u to m o b ile
T h e w e ig h ts o f t h e v a r io u s t y p e s a n d
n f rlip-pflst, h o o d lo u v re s a r e ta b u l a t e d .— Jr. M . U. K..
. . . łtn
R ecent D evelopm ents in th e Casting of H igh-S trength Z inc-B ase AUoys^
f i“'
S
t S
K
V
¿ m
S * K
“
U « i M nS S
O r i S . Fr K
S t t ( J W . Trade J .. .0 3 « 65,
H 0 5 4 ) 3 3 9 -3 4 0 ) — C ru c ib le s, p a r tic u la r ly t h e la r g e r sizes, a r e e x p e n s iv e a
S t o a u i t o p r ^ e L t in’p 'e rfo rm a n /e m a y b e e x p e c te d b y c a re m sto ra g e ,
578
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
a n d e a r ly life in u se . C ru c ib le s s h o u ld b e s to r e d u n d e r c o v e r in h e a te d ,
Pu OPf I ? v e n tila te d c h a m b e r s , p r e f e r a b ly o n sh e lv e s. T h e firs t h e a tin g
s h o u ld be g r a d u a l, a n d f o r s u b s e q u e n t h e a t s t h e c ru c ib le s h o u ld b e p r e h e a te d
b e fo re c h a rg in g a n y m e ta l ; r a p i d c h a n g e s o f t e m p e r a t u r e a r e h a r m f u l, a n d
t h e u se o f flu x e s s h o u ld b e a v o id e d a s f a r a s p o ss ib le . T h e s e t tin g o f c ru c ib le s
in t d t m g fu rn a c e s m u s t a llo w f o r s h r in k a g e , a n d t h e c o n d itio n o f th e lin in g
p la y s a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t in e n s u rin g u n if o rm h e a tin g o f t h e c ru c ib le .— J . E . N
50 R u les fo r th e Care of G raphite Crucibles. E . R . T h e w s (R ev. Fonderie
moderne, 193 6, ^ c t . 2 5, 2 8 5 -2 8 7 ).— A c o m m e n ta r y a n d tr a n s l a ti o n fro m
G iesserei-Praxis, 1936, 5 7, 2 1 1 -2 1 3 , 2 3 0 - 2 3 1 ; see M e t. A b s., th is v o l., p p .
2 15, 2 7 2 ).— J . E . N .
? L C ore; f ° ? C? s ts - N - P- N e w m a n (M et. In d ., (Land,),
1936, 4 8 , (1 4 ), 4 1 7 -4 2 0 ).— A b r id g e d fro m a p a p e r p r e s e n te d b e fo re th e L o n d o n
B r a n c h o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o f B r itis h F o u n d r y m e n . C o s t r e d u c tio n is c o n s id e re d
u n d e r t h e h e a d in g s o f m a te r ia l, la b o u r , a n d o v e r h e a d c h a rg e s . T h e se le c tio n
a n d s to r a g e o f s a n d , t h e q u a l it y o f b in d e r a n d t h e b le n d in g o f fre s h s a n d w ith
o ld o r u n u s e d m a te r i a l a r e d isc u sse d , a n d m e th o d s o f m ix in g a n d t r a n s p o r t
a r e d e s c rib e d
C o re -b o x r e p a n s a n d m a in te n a n c e m a y b e re d u c e d b y t h e u se
o f a f ilte r- ta b le f i tte d w i th g r ip s a n d a v i b r a t o r . C o re -b lo w in g p r a c tic e is
b rie fly d e s c rib e d , a n d a n a c c o u n t is g iv e n o f 3 t y p e s o f c o n v e y o r a n d o f c o n ­
tin u o u s d r y in g a n d b a t c h d r y in g o v e n s . D e ta ils r e g a r d in g fu e l c o n s u m p tio n
a n d o u t p u t a r e g iv e n f o r t h e
c o n tin u o u s ” s y s te m .— P . M . C. R .
*The Influence of A tm ospheric H um id ity on D ried Moulds, a n d on Cores
w ith o u t A rtificial B onds. M . B . H o lm a n (B u ll. Assoc. Tech. F ond., 1936,
10 , (b) 2 1 3 -2 2 1 ).— E x c h a n g e p a p e r o f C z e c h o sla v A sso c. T e c h . F o n d , t o th e
f r e n c h F o u n d r y C o n g ress. A f te r e x a m in in g t h e r e la tiv e h u m i d i ty o f t h e a ir
in f o u n d rie s u n d e r v a r y in g c o n d itio n s , t h e h y g ro s c o p ic q u a litie s o f a n u m b e r
o f s a n d s w e re d e te r m in e d . T h e in flu e n c e o f t h e m o is tu r e p ic k - u p o n th e
c o h e s io n a n d s t r e n g t h w a s s t u d ie d , a n d i t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e
s a n d w a s se rio u s ly im p a ir e d w h e n t h e d r ie d m o u ld s w e re e x p o s e d to a i r o f a
r e la tiv e ly h ig h h u m id ity , r e a c h m g a m a x im u m d e c re a s e o f 5 0 % , 48 h rs .
a l t e r d r y in g . S im ila r effe c ts w e r e n o t e d o n co res.— J . E . N .
, „ . Can 0U -Sand Cores Be Used in th e N on-F errous M etal F o u n d ry ?
____
(G iesserei-Praxis, 1936 5 7, (1 3 /1 4 ), 1 4 7 - 1 4 8 ) .- T h e u se o f o il-s a n d co re s in
t h e ir o n f o u n d r y g iv e s c le a n c a s tin g s , b u t t h e y a r e n o t y e t e x te n s iv e ly u s e d in
t h e n o n - fe r r o u s m e ta l f o u n d r y . T h e r e a s o n s f o r th i s a r e e i t h e r : (1) a n
u n re fin e d c o re o il is u s e d ; (2) t h e co re is d r ie d a t t h e w ro n g t e m p e r a t u r e ;
(3) a n o d co re is u s e d w h e re i t is q u ite in a p p lic a b le , o r (4) a p o o r c o re -s a n d ,
n o t p r o p e r ly p r e p a r e d , is u se d . I t is sh o w n h o w , b y a t t e n t i o n t o th e s e p o in ts
o il-s a n d c o re s c a n b e u s e d w it h a d v a n ta g e in t h e n o n - fe r r o u s m e ta l fo u n d ry .
Staf us , o£ , F o a n d ry . Sand Investigation a n d Control in A m erica.
*■ R e ic h e r t
( Congres internat. M in e s M et. Géol., Section de
M étallurgie, 1935, 2, 2 3 9 -2 5 2 ; a ls o R ev. M et., 1936, 33, (9), 5 2 9 -5 4 2 ; a n d
( p a r tly a b r id g e d ) B u ll. Assoc. Tech. Fond., 1936, 1 0 (8) 2 9 7 -3 1 5 1 A
c o m p le te re v ie w o f a ll t h e p h y s ic a l, c h e m ic a l, a n d m e c h a n ic a l t e s ts o n
m o u ld in g s a n d s , a n d t h e ir c o r re la tio n w ith t h e b e h a v io u r o f t h e s a n d s in u se .
j g y
, t , Co7n trib f ? n t0, Î Stand ardization of Sand Testing M ethods.
F . B o u ssard
450i
j r B .C .I .R .A ., 1936, 4, 4 1 2 ) . - B . c o m p a re s
th e
v a r io u s m e th o d s e m p lo y e d f o r o b ta in in g a m e c h a n ic a l a n a ly s is o f
m o u ld in g s a n d
O f th e e l u t n a t o r s , t h e “ C r o o k ” a n d “ B o s w e ll” a r e t h e
m o s t c o n v e n ie n t, a n d c a n b e a r r a n g e d t o g iv e fu ll a n d a c c u r a te r e s u lts ,
b u t é lu tr ia tio n is slo w a n d t h e tim e r e q u ir e d f o r t h e a n a ly s is is ex cessiv e!
S ie v in g m e th o d s a r e u se le ss u n le s s t h e c la y is firs t r e m o v e d f ro m t h e s a n d ,
w h e n t h e y c a n b e u s e d to o b ta in r e s u lts o f su ffic ie n t a c c u r a c y in a s h o r t tim e
19 36
X III.—Foundry Practice and Appliances
579
S hak in g th e sa n d in alk alin e w a te r in th e cold is insufficient to rem ove th e
clay fro m th e sa n d g rain s in less th a n 2 h is., a n d th e m ix tu re o f "
and
sa n d sh o u ld be boiled. S e p a ratio n o f th e clay em ulsion b y siphon is tedious
a n d n e cessitates th e c o n tin u e d a tte n tio n o f th e o p e ra to r fo r 2 hrs. B . fanahy
decides t h a t th e m o st co n v en ien t p ro ced u re is : (1) to se p a rate clay frm n san l
b y boiling w ith slig h tly a lk alin e w a t e r ; (2) to rem ov e clay m a simplifie
form o f e lu tria to r, w hich he describes, a n d w hich is easy to m ak e s q u ir e s
little a tte n tio n , a n d is sufficiently a c c u ra te fo r p ra c tic a l p u rp o se s, ( )
g rad e th e sa n d b y sieving. T h e m eth o d is claim ed to com bm e ra p id ity ,
convenience, a n d accuracy .— S. G.
_ ,
,.
The A pplication of Science to th e Control of F ou ndry Sands. H . H .
S h e p h e rd '{Found. Trade J., 1936, 55, (1054), 3 3 3 - 3 3 7 ) .- R e a d a t a J m n t
M eeting o f th e L o n d o n a n d B irm in g h am B ran ch es of th e I n s titu te o f B n t ‘s
F o u n d ry m e n . T h e n eed fo r m ain tain in g scientific co n tro l o f m o u^ ” g Si™ds
p a rtic u la rly in m echan ized foun d ries, is stressed . A ccep tan ce a n d control
te s ts a re briefly d escrib ed, a n d th e re su lts o f a n u m b er o f screen in g .te sts are
co m pared . T h e s u ita b ility o f th e v ario u s san d s fo r specific p u rp o ses is
in d ic a te d , a n d th e influence o f silt on p erm e ab ility a n d m echan ical p ro p erties
is show n to be im p o rta n t. S y n th e tic san d s req u ire v e ry s tr ic t c o n tro l to
y ie ld th e b e st resu lts.— J . E . N .
R eclaim a n d P repare Sand.
L este r B K n ig h t J r . (Butt. Assoc. T ec^
Fond 1936, 10, (5), 1 8 3 -1 9 4 ; a n d Foundry, 1936, 64, (10), 2 6-27, 8U).
A .F .A . E x ch a n g e P a p e r. T h e p a p e r describes th e e q u ip m e n t necessary
fo r reclaim ing a n d re co n dition in g fo u n d ry san d s i.vhich sh o uld Pr0 ™ Ie ¿5*
cleaning a n d screening to rem o ve m etallic a n d o th e r refuse, re-b on d m g t
u sed sa n d w ith th e m in im u m o f new sa n d o r b o n d a n d m o istu re, a n d p ro p er y
a e ra tin g th e sa n d a fte r m illing.— J . E . N .
.
Applying T echnical Control to F ou ndry Sand. F re d L W eav er P ronA ge
1936, 138, (14), 36-37).— D iscusses th e v ario u s w ays in w h ich so u n d tech n ical
a d v ice c an a ssist b o th large a n d sm all foundries.— J . H . W .
*The C onstitution of B ond Clays a n d Its Influence on B onding P roperties.
R E G rim , R . H . B ra y , a n d W . F . B ra d le y (Trans. Amer. F m nd, Assoc.,
1936 44 2 1 1 -2 2 7 ; discussion, 228 ).— A n in v estig a tio n o f th e ftm d a m en ta l
causes fo r th e difference in b o n d in g p ro p e rtie s possessed b y d ^ r e n
show s t h a t i t is possible to p re d ic t w ith considerable a cc u racy th e b o n d g
p ro p e rtie s o f a g iv en clay fro m its m in eral c o m p ° s i t i ° n as determ uxed
n e tro e ra p h ic analy sis. C onsiderable im p o rta n ce is a ttr ib u te d to
base
exchangeP ” c ap a city , w hich h a s a m a rk e d influence o n b o n d m g stre n g th .
T h e p h y sical p ro p e rtie s o f clay v a ry d epend in g on w he^e r^ so d iu im
cium , hy d ro g en , o r som e o th e r c atio n is p re se n t as the: ex ch an geable catw n .
T h e tw o clay m in erals h av in g h ig h est base-exchange a re B eidell to
(A l,0 ,-3 S i0 „ -x H 20 ) a n d M o n tm o rillo m te (Al20 3-4 S i0 2-H 20 ) , w h ilst K a o lm ite
(A1 O •2S i(V 2H .,0 ) a n d th e o th e r clay m inerals h a v e low or n o b ase exchange
c ap a city 1 T h e m in e r a ls e x am in ed includ ed one n a tu ra l b o n d e d m oulding
sa n d , 3 b o n d clays w idely u se d in p rep arin g sy n th e tic m o iddm g ^.nds and
5 clays n o t u sed as m ould ing s a n d b on ds P e tro g rap h ic
g reen com pression s tre n g th , p e rm e ab ility a n d base exchan g
p
y
d e t Sandn Rdesfe a r c h r —
(F o u n d . Trade J., 1936, 55, (1041), 8 7 - 8 8 ; (1043)
123).— D iscussion on a p a p e r b y F . H u d so n ou '- G im p 0 ^
o n th e P ro p e rtie s o f M ould a n d C ore-Sand M ix tures a t E le v a te d T em pera tu re s ” (see Met. Abs., th is vol., p . 319). J . E . JN.
M oulding Sand in th e A lum inium Foun dry . ------- (Giesserei-Praxis,
1936 57 (15/16), 165-166).— D escribes th e q u a litie s re q u ire d b y m oulding
sa n d fo r alu m in iu m castin gs, a n d ta b u la te s th e c o n stitu tio n , grain-size a n d
580
Metallurgical A bstracts
Vol. 3
d is tr ib u tio n , g a s p e r m e a b ility , a n d s h e a r s t r e n g t h o f c o m m o n ly u s e d G e r m a n
m o u ld in g s a n d s .— J . H . W .
•¡Im portant Causes of W aste in th e H eavy M etal In d u stry .
M . S c h ie d
(Giesserei-Praxis, 1 936, 5 7 , 4 1 /4 2 ), 4 5 7 - 4 6 4 ) . - R e a d b e fo re t h e G e s a m t
v e r b a n d e s d e u ts e h e M e ta llg ie ss e re ie n . D isc u ss e s t h e p r o p e r tie s o f v a r io u s
s a n d s u s e d m m o u ld s f o r t h e c a s tin g o f t h e h e a v y m e ta ls , t h e m a k e - u p o f
f o u n d r y s a n d s , t h e r i g h t a n d w r o n g w a y o f u s in g d e o x id iz e rs , t h e d e s ig n o f
c ru c ib le s t o h o ld b a c k sla g , a n d o v e r h e a tin g t h e m e t a l J H W
I o , ^ r n , ^ ld ^
,a ,n d T h e ir U se - H - K a l P era (Giesserei-Praxis,
1 .3 6 , 5 7 , (9 /1 0 ), 89 1 1 4 ; (1 3 /1 4 ), 1 4 0 -1 4 3 ).— A g e n e r a l a n d c o m p re h e n s iv e
s u r v e y o f t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f m o u ld in g m a c h in e s , b o t h h a n d - a n d m e c h a n ic a lly o p e r a te d . I t is c la im e d t h a t a lt h o u g h t h e re v ie w m a y n o t b e c o m p le te , i t
in d ic a te s t h e lin e s o n w h ic h f u r t h e r d e v e lo p m e n t o f e x is tin g m a c h in e s m a y
t a k e p la c e .— J . H . W .
J
A
w I 5'®® o£ Ja r-R a m m in g M oulding M achine.
(F ou n d. Trade J .,
1 Jo b , 5 5 , (1 0 4 0 ), 61). D e s c rib e s a n d i ll u s tr a te s a n e w m a c h in e in tr o d u c e d
b y J . K . M o lm e u x .— S . G .
F o u n d ry M achines. U . L o h s e (E ng. Progress, 1936, 1 7, (1), 1 9 -2 3 ).—
A n i l l u s t r a t e d d e s c r ip tio n o f n e w f o u n d r y m a c h in e r y in c lu d e s d re s s in g
m a c h in e s f o r m o u ld in g m a te r ia l, s a n d m ills, m o u ld in g m a c h in e s , co re m o u ld in g
m a c h in e r y , a n d c le a n in g d r u m s .— P . M . C. I t .
n o f o ^ o o ? M e c h a n is a tio n . G e o rg e E . F r a n c e (F o un d . Trade J ., 1 936, 54,
(1 0 1 2 ), 3 3 ).— A b r ie f re v ie w o f d e v e lo p m e n ts d u r in g t h e p a s t 5 y e a r s S G
A ccidents in th e N on -F errou s M etal a n d Iro n F o u n d ry A re Avoidable.
A . S c h u lz e (G iesserei-Praxis, 1936, 5 7 , (1 1 /1 2 ), 1 2 4 ^ 1 2 8 ; (1 3 /1 4 ) 1 4 8 -1 5 0 ) —
D e s c rib e s c o m m o n ly o c c u r r in g a n d p o s s ib le a c c id e n ts in t h e f o u n d r y a n d t h e
p r e c a u tio n s t o b e t a k e n t o p r e v e n t th e m .— J . H . W .
X IV .— S E C O N D A R Y M E T A L S : S C R A P , R E S ID U E S , & c.
( C o n tin u e d f ro m p . 4 7 3 .)
^ R esearches on th e R ecovery of Z inc from th e F lu e D ust of Iro n B last
F u rn a c es. O t t o J o h a n n s e n (Angew. Chem., 1936, 4 9, (29), 4 7 8 - 4 8 0 ). T h e
d u s t is le a c h e d w it h w a te r t o r e m o v e p o ta s h , t h e n w ith a m m o n ia c a l am m o m u m c a r b o n a te s o lu tio n t o e x t r a c t t h e z in c . T h e filte re d s o lu tio n is b o ile d
t o r e c o v e r t h e s o lv e n t a n d p r e c i p i t a te z in c c a r b o n a te , w h ic h is r o a s te d to o x id e
f r o m w h ic h t h e m e t a l is r e c o v e r e d b y c a r b o n r e d u c tio n o r e le c tro ly s is a f te r
d is s o lu tio n i n s u lp h u r ic a c id .— A . R . P .
i o ^ 0 n . c o ei ^ ° rki a g "Y P no i, N iek el S c ra P- , R - T llew s (M etall-W oche, 1936,
S ' ’ 4 6 9 —471). P r a c ti c a l h i n t s o n p r e lim in a r y c le a n in g , m e ltin g , re fin in g
d e o x id iz in g , a n d c a s tin g .— A . R . P .
A Suggested M ethod fo r P re p a rin g
Deliquescent T in D ross
Sam ples.
J . B . K a s e y (M et. I n d . ( N .Y .) , 1936, 3 4, (9), 3 3 8 ).— S.^G.
X V .— F U R N A C E S A N D F U E L S
( C o n tin u e d f ro m p p . 4 7 3 -4 7 4 .)
o n Controlled F u rn a c e A tm ospheres. E . O. M a tto c k s (M etal Progress, 1936,
3 0, (4), 2 7 - 3 4 , 4 6 ).— A n i l l u s tr a t e d s u m m a r y o f r e c e n t d e v e lo p m e n ts in th e
p r o d u c tio n a n d c o n tr o l o f f u rn a c e a tm o s p h e re s . S p e c ia l e m p h a s is is la id o n
s a m p lm g , a n d a w a te r - c o o le d q u a r t z s a m p lin g t u b e is d e s c rib e d .
. p M C R
R adiation R eaction a t A ny P o in t in a F u rn a c e Cavity. W . J . W o h le n b e r g
(Iv d u s t. and E ng . Chem., 1936, 2 8, (6), 6 9 8 -7 0 3 ).— A s o lu tio n o f t h e d y n a m ic a l
p ro c e ss e s o c c u r r in g i n t h e f u r n a c e c a v i t y r e q u ire s e v a lu a tio n o f t h e r a d ia tio n
1936
X V.—Furnaces and Fuels
581
r e a c tio n w i t h r e s p e c t t o i t s n e t e ffe c t a t e a c h o f s e v e ra l c lasses o f lo c a l, o r p o in t,
zo n e s w ith in t h e c a v i t y . T h is in v o lv e s a n e x te n s io n o f t h e id e a o f t h e r a d i a n t
m e a n v a lu e w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e p o in t u n d e r o b s e rv a tio n , o f c o n d itio n s a ffe c tin g
t h e n e t r a d i a n t e x c h a n g e b e tw e e n t h e p o i n t a n d t h e e n c lo s u re , in c lu d in g 1
c o n te n ts . T h e c la s se s o f r e q u ir e d lo c a l re fe re n c e zo n e s a r e d e fin e d , and. e x ­
p re s s io n s r e p r e s e n tin g t h e n e t e x c h a n g e b y r a d i a ti o n b e tw e e n e a c h o i ™ ese
zo n e s a n d i t s s u r r o u n d in g s a r e in c lu d e d . G e n e r a l f o rm s o f t h e e^ P r ®ssl°
a p p ly t o a n y c a v i t y w h a te v e r f o r c o n d itio n s s t a te d . S p e c ia l fo rm s are
in c lu d e d w h ic h a p p l y t o g a s , g r a te , o r p u lv e riz e d -c o a l fire d c a v itie s . F . J .
T em perature in In d u strial F urn aces. In terp re ta tio n a n d Use to M easure
R ad ian t H eat Flux. H . C. H o t t e l , F . W . M e y e r, a n d I . b t e w a r t
Eng. Chem., 1936, 28, (6), 7 0 8 -7 1 0 ).— T h e sig n ific a n c e o f te m p e r a tu r e
m e a s u re m e n ts i n i n d u s t r ia l f u r n a c e s is d isc u sse d . E x c e p t m m a k i n g h e a t
b a la n c e s , t h e t r u e g a s t e m p e r a t u r e h a s less u t i l i t y t h a n t h e ^ c o r r e c t e d
r e a d in g o r d in a r ily o b ta in e d w i th a p r o te c te d c o u p le ; t h e l a t t e r m e a si“ e ®
t h e r a t e a t w h ic h h e a t w o u ld b e tr a n s f e r r e d i f t h e c o u p le w e re r e p la c e d b y a
s u rfa c e a t t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e “ h e a t s in k ’ (su rfa c e o f ch a rg e ).
n l1 ? ,
f
m e n t c o n s is tin g o f a p a i r o f o r ie n te d th e r m o c o u p le s is s h o w n t o b e c a p a b le o t
m e a s u rin g t h e a c t u a l r a t e o f h e a t-flo w a c ro ss a n y p la n e i n a f u r n a c e . U n d e
t h e t e s ti n g c o n d itio n s t h e a v e r a g e e r r o r i n 8 t e s ts w a s 4 / 0. I t s a p p lic a tio
t o a s t u d y o f u n i f o r m i t y o f h e a t d i s t r ib u t i o n i n f u r n a c e s is d isc u sse d . F . J .
A n E conom ical Crucible F u rn a c e fo r M etal M elting. E . F r . R u s s (Tec .
Zentr. prakt. Metallbearbeilung, 1935, 45, (7 /8 ), 1 9 9 - 2 0 1 ) .- A : f u r n a c e m w rh ic h
t h e c o n te n ts c a n b e h e a t e d t o 1000° C . in t h e c ru c ib le , a n d w h ic h is s a id to
h a v e a lo n g life . T h e c ru c ib le r e s t s o n a p la tf o r m t h a t c a n b e r a is e d by
m e a n s o f a f o o t p e d a l w h e n r e a d y f o r p o u r in g . T h e te m p e r a tu r e m a y be
a u to m a tic a lly r e g u la te d . D a t a f ro m v a r io u s t r ia ls a r e g iv e n .— W . A.. C . JN.
Second T hough ts A bout [Brass] F ou ndry F urnaces. M .
“
j
Ind (N .Y.), 1936, 34, (4), 1 3 1 -1 3 2 ).— B rie fly d isc u sse s th e a d v a n ta g e s a n d
d i s a d v a n ta g e s o f th e v a r io u s ty p e s o f b ra s s f o u n d r y f u rn a c e s .— b . G .
Views on th e Construction of S m e ltin g F u rn a c es fo r W hite M etal a n d W hite
M etal Residues. E d m u n d R . T h e w s (Metall-Woche, 1936, (11),JM 1-A > 3)Tendencies in
D evelopm ent of R esistance F u rn a c e
C onstruction.
K.
(Congres Internat. Appl. Electrocalonfiques (Preprint), 193b, 12 p p . ,
Bull. B .N .F .M .R .A ., 1936, (91)).— [ I n G e rm a n .] C h a n g e s m f u rn a c e d e s ig n
S c h e rz e r
a r e d isc u sse d , a n d a p p lic a tio n s t o m e ltin g a n d h e a t - t r e a t m e n t o f l ig h t m e ta ls
H igh-Frequency In d u ctio n F u rnaces. N . A . H a lb e r ts m a I[Congres M e n i a l .
Appl. Electrocalorifiques (Preprint), 1936, 7 p p . ; Bull. B .N .F .M .R .A ., 1936,
(9 1 )).— [ I n E n g lis h .] I n a d d itio n to a g e n e ra l d isc u ssio n , H . g iv e s a d e s c rip ­
t i o n o f t h e h ig h -fre q u e n c y m e ltin g p l a n t a t t h e P h ilip s L a m p W o rk s , E in d ­
h o v e n , H o lla n d , in w h ic h h ig h -fre q u e n c y e n e rg y is s u p p lie d b y a 2 5 0 k w .
t l a A p p S o ^ o f th e E lectric R ad iation F u rn ace.
— -
E tie n n e {Gongres
Internat. Appl. Electrocalorifiques (Preprint), 1936, 12 p p . ; Jauu.
B .N .F .M .R .A ., 1936, (91)).— [ I n F re n c h .] D e s c rib e s a r a d ia t i o n fu rn a c e
c o n s is tin g o f a c y lin d r ic a l f u rn a c e sp a c e in t h e lo n g a x is o f w in c h a r a d ia tin g
e le m e n t o f g r a p h ite is p la c e d . V a rio u s a d v a n ta g e s a r e c la im e d . I t is p o ssib le
t o w o r k in s p e c ia l a tm o s p h e re s o r in vacuo. A p p lic a tio n s in c lu d e m e ltin g o f
c o p p e r a llo y s, a lu m in iu m a llo y s, a n d lo w m e ltin g p ointi m e ta ls , e.g. zin c,
m a g n e s iu m , & c. F o r a d e s c rip tio n in E n g lis h , se e H . George, Met. Abs.,
1 9 3 Recent 8 2 impSrove‘m ents in E lectric F urn aces w ith Cross Channels.
Jean
K u n tz ig e r (Congres internat. Mines Met. Geol., Section de MetaMurgie, 1936,
2 ,1 5 - 1 7 ; a n d Rev. Met., 1936, 33, (4), 2 4 4 - 2 4 6 ).— [ I n F re n c h .] T h e c o n s tru e -
582
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
t io n o f m o lte n t i n h e a t - t r e a t m e n t b a th s , h e a t e d b y t h e p a s s a g e o f a n e le c tric
c u r r e n t s u p p lie d f r o m c a r b o n e le c tr o d e s , a n d u tiliz in g th e r m o -s ip h o n effe cts
t o se c u re u n i f o r m i t y o f t e m p e r a t u r e , is o u tlin e d .— J . C . C.
Electrically H eated In d u strial F u rn a c es. R . B o y e ( D rop Forger, 1936,
15, (4), 2 9 9 -3 1 6 , 3 1 8 , 3 2 0 ).— F r o m E n g . Progress, 1935, 16, (11), 2 6 5 - 2 7 2 ;
see M e t. A b s., t h i s v o l., p . 4 1 6 .— S . G .
E lectric F u rn a c es w ith P rotectin g A tm ospheres.
G . T a m e le (Congres
Intern a t. A p p l. Electrocalorifiques (P rep rint), 1936, 14 p p . ;
B u ll.
B .N . F . M .R .A . , 1936, (91)). — [ I n G e r m a n .] A g e n e r a l s u r v e y o f p r e s e n t
k n o w le d g e , w i t h a n a c c o u n t o f t h e p r o te c tiv e g a s e s u s e d ; t h e re fe re n c e s a re
t o t h e t r e a t m e n t o f fe rr o u s m a te r ia ls .— S. G .
Im prov em en t (E qualization) of H eatin g in E lectric F urn aces. G . S im o n
(Congres In tern a t. A p p l. Electrocalorifiques (P rep rin t), 1936, 13 p p . ; B u ll.
B .N . F . M .R .A . , 1 936, (91)). — [ I n G e rm a n .] A d isc u ssio n o f fu rn a c e s w ith
a i r c ir c u la tio n , s a l t - b a t h f u rn a c e s , a n d fu rn a c e s w ith m o v in g lo a d , b a n d a n d
c h a in fu rn a c e s , p u lle r a n d p u s h e r g e a r f u rn a c e s , & c.— S . G.
E lectric F u rn a c e for th e C ontinuous B righ t-A nn ealing of Copper Strip.
0.
J u n k e r (M etallw irtschaft, 1936, 15, (3), 7 1 -7 2 ).— U n if o rm a n n e a lin g c o n d i­
tio n s a r e s e c u re d b y p a s s in g c o p p e r s t r ip th r o u g h a b r ig h t- a n n e a lin g f u rn a c e
w i t h a w a te r - s e a l a t e a c h e n d : t h e f u rn a c e a tm o s p h e r e is s a t u r a t e d w ith
s te a m u n d e r s o m e w h a t in c r e a s e d p re ss u re ,* a n d a n y t r a c e s o f o x y g e n a re
r e d u c e d b y t h e t r a c e s o f l u b r ic a n t o n t h e s h e e t. T w o s tr ip s a r e t r e a t e d
s im u lta n e o u s ly , w ith s e p a r a te c o n tr o l g e a r. T h e c o m p le te in s ta lla tio n a n d
so m e s t r u c t u r a l d e ta ils a r e i ll u s tr a te d .— P . M . C. R .
E lectric F u rn a c e F an s. G . B . L a m b (Elect. R ev., 1936, 119, (3070),
4 0 3 - 4 0 4 ).— T h e d e s ig n o f f a n s f o r l o w - te m p e r a tu r e h e a t - t r e a t m e n t f u rn a c e s
w h ic h e m p lo y f o rc e d -a ir c ir c u la tio n is b rie fly d is c u s s e d . I n la r g e h o r iz o n ta l
f u r n a c e s , t h e n u m b e r a n d d i a m e t e r o f f a n s s h o u ld , g e n e r a lly s p e a k in g , b e
c h o s e n so t h a t m a x im u m d r iv in g p o w e r is r e q u ire d , a n d a l t e r n a t e f a n s s h o u ld
b e r o t a t e d i n o p p o s ite d ir e c tio n s .— J . C . C.
T he Use of L iquid Fuels in In d u strial F urnaces. H e in r . M a n te l (MetallWoche, 1936, (1 3 ), 2 4 1 - 2 4 2 ).— L . A . O.
Pulverized F uel in th e M etallurgical In d u stry . J . H . M a h le r (Proc. S .
Wales In s t. E n g ., 1935, 51, 7 9 -1 0 4 , 1 2 7 - 1 3 8 ; a n d ( s u m m a r y ) M ech. World,
1935, 97, 5 8 5 -5 8 6 ).— 8 . G.
X V I.— R E F R A C T O R IE S A N D F U R N A C E M A T E R IA L S
(C o n tin u e d f ro m p p . 4 7 4 -4 7 5 .)
F oundry R efractories.
J o h n D . S u lliv a n (Canad. Chem. a n d M e t., 1936,
20, (9), 2 8 5 -2 8 6 , 2 8 8 ).— D isc u ss e s m o d e r n r e fr a c to r ie s f o r l in in g s te e l f u rn a c e s
o f v a r io u s ty p e s a n d f o r u s e in i n d ir e c t a rc , h ig h - fr e q u e n c y in d u c tio n , a n d
h e a t - t r e a t m e n t f u rn a c e s . H ig h - a lu m in a fire c la y b r ic k s o r r a m m e d m u llitc
h e a r t h s a r e r e c o m m e n d e d f o r m e ltin g c o p p e r a n d i t s a llo y s .— A . R . P .
Acid a n d Basic B ottom s of Copper-Refining F urn aces. E . R . T h e w s (J.
F o ur elect., 1936, 45, (3), 9 9 ).— S ee M e t. A b s., 1935, 2, 3 0 9 .— J . E . N .
R efractories : R ecent Types, Uses, a n d U nit Costs. 0 . L . D a y (M etal
Progress, 1936, 30, (4), 5 9 - 6 3 , 7 2, 8 2 ).— T h e p r e p a r a tio n , p r o p e r tie s , a n d sp e c ia l
a p p lic a tio n s o f fire c la y , h ig h a lu m in a , s ilic a , a n d b a s ic r e fr a c to r ie s (m a g n e site ,
c h ro m e , a n d d o lo m ite ) a r e r e v ie w e d .— P . M . C. R .
M odern F u rn a c e A pplications of R efractories a n d In su la tio n .— I II . J . L .
S p e n c e a n d J . W . C ra ig (Iro n Steel Canada, 1936, 19, (3), 1 2 -1 6 ).— S ee a ls o
M et. A b s., t h i s v o l., p p . 2 7 4 , 3 2 1 . D e s c rib e s a p p lic a tio n s o f in s u la tio n to
m o d e r n m e ta llu r g ic a l f u r n a c e s , b o t h fe rr o u s a n d n o n - fe r r o u s , a n d c o m p a re s
c o s t o f i n s t a l l a t i o n w i t h s a v in g s in f u e l e c o n o m y a n d im p ro v e d w o rk in g
e ffic ie n c y .— J . E . N .
1936
X V I I .— H eat-T reatment
583
R efractories a n d T heir Applications. W . F . R o c h o w {Trans. A m er. In st.
Chem. E n g ., 1 9 3 4 -1 9 3 5 , 31, 2 2 8 -2 4 8 ).— S . G .
The D estruction of R efracto ry F u rn a c e B ricks by Softening and Fusion.
E . T . R ic h a r d s (Feuerungstechnik, 1936, 24, (5), 7 3 -7 7 ).— T h e n a t u r a l s o fte n in g
a n d f u s io n te m p e r a tu r e s o f a n u m b e r o f f u r n a c e r e f r a c to r ie s a r e ta b u la te d .
I n p r a c tic e , f a ilu re m a y o c c u r a t c o n s id e ra b ly lo w e r te m p e r a tu r e s o n a c c o u n t
e i t h e r o f m e c h a n ic a l stre s s e s d u e t o f u r n a c e d e s ig n , e s p e c ia lly o f t h e a rc h , o r
o f e x p o s u re t o f u r n a c e g a s e s, m e ta llic v a p o u r s , o r d u s t o f a t y p e c a p a b le o f
flu x in g w i t h t h e m a t e r i a l o f t h e b ric k s . D a m a g e c a n b e m in im iz e d b y : m o d ific­
a t i o n i n d e s i g n ; c a r e f u l c o n s tr u c tio n a n d f i n i s h ; o r p ro v is io n o f a p r o te c tiv e
c o a tin g o n t h e b ric k s , e.g. b y im m e r s io n in a n e m u ls io n o f a lu m in a .— P . R .
*D eterm ination of M echanical Properties of R efracto ry M aterials a t H igh
T em peratures. B . J . P in e s a n d E . I . T e r-M ik a e lja n z {Ogneupori {Refractories),
1936, (4 ), 1 8 1 -1 8 7 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] A sim p le m e th o d a n d a p p a r a tu s a r e
d e s c rib e d f o r m e a s u rin g t h e m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s o f h ig h ly r e fr a c to r y
m a te r ia ls a t t e m p e r a tu r e s u p t o 1 7 0 0 ° C. u sin g a C a r b o r u n d u m - c a r b o n
th e r m o c o u p le . E v e n i n s u c h a h e te r o g e n e o u s m a te r ia l a s D in a s b r ic k , th e
m e c h a n ic a l c h a r a c te r is tic s a r e r e g u la r w h e n s m a ll sp e c im e n s (1 c m . c u b es)
a r e u se d . D a t a o b ta in e d f o r M a g n e site , D in a s , D u n ite , a n d C a rb o r u n d u m
in d ic a te t h a t u s u a lly t h e s o f te n in g t e m p e r a t u r e u n d e r lo a d c o rre s p o n d s n o t
t o t h e b e g in n in g o f, b u t t o a f a r a d v a n c e d “ flow ” o f t h e m a te r ia l. T h e
p l a s ti c it y c h a r a c te r is tic s o f r e f r a c to r y m a te r ia ls a t h ig h t e m p e r a tu r e s sh o w
t h a t D u n ite suffers a r e d u c tio n o f r e la tiv e p la s tic ity w ith in c re a s e o f te m p e r a ­
t u r e in c o n tr a s t t o D in a s b ric k .— N . A .
*Y oung’s M odulus o f E lasticity, Strength, a n d E xtensibility of R efractories
in Tension. R . A . H e in d l a n d L . E . M o n g {J. Research N a t. B u r. S ta n d ., 1936,
17, (3), 4 6 3 - 4 8 2 ; a n d Research P aper N o . 923).— Y o u n g ’s m o d u lu s o f
e la s tic ity , s t r e n g t h , a n d e x te n s ib ility w e re d e te r m in e d a t o r d in a r y te m p e r ­
a t u r e s o n t h e fo llo w in g m a te r ia ls i n te n s io n : 16 b r a n d s o f fire -c la y b r ic k w ith
a w id e r a n g e o f s ilic a c o n te n t, r e p r e s e n tin g t h e stiff m u d , d ry -p re s s , a n d h a n d ­
m a d e m e th o d s o f f o r m i n g ; o n e b r a n d e a c h o f silic a b r ic k , c h ro m e , f o rs te rite ,
6 0 % a lu m in a , 8 0 % a lu m in a , a n d o f m u llite . A c o m p a ris o n is m a d e o f th e
te n s ile p r o p e rtie s o f s p e c im e n s o b ta in e d p a r a lle l t o t h e 9 in . d im e n s io n w ith
th o s e p a r a lle l t o t h e 4 £ in . d im e n s io n . T h e effe cts o f m e th o d s i n t h e m a n u ­
f a c t u r e b y t h e d r y -p r e s s p ro c e ss w e re b rie fly s tu d ie d .— S . G .
H e a t-R esistan t M agnesite. Z . J . T a b a k o v a n d V . V . B e lo v o d s k iy {Ogneu­
pori {Refractories), 1936, (5), 2 9 5 -2 9 7 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] M a g n e site b r ic k m a n u ­
f a c tu r e d b y t h e “ M a g n e site W o rk s ” so fte n s a t 2 0 0 0 ° C ., d e fo rm s u n d e r lo a d
a t 1 4 6 0 °-1 5 2 0 ° C ., a n d h a s a m e c h a n ic a l s tr e n g t h o f 4 5 0 - 5 0 0 k g ./c m .z, w ith
a m e a n t h e r m a l s ta b il i t y o f 2 5 - 3 0 .— N . A .
H eat In su latio n for F urnaces a n d K i l n s .
{Fuel Econom ist, 1936,
11, (130), 394r-396).— A n a c c o u n t is g iv e n o f I n s u l it e a n d A m b e r lite , tw o
p r o p r i e ta r y r e fr a c to r ie s c o n s is tin g la r g e ly o f d ia to m a c e o u s e a r t h (a n a tu r a l
d e p o s it o f p o ro u s silic a h a v in g a c e llu la r s tr u c tu r e ) .— P . M . C . R .
D iatom s a n d Insulating M aterials. — I—II. A . B . C u m m in g s {Heat.-Treat,
and. Forging, 1936, 22, (3 ), 1 4 1 - 1 4 3 ; (4), 1 9 9 -2 0 1 ).— ( I.— ) T h e o rig in a n d
o c c u r r e n c e o f d ia to m a c e o u s e a r t h s a r e d is c u s s e d . ( I I .— ) S o m e o f th e
a p p lic a tio n s o f d ia to m a c e o u s e a r th s in t h e e n g in e e r in g in d u s tr ie s a r e b rie fly
d e s c rib e d .— J . E . N .
X V I I — H E A T -T R E A T M E N T
(C o n tin u e d f ro m p p . 3 2 1 -3 2 2 .)
S alt-B aths.
C. A lb r e c h t {Tech. Zentr. p ra kt. Metallbearbeitung, 1935, 45,
(5 /6 ), 1 4 0 - 1 4 4 ).— T h e m e th o d o f h e a tin g th e s e b a th s m u s t b e c h o se n in r e ­
la t i o n t o t h e te m p e r a t u r e t o b e m a in ta in e d , t h e n a t u r e o f th e b a t h a n d , t o a
RR
584
Metallurgical A bstracts
V ol. 3
c e r ta in e x t e n t , t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e m a t e r i a l to b e h e a te d . B a th s f o r t h e
fo llo w in g 3 r a n g e s o f te m p e r a tu r e a r e c o n s id e re d : (1) 1 4 0 °-5 8 0 ° C . ; (2 ) 6 0 0 ° 950° C ., f o r a n n e a lin g , h a r d e n in g , & c .; (3) 1 0 0 0 °-1 3 5 0 ° C . f o r h a r d e n in g .
— W . A . C. N .
*Investigation oi th e Effect of D u ra tio n of H e a t-T rea tm e n t on A lum inium
Alloys. I . E . T u to v (M etallurg (M etallurgist), 1936, (6), 8 3 -9 1 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .]
T h e e ffe c ts o f a n n e a lin g c a s t a llo y s w a s s tu d ie d o n s p e c im e n s o f “ Y ” a llo y
c a s t a t (I) 7 2 0 ° , ( I I ) 7 6 0 °, a n d ( I I I ) 8 2 0 ° C . T h e s p e c im e n s, w h ic h h a d a
g ra in -s iz e o f 2-5 m m ., 5 m m ., a n d 7-5 m m ., r e s p e c tiv e ly , w e re a n n e a le d fo r
0 , 2 5 , 5 0 , 7 0 , 1 0 0 , 1 4 0 , a n d 3 0 0 m in u te s a t 5 0 0 ° C ., q u e n c h e d in o il, a n d
n o r m a liz e d a t 2 2 5 ° C. D e te r m in a tio n s o f t h e te n s ile s tr e n g th , e lo n g a tio n , a n d
B r in e ll h a r d n e s s sh o w e d t h a t sp e c im e n s (I) r e q u ir e d n o a n n e a lin g t o o b ta in
m a x im u m m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e r tie s , w h e re a s ( I I ) r e q u ir e d 25 m in u te s a n d ( I I I )
5 0 m in u te s , t h e a n n e a lin g tim e b e in g , th e r e fo r e , d ir e c tly p r o p o r tio n a l t o t h e
g ra in -s iz e . S im ila r t e s ts o n D u r a lu m in sh o w e d t h a t a n n e a lin g t h e c a s tin g s
f o r 1 h r . a t 5 0 0 ° C. p r io r t o q u e n c h in g p ro d u c e s a s a tis f a c to r y m e ta l f o r fo rg in g .
T w o se rie s o f D u r a lu m in r o d s f o rg e d a t 4 6 0 ° -3 6 0 ° C. t o 28-5 a n d 6 0 % r e d u c tio n ,
r e s p e c tiv e ly , w e re q u e n c h e d a t 5 0 0 ° C. a f t e r a n n e a lin g f o r 0 - 1 2 0 m in u te s , a n d
t h e i r te n s ile s t r e n g t h s d e t e r m i n e d ; t h e b e s t m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e r tie s w e re o b ­
t a i n e d a f t e r a 15 m in u te s ’ a n n e a l. A g e in g t e s ts o n “ Y ” a llo y s a t 1 5 0 °, 21 0 °,
2 2 5 °, a n d 2 5 0 ° C. sh o w e d t h a t m a x im u m m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s w e re o b ta in e d
i n 1 h r . a t 2 5 0 ° C ., b u t f o r p r a c ti c a l p u r p o s e s 2 - 3 h rs . a t 2 2 5 ° -2 3 0 ° C. is r e c o m ­
m e n d e d . T h e r e s u lts o b ta in e d w e re v e rifie d in p r a c tic e in th e m a n u f a c tu r e o f
p is to n s .— -N. A .
A nnealing A lum in ium a n d Its Alloys. ------ (Rev. A lu m in iu m , 1936, 13,
(8 0 ), 1 7 4 ^ 1 7 7 ).— T h e f u n c t io n a n d t h e d if fe r e n t p h a s e s o f a n n e a lin g a n d th e
f a c to r s in flu e n c in g i t a r e d isc u sse d . T h e a n n e a lin g o f s ta c k e d s h e e t a n d ro lle d
s t r i p , o f b r a z e d a n d o f s ta m p e d a n d e m b o s se d a lu m in iu m a r tic le s a n d th e
a n n e a lin g o f a lu m in iu m a llo y s a r e b rie fly d e s c rib e d .— J . H . W .
T he H e a t-T re a tm e n t of L igh t M etal C a s t i n g s .
(G iesserei-P raxis ,
1936, 57, (1 5 /1 6 ), 1 7 5 -1 7 8 ).— D e s c rib e s f u r n a c e s s u ita b le f o r t h e h e a t - t r e a tm e n t o f l ig h t m e t a l c a s tin g s a n d t h e m e th o d s o f c a r r y in g o u t th e s e o p e r a tio n s .
—J. H. W.
*Influenee of th e Process T em perature R egim e in T em pering D u ra lu m in Type Alloys. A . I . G o r n o s ta e v a (M etallurg (M etallurgist), 1936, (5), 9 5 -1 0 4 ).
— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e b e s t m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s o f D u r a lu m in w it h c o p p e r
4 -4 -4 -8 , m a g n e s iu m 0 -8 1 -0 -9 8 , a n d m a n g a n e s e 0 - 7 2 -0 -9 0 % a r e o b ta in e d a f te r
q u e n c h in g fro m 5 0 0 ° t o 5 0 6 ° C. A g e in g in oil o r h o t w a te r r e d u c e s t h e m e c h a n i­
c a l p r o p e r tie s s lig h tly c o m p a r e d w i th a n n e a lin g in c o ld w a te r , b u t c o n s id e ra b ly
r e d u c e s t h e r e s is ta n c e to c o rro s io n . T h e tim e w h ic h e la p s e s b e tw e e n w it h ­
d r a w a l f ro m t h e f u rn a c e a n d im m e rs io n in t h e q u e n c h in g m e d iu m s tr o n g ly
a ffe c ts t h e in c re a s e in m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s in a g e in g . T h e r e s u lts a r e g iv e n
i n g r a p h s a n d ta b le s .— N . A .
*The A ge-H ardening of D u ra lu m in a t V arious T em peratu res. (T e e d .)
S ee p . 50 4 .
B righ t-A nnealing of Copper a n d B rass W ires. W . M e tz d o r f (M e ta llWoche, 1936, (7), 1 2 1 -1 2 2 ).— A b r i e f d e s c r ip tio n o f m o d e r n m e th o d s .— A . R . P .
*Influence of H e a t-T rea tm e n t on F atigue and C orrosion-R esistance of
A lum inium Bronze. ( M u s a tti a n d D a in e lli.)
S ee p . 5 0 9 .
*R esearch on th e H ard ness of A lum in ium B ronzes a fte r Ageing. I .— B inary
B ronzes of th e 90 : 10 Type. ( P a n s e r i.) S ee p . 509.
*Bi-M etal A nnealing in A m m o nia Gas. A . V . S m irn o v a n d L . V . B e lo ru c h e v
(M etallurg (M etallurgist), 1936, (9), 7 9 - 8 0 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] A n n e a lin g o f
T o m b a k b im e ta l in m o is t a m m o n ia a t 6 0 0 ° C. g a v e a p e r fe c tly s a tis f a c to r y
s u r f a c e a p p e a r a n c e a n d d e g re e o f so ftn e s s w i th o u t p r o d u c in g h y d r o g e n
e m b r ittle m e n t.— N . A .
1936
X V II I.—Working
585
^C ontribution to th e Study of th e Effect of A nnealing on the Structure,
B rinell H ardness ( //„ ) , Tensile S trength (Rr), and E longation (A w) of ColdRolled 67 : 33 B rass. (L o sk iew icz, et al.) S ee p . 512.
X V I I I — W O R K IN G
( C o n t in u e d f r o m p p . 4 7 5 - 4 7 7 .)
A dvances in th e K now ledge a n d P ractice of Plastic F orm in g Processes.
E . S ie b e l ( M etallw irtschaft , 1936, 15, (12), 2 7 7 - 2 7 9 ) . - A n illu s tr a te d su m m a ry
is g iv e n o f r e c e n t p ro c e ss e s a n d p l a n t f o r o b liq u e ro llin g , r a d ia l ro llin g , a n d
“ n e e d le
ro llin « (in v o lv in g t h e u s e o f h y p e rb o lic ro lls ), a n d f o r t h e p r o ­
d u c tio n o f th in -w a lle d p i e c e s ; in th i s c o n n e c tio n a m e th o d o f g a u g in g t h e
a c tio n o f e c c e n tric ro lls is b rie fly d e s c rib e d .— P . M . C . R .
T he Plastic W orking of Metals.
D evelopm ents in T heory a n d Practice.
[ E . S ieb el] (M et. I n d . (Land.), 1936, 49, (19), 458-461^ - - A b r i d g e . * '^
o f a se rie s o f a r tic le s i n M etallw irtscha ft; see M e t. A b s., 1935, 2 , 6 - 9 , i2 3 ,
tT h e Flow of Alloys in C onnection w ith M axwell’s R elax atio n Theory.
I G u b k in ( Izvestia Sektora Fiziko-K kim icheskogo A n a liza (A n n . Sect.
A n a l. P h ys.-C h im .), 1936, 8, 2 9 1 -3 0 4 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] I t h a s b e e n sh o w n
S
e x p e r im e n ta lly t h a t a llo y s a n d m e ta ls ( a lu m m iu m a n d its a llo y s, c o p p e r a n d
its a llo y s) c a n v a r y t h e i r r e s is ta n c e to a c h a n g e o f sh a p e d u r in g t h e p ro c e ss of
d e f o rm a tio n . I f a n a llo y is s u b je c te d t o a s tr e s s b e y o n d t h e e la s tic r a n g e , t h e
s tr e s s w ill d e c re a s e w ith tim e , fin a lly r e a c h in g a lim it. O n ly in c e r ta m cases
(e a D u r a lu m in a t 5 0 0 ° C.) c a n t h e r a t e o f d e c re a s e o f s tre s s b e re p re s e n te d
e x p o n e n tia lly a c c o rd in g t o M a x w e ll's la w o f r e la x a tio n . I n o r d e r to b e a b le
t o s t u d y t h e m e c h a n is m o f d e f o rm a tio n a n d th e c o n d itio n s d e te r m in in g t h e
b r i tt l e o r p la s tic c o n d itio n o f a m a te r ia l, i t is n e c e s s a ry t o e s ta b lis h a la w
g o v e rn in g t h e d e c re a s e o f s tr e s s w it h tim e a n d a ls o t o d e te r m in e t h e re la tio n
b e tw e e n a ll t h e f a c to rs g o v e rn in g t h e d e c re a s e o f s tr e s s in t h e so lid m a te r ia l.
T h e flow m e th o d s u g g e s te d b y N . S. K u r n a k o w fo r s tu d y m g t h e r e la x a tio n of
a so lid m a te r ia l m a y b e u s e d a s a m e th o d o f p h y sic o -c h e m ic a l a n a ly s is . I h e
m e th o d is, h o w e v e r, n o t e n tir e ly fre e f ro m s o u rc e s o f e r r o r (e.g. fric tio n ).
F o r a d e ta ile d s t u d y o f t h e r e la x a tio n p h e n o m e n o n t h e m e th o d o f in v e s tig a tio n
s u g g e s te d b y K a r m a n n in 1913 s h o u ld b e a d o p te d . A s a firs t a p p r o x im a tio n
a m o d e l is su g g e s te d a s a n e x p la n a tio n o f t h e m e c h a n is m o f r e la x a tio n , w h ic h
in v o lv e s o n ly t h e r a t e o f in te r - a n d in tro - c r y s ta llin e slip . I n a d d itio n to th e
r a t e o f slip p in g , t h e r e s is ta n c e t o d e f o rm a tio n is a ls o in flu e n c e d b y p h e n o m e n a
c o n n e c te d w ith t h e t h e r m a l a g ita t io n o f a to m s (re c o v e ry ), a s w ell a s b y a
c h a n g e , d u r in g d e f o rm a tio n , o f t h e o r ie n ta tio n o f t h e g r a m s a n d o i t h e ir size,
o w in g t o r e c r y s ta lliz a tio n .— N . A .
c
The Im po rtan ce of F riction in Rolling, and Its Influence on th e D esign of
M achinery fo r Rolling Sheet a n d Strip. T h e o d o r D a h l (K alt-W alz-W elt,
1936 (5) 3 3 -3 8 • (6), 4 1 - 4 6 ).— A th e o r e tic a l s t u d y o f ro llin g c o n d itio n s sh o w s
t h a t ’t h e ’ f r ic tio n a l r e s is ta n c e b e tw e e n r o lls a n d m a te r i a l is e s s e n tia l t o th e
p ro c e ss, w h ic h is c o n tr a s te d w i t h t h a t o f d r a w in g . F u r t h e r a n a ly s e s sh o w th e
in flu e n c e o f v a r y in g d e g re e s o f f r ic tio n u n d e r s t a te d c o n d itio n s o n r e s is ta n c e
t o flow a n d t h u s o n t h e w o r k d o n e in e ffe c tin g d e f o r m a t i o n ; e x c e ssiv e f ric tio n
p r e v e n ts u n if o r m d i s t r i b u ti o n o f s tre s se s , a n d t h e p r o d u c t is ir r e g u la r in
th ic k n e s s a n d h a s a p o o r s u rfa c e fin is h . D ia g r a m s sh o w t h e in flu e n c e o
su rfa c e ro u g h n e s s o f t h e r o lls o n t h e f o rm a n d d im e n s io n s o f th e p ieces
In
p r a c tic e , t h e r e is a n in c r e a s in g te n d e n c y t o u s e a su c c e ssio n o f l i g h t ro lls , a s
in t h e R o h n a n d t h e S te c k e l a s se m b lie s , d ia g r a m s o f w h ic h a r e r e p ro d u c e d .
r . IVL. U. Iv.
586
Metallurgical Abstracts
V o l. 3
*On the D eterm ination of th e P rincipal Stresses of M alleable M aterials u n d e r
th e P lane-R olling Process. H ir o s i Y a m a n o u t i (J. Soc. M ech. E n g . J a p a n ,
1934, 37, (211), 7 8 3 -7 9 3 ).— [ I n J a p a n e s e .] I n a n e x p e r im e n t w i t h v e r y p u r e
m a lle a b le m e ta ls o n a p la n e r o llin g - m ill, t h e p la s tic d e f o r m a tio n a t t h e e x ­
t r e m i t y o f t h e b l a n k a t e a c h p o s itio n o n p a s s in g th r o u g h t h e r o lls w a s o b s e rv e d
a n d , r e g a r d in g t h e c o n t a c t s u r f a c e o f t h e m a t e r ia l a n d t h e r o lls a s t h e p r in c ip a l
p la n e , t h e p r i n c i p a l e q u a tio n s w e re d e te r m in e d .
T h e c h a n g e i n w id t h o f
t h e b l a n k a f t e r r o llin g b e in g v e r y s m a ll, Y . in v e s tig a te d t h e p la n e s tre s s e s o n
t h e v e r tic a l s e c tio n o f t h e b la n k th r o u g h t h e ro lls . W i th th e d a t a th u s o b ta in e d
t h e s tr e s s e q u a tio n s w e re so lv e d a n d t h e d i s t r i b u ti o n o f t h e p r in c ip a l stre s s e s
i n t h e e x t r e m i t y o f t h e b l a n k a t t h e m o m e n t o f p a s s in g th r o u g h t h e ro lls
d e te r m in e d . T h e v e r t ic a l p r e s s u re w a s m e a s u r e d b y m e a n s o f q u a r tz d is k s
u s e d f o r p ie z o - e le c tr ic ity a n d a s t r i n g e le c tr o m e te r . T h e d e fle c tio n o f th e
e l e c tr o m e te r w a s p h o to g r a p h e d o n a film r o t a t i n g a t c o n s t a n t s p e e d . T h e
te s t- s p e c im e n s w e re o f le a d , a n d w e re m a c h in e f in is h e d t o a b o u t 5 X 20 X 8 0 0
m m . T h e s tr e s s i n t e n s i t y o f t h e c o n ta c t s u r f a c e is n o t u n if o r m ly c o n s t a n t
a n d d o e s n o t m a i n ta i n m in im u m p la s tic s tr e s s in t e n s it y . A lth o u g h t h e
m a x im u m s tr e s s i n t e n s i t y is s o m e tim e s a b o u t tw ic e t h e m e a n s tr e s s i n t e n s i ty ,
t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o n t h e o t h e r p r i n c i p a l p la n e , w h ic h is n o r m a l t o t h e c o n ta c t
s u rfa c e , is n e a r l y e q u a l. Y . t h e o r e ti c a ll y d e te r m in e d t h e n e t t w o r k n e c e s s a ry
f o r t h e r o llin g d e f o r m a tio n o f a m a te r i a l — a f u n d a m e n ta l f e a tu r e in d e t e r ­
m in in g t h e r o llin g p o w e r— a n d t h e n c a lc u la te d t h e p o w e r n e c e s s a ry f o r t h e
r o llin g p ro c e ss . T h e s e r e s u lts a r e c la im e d t o b e n e a r l y e q u a l t o t h e a c t u a l ly
m e a s u r e d v a lu e s . — A u t h o r .
i n f lu e n c e of Specific P ressure in R olling on th e F rictio n Coefficient. I g . M .
P a v lo v a n d N . N . G e t (M etallurg (M etallurgist), 1936, (7), 4 7 - 5 4 ).— [ I n
R u s s ia n .] F r o m d e te r m in a tio n s o f t h e v e r t ic a l p r e s s u re o f t h e m e ta l o n
t h e ro ll a n d t h e c o rre s p o n d in g f r ic tio n a l fo rc e t h e coeff. o f f r ic tio n a n d it s
r e la tio n t o t h e sp e cific p r e s s u re c a n b e c a lc u la te d . I n c o ld -ro llin g w i th d r y
o r lu b r ic a t e d q u e n c h e d c a s t- ir o n ro lls t h is r e la tio n is s im ila r f o r a lu m in iu m ,
c o p p e r , b r a s s , a n d i r o n ; in a ll case s a n in c re a s e in t h e sp ecific p r e s s u re (a n d
B r in e ll h a r d n e s s ) b e in g a c c o m p a n ie d b y a d e c re a s e in t h e coeff. o f f r ic tio n
w h ic h is a t f irs t v e r y r a p i d a n d t h e n g r a d u a lly d e c re a s e s. W i t h a n in c re a s e
in t h e sp e cific p r e s s u re fro m 2 t o 4 0 k g ./m m .2, t h e coeff. o f f r ic tio n is re d u c e d
b y 4 0 - 5 0 % , m o s t o f th is r e d u c tio n ta k i n g p la c e w ith in t h e p r e s s u re r a n g e 2 10 k g ./ m m .2.— -N. A .
^P itting D ue to R olling Contact. S t e w a r t W a y (J. A p p lie d M echanics,
1 9 3 5 , 2, (2 ), a 4 9 - 5 8 ; d isc u ssio n , (3 ), a 1 1 0 - 1 1 4 ) . — T e s ts c a r r ie d o u t w it h
r o lls o f d if f e r e n t m a te r ia ls , w i t h d if fe r e n t lu b r ic a n ts , a n d w i t h v a r io u s lo a d s ,
sh o w t h a t (1) a l u b r ic a n t m u s t b e p r e s e n t i f p i t t i n g is t o t a k e p la c e ; (2) i f th e
lu b r ic a n t is o f a v is c o s ity a b o v e a c e r t a in c r itic a l v a lu e w h ic h d e p e n d s o n t h e
lo a d , p i t t i n g c a n b e p r e v e n t e d ; (3) t h e n a t u r e o f t h e su rfa c e fin is h o n t h e ro lls
g r e a t l y in flu e n c e s t h e t e n d e n c y t o p i t , p i t t i n g b e in g p r e v e n te d o n a h ig h ly
p o lis h e d s u r f a c e a n d a c c e le r a te d o n a r o u g h m a c h in e s u r f a c e ; (4) n i t r id e d
ro lls w ill n o t p i t u n d e r c o n d itio n s t h a t w o u ld r e s u lt in s e v e re p i t t i n g o f q u e n c h e d
a n d te m p e r e d m ild s te e l r o l l s ; a n d (5 ) p i t s a r e s m a lle r o n h a r d e r s u rfa c e s in
g e n e r a l. I t is a ls o s u g g e s te d t h a t o il p e n e t r a t io n o f v e r y s m a ll s u rfa c e c ra c k s
w i t h a c e r t a i n i n i t i a l d ir e c tio n is t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e g r o w th o f th e s e c ra c k s
u n t i l a p a r tic le is s e p a r a te d f r o m t h e m a in b o d y o f m a te r i a l le a v in g a p i t.
— J. W . D.
D irect R olled A lum inium . T . W . L ip p e r t (Iro n A ge, 1936, 138, (16),
2 6 - 3 0 , 3 3 , 4 6 ).— A d i r e c t r o llin g m i ll c o n s is ts e s s e n tia lly o f tw o h o r iz o n ta l
r o lls , o n e o f w h ic h is e q u ip p e d w i t h a fla n g e , so t h a t a s h a llo w p o o l o f m o lte n
m e t a l c a n b e s u p p o r te d b e tw e e n t h e m . S o m e m e ta l is c o n s t a n t l y fro z e n
o n e a c h r o ll, a n d , a s t h e r o lls r o t a t e , t h i s f ro z e n m e ta l is p re s s e d to g e th e r a n d
e m e rg e s a s a h o m o g e n e o u s a n d s m o o th s t r ip . F o r d ir e c t r o llin g a lu m in iu m ,
X V III.—Working
1936
i, i, n—
587
y to c „ . U »
s r t lv^
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t
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l t i » » « »
o rd in a ry fu ll-a n n e aled h o t- r o lle d a lu m in iu m .
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A lu m in iu m i i s u s e d fo r
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° iQ^fi (<)) 1 6 1 - 1 6 3 ) A re v ie w o f m o d e m m e th o d s o f ro llin g
J f t o Ä . t o w i i th o r n i . W h » . n d t u b e . , f o rm .n g
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O aL en T o r n a n d N N . I v a n o v -S k o b lik o v ( Ä r f a B w y
UW, W,
73 781
r i n R u s s ia n 1 A l u m i i u u m a l l o y s w i t h u p t o 8
s d ic o n a n d / 0
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Preceding Deformation, on the
S. A . K u s h a k e v ic h (M etallurg (M etallurgist),
?
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T h e g r e a t ea se o f d e f o rm a tio n o f “ P
f . ^
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to
o b ta in in g a n is o tr o p ic (i.e. s in g l e - c o s t a l ) ^ e t a l .
m in im tim a t 7 0 0 ° C.
o b ta in e d b y a n in te r m e d ia te a n n e a l a t 3 0 0 - 5 0 0 G , a n a n
but
o r o v e r. T h e fin a l a n n e a lin g te m p e r a t u r e h a s a g r e a te r o
o b ta in e d
C o n tro l of M o to r A c c e le ra tio n i n R o lh n g M üls.
Fachberichte, 1 9 3 5 , 1 1 7 - 1 J 9 ) .- - S . G .
m a c h in e ry ^ ^
u
t T
a d
A lu m in iu m , 1930, 13, (IV),
S teel S h eet.
L
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T
a . o w u arn o
v
v ip ic h e rt (E na. Progress,
^
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f
m a o h in e , r o llin g , a n d th e
B . T r a u t m a ^ W e r t e t e « ^ « -’ tnd U l 9 3 6 ^ A
j j r ’n ic k e l sh e et
£
Ä S - 3 E T T h e a d v a n ta g e s
a r e d e s c rib e d , a n d a n a c c o u n t is g iv e n o f t h e p r o d u c tio n ox re c x a g ^
Interesting and important; [Information][ on
J . F . K e s p e r (Apparatebau, 1935, 4 7 ,2 4 7 ) .
S h eets
y £ s r f i « a ?
ix e s c n o e s
^
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n
f i s a a »
588
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
w h e n e x t r u d e d in to a r o d is s h o w n b y t h e c o - o rd in a te n e t m e th o d . T h e d iffe r­
e n c e in t h e b e h a v io u r o f c o p p e r a n d b r a s s is e x p la in e d a s fo llo w s : b ra s s , w h ic h
h a s a lo w e r h e a t c o n d u c tiv ity , cools b y c o n ta c t w it h t h e c o ld sid e s o f t h e
m o u ld a n d a c q u ir e s d if fe r e n t p la s tic p r o p e r tie s in t h e in s id e a n d t h e o u ts id e
o f t h e i n g o t r e s u ltin g i n a n o n - u n ifo r m lo n g itu d in a l m ic r o s tr u c tu r e o f t h e ro d s.
—N. A.
N o n-F errou s M etal Tubes. W . L . G o v ie r {M et. I n d . (.Lond.), 1936, 49, (18),
4 3 1 - 4 3 6 ; (1 9 ), 4 6 1 - 4 6 5 ; d is c u s s io n , 4 6 5 - 4 6 6 ; a n d ( s u m m a r y ) M etallurgia,
1 936, 15, (8 5 ), 2 3—2 4 ). R e a d b e fo re t h e M id la n d M e ta llu rg ic a l S o c ie tie s
( B ir m in g h a m L o c a l S e c tio n o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o f M e ta ls , & c.). T h e m a n u ­
f a c t u r i n g p ro c e ss e s f o r se a m le s s tu b e s o f c o p p e r - ric h a llo y s a r e d e s c rib e d .
C a s tin g , h o t- p u n c h in g , r o t a r y p ie r c in g , e x tr u s io n , tu b e re d u c in g , c o ld d r a w in g , a n d a n n e a lin g a r e d is c u s s e d in d e t a il , f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v ie w o f
t h e p r o d u c t r a t h e r t h a n o f t h e p l a n t , a n d t h e e ffe c ts o f t h e v a r io u s fo rm s
o f w o r k o n t h e m i c r o s tr u c tu r e a r e c o m p a r e d . T u b e r e d u c in g is d e a l t w ith
a t so m e l e n g t h a n d t h e a d v a n ta g e s o f t h i s p ro c e ss a r e d e ta ile d . A f te r
d e s c rib in g so m e a p p lic a tio n s o f tu b e s , G . s u g g e s ts t h a t f u t u r e d e v e lo p m e n ts
w ill b e a lo n g t h e lin e s o f im p r o v in g a n d e x t e n d i n g t h e u se o f r o t a r y
p ie rc e rs , a n d t u b e r e d u c in g p l a n t , w it h th e d e c lin in g u se o f t h e d r a w b e n c h .
T h e d is c u s s io n r a is e d q u e s tio n s r e l a ti n g t o t h e s te e ls u s e d f o r m a n d r e ls , th e
l im its o f a c c u r a c y o f t h e p ro c e ss e s d e s c rib e d , d ie lu b r ic a n ts , a n d c o m p a ris o n
w i t h s te e l t u b e p r a c tic e .— J . E . N .
*Investigation oi T hin-W alled D u ra lu m in Tubes. I . G . S h u lg in ( Vestnilc
Ingenerov i T eh n iko v (M essenger o f E ngineers an d Technologists), 1936, (5),
3 0 5 —3 0 8 ). [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e tu b e s h a d a w a ll- th ic k n e s s : d ia m e t e r r a t io
o f o v e r 1 : 4 0 . T e n s ile t e s t s sh o w e d t h a t h ig h m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e r tie s (te n sile
s t r e n g t h 4 3 k g ./ m m .2 a n d e lo n g a tio n 2 0 % ) a r e o b t a i n e d i n t h e a b s e n c e o f
s u r f a c e d e fe c ts . L o n g itu d in a l b e n d in g t e s ts sh o w e d t h a t th in - w a lle d tu b e s
w e re m o re e c o n o m ic a l t h a n th ic k - w a lle d . T ra n s v e r s e b e n d in g t e s ts sh o w e d
t h e d i s a d v a n ta g e o f u s in g s h o r t t u b e le n g th s . T h e d a t a a r e g iv e n in t a b u l a r
a n d d ia g r a m fo rm .— N . A .
R em oving D ents fro m N o n-F erro us Tubing. A . E . P e t e r s (M a c h in ist
(E u r. E d n .), 1936, 80, (10), 1 7 0 b ). — E o r re m o v in g d e n ts i n a lu m in iu m , b ra ss ,
c o p p e r, a n d D u r a lu m in tu b in g o f s m a ll d ia m e t e r t h e d a m a g e d p a r t is a n n e a le d
a n d a n u m b e r o f h ig h ly p o lis h e d s te e l b a lls , e q u a l in d ia m e t e r to t h e u n d a m a g e d
b o re , a r e d r iv e n th r o u g h t h e t u b e . F o r f a i r l y la r g e d i a m e te r t u b in g , a n ir o n
o r s te e l p lu g is in s e r te d t o s e rv e a s a n a n v il f o r h a m m e r in g o u t t h e b u lg e .
F o r b a d b u lg e s , a l i t t l e m e ta l is c u t a w a y f ro m th e c e n tr e o f th e b u lg e a n d th e
r e m a in d e r h a m m e r e d b a c k t o s h a p e , t h e c u t b e in g w e ld e d w i t h a n o x y - a c e ty le n e
fla m e .— J . H . W .
B ending Tubes a n d Profiles of A lum inium a n d Its Alloys. ------- (Rev.
A lu m in iu m , 1 9 3 6 , 13, (78), 8 1 - 8 4 ).— A n a r tic le fo u n d e d o n a b o o k b y H e r m a n n
a n d Z u rb r u g g , “ D ie B e a r b e itu n g d e s A lu m in iu m s ” (see M et. A b s., 1935 2
1 9 4 ).— J . H . W .
T he M anufactu re of T ub ular A lum inium Articles by E xtru sion . 0 . K iih n e r
(E ng. Progress, 1935, 16, (11), 2 8 5 - 2 8 7 ; a n d M e t. I n d . (Lond.), 1935, 47,
5 3 5 -5 3 6 , 5 3 9 ).— T h e ty p e s o f p re s s e s u s e d f o r t h e e x tr u s io n o f a lu m in iu m
tu b e s , a n d t h e a d v a n ta g e s o f t h e m e t h o d c o m p a re d w it h d r a w in g p ro c e ss e s
a r e b rie fly d isc u sse d . E x tr u s io n m a y b e e m p lo y e d w it h s a tis f a c to r y r e s u lts
f o r c o lla p s ib le tu b e s , w h e n t h e le n g t h o f t h e p a r t is a m u ltip le o f t h e d ia m e te r
a n d w h e n t h e b o t t o m is r e q u ir e d t o b e c o n s id e ra b ly th ic k e r t h a n t h e w a ll,
p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e n b u lg e s a n d d e p re s s io n s m u s t b e fo rm e d i n t h e b o tto m .
,
— L . A . O.
M anufactu re of T ubes fro m H ig h -S tren g th L ight Alloys. M . I . K o v a r s k iy (M etallurg (M etallurgist), 1936, (6), 9 6 -1 0 1 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] F o r th e
m a n u f a c tu r e o f tu b e s a n a llo y o f a lu m in iu m w ith c o p p e r 4 -6 -6 -0 , m a n g a n e s e
X V I I I .—Working
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a n d s h a rp e n in g m a c h in e r y .— P . M . C . I .
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“ X X 6 * e -P.ull is p r o p o r tio n a l to t h e a r e a re d u c e d a n d t h e a v e r a g e te n s ile
s tr e n g t h m o d ifie d b y a n e x p e rie n c e f a c t o r F , w h ic h c o v e rs d ie f r ic tio n a n d th e
r a tio b e tw e e n
r e s is ta n c e t o c o m p r e s s io n ” a n d t h e m o re e a s ily d e te r m in e d
te n s ile s tr e n g t h .
T h e v a lu e o f t h e f a c to r F h a s b e e n d e te r m in e d e m ­
p ir ic a lly f r o m t e s t r e c o r d s o v e r s e v e ra l y e a r s ’ s h o p p r a c tic e , a n d c u rv e s
j j c a lc u la tio n o f h o r s e p o w e r r e q u ir e d f o r a n y g iv e n
se rie s o f d r a f t s m c a s c a d e d r a w in g w it h i n a n e r r o r o f 5 % . J . E N
The P rodu ction a n d T rea tm e n t of Copper Alloy W ire
- ___- (Cana/1
Chem. a n d M e t 1936, 20, (6), 2 0 0 - 2 0 2 ) . - A re v ie w o f m o d e m m e th o d s o f
t f f l —A .R np
P
Carn th e
n g ’ a n d c o lo u r in " b r a s s > b ro n z e , a n d n ic k e l- b r a s s
M ultiple F ine W ire D raw ing M achines of th e E arlier
4 (18) 279n 2 8 2 Sen 9 i S
M-fTy e r a u f , d e r H e y d e ( D ra h t-W elt , 1936,
„ 9 , (18), 2 7 9 - 2 8 2 , (19), 2 9 5 -2 9 7 ).— N u m e r ic a l e x a m p le s i l l u s t r a t e t h e in c re a s e
in o u t p u t c o n s e q u e n t o n a d e c re a s e in t h e n u m b e r o f s ta g e s a n d o n a n n e l h n g
o n ly o n c e d u r i n g t h e d r a w in g p ro c e ss .— P . M . C. R .
W eU * \ 9 3 0
'“i’m
M achinery. E m s t S c h r ö d e r (Drahtiv n p a f ’•
, ’ (9), 1 3 3 -1 3 9 ).— A n il l u s t r a t e d s u r v e y o f r e c e n t
^ ¡ r ? f w ir e -d r a w in g a n d w ire -w o rk in g m a c h in e r y in c lu d e s d e s c rip tio n s o f
/JP
d r a w in g m a c h in e s , m w h ic h t h e im m e r s io n s y s te m , in c o r p o r a tin g a
o o lin g c o il, is in c r e a s in g ly a d o p te d . G e a r r a ti o s a r e h ig h , a n d b o th t h e d ra w m d o i X n e r l O h r d n u “ b ,e r i ° i f f f r haV6 in c r e a s e d - I n o n e in s ta n c e th e
«
i,
y ? t a b u I a t e d f o r a v " irie ty o f m a te r ia ls a n d g a u g e s.
J 1 /
™ 3 c a n b e P ro d u c e d u p t o 6-5 f t . in w id th . D e s c rip tio n s a r e g iv e n
o f f a b r ic lo o m s, c o n tin u o u s h o t- g a lv a n iz in g p l a n t , w e ld in g m a c h in e r y a n d
S
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of ™ ” 1”’ " d ,or “» I™ "-«“ 1
o f w ire a n d f o r t h e p r o d u c tio n o f s m a ll w ir e p a r t s .— P .
ill)
* a6 P rod uctio n oi W ire F abric.
th e w id th o fV W
s t o n e s fo r fl
M . C. R .
(D raht-W elt,
1936, 29,
° ° T
° f a m a ° hi,n e w h ic h P e r m its d ir e c t c o n tr o l o f
iJ n \ b y m e a n s o f a d j u s ta b le c a m s , a n d t h u s o b v ia te s
l
T1” metbod df ope“ ““ h M1?
Stress R eduction in Cast Silum in by M echanical W o rkin g.
(M etall4 2 0 -4 2 1 >) - L . ^ Q n o - T ech -’ 1936> 3 4 > (19). 3 7 9 - 3 8 1 ; (20), 3 9 9 - 4 0 1 ; (21),
H o u b ln
A' ° W th f ^ eC,haniS,m °* h o r s in g . A n to n P o m p a n d H o r s t
x io u b e n {M itt. K . - W . In s t. Eisenforschung, 1936, 1 8, (7 ), 6 5 - 8 7 ) E x n e ri-
oT2n
0 Ä g"ei wwe ig
f Ih tfg kad
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d e g re 6 ° f r e d u c tio n ’ a n d c a « d n a r e con'^ P C o tL v e ly . F r o m t h is e x p re s s io n t h e t r u e
d e f o rm a tm n Jc ™ (n + l ) c . / ”. F u r t h e r m a th e m a tic a l r e la tio n s
»nd¥
d ls t? n c e ° P t3roP> a n d r a t e o f d e f o rm a tio n o f c o p p e r,
B .‘ p p r o s i” “ , , I y * p “
b o llc ,n " ° t lo n 01
( T d ^ f t o H a a a ^ n ^ ,Cono.ef ni.n S tb e M echanism of Forging. O to w o H a r a
I e tm -to-btagane (J. Ir o n Steel I n s t. J a p a n ), 1936, 22, (9), 6 7 7 -6 8 8 ) — r i n
Ä d b v t h e ^ e mfe<t aniS m ? f b y d r a u lic fOTS m g a n d u p s e t ti n g w a s in v e s titSs- a cTt
8 gf° t™
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X V III.—Working
p e n e tr a tio n , t h e d e f o rm a tio n o f c e n tr e (Ad) h a n g r ePr ef
(| f
a lo g LID + bh/D + c, w h e re D is t h e d ia m e te r o f th e in g o t, £ t h e w id th o t
t h e a n v il, h t h e d e p t h o f p e n e tr a tio n , a n d a, b, a n d c a r e c o n s ta n ts
(2) 1
u p s e ttin g t h e in n e r d e f o rm a tio n o f th e m g o t h a s a tr a n s it i o n p o in t a t t h e r a ti o
I)¡¡I _ o-7, w h e re D a n d H a r e d ia m e te r a n d h e ig h t o f th e in g o t t o b e u p s e t,
reSPR ecent Advances in P ressure-F o rm ing Processes. H . H a a k e {Eng. Pr09r^ <
1936 1 7 (11 1 - 5 ) - — Recent investigations of the mechanism o f hot a n d c o l d
d e fo rm in g p ro c e sse s i n r e l a tio n t o m e ta llic s tr u c tu r e h a v e r e n d e r e d p o ssib le
m a r k e d im p ro v e m e n ts i n p l a n t a n d p r a c tic e . A n i l l u s tr a te d a c c o u n t, w it h
bibliography, is g iv e n o f d e v e lo p m e n ts in t h e r o llin g a n d te s tin g o f t h i n s tr ip ,
ro llin g - m ill d e s ig n , t h e c o n s titu ti o n a n d d e s ig n o f forging h a m m e r s , d ro p fo rg in g m e th o d s , c o ld -p re s s in g , d e e p -d ra w in g , a n d t h e s e ria l m a n u f a c tu r e o f
P r e M anufacture of
Alloy Stam pings.
(Aircraft Eng., 1936,
— -
l '- K
i / Ä «
(
8
, (8 8 ),
< * * *
¡ '„ f . , , , 1930,
22 (8 ) 381-382). — S h o r t a c c o u n t o f “ h a m m e r fo rg in g
and
o f ’b r a s s a s p r a c tis e d i n t h e U .S .A . S m a ll t y p ic a l p re ss in g s a r e ^
p re ss in g
tra te d ;
M agnesium an d th e U ltra-L ight Alloys. H e n r i P o r t ie r (Teehniquer^deme,
1936 2 8 (9 ), 313-320). — T h e a r tic le is m tw o p a r t s : (1) t h e w o rk in g
m a g n e s iu m a n d i ts a llo y s in th e so lid s ta te , a n d (2) t h e s tr e n g th o f th e ia llo y s
c o m p a re d w ith o t h e r m a te r ia ls . T h e f ir s t p a r t re v ie w s p u b lis h e d
o n fo rg in g , s ta m p in g , ro llin g , e x tr u s io n , p re s s in g , riv e tin g , a n d .meit
a n d t h e s e c o n d e x p la in s t h e p rin c ip le s o n w h ic h d e s ig n s
Ä
p
w h e n u lt r a - l i g h t a llo y s a r e s u b s ti tu t e d f o r o th e r m a te r ia ls . T h e w o rk o t i .
a n d d e F le u r y is m a in ly c o n s id e re d in t h e l a t t e r c o n n e c tio n a n d tw o n o m o g ra m
a r e g iv e n t o illu s tr a te t h e r e p la c e m e n t o f a D u r a lu m in c o n s tru c tio n b y o n e
o f m a g n e s iu m a llo y . T h e n e e d f o r e x tr e m e c a r e m t h e d e s ig n o f jo in ts ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y b e tw e e n d is s im ila r m a te r ia ls , is e m p h a s iz e d . H . VV. U .
.
The M anu facture of Food Tins. J . J a c o b i (Eng. Progress, 1936, 17, ( ),
2 3 5 -2 3 8 1 .— T h e d e p t h o f t i n c o a tin g s f o r v a r io u s siz es o t c o n ta in e r is
t a b u l a t e d . A p l a n sh o w s t h e la y - o u t o f a m o d e m m a n " f a c t" r l” ^ P 1j ”
“
fo o d t in s , a n d t h e v a r io u s p ro c e sse s a n d c e r ta in m a c h in e a sse m b lie s a re
d e s c rib e d i n d e t a i l .— P . M . C . R .
.
. ....
Presses fo r M etallic M aterials. O tto K ü h n e r (Eng. Progress, 1936, 17,
( 1 ) 10-15).— A n i l l u s t r a te d re v ie w o f r e c e n t a d v a n c e s i n t h e d e s ig n a n d c o n ­
s tr u c t i o n o f p re ss e s. T h e r i g id i ty o f a n a s s e m b ly c a n n o t b e ju d g e d s o le ly jo n
a b a s is o f w e ig h t, a n d a t y p ic a l g r a p h illu s t r a te s th e ¡ c o r r e la tio n of■ t h e lo g
t u d i n a l s p r in g o f t h e f ra m e a n d t h e o b liq u ity o f t h e w a y s . T h e
su rfa c e
e x p a n s io n ” o f t h e b la n k d u r in g d r a w in g is s h o w n g r a p h ic a lly i n r e la tio n to
Specific p la te - h o ld e r p r e s s u re : t h e u se o f r ig id b la n k h o ld e r s re d u c e s su rfa c e
e x p a n s io n a n d f a c ilita te s t h e a d v a n ta g e o u s a d j u s tm e n t o f
^ ageS‘
N e w t y p e s o f e c c e n tric a n d h ig h -s p e e d p re ss e s a n d to g g le d r a w in g p re sse s a re
Introduction ^ 1 of P u re Nickel Coinage in Ja p a n . T s u g u o H i w w g ® »
N ickel Re«., 1936, 4, (2), 2 9 1 -2 9 9 ).— [ I n E n g lis h a n d J a p a n e s e .J T T e h is to r y
o f n ic k e l is re v ie w e d . J a p a n c ir c u la te d i t s firs t p u r e n ic k e l c o in s m 193d.
T h e m e ltin g , c a s tin g , a n d w o rk in g in t h e p r o d u c tio n o f th e s e co in s a re
d e s c rib e d . A c o ld -ro llin g m ill w a s a d a p t e d f o r h o t- ro llin g t h e m g o t s o f : 100
lb . w e ig h t, c a s t f ro m a n A j a x - N o r th r u p in d u c tio n f u r n a c e a n d t a k e n fro m
t h e m o u ld w h ile h o t w i th o u t a n y r e h e a tin g b e fo re ro llin g , l h e s tr ip s w ere
fin ish e d b y c o ld -ro llin g . T h e re w a s a t o t a l o f 7 0 % s c ra p . K . b*.
592
Metallurgical A bstracts
V ol. 3
Pow dered Metals. A . B . E v e r e s t (F ou n d. Trade J ., 1936, 54, (1027),
329). Cf. C h a s to n , M e t. A b s., 1935, 2, 25 8 . S u b m itte d f o r a s h o r t- p a p e r
c o m p e titio n o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o f B r i t is h F o u n d r y m e n . A v e r y b r ie f re v ie w .
_ . .
'
— S. G.
Spinning Stam ped a n d Em bossed A lum inium A rticles. J . B a ll y (Rev.
A lu m in iu m , 1936, 13, (80), 1 6 4 -1 7 1 ).— D isc u sse s t h e a d v a n ta g e s o f a lu m in iu m
t o r m a k in g s p u n a r tic le s , a n d d e s c rib e s t h e m a c h in e s a n d o p e r a tio n s u s e d in
s p in n in g t h e m e t a l .— J . H . W .
, Filing A lu m inium a n d Its A l l o y s .
(Rev. A lu m in iu m , 1936, 13,
(80), 2 2 8 -2 3 1 ).-—A lu m in iu m a n d a lu m in iu m a llo y s a r e r e s i s ta n t to o r d in a r y
filin g , a s t h e filin g s fill u p t h e in t e r s tic e s o f t h e file. M illin g files a r e th e r e fo r e
u s e d , i n w h ic h t h e t e e t h a r e w e ll s p a c e d a n d t h e b o t to m s r o u n d e d . T h u s
s h a v in g s r a t h e r t h a n filin g s a r e f o rm e d b y t h e r e a m e r in g a c t io n o f t h e file a n d
c a n b e e a s ily r e m o v e d . F o r fin is h in g , o r d in a r y file s c a n b e u se d . M e c h a n ic a l
fifin g is d o n e w i t h s m a ll to o ls r o t a t i n g a t u p t o 2 2 ,0 0 0 r .p .m . w h e n sp e c ia l s te e l
h ie s o f s m a ll d i a m e t e r a r e u s e d . — J . H . W .
*M etal Cutting.
T he F o rm a tio n a n d F unction s of th e “ B uilt-U p E d g e.”
H a n s E r n s t a n d M . M a r t e l lo tt i (M ech. E n g ., 1935, 57, (8), 4 8 7 -4 9 8 ).— S . G.
Saw ing A lum in ium a n d Its A l l o y s .
(Rev. A lu m in iu m , 1936, 13,
(83), 3 3 1 -3 3 3 ).— D e s c rib e s h a n d - a n d m e c h a n ic a l-s a w in g o f a lu m in iu m a n d
a lu m in iu m a llo y s , t h e c o n s tr u c tio n o f b a n d a n d c ir c u la r sa w s, a n d t h e
n e c e s s ity o f g o o d l u b r ic a tio n d u r in g s a w in g .— J . H . W .
^ fie M achining a n d G rinding of Monel M etal. -------(A lu m in iu m a n d N o n te r r o u s R ev ., 1936, 1, (12), 5 5 7 -5 6 0 ).— F r o m w o rk in g in s tr u c tio n s is s u e d b y
H e n r y W ig g in a n d C o ., L t d ., B ir m in g h a m . C o v e rs lu b r ic a n ts , tu r n in g ,
d r illin g , th r e a d in g , s c re w in g , t a p p i n g , m illin g , g r in d in g , a n d s u ita b le w h eels.
g
Q
L ath e C utting of Monel M etal.
M e lv in M a ts e n (Iro n A ge, 1936, 138,
D isc u ss e s t h e r e la tio n s , o n a n e x p e r im e n ta l b a s is, b e tw e e n
u t t i n g s p e e d , to o l life , a n d sh a p e a n d d e p t h o f c u t a n d fe e d in t h e m a c h in in g
of M o n e l m e t a l . T h e s e t e s t s w e re p a r t o f a la r g e r in v e s tig a tio n in t h e field o f
r n e ta l c u t t i n g , a n d w e re c a r r ie d o u t in c o - o p e r a tio n w i t h t h e A m e r ic a n S o c ie ty
o f M e c h a n ic a l E n g in e e r s .— J . H . W .
X IX .— CL EA N IN G A N D F IN IS H IN G
(C o n tin u e d f ro m p p . 4 7 7 - 4 7 8 .)
P rinciples of Solvent D egreasing.
M . M a re a n (M etal Cleaning and F in ish in g ,
1936, 8 , (9), 5 5 3 -5 5 8 , 5 9 0 ).— T h e e c o n o m ic a n d te c h n ic a l a s p e c ts o f s o lv e n t
d e g r e a s in g a r e d is c u s s e d .— A . R . P .
M etal Cleaning. F . E . P . G rig g s (Canad. Chem. and M e t., 1936, 20, (8),
2 5 8 ,2 6 0 ) . T h e o p e r a tio n o f a l k a l i c le a n e rs , e le c tr o ly tic d e g re a s e rs , a n d s o lv e n t
d e g re a s e rs is o u tlin e d .— A . R . P .
Colloidal a n d S urface A spects of M etal Cleaning a n d F inishing. A lb e r t L .
K a y e (M etal Cleaning and F in ish in g , 1936, 8, (1), 9 - 1 2 , 4 0 : (2), 7 1 -7 2 , 93 •
(3), 1 7 9 - 1 8 2 ; (6), 3 1 1 - 3 1 2 ).— S . G .
Cleaning a n d P rim in g G alvanized Iro n an d Z inc-C oated M etals. G eo. A .
E n d o m (In d u st. F in ish in g _ (U .S .A .), 1936, 12, (12), 1 4 -1 6 ).— A f te r th o r o u g h
c le a n in g i n a s u ita b le a lk a li c le a n e r, fo llo w e d b y b r u s h in g , r in s in g , a n d d r y in g
a t 80° C . i n c le a n , d r y a ir , t h e m e t a l is g iv e n a p r im in g c o a t o f z in c c h r o m a te
t h i n n e d w i t h to lu e n e , fo llo w e d b y a n o u te r c o a t o f a n y o f t h e g o o d c o m m e rc ia l
s y n t h e ti c e n a m e ls .— A . R . P .
Pickling in G alvanizing W orks. O tt o S c h lie p h a k e (M etallw aren-1 nd.. u.
Galvano-Tech., 1936, 34, (4), 7 3 - 7 4 ).— L . A . O.
M onel M etal in P ickling In sta lla tio n s. R . W . M iille r (M etallw aren-In d . u.
Galvano-Tech,, 1936, 34, (20), 3 9 1 -3 9 2 ).— L , A , O,
1 93 6
X I X . — Cleaning and Finishing
593
Sand- a n d Shot-B lasting. J . H . D . B r a d s h a w (F o u nd Trade J . , 1936
64 (1021) 2 0 5 -2 0 8 ).— R e a d b e fo re th e S heffield B r a n c h o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o t
B r itis h F o u n d r y m e n . D isc u sse s a p p lic a tio n s o f t h e P ™ ® ’ 3 5 * “ J ' '
g e n e r a l u se , s a n d - b la s tin g w i th o u t c o m p re ss e d a ir , o u t p u t j f
h a r d n e s s o f a b ra s iv e s , e ffe c t o f m o is tu r e , w e a r o f n o z z le s, N o r b id e n o z z le s,
a n d m e ta llic v. n o n - m e ta llic a b rasiv es.-—S. (> .
T ra d e
Airless Sand B lasting.
A n In teresting New Process.
(Found.
1 ' C h ev ro let' M ethods ^ of Finishing Bum pers. A n E xam ple of M odern
Efficiency. J o h n M . B o n b r ig h t (M etal Cleaning and F in ish in g , 193b,, 8 ,
(9), 5 4 3 -5 4 7 ).— D e ta ils a r e g iv e n o f p ic k lin g , c le a n in g , p o lish in g , a n d n ic k e a n d c h r o m iu m -p la tin g p ro c e ss e s a d o p t e d . - A. R P .
The P roduction of Artificial P a tin a [on Copper].
(Metall- Woche, 193b,
^ ' C h em ical Colouring^of Z inc Goods. H . K r a u s e (Tech. Zentr. pra kt. M etallbearbeitung, 1935, 45, (7 /8 ), 2 1 3 - 2 1 7 ) . - A s o lu tio n c o n ta in in g -5 0 g rm o f c o p p e r
s u ln h a te p e r l itr e , t o w h ic h su ffic ie n t a m m o n ia h a s b e e n a d d e d t o g iv e a c le a r
b lu e sffiu tio n , is u s e d f o r g iv in g a c o p p e r fin ish . A lig h t c o p p e r c o lo u r is g iv e n
b y a d d in g 8 0 g r m . p e r l i t r e o f a c e tic a c id t o t h e s im p le c o p p e r s u lp h a te s o lu tio n
a n d t h e n su ffic ie n t a m m o n ia t o m a k e a lk a lin e . A b ro w n c o lo u r is o b ta in
b y a d d in » a m m o n iu m c h lo rid e t o t h e a b o v e s o lu tio n s , d ip p in g t h e a rtic le s ,
d r y in g , a n d f in a lly b r u s h in g w i th liq u o r c o n ta in in g 250 g rm . o f a m m o n iu m
c h lo rid e a n d c a r b o n a te p e r litr e . A g o o d b a t h f o r c o lo r a tio n o f z m c i s
s a id t o b e — n ic k e l a m m o n iu m s u lp h a te 60 g rm . in a l i t r e o f w a te r c o n ta in in g
a m m o n iu m c h lo rid e . T h e p o lis h e d p ie c e s a r e d ip p e d a n d ® a m e t h e fo llo w in g
c o lo u rs a c c o rd in g t o t h e p e r io d o f immersion—y e llo w , b ro w n , p u r p le , b lu e,
b lu e b la c k . L u s tr e c o lo u rs a r e g iv e n w it h a b a t h c o n ta in in g c o p p e r s u lp h a t
”
1c i S c ™ c S 2 S 2 S dS B» » - l>lj ' w ' , p ? S n!; 'ff-
A lum inium Nam e Plates. H . K . W o r k (M et. I n d . (N -Y -),
3 9 7 -3 2 9 ) — V a rio u s t y p e s o f n a m e p la te s a r e d e s c rib e d t o g e th e r w ith m e th o d s
o f e tc h in g , c o lo u rin g , a n d fin ish in g th e m a n d c o lo u rin g th e m b y th e A lu m ilite
^ r ° K n D ecorating Finishes. H . F . F r a n k (M etal Cleaning and F in ish in g
1936, 8 , (9), 5 8 5 - 5 8 6 ).— V a rn is h e s , la c q u e r s , a n d o th e r c o a tin g s f o r d e c o ra tin g
t i n n e d c o n ta in e r s a r e d e s c rib e d b rie fly .— A . R .■ P n ien vin a and
T esting of O rganic M etal Finishes. E . A . Z a h n (M etal Cleaning and
F in ish in g , 1936, 8, (10), 7 0 6 - 7 0 9 ) .- B r i e f
fo llo w in g t e s ts : h e a t a n d l i g h t d is c o lo r a tio n r e s is ta n c e t o h u m id ity , g rease
a n d f r u i t ju ic e , fle x ib ility a n d im p a c t t e s ts .— A . R . P .
M easuring Surface Finishes. (M ey ers.) S ee p. ob7.
m
t
,
Gloss Investigations U sing Reflected Im ages of a T arget P a tte rn . ( H u n te r.)
N '' A pplications of M echanical Finishes to A lum inium . R . T . G rie b lin g (M etal
C leaning and F in ish in g , 1936, 8, (9), 6 1 5 -6 2 0 6 4 6 ),- M e t !
h ig h lu s tr e , s c r a tc h b r u s h , s a tin , h a m m e r e d , s a n d -b la s t, a n d b u r n is h e d finis
o n a lu m in iu m a r tic le s a r e d e s c r i b e d — A . R . P .
.
TjaU riv a n d E
F a u ltv Use of a B and Polisher [on A lum inium ]. H K o h n g a n a a .
K a p e r n ic k (A lu m in iu m , 1936, 1 8 , (10), 4 8 8 -4 8 9 ).— I n p o lish in g a lu m u u u m
o n a n e m e r y b a n d p o r tio n s o f t h e m e ta l 1 -2 m m . m d ia m e te r
d ig g e d
o u t a n d e m b e d d e d in t h e b a n d s u b s e q u e n tly c a u s in g sc o rin g o f th e m e ta l.
594
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
M ic ro sco p ic e x a m in a tio n sh o w e d t h a t t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e m e t a l h a d b e e n
lo c a lly s e v e re ly o v e r h e a te d w ith c o n s e q u e n t r e d u c tio n i n s tr e n g th , t h u s
a llo w in g p a r tic le s o f t h e m e ta l t o b e t o r n a w a y . T h is d a n g e r m a y b e a v o id e d
b y p o lish in g a n u m b e r o f a r tic le s a lt e r n a t e ly in s ta g e s .— A . R . P .
T he Polishing of M etals. E . J . D o b b s (A lu m in iu m an d N o n-F errou s Rev.,
I , ; '. , ’
(®)> j
al s o M e t. A b s., t h i s v o l., p . 131. R e a d b e fo re th e
M id la n d M e ta llu rg ic a l S o c ie tie s (B ir m in g h a m L o c a l S e c tio n o f th e I n s t i t u t e
o f M e ta ls , & c.). I n c lu d e s r e p o r t o f t h e d isc u ssio n .— J . C. C.
P rogress in P olishing R oom P ractice. F r e d B . J a c o b s (M etal Cleaninq
a nd F in ish in g , 1 936, 8, (1), 2 9 - 3 0 , 4 4 ).— S. G..
, ® u ® ° 8 a n d Polishing of A rch itectu ral O rn am en tal F ixtu res. R . A . H u h n
(M etal Cleaning a n d F in ish in g , 1936, 8, (6), 3 4 7 -3 4 8 ). S . G.
Principles G overning th e Selection of Polishing W heels. R o b e r t T . K e n t
(M etal Cleaning a n d F in ish in g , 1936, 8, (10), 7 1 3 -7 1 8 ).— P r a c t ic a l h in ts o n
t h e s e le c tio n a n d u s e o f g r in d in g w h e e ls.— A . R . P .
P olishing W heel D evelopm ent. H e n r y R . P o w e r (M etal C leaninq an d
F in ish in g , ^1 9 3 6 , 8, (1), 3 1 -3 2 ).— B rie fly d e s c rib e s t h e c o n s tr u c tio n a n d u se s
o l a n e w fib re p o lis h in g w h e e l.— S . G .
A brasive Sleeve Pohshin g W heels. F r e d B . J a c o b s (M etal Cleaninq a m i
F in ish in g , 1 936, 8, (3 ), 1 2 1 -1 2 7 , 156).— D e s c rib e s t h e e q u ip m e n t a n d e x a m p le s
o f i ts a p p h c a tio n .— S . G .
Polishing W heel A dhesives a n d A brasives. F r e d B . J a c o b s ( M etal Cleaninq
an d F in ish in g , 1936, 8, (2), 7 3 -7 5 ).— 8 . G.
Abrasives. V . L . E a r d le y - W ilm o t (M in era l I n d ., 1935, 44, 1 -1 2 ).— T h e
so u rc e s a n d p r o d u c tio n o f a b r a s iv e s a r e d isc u sse d , to g e th e r w it h p ro g re s s in
a b r a s iv e e n g in e e rin g .— S . G .
”
B urn ishing Procedure. J . F . C o n e e n (M et. I n d . ( N .Y .) , 1936, 34, (8), 3 0 1 ).
— R e c o m m e n d e d e q u ip m e n t, m a te r ia ls , a n d p ro c e d u r e f o r t h e b urnishino- o f
a lu m in iu m sc re w -m a c h in e p r o d u c t s a r e b rie fly d e s c rib e d .— L . A . O.
B a n i s h i n g . W a lt e r R . M e y e r (A lu m in iu m a n d N o n-F erro u s R ev.,
1936, 1, (7), 3 1 8 -3 1 9 ).— S ee M e t. A b s., t h i s v o l., p . 176.— J . C. C.
X X .— JO IN IN G
( C o n tin u e d f ro m p p . 4 7 8 -4 8 0 .)
M odern P ro d u ctio n of Soft Solder R ods. E d m u n d T . R ic h a r d s (M eta llWoche, 1936, (2 5 ), 4 9 1 -4 9 2 ; (26), 5 1 1 -5 1 2 ).— A s h o r t re v ie w o f m o d e r n
p r a c tic e i n m e ltin g , re fin in g , a n d c a s tin g s o f t so ld e rs.— A . R . P .
Soldering of A lu m inium B eer Pipes. K a r l H e in e m a n n (A lu m in iu m ,
1 9 3 6 , 18, (3 ), 1 0 3 ).— F o r jo in in g tw o a lu m in iu m b e e r p ip e s , o n e e n d is fla re d
o u t a n d t h e o t h e r e n d i n s e r te d in t h e f la re d p o r tio n ; t h e g a p is th e n fille d w ith
a s u ita b le a lu m in iu m so ld e r.— A . R . P .
o H a rd Solders for A lum iniu m . E . L . W e r n e r (M etall-W oche, 1936, (14),
2 6 1 —■262). P r a c t i c a l so ld e rin g h i n t s w i th n o te s o n t h e u s e o f flu x e s.— A . R . P .
F u n d a m en ta ls on th e Im p ro v em en t of A lum inium Castings by Soldering
a n d W elding. H . R e in in g e r (M etallw aren-Ind. u . Calvano-Tech., 1936, 34
(1 5 ), 2 9 8 - 3 0 0 ; (1 6 ), 3 1 8 -3 2 1 ; (17), 3 3 9 -3 4 0 ; (18), 3 61).— L . A . O.
M ethods fo r Jo in in g Very F ine W ires. G . L . P e a r s o n (Rev. S c i. I n s tr u ­
m ents, 1936, [N .S .], 7, (2 ), 1 08).— T h e m e th o d s d e s c rib e d c o n s is t in (a) fu sio n
b y m e a n s o f a p in - p o in t g a s fla m e ; (6) t h e u s e o f s ilv e r s o ld e r w it h a b o r a x
■Jyj?'
f o r m e r m e th o d is re c o m m e n d e d f o r u n c o a te d w ire s o f w id e ly
d if fe r e n t m e ltin g -p o in t, a n d t h e l a t t e r f o r w ire s c o a te d w it h e n a m e l o r o x id e .
jypq p
»C ontribution to th e T esting of T in -L e ad Soldered Jo in ts. W ilii T o n n a n d
H e in r ic h G u n t h e r (M itt. M ateria l., Sonderheft 2 8, 1936, 1 1 7 -1 1 9 ).— S ee M et.
A b s., t h i s v o l., p . 4 7 8 — S . G .
X X . — Joining
1 93 6
595
P r a c tic a l S o ld erin g a n d W e ld m g of M o n e l M etaL
£
n
w e t in 'a£
S
t a l equal
m e ta l.
y
i. |
S ilv e r s o ld e r is re c o m m e n d e d . G e n e ra l ru le s
j o i n t is m im m e d ia te c o n ta c t ^ S i l v e r s°
m a t e r ia ls a n d fo r t h e i r p ro p e r
f o r t h e p r o p e r se le c tio n ° f w e ld m g a n d g"
^
r e m e m b e r e d t h a t in t h e ra n g e
m e ta l t e n d , t o 1« h o t - * » «
C h o ie . o f w e ld in g m e th o d ,
' ' influeim e o ^ C utting a n d Subseguent B razing o i P ah « 1* 1 w ith C ast-Iron
Solder on th e S tru etn re ot th e B it, w hen C arried O ut w ith N a tu ral G »g V .
? „ t r h
s
K
s
L
„ T
S
S
3
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« h m t o » ? h e a t - t r e a t m e n t o f th e
^ 3 7 . n .» g i ™ .
z t s z z
a n d i t s a d v a n ta g e s o v e r h a n d s o ld e rin g f o r c e r ta in s m a ll a r t i c l e s . - S G
15 W e i d i n g o f A i r c r a f t S t r u c t u r e s ^ . B .
th ,’ A W
^
H andbook of
a n d c o n s tru c tiv e c ritic is m is in v ite d . T h e n o n -fe rro u s m a te r ia ls
: a K m in im n a n d
M o n e l m e ta l ^ J n c o n e !
T h e ™ n o u s w e m , g p h M e a t e d a lu m in iu m
S
d isc u sse d .
S p o t-v e ld m ^
^
t h r o a t d e p t h r e q u irin g a tr a n s f o rm e r
S p l c i t y o f 3 M k v .a . to w e l d t w o th ic k n e s s e s o f 0 -093 in .
S
g
d
h
s s z s *
T h e m c k e l allo y s
r s s r jr c a i
f" ¡ g S m S S S S J n T i t a g . . ’ W . M
h J M
« . *
(2 3 ), 4 4 9 -4 5 1 )-— A b r ie f d e s c rip tio n o f m o d e m p r a c tic e . A . K . r .
1 » ,
596
A
^
Metallurgical Abstracts
“
9 3 5"
r ^
s t r e n g t h r f t e 'S
fo r A
l Z
n
3
r d dItS A ll0yS- , ' i - , 0 - H ° g l u n d {Internat. Acet.
“ n d ^ o p e r a t i o n sim p le .
e f J ^ 7
V o l.
ł i gX
^
S
f .
T h e w e ld m e ta l h a s a te n s ile
C o n o s io ° n e S p +n d in g - ^
w i t h ^ t ' Dt C' im USt b e USed’ t h e p a r t s m u s t ®r s t b e h e a t e d t o S3 0 0 °-3 5 0 S°a c Sw ith i n t r i c a t e s h a p e s m o u ld s m u s t b e u s e d a n d co o lin g must b e slo w t h e p a r t s
b e r i c T ^ K A lum inium -C ored Cables.
Oenclite, 1 9 3 o , 5 7 - 5 9 ;
d isc u ssio n , 5 9 - 6 1 ;
K . T o n n e m a c h e r ( V .D .E . FachS ci. A b s., 1936 TB1 39 9 3 8 1
1 9 3 6 elei 8 h 0 (51 ^ l Sio°i Aldr7 ;
P:fV SWT k a n d W - M flUer (A lu m in iu m ,
4541
T h e rL i
• 1 ’ a,n d (a b s t r a ° t ) L ig h t M e ta ls R ev., 1936, 2 , (24) 4 5 3 -
r i f r a f nU/re 0 . W ire in a H ig h T ension Conductor of P u re A lum inium W
Geller (A lu m in iu m , 1936 18 1101 4 8 7 _ a .ssi nr7
Aluminium, w .
fracture which occurredinS. lRlh 487-488).—Mcrographic examination of a
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ziJ5~2 W ).—Aihe u s e o f a n a lu m in iu m -
Ł S ffiK U Ł 5 S R f ^ K £ t ! « S . s k “ *
1936
X X .—Joining
597
I . L . T u k a z in s k iy (Avtogennoe
T h e n e e d fo r
p r o te c tio n f ro m o x id a tio n a n d s u lp h u r a b s o r p tio n is in d ic a te d . A s a p r o te c tiv e
flu x • b o ric a c id 5 0 , b o r a x 3 0 , s a l t 10, a n d b a r iu m c a r b o n a te 1 0 % m a y be u se d .
A n n e a lin g a t 8 7 0 ° -9 3 0 ° C. a f t e r w e ld in g is n e c e s s a ry , a ir b e in g e x c lu d e d — JN. A.
W elding G alvanized Iro n . V . L . S a g e ( Industry and Welding, 1935, 7,
(6), 2 0 - 2 1 ).— T h e c a r b o n - a rc a n d o x y - a c e ty le n e p ro c e sse s a r e d e sc rib e d .
S . c o n s id e rs t h e c a r b o n - a rc p ro c e s s t h e q u ic k e s t a n d m o s t s a t i s f a c t o r y O r .
Composite B ushings.
(Oxy-Acetylene Tips, 1 9 3 6 ,1 5 , (10), 2 3 1 -2 3 3 ).—
C o n n e c tin g -ro d b e a rin g s f o r lu m b e r lo c o m o tiv e s, fo rm e rly o f s o b d c a s t b ro n ze,
a r e n o w m a d e f ro m a s te e l sh e ll, c o a te d w i th b ro n z e b y t h e o x y -a c e ty le n e
p ro c e ss , sh o u ld e rs b e in g b u i l t u p to h o ld a b e a r in g s u rfa c e o f B a b b it t m e ta l.
T h e c o s ts o f r e n e w a l h a v e b e e n v e r y m u c h re d u c e d b y t h e n e w d esig n .
Gas W elding o£ T echnically P u re Nickel.
Delo (Autogenous Practice), 1936, (6), 1 7 -1 8 ).— [ I n R u s s ia n .]
H . W . (jt. x i.
Selecting th e H ard -F acin g Alloy.
(Oxy-Acetylene Tips, 1 9 3 6 ,1 5 , (10),
2 2 6 -2 2 7 ).— H a r d -f a c in g m a te r ia ls a r e o f th r e e ty p e s : iro n -b a s e a llo y s ¡ n o n f e rr o u s a llo y s o f c o b a lt, c h ro m iu m , a n d t u n g s t e n ; a n d t u n g s te n c a rb id e m
v a r io u s fo rm s . T h e c h a r a c te r is tic s o f e a c h t y p e a r e e x p la in e d a n d ty p ic a l
a p p lic a tio n s s u g g e s te d .— H . W . G . H .
The Oxwelding oi N on-F errous M etals a n d Stainless Steel. W . A . D u n c a n
(Iron Steel Canada, 1 9 3 6 , 19, (3), 5 - 1 1 ).— R e a d b e fo re t h e M o n tr e a l C h a p te r,
A m e r ic a n S o c ie ty f o r M e ta ls. D e s c rib e s t h e p ro c e d u r e f o r o x y - a c e ty le n e
w e ld in g o f p u r e a lu m in iu m a n d i t s a llo y s, c o p p e r, b r a s s a n d b ro n z e , b v e r d u r
a n d T e m p a lo y , M o n e l m e ta l a n d n ic k e l, a n d t h e 1 8 : 8 s ta m le s s ste e ls.
F o r a lu m in iu m a n d it s a llo y s a g o o d flu x is r e q u ire d , w ith a so ft, s lig h tly
re d u c in g fla m e , a n d a filler r o d o f a lu m in iu m o r a lu m im u m -s ih c o n a llo y . F o r
c o p p e r, t n e u t r a l o r s lig h tly re d u c in g fla m e is s u e d w ith d e o x id iz e d c o p p e r filler
ro d a n d n o flu x . F o r b ra ss e s a n d b ro n z e s, a s lig h tly o x id iz in g fla m e is th e
b e s t w ith s u ita b le flu x , a n d , a s in t h e c ase o f E v e r d u r , c o n tr a c tio n stre s se s a re
t o b e a v o id e d . A flu x is a lw a y s u s e d f o r M o n e l m e ta l, b u t se ld o m w ith p u r e
n ic k e l, r o d s o f t h e sa m e c o m p o s itio n a s t h e p a r e n t m e ta l, a n d s h g h tly re d u c in g
flam e. S ta in le s s s te e ls r e q u ire a filler r o d c o n ta in in g a s ta b iliz e r s u c h a s
ti t a n i u m o r c o lu m b iu m t o e lim in a te w e ld d e c a y . J . E . N .
Ig n itio n Velocity and F lam e Capacity of In d u strial Gases in Com bustion
w ith Oxygen. H . B r ü c k n e r , W . B e c h e r, a n d E . M a n th e y (Autogene Metall­
bearbeitung, 1936, 29, (17), 2 5 7 -2 5 9 ).— T h e fla m e c a p a c ity o f a g a s is s a id to
b e a m e a s u re o f i t s s u ita b ility f o r u se in w e ld in g , a n d is d e fin e d a s t h e h e a t
d e v e lo p e d in u n i t tim e b y a B u n s e n fla m e h a v in g a s t a n d a r d size o t cone.
I t is d e te r m in e d f o r h y d ro g e n , c a r b o n m o n o x id e , m e th a n e , a c e ty le n e p ro p a n e ,
w a te r - g a s , a n d to w n s ’ g a s . A c e ty le n e is sh o w n to h a v e b y f a r t h e h ig h e s t
fla m e c a p a c ity — th r e e tim e s t h a t o f h y d ro g e n . H . W . G .
.
The H andling, Storage, and P rop er Control of Compressed-Gas Cylinders.
R . F e th e r s to n ( Internat . Acet. Assoc. Proc., 1935, 3 b, 5 8 -0 3 ).— ft.
P revention of W elding a n d C utting Fires. C. D . A b b o t t ( Internat. Acet.
Assoc. Proc., 1935, 36, 5 0 —5 7 ).— S. G .
,
^
C ontributions to th e H istory of Seam s in th e M etal F abric In d u stry . 1 r a n z
H a s s m a n n (Draht-Welt, 1936, 29, (25), 3 8 0 - 3 8 1 ) . - M e t h o d s o f j o m m g m e t a l
F.
f a b r i c a r e r e v i e w e d , w i t h b r i e f r e f e r e n c e to. t h e r e l e v a n t g r o u p o f G e r m a n
p a t e n t s . T h e p r o d u c t i o n o f s e a m s b y t h e u s e o f w ir e o f s p e c i a l c o m p o s i t i o n
is n o w d e c l i n i n g i n f a v o u r o f s o l d e r i n g o r w e l d i n g p r o c e s s e s . — P . M O. R .
The C alculation of th e E nerg y Consum ed m R esistance W elding,
ivi.
M a th ie u (Arts et Metiers, 1936, 89, ( U l ) , 1 6 ^ 1 6 6 ) . - A s u m m a r y o f t h e co n ­
clu sio n s r e a c h e d i n a p re v io u s a r tic le (see M et.A b s ., 1935, 2 , 636). P . M . C. R .
The D evelopm ents in A rc W elding. E . S te m e r t a n d W . W . R e d d ie (Iron
and Steel Eng., 1936, 13, (1), 9 -1 2 ).— R e a d a t t h e A m e r ic a n I r o n a n d b te e l
E le c tric a l E n g in e e rs ’ C o n v e n tio n , 1935.— S . G .
598
Metallurgical A bstracts
V ol. 3
A lternating C urrent A rc W elders. I w a n e S h ig y o ( Shibaura Review, 1934,
13, (2), 8 5 -9 0 ).— [ I n J a p a n e s e .] A f te r a d is c u s s io n o f t h e a d v a n ta g e s o f
e le c tric w e ld in g , a n d e s p e c ia lly o f a .c . w e ld in g , S . d e s c rib e s a n e w t y p e o f
a .c . w e ld e r t h a t o p e r a te s o n t h e m o v in g c o il p r in c ip le w i th o u t a n y t a p s o n t h e
se c o n d a r y w in d in g o f t h e tr a n s f o r m e r . T h e w e ld in g c u r r e n t c a n b e a d ju s te d
c o n tin u o u s ly f o r a v e r y w id e r a n g e b y m e a n s o f a sin g le o p e r a tin g h a n d le , a n d
t h e w e ld e r m a y b e d e s ig n e d f o r r e m o te c o n tro l. T h e re is n o o b je c tio n a b le
n o ise f ro m c o re v ib r a tio n , a n d l i t t l e d a n g e r f ro m e le c tric s h o c k . T h e p rin c ip le
o f o p e r a tio n , c o n s tr u c tio n , a n d c h a r a c te r is tic s o f t h e w e ld e r a r e d isc u sse d a n d
t e s t r e s u lts a r e g iv e n .— S . G .
T he Jo in tin g of M aterials b y W elding. R . H . D o b s o n a n d R . F . T a y lo r
(J. Roy. Aeronaut. Soc., 1936, 40, (309), 6 4 7 - 6 5 7 ; d isc u ssio n , 6 5 7 -6 6 2 ).—
S ee Met. Abs., t h i s v o l., p . 4 2 0 .— L . A . O.
M odern D evelopm ents in W elding. C. G . B a in b r id g e (Alum inium and
Non-Ferrous Rev., 1 936, 1, (1 2 ), 5 6 7 - 5 7 0 ; d isc u ssio n , 5 7 0 -5 7 2 ).— R e a d
b e fo re t h e I n s t i t u t e o f E n g in e e rs -in -C h a rg e . A lis t o f m e ta ls a n d a llo y s w h ic h
c a n b e o x y - a c e ty le n e w e ld e d is fo llo w ed b y a n a c c o u n t o f t h e a p p lic a tio n o f
t h i s m e t h o d t o r e p a ir in g b r o k e n p a r t s , re c la im in g w o r n p a r t s , re p la c in g o b so le te
o r f a u l t y p a r t s , a n d p ip e -w e ld in g . T h e d isc u ssio n d e a lt w i th t h e c o m f o rt
o f t a n k w e ld e rs, t h e w e ld in g o f s h e e t a n d o f g a lv a n iz e d p ip e , t h e fillin g o f p it
h o le s, r e p a ir s t o c o p p e r fire b o x p la te s , t h e s t r e n g t h o f w e ld e d jo in ts , a n d t h e
tip p in g o f to o ls .— P . M . C . R .
The Influence of R esearch on W elding S t a n d a r d i z a t i o n .
(Welder,
1936, [N .S .], 8 , (2 7 ), 8 4 0 - 8 4 2 ; a n d Aluminium and Non-Ferrous Rev., 1936,
1 , (6 ), 2 6 8 - 2 7 0 ).— A re v ie w o f t h e sc o p e o f t h e p r e s e n t B r i ti s h S t a n d a r d
S p e c ific a tio n s r e l a tin g t o t h e m a te r ia ls , p r o c e d u r e , a n d w o r k m a n s h ip u s e d
in m a k in g w e ld s f o r c o n s tr u c tio n a l p u rp o s e s .— J . C . C.
W elding R esearch a n d P ro jects. F . C. L e a (Mech. World, 1936, 99, 2 9 9 3 0 1 ).— A b s tr a c t o f a le c tu r e e n t it l e d “ S o m e R e s e a r c h e s in C o n n e c tio n w ith
W e ld in g
g iv e n a t a C o n fe re n c e o n W e ld in g a t U n iv e r s ity C ollege, S w a n s e a .
— F. J.
X X I.— IN D U S T P JA L
U SES AN D A P PL IC A T IO N S
(C o n tin u e d f ro m p p . 4 8 0 -4 8 3 .)
*A Q uantitative Study of th e Im provem ent of Speculum G ratings by the
A pplication of A lum in ium . A lf re d B . F o c k e (J. O-pt. Soc. Amer., 1936, 26,
(6), 235-237).-— R e a d b e f o re t h e A m e r ic a n P h y s ic a l S o c ie ty . T e s ts m a d e
o n a c le a n c o n c a v e s p e c u lu m m e t a l g r a tin g sh o w t h a t i f t h e s u r f a c e is c o a te d
w i t h a lu m in iu m b y e v a p o r a tio n , t h e ti m e r e q u ir e d to o b t a in a p h o to g r a p h o f a
s p e c tr u m is r e d u c e d b y a f a c t o r w h ic h is t h e r a t i o o f t h e re fle c tio n coefi. o f
a lu m in iu m t o t h a t o f t h e s p e c u lu m m e ta l. T h e s p e e d o f t h e o rig in a l g r a tin g
w a s in c r e a s e d b y t h e fo llo w in g a m o u n ts : 4 0 7 7 A ., 4 5 % ; 3341 A ., 8 0 % ;
2 5 3 6 A ., 1 7 0 % . I n p r e lim in a r y t e s ts , t h e o b s e rv e d in c r e a s e i n s p e e d w a s
v e r y m u c h g r e a t e r t h a n is in d ic a te d b y th e s e v a lu e s , sin c e t h e in itia l t e s ts w e re
m a d e b e fo re t h e g r a tin g h a d b e e n su ffic ie n tly c le a n e d .— S . G .
A lum iniu m for P ack in g Jo in ts in Tubes. J o h . R e ip r ic h ( A lu m in iu m ,
1936, 18, (1 0 ), 5 1 9 -5 2 2 ).— S o f t a lu m in iu m w o o l h a s p r o v e d s a tis f a c to r y f o r
p a c k in g p ip e j o in ts i n s te a d o f le a d . T h e m e ta l s u r f a c e s a r e f ir s t c o a te d
w i t h b itu m e n , t h e g a p s t h e n fille d w it h a lu m in iu m w o o l w h ic h is t i g h tl y
r a m m e d in , a n d fin a lly a la y e r o f b it u m e n is a p p lie d o v e r t h e a lu m in iu m .
A lu m iniu m and R ubber. R . T . G rie b lin g (Rubber Age (N .Y . ), 1936, 39,
2 7 3 - 2 7 5 ; O. Abs., 1936, 30, 738 2 ).— A re v ie w o f p r e s e n t d e v e lo p m e n ts in t h e
use o f a lu m in iu m a n d r u b b e r i n c o m b in a tio n in f a b r ic a te d a r tic le s , a n d o f
a lu m in iu m in p ro c e ss in g e q u ip m e n t in t h e r u b b e r in d u s tr y .— S . G .
X X L —Industrial Uses and Applications 599
1936
Screws a n d T hreads of L ight M etal. F . P a c h tn e r (M aschinenbau, 1936,
1 5 C15/16) 4 4 1 ).— L ig h t m e t a l w o o d -screw s s h o u ld h e g iv e n a n o x id e c o a tin g
b y t h e M . b ’.V . p ro c e ss a n d t h e n c o a te d w ith L a n o lin b e fo re u se . T h e th r e a d
s h o u ld b e fre e f ro m s h a r p e d g e s ; i t c a n b e r o lle d in .— v . u .
A lu m iniu m Standards fo r the E lectrical In dustry.
—-
(A lu m in iu m
1936 18 (9), 4 3 8 ^ 4 0 ) . — D I N sp e c ific a tio n s a r e g iv e n fo r a lu m in iu m w ires,
ro d s,’ tu b e s , a n d o t h e r p r o d u c ts u s e d in t h e e le c tric a l in d u s tr y . A . R . ■
A lum iniu m in th e C onstruction of R otors fo r A lternating C urrent M otors.
_
M u lln e r (A lu m in iu m , 1936, 18, (7), 3 0 5 - 3 0 6 ) - S e v e r a l
a lu m in iu m r o t o r a r e ill u s t r a te d a n d b rie fly d e s c rib e d . A . K . r \
ty p e s
of
A rran gem en t of A lum inium B u s-B ars for H eavy Currents. H . H . J o h a n
( V .D .E . Fachberichte, 1935, 7 1 - 7 3 ; d isc u ssio n , 7 3 -7 4 ).—
E lectric In terru p ters. J . B a lly (R ev. A lu m in iu m , 1936, 13, (82), 2 5 1 2 5 6 ). — D e s c rib e s t h e u se o f D u r a lu m in a n d A lp a x m
t h e c o n s tru c tio n o f
electrical h ig h -te n s io n in t e r r u p t e r s a n d s h o r t c irc u its .— J . H . W .
A lum inium in Tool M anufacture.
(M achine moderne, 1936, 30, (33o),
4 6 9 -4 7 1 ).— O n a c c o u n t o f its s tr e n g t h a n d lig h tn e s s , a lu m in iu m is in c re a sin g y
u s e d in t h e m o u n tin g o f to o ls , e s p e c ia lly th o s e w h ic h a r e o v e rh u n g o r w h ic h
h a v e a r a p i d f o rw a r d a n d b a c k w a rd s tro k e . O th e r a p p lic a tio n ^ a re ^ d e ^ c n b e d .
Shops a n d Stores : Presen tatio n and A lum inium . J . D u m o n te t (Rev
A lu m in iu m 1 936, 13, (78), 6 5 - 8 0 ) . — D e s c rib e s th e u s e o f a lu m in iu m allo y s,
n o t a b l y S tu d a l (a h im in iu m - m a n g a n e s e - m a g n e s iu m ) , A lm a s iliu m (m a g n e siu m
1, silic a 1 - 2 % ) , a n d D u r a lin o x ( 7 % m a g n e s iu m ), m sh o p f r o n ts a n d rMvags.
A lum inium in O rnam ental M etal W ork. -------- ( A lu m in iu m and N onFerrous R ev. 1936, 1, (12), 5 6 1 - 5 6 2 ).— A lu m in iu m a n d D u r a lu m in a r e m u c h
u s e d in o r n a m e n ta l w o rk , t h e f o rm e r m a in ly a s s h e e t a n d t h e l a t t e r m ra ik n g s
a n d fra m e s . D e s ig n is in flu e n c e d b y t h e d e s n a b ility o f a v o id in g so ld e rin g
a n d b y t h e “ d r a g ” o f t h e m a te r ia l. A n o d ic t r e a t m e n t r e n d e r s a p le a s in g
r a n g e o f c o lo u rs a v a ila b le .— P . M . C . R .
_
.
„
..
Precision In stru m en ts.
(R ev A lu m in iu m , 1936,
Calculating, A dding, a n d R egistering M achines.
13, (83), 3 2 5 - 3 3 0 ) . - D e s c n b e s t h e a c t i o n o f
c a lc u la tin g m a c h in e s a n d th e u s e o f a lu m in iu m a n d m a g n e s iu m a n d th e ir
a llo y s i n t h e i r c o n s tru c tio n — J . H . W .
. .
,7Q,
R od a n d L ine Fishing Gear. J . B a lly (Rev. A lu m in iu m , 1936, 13, (79),
1 1 1 - 1 1 7 ).— D e s c rib e s t h e u se o f a lu m in iu m f o r fish in g ro d s a n d acccssOTies^
New A n tifriction Alloys Containing Al- Z n -P b . V . B iro li (A llu m im o , 1936,
( 4 ) 1 4 4 -1 4 5 ).— D e s c rib e s n e w ty p e s o f a n tif r ic tio n a llo y s, c o n ta in in g
a lu m in iu m , z in c , a n d le a d , w h ic h c a n b e s u b s ti tu t e d f o r tm -b a s e allo y s a n d
5
M aterials and M ethods of Jo ining Used in Strong L ight S tructures (A ircraft).
R . H . H o b r o c k (D aniel Guggenheim A ir sh ip In s t., Report on A irsh ip ' P 0™™,
1935, 6 4 - 8 8 ; a n d ( s u m m a r y ) L ig h t M etals Research, 1936, 5, (7), l M - i o / .
B u ll. B .N . F . M .R .A . , 1936, (91)).— A g e n e ra l d isc u ssio n , re fe rrin g to
t y p e s o f s t r u c t u r e o f a e r o p la n e s p a r s ; v a lu e o f e n d u r a n c e , c re e p , d a m p in g
c a p a c ity , & c., d a t a f o r t h e p r e d ic tio n o f t h e b e h a v io u r o f m a te r ia ls in
s e r v i c e ; a n d f a tig u e b e h a v io u r . S o m e n o te s a r e g iv e n o n t h e effe ct of
h e a t - t r e a t m e n t o n a lu m in iu m allo y s. E le c tric s p o t- a n d se a m -w e ld in g a re
d is c u s s e d ; I I . f a v o u rs t h e l a t t e r fo r a ir c r a f t s tr u c tu r e s .—jS. hr.
M etallurgy in A ircraft E ngine Construction. R . C. M o o re (Ganad. Chem.
and M et., 1936, 20, (3), 8 1 - 8 2 ) . — T h e p r o p e rtie s o f s te e ls a n d lig h t allo y s u se d
in a e ro -e n g in e c o n s tru c tio n a r e b rie fly d e sc rib e d . A . R . P .
Spread a n d R esults of L ight M etal Applications m R ailw ay Travel.
B.
R e id e m e is te r (A lu m in iu m , 1936, 18, (10), 4 9 5 ^ 9 8 ) . - A lis t is g iv e n o f a ll th e
SS
600
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
r e g u la r t r a i n s b u i lt o f lig h t m e ta l a llo y s a n d n o w r u n n in g t h r o u g h o u t th e
w o rld w i t h p a r tic u la r s o f th e i r c o n s tr u c tio n a n d p e rfo rm a n c e .— A . R . P .
Successive Stages in the Use of A lu m in iu m Alloys in R olling-Stock Con­
structio n. [ J .] L a n c r e n o n (M o n th ly B u ll. In tern a t. R a ilw a y Congress A ssoc.,
1 936, 18, (1 0 ), 1 0 6 7 -1 0 7 1 ).— T h e in c re a s e in th e w e ig h t o f ro llin g s to c k
n e c e s s ita te d b y m o d e m r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r c o m f o rt a n d s a f e ty h a s b e e n r e d u c e d
b y t h e u se o f a lu m in iu m a n d lig h t a llo y s in c o a c h c o n s tru c tio n . L . tr a c e s
d e v e lo p m e n ts in F r a n c e , G e r m a n y , G r e a t B r ita in , a n d t h e U .S .A . in t h e u se
o f li g h t m e ta l s h e e t, c a s tin g s , a n d fo rg in g s , a n d fin a lly re fe rs t o t h e w e ld e d
c o n s tr u c tio n m a d e p o ssib le b y th e u se o f a n a llo y c o n ta in in g 7 % o f m a g n e s iu m .
— P . M . C. R .
M odem R ailw ay T rains in the U nited States, 1936. E . I s d a h l (A lu m in iu m ,
1 936, 18, (1 0 ), 4 8 9 -4 9 4 ).— M o d e rn A m e ric a n s tr e a m lin e d t r a i n s c o n s tr u c te d
e ith e r w h o lly o r p a r t l y o f a lu m in iu m a llo y s a r e d e s c rib e d . A ll-a lu m in iu m
c o n s tr u c tio n sa v e s 3 0 —1 0 % in t h e w e ig h t o f t h e t r a in . T h e “ N e w H a v e n
C o m e t ” h a s a d e a d w e ig h t o f o n ly 7 2 0 k g . p e r p a s se n g e r. N u m e r o u s
i l lu s tr a tio n s a r e in c lu d e d .— A . R . P .
New L ight M etal P assenger Vehicles of th e M ilan T ram w ay System .
I n d u s t r i e a b t e i l u n g d e s L a u ta w e r k s (A lu m in iu m , 1936, 18, (10), 4 9 9 - 5 0 0 ).—
C o n s tr u c tio n a n d p e r fo r m a n c e d e ta ils a r e g iv e n .— A . R . P .
T he A rticulated T rain of th e Com pagnie du Chemin de F e r du Nord. J .
L a n c re n o n (R ev. A lu m in iu m , 1936, 13, (83), 3 0 1 -3 0 6 ).— D e s c rib e s t h e u se o f
a n a lu m in iu m a llo y , M .G .7 ( D u ra lin o x H 7 3 4 ), c o n ta in in g 7 % m a g n e s iu m , in
t h e c o n s tr u c tio n o f a r ti c u la te d r a ilw a y co ach e s. T h e b r e a k in g s t r e n g t h o f th is
a llo y %• 3 6 k g ./ m m .a, t h e y ie ld - p o in t
18 k g ./m m .2, a n d t h e e lo n g a tio n > 1 8 2 2 % . B e n d in g a n d d e e p - d r a w in g a r e c a rrie d o u t a t 375°—425° C. T h e u se
o f o t h e r l ig h t a llo y s f o r d if fe r e n t p a r t s o f t h e t r a i n a r e d e s c rib e d .— J . H . W .
The Capacity of R ope R ailw ays for Passenger T ransport. A d .-M . H u g
(R ev. A lu m in iu m , 1936, 13, (78), 6 1 -6 4 ).— T h e c a p a c ity o f ro p e ra ilw a y s
d e p e n d s o n t h e w e ig h t t h a t c a n b e c a r r ie d , th e s p e e d a t w h ic h t h e c a rs c a n r u n ,
a n d t h e fa c ilitie s f o r c le a rin g th e te r m in a l s ta tio n s . T h e u se o f a lu m in iu m
a llo y s a n d r e d u c tio n o f t h e d e a d w e ig h t in c re a se t h e c a p a c ity in t h e f irs t
tw o r e s p e c ts , t h e e x t r a in itia l c o s t b e in g ju s tifie d b y t h e lo w e r r u n n in g co sts
p e r p a s s e n g e r c a r r ie d .— J . H . W .
The L ig ht M etals fo r T rucks, T rains, Ships.
------ (M etal Progress, 1936,
2 9 , (4), 3 3 -3 4 ).— A s u r v e y o f t h e in c re a s in g a p p lic a tio n s o f a lu m in iu m a n d
m a g n e s iu m in t h e t r a n s p o r t se rv ic e s .— P . M . C. R .
A lum in ium C onnecting Rods. R . L . T e m p lin (M ech. E n g ., 1936, 58, (3),
1 6 9 - 1 7 0 ; d isc u ssio n , (7), 4 5 8 - 4 5 9 ; a n d (s u m m a ry ) L igh t M etals R ev., 1936,
2, (2 0 ), 3 4 3 -3 4 6 ).— T h e m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s o f a n a lu m in iu m a llo y c o n ­
t a in in g c o p p e r 4-4, silic o n 0 -8 , m a n g a n e s e 0 -7 5 % a r e t a b u l a t e d in t h e fo rg e d
c o n d itio n f o r v a r io u s o r ie n ta tio n s , a n d s tr e s s - d is tr ib u tio n d ia g r a m s c o v e rin g
3 c o n d itio n s o f lo a d in g a r e r e p ro d u c e d fo r m o d e ls o f c o n n e c tin g ro d s o f
2 d e s ig n s u s e d in lo c o m o tiv e w o rk . I n d isc u ssio n , W . F . K iesel w r ite s t h a t
t h e s m a ll s p a c e g e n e r a lly a v a ila b le f o r c o u n te r b a la n c e f a v o u rs th e u se o f
li g h t m e m b e r s , a n d re fe rs t o t h e e n c o u ra g in g r e s u lts o b ta in e d in s e rv ic e te s ts
w i t h lig h t a llo y ro d s o f s u ita b ly m o d ifie d d e sig n .— P . M . C. R .
Increasing th e H e a t Stability of P isto n H eads. O tto S te in itz (M aschinenbau,
1936, 15, (1 7 /1 8 ), 5 0 9 -5 1 0 ).— T h e s t a b il i t y o f p is to n s is im p ro v e d b y m a k in g
t h e h e a d o f “ Y ” a llo y a n d t h e s h a f t o f E .C .1 2 4 a llo y . B o t h a llo y s a r e c a s t
o n e a f t e r t h e o t h e r u n d e r s u c h c o n d itio n s t h a t a n a r r o w s tr o n g ly w e ld e d
j o i n t is o b ta in e d .— v . G .
L ight M etal M otor L orries a n d T railers. M . K o e n ig (A lu m in iu m , 1936,
18, (1 0 ), 5 0 0 - 5 1 0 ).— A n ill u s tr a t e d a r tic le sh o w in g th e c o n s tr u c tio n o f t h e
v e h ic le s a n d t h e i r c o m p o n e n ts .— A . R . P .
1936
X X I.—Industrial Uses and Applications
601
T h e G rég o ire M o to r-C ar w ith A lp ax B o d y w o rk . A . C h a rm e il (Rev.
A lu m in iu m , 1 936, 1 3 , (82), 2 5 7 -2 6 0 ).— D e s c rib e s t h e u se a n d a d v a n ta g e s o f
A lp a x i n t h e m a n u f a c tu r e o f F r e n c h a u to m o b ile b o d y w o rk .— J . H . W .
M o to r O m n ib u se s of th e 1936 T ype of th e S ociété des T ra n s p o rts e n C o m m u n
d e la R é g io n P a ris ie n n e .
(Rev. A lu m in iu m , 1936, 1 3, (83), 3 1 7 -3 2 4 ).—
T h e u se o f lig h t a llo y s in t h e c o n s tru c tio n o f m o to r o m n ib u se s in P a r is a n d
t h e s a v in g in w e ig h t th e r e b y e ffe c te d a r e d isc u sse d .— J . H . W .
O n a F e w R e c e n t A p p lic a tio n s of L ig h t A lloys in M otor-C ycle C o n s tru c tio n .
G . P i a n t a n i d a (A llu m in io , 1935, 4, (2), 9 2 -9 5 ).— A b r ie f re v ie w o f r e c e n t
d e v e lo p m e n t o f lig h t a llo y p a r t s in m o to r-c y c le c o n s tru c tio n in I t a l y a n d
a b r o a d . S p e c ia l m e n tio n is m a d e o f a B r itis h c y lin d e r b a r r e l c a s t in “ Y ”
a llo y , f o r u s e w i t h o u t lin e r .— J . K .
R e m o v a l of R a d io In te rfe re n c e w ith A lu m in iu m F o il. B . U n g e r
( A lu m in iu m , 1936, 18, (9), 4 4 6 ).— A h im in iu m fo il t r e a t e d t o p r e v e n t m o is tu r e
c o n d e n s a tio n m a k e s a n e x c e lle n t in s u la to r f o r t h e v a r io u s c o m p o n e n ts o f
ra d io s e ts ; e x a m p le s a r e g iv e n .— A . R . P .
P a in ts C o n ta in in g A lu m in iu m P o w d er. H . R a b a té (Rev. industrielle,
1 9 3 6 , [N .S .], (174), 1 7 7 - 1 8 0 ; (176), 2 7 7 - 2 7 9 ; (179), 3 7 3 -3 7 6 ).— A n a c c o u n t
o f t h e v a r io u s m e th o d s o f p ro d u c in g a lu m in iu m p o w d e r, a n d th e p r e p a r a tio n
a n d p r o p e rtie s o f p a i n t s c o n ta in in g su s p e n s io n s o f t h e p o w d e r in v a r io u s
m e d ia . T h e calo rific, o p tic a l, a n d c o rro s io n -re s istin g v a lu e s o f t h e se v e ra l
classes o f p a i n t s a r e d is c u s s e d a t le n g th .— J . E . N .
C r - F e A1 Co A llo y s a s R e s is ta n c e E le m e n ts in E le c tric H e a tin g . H . v o n
K a n tz o w (Congrès In tern a t. A p p l. Électrocalorifiques (P reprint), 1936, 9 p p . ;
B u ll. B .N . F . M .R .A . , 1936, (91)).— [ I n G e rm a n .] A n a c c o u n t o f t h e p ro p e rtie s
a n d u se s o f a llo y s o f t h e K a n t h a l ty p e .— S . G.
U tiliz a tio n of C opper a n d C opper A lloys. W m . G . S c h n e id e r (M ineral In d .,
1935, 44, 1 4 9 -1 5 5 ).— A re v ie w . T a b le s a re g iv e n f o r s h ip m e n t o f b r a s s a n d
b ro n z e in g o ts (U .S .A .) ; p ric e s (a ll N e w Y o rk ) o f b r a s s in g o ts, c o p p e r p ro d u c ts ,
b r a s s p r o d u c ts , se a m le ss tu b e , a n d se a m le ss p ip e ; e s tim a te d u se o f c o p p e r in
U .S .A . ; re fin e d c o p p e r s ta tis tic s (N . a n d S. A m e ric a ) ; d e liv e rie s o f c o p p e r b y
re fin e rie s ; a n d p e r c a p ita c o n s u m p tio n o f c o p p e r o f v a r io u s n a tio n s .— S. G.
T h e C o n tro l of th e U se of C opper by B u ild in g A u th o ritie s. P ru s s ia n
M in is try o f F in a n c e (Bauverwaltung, 1935, 5 5 , (4 0 ), 8 0 0 ; B u ild . Sci. A bs.,
1936, 9, 11).— A m in is te r ia l d e c re e o f S e p t. 19, 1935, re q u ire s b u ild in g
a u th o r itie s t o n o tif y ca se s o f n o n -o b s e rv a n c e o f t h e r e g u la tio n s o f 1934 a n d
1935 r e la tin g t o r e s tr ic tio n s o f t h e u se o f c e r ta in m e ta ls fo r b u ild in g p u rp o se s.
A n e x t r a c t is g iv e n re fe rrin g t o c o p p e r a n d its a llo y s a n d to n ic k e l a n d its
a llo y s. T h e se m e ta ls m a y b e u s e d f o r su rfa c e c o a tin g s and. lig h t p la tin g s .
P u rp o s e s f o r w h ic h t h e y a r e f o rb id d e n a r e e n u m e r a te d .— S. G.
E le c tric ity S u p p ly a n d th e P ro b le m of C opper S h o rta g e . W . B o llin g
( V .D .E . Fachberichte, 1935, 5 3 - 5 5 ; d isc u ssio n , 5 5 - 5 6 ; S ci. A bs., 1936, [ B |,
3 9 , 2 3 8 ).— B . d isc u sse s th e p o s s ib ility o f a d o p tin g v a r io u s m e th o d s , su c h as
th e m o re in te n s e lo a d in g o f e x is tin g n e tw o r k s , in o r d e r t o co p e w ith th e
s i t u a t i o n c r e a te d b y t h e d e c re e s r e s tr ic tin g t h e u se o f c o p p e r.— S . G.
U n s u sp e c te d C opper in D o m e stic W a te r S u pplies.— I I. D a v id W . H o r n
(A m er. J . P h a rm ., 1936, 108, 3 2 0 - 3 2 3 ; C. A bs., 1936, 3 0, 7737).— Cf. M et.
A bs., 1934, 1, 638. T h e fin d in g o f u n s u s p e c te d c o p p e r in d o m e s tic su p p lie s
t h a t m a k e u s e o f c o m b in e d a ir a n d w a te r p u m p s a lo n g w ith c o p p e r p ip e s is
r e ite r a te d . A sim p le t e s t f o r s u c h d o m e s tic su p p lie s is g iv e n .— S . G.
S p ecificatio n s fo r L o co m o tiv e F ire b o x C opper.
C h a n (M onthly B u ll.
In tern a t. R ailw a y Congr. Assoc. (E nglish E d n .), 1936, 18, (10), 1 0 9 1 -1 0 9 7 ).—
F r o m R ev. gén. C hem ins de F er, 1936, 55, (5), 3 3 1 -3 3 8 . S ee M et. A bs., th is
v o l., p . 2 8 0 .— S. G.
P ro p o se d R e v isio n Q Q -B -6 9 1 F e d e ra l S p ecificatio n fo r B ro n z e C astings.
(M et. I n d . (N . Y .), 1936, 34, (8), 2 8 8 -2 9 0 ).— L . A . O .
602
Metallurgical Abstracts
V o l. 3
The M anufacture of Alloys for H igh W ate r Pressure. ------- ( GiessereiP raxis, 1936, 57, (3 7 /3 8 ), 4 0 7 - 4 0 9 ).— T h e fo llo w in g a llo y s a r e r e c o m m e n d e d
a s h ig h p r e s s u re b r o n z e s : (1) c o p p e r 8 4 , t i n 7, z in c 8, p h o s p h o r - c o p p e r 1 % ,
f o r fittin g s u p t o 1 5 0 a tm . w a te r p r e s s u r e ; (2) c o p p e r 83, t i n 6-5, z in c 8,
n ic k e l 1-5, p h o s p h o r - c o p p e r 1 % ; th is a llo y is s u p e rio r t o (1 ), b e in g fin e r
g r a i n e d ; i t c a n b e u s e d f o r u p t o 2 0 0 a tm . w a te r p r e s s u re o r 1 0 0 a tm . o x y g e n
p r e s s u r e ; (3) c o p p e r 8 4, t i n 1 0, z in c 2 , n ic k e l 3, p h o s p h o r - c o p p e r 1 % , fo r
u p t o 3 0 0 a t m . w a te r p r e s s u re a n d 2 0 0 a tm . o x y g e n p r e s s u re . T h e p u r e s t
m e ta ls m u s t h e u s e d i n m a k in g u p th e s e a llo y s , t h e n ic k e l b e in g a d d e d a s a
5 0 : 5 0 c o p p e r - n ic k e l a llo y . D e ta ils o f m e ltin g a n d p o u r in g t h e a llo y s a re
g iv e n .— J . H . W .
B ronzes in M achine C onstruction. J o h n D . W a ts o n (M etallurgia, 1936,
14, 1 7 3 -1 7 4 ).— V a r io u s g r a d e s o f b ro n z e s in c lu d in g s t r a i g h t c o p p e r - ti n b ro n z e s,
p h o s p h o r - b r o n z e , s ilic o n - b r o n z e , a n d n ic k e l- b ro n z e s a r e d is c u s s e d in r e la tio n
t o t h e i r v a lu e f o r v a r io u s fo rm s o f m a c h in e c o n s tru c tio n . C o n s id e r a tio n is
als o g iv e n t o t h e i r r e s is ta n c e t o c o rro s io n , w h e n u s e d f o r c h e m ic a l p l a n t a n d
oil m a c h in e r y , a n d t o t h e i r s t r e n g t h a t h ig h t e m p e r a tu r e s w h e n u s e d f o r v a lv e
p a r t s .— J . W . D .
Spindle B earings fo r H igh-Speed M achine Tools. G . S c h le s in g e r (M achine
moderne, 1936, 30, (334), 4 3 3 - 4 3 6 ; (335), 4 8 1 -4 9 0 ).— N u m e r o u s d e s ig n s fo r
f r ic tio n a n d b a ll- b e a r in g s a r e ill u s tr a t e d a n d d e s c rib e d . T h e f u n c tio n o f
b e a r in g m e ta ls is d isc u sse d , a n d (in t h e se c o n d p a r t ) a n a c c o u n t is g iv e n o f
C a ro b ro n z e ( c o p p e r 91-2, t i n 8-5, p h o s p h o r u s 0 -3 % ), t h e m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s
o f w h ic h a r e s u m m a r iz e d . A g r a p h c o r re la te s t h e coeff. o f f ric tio n , p r e s s u re
p e r u n i t a r e a , t o t a l lo a d , a n d s u rfa c e t e m p e r a tu r e o f t h e jo u r n a l in C a ro b ro n z e
b e a r in g s w i t h d if fe r e n t s p e e d s o f w o rk in g .— P . M . C. R .
B earings T h at Need Not Be Oiled. -------( M a ch in ist ( E u r . E d n .), 1936, 80,
(2 2 ), 4 9 0 —493).— O ilite b e a r in g s h a v e e ith e r a g r a p h ite b ro n z e o r a sp o n g e
ir o n b a s is w i t h 3 5 % o f oil. T h e o p e r a tio n s i n t h e m a n u f a c tu r e a r e : (1)
m ix in g i n a tu m b lin g b a r r e l, (2) f o rm in g o r b r iq u e ttin g in b o t h m e c h a n ic a l
a n d h y d r a u lic p re s s e s , (3) h e a t - t r e a t m e n t , a s in te r in g o p e r a tio n , i n w h ic h
t h e b r i q u e t t e is m a d e j u s t h o t e n o u g h t o m e lt t h e t i n a n d f o rm b ro n z e , (4)
i m p r e g n a tin g w i t h o il b y s o a k in g i n o il f o r a b o u t 10 m in u te s a t 225° P . (110°
C .), (5) fin is h siz in g o n m e c h a n ic a l p re ss e s. I t is c la im e d t h a t th e s e b e a rin g s
h a v e a r e la tiv e ly lo w coeff. o f f ric tio n , lo w w e a r f a c to r , a n d p e r m it o f h ig h
u n i t p r e s s u re s .— J . H . W .
Nickel in A m erican B ronze Alloys. ------- (M et. I n d . (L o n d .), 1936, 49,
(1 7 ), 4 0 7 ^ 0 9 ) . — B r o n z e s c o n ta in in g n ic k e l a d d itio n s a r e in c re a s in g ly e m p lo y e d
in t h e U .S .A ., e s p e c ia lly f o r c a s t a n d p r e s s u re - c a s t p ie c e s, e x a m p le s o f w h ic h
a r e illu s tr a te d . C o m p o s itio n s a n d m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e r tie s a r e g iv e n f o r s e v e ra l
a llo y s o f b o t h t y p e s .— P . M . C. R .
B ritish S tand ard Specification for Cold-Rolled B rass Sheets, Strip, a n d Foil,
Copper C ontent 61-5 P e r Cent. M inim um and U nder 64 P e r Cent. M axim um
(Up to a n d In clud ing 3 S.W .G. (0’252 in.) Thick). ------ (B rit. Stan d . In s t.,
N o . 2 6 5 , 1 936, 15 p p .) .— R e v is io n o f a sp e c ific a tio n is s u e d in 1926 u n d e r th e
t i t l e o f “ B r a s s S h e e t a n d S t r ip f o r E n g in e e rin g P u rp o s e s ” a n d in 1928
(re v is e d ) a s “ 6 1 /3 9 B r a s s S h e e t a n d S t r ip .” — S . G .
B ritish S tandard Specification fo r Cold-Rolled B rass Sheets, Strip, a n d Foil,
Copper C ontent 64 P e r Cent. M inim um ; 67 P e r Cent. M axim um (Up to and
Including 3 S.W .G. (0'252 in.) T hick). —
(B rit. Sta n d. In s t., N o . 268, 1936,
15 p p .) .— R e v is io n o f a s p e c ific a tio n is s u e d in 1926 u n d e r t h e t i t l e “ B e s t B ra s s
S h e e t a n d S tr ip ” a n d in 1928 (re v is e d ) a s “ 6 5 /3 5 B r a s s S h e e t a n d S tr i p .” — S . G.
B ritish S tan dard Specification fo r Cold-Rolled B rass Sheets, Strip, and Foil,
Copper C ontent W ith in R ange 6 8 P e r Cent. M inim um and 72 P e r Cent.
M axim um (Up to a n d Inclu din g 3 S.W .G. (0-252 in.) Thick). ------- (B rit.
S ta n d . In s t., N o . 267, 1936, 15 p p .) .— R e v is io n o f a s p e c ific a tio n f ir s t iss u e d in
1936
X X I . — Industrial Uses and Applications
603
1926 u n d e r t h e t i t l e “ C a rtr id g e B r a s s S h e e t a n d S tr ip ” a n d in 1928 (revised)
(0-2*2, in 'i Thick)
! Ä
(B rit. Sta nd . In s t., N o s . 711-713, l ^ a o , l o p p .).
S
B S Ä S , ¿ 5 Ä * .Ä
Ä Ä J K Ä
s ilv e r a llo y s, a n d o f t h e i r p r e p a r a tio n , h e a t- t r e a t m e n t , so ld e rin g , a n
pn
p
aPf On S t o d a r d s t o r A ^ s for P rin tin g M achines a n d M ethods of Testing
2-0 -j- 0-2 ; T y p o g r a p h , 12*0 ± 0* 2 ,3 -0 ± 0 ’2 , M o n o ty p e ,
PVpPp’fi n-20/ in
M o n o ty p e i t 15-0 ± 0 -5 , 5-0 ± 0-3. I m p u r itie s s h o u ld n o t e x c e e d
2 ;0
t h e f ir s t th r e e a n d 0 -5 % in t h e l a s t tw o a U c ^ - N . A
and
Lead Pipes as a Source of L ead iin D n n t o g W ate r
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Conditions.
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c o r ro s io n -re s is ta n c e o f t e ll u r iu m - l e a d a r e f c W
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S
î f Î m
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^ « fcm o b O e , 1936, 9, (1), 3 - 7 ; d isc u ssio n , 7 - 9 ).— S ee J f d . A te .,
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D evelopm ents in th e 1
M etallurgy ^ n^
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Nickel Alloys in Diesel —
R .R . a llo y .
(Dutch
AU° yS‘
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J a pa ne s e . ]
T h e c o m p o s itio n s o f t h e a llo y s u s e d , w ith t h e n u m er
604
Metallurgical Abstracts
V o l.
3
e x is tin g official s p e c ific a tio n s , a r e t a b u l a t e d , a s a r e t b e v a r io u s p a r t s o f th e
e n g in e a n d t h e m a te r ia ls e m p lo y e d . A n i l l u s t r a te d a c c o u n t o f D ie s e l a n d
r a ilc a r u n its a n d m a te r ia l is a p p e n d e d .— P . M . C. R .
E le c tric H e a t- R e s is tin g A llo y s in J a p a n . Y o n o s u k o M a ts u n a g a (J a p a n
N ickel R ev., 1936, 4, (2) 3 0 0 - 3 1 0 ).— [ I n E n g lis h a n d J a p a n e s e .] A re v ie w o f
t h e p r o p e rtie s a n d u se s o f t h e a llo y s u s e d f o r r e s is ta n c e h e a tin g in J a p a n .
—R G
N ic k e l- Ir o n A llo y s. T h e ir A p p lic a tio n in E le c tric a l E n g in e e rin g
N W
M c L a c h la n (E lectrician, 1936, 1 1 7 , (3 0 3 9 ), 2 4 9 -2 5 2 ).— M e th o d s o f m e a s u rin g
t h e m a g n e tic c h a r a c te r is tic s o f h ig h p e r m e a b ility a llo y s a r e d is c u s s e d a n d
ty p ic a l c u r v e s g iv e n f o r P e r m a llo y C a n d M u m e ta l u n d e r c o n d itio n s o f d .c .
a n d a .c . m a g n e tiz a tio n . T h e a p p lic a tio n o f th e s e a llo y s in s u b m a r in e c a b le
m a n u f a c tu r e , a s m a g n e tic sc re e n s a n d f o r t h e co re s o f in te r v a lv e a n d c u r r e n t
tr a n s f o r m e r s , is d is c u s s e d .— J . C. C.
P re c is io n o i L e n g th C o m p a riso n s w ith I n v a r W ire s. C . O lta v (B u ll
qeodteiquc, 1 936, 50, 1 6 7 -1 7 2 ).— S . G .
T h e O c c u rre n c e o i P la tin u m a n d th e P la tin u m M e tals a n d T h e ir U ses
P . K r u s c h (Meta.ll u . E rz, 1936, 3 3, (18), 4 8 1 - 4 8 7 ; (19), 5 1 0 -5 1 5 ).— T h e
m o s t i m p o r t a n t p l a t in u m d e p o s its o f t h e w o r ld a r e d e s c rib e d a n d a b r ie f
a c c o u n t is g iv e n o f t h e u se s o f t h e m e ta ls a n d th e i r a llo y s .— A . R . P .
O n th e I n d u s tr ia l A p p lic a tio n s o f th e P la tin u m M e tals. ------- (M etallWoche, 1 9 3 6 , (19), 3 6 2 -3 6 4 ).— L . A . O.
N o te o n a S e v e n te e n th -C e n tu ry D isc o u rse o n T in a s a N a tio n a l A s se t
S. W . S m ith (B u ll. I n s t. M in . M e t., 1936, (384), 3 p p .) .— T h e u se o f t i n fo r
c o m in g f a r th m g s a n d h a lf p e n n ie s b e tw e e n 1684 a n d 1692 is b rie fly d isc u sse d .
T h e d isc o u rs e is a n a t t e m p t t o o b ta in a c o n tin u a n c e o f th i s p o lic y .— A . R . P
A N ew P ip in g f o r D ra w in g B e e r [U se of T in ], R . L a n e a u (P etit j. Brasseur,
1936, 4 4 , 5 5 1 ; J . I n s t. B rew ing, 1936, 42, 398).— M a in ly c o n c e rn e d w ith a
d e s c rip tio n o f t h e e v ils a t t e n d a n t o n t h e u s e o f t i n p ip in g in b e e r c e lla rs ( tin
h a s la r g e ly r e p la c e d le a d , t h e u s e o f w h ic h f o r t h i s p u r p o s e is p r o h ib ite d in
B e lg iu m ). T in is a p p r e c ia b ly so lu b le in b e e r, a n d i m p a r ts a n u n p le a s a n t
m e ta llic f la v o u r b e s id e s c a u s in g t h e w e ll-k n o w n h a z e .
T h e s e d e fe c ts a re
n a t u r a l l y a c c e n t u a t e d in b e e r w h ic h h a s b e e n s ta n d in g in p ip e s o v e r n ig h t,
so t h a t t h e p u b lic a n h a s n o a l t e r n a ti v e to th e r is k o f d is p le a s in g h is c u s to m e rs
in t h e m o r n in g b u t t o e m p t y h is p ip e s b a c k in to t h e c a s k a t t h e e n d o f th e
d a y . T h is p r o c e d u r e is o b je c tio n a b le sin c e a n y d i r t in t h e p ip e s w ill t h e n
in f e c t t h e c a s k . T h e a p p e a r a n c e o n t h e m a r k e t o f a n e w a llo y w h ic h is
u n a f fe c te d b y b e e r p ro m is e s t o b e a w e lc o m e s o lu tio n o f t h e p ro b le m o f d ra w in g
b e e r f ro m c a s k .— S. G .
C o n te m p o ra ry P e w te r in th e N e th e rla n d s. ------- (B u ll. In tern a l. T i n
Research Develop. Council, N o . 3 , 1936, 64 p p .) .— T h e u se s o f p e w te r f o r ma king
d e c o r a tiv e a n d u s e fu l d o m e s tic a r tic le s a r e illu s tr a te d b y n u m e r o u s b e a u tif u l
p h o to g r a p h s , a n d b r ie f n o te s a r e g iv e n o f th e h is to r y o f t h e p e w te r a r t in
H o lla n d a n d o f t h e m e th o d s o f m a n u f a c tu r e .— A . R . P .
W h ite M e tals f o r G lid in g B e a rin g s a n d G liding P la n e s . D IN 1703. ____
(Z. M etallkunde, 1936, 28, (2), 4 7 ).— S ta n d a r d s p e c ific a tio n s f o r n u m e r o u s
a llo y s a r e t a b u l a t e d g iv in g c o m p o s itio n , p e rm iss ib le d e v ia tio n s a n d im p u ritie s ,
a n d s p . g r .— A . R . P .
T in -P o o r a n d T in -F re e W h ite B e a rin g M e ta ls. D IN 1 703. ------- (Z.
M etallkunde, 1936, 2 8 , (2), 4 7 ).— T h e c o m p o s itio n a n d p r o p e r tie s o f le a d -b a s e
b e a r in g m e ta ls c o n ta in in g t i n a n d a n ti m o n y w ith s m a ll a m o u n ts o f n u m e r o u s
h a r d e n in g m e ta ls a r e t a b u l a t e d . S p e c ific a tio n s f o r z in c - b a s e b e a rin g s a r e
a ls o in c lu d e d .— A . R . P .
A n ti- F r ic tio n W h ite M e tals in G e rm a n y . L . J . G o u ttie r (R ev. Fonderie
moderne, 1 9 3 6 , J u n e 10, 1 9 4 -1 9 5 ).— A t t e n ti o n is d ir e c te d to e ffo rts in G e r m a n y
t o r e p la c e w h ite a n ti- f r ic tio n m e ta ls c o n ta in in g t i n b y a llo y s c o n ta in in g litt le
1 93 6
X X I —Industrial Uses and Applications
605
o r n o t i n — a m e ta l w h ic h is d e a r a n d m u s t b e im p o rte d . T h e r e s p e c tiv e
c o m p o s itio n s a n d p r o p e rtie s a r e c o m p a re d in sp e c ific a tio n s D I N 1703 a n d
1703 U (cf. p r e c e d in g a b s t r a c t s ) .— J . E . N .
P resen t Position a n d Basic Problem s of D evelopm ent of Z inc-B ase Alloys
for G eneral M achine C onstruction. W . C la u s (Russko-Gerrmnslciy Vestmk
Nauki i Tehniki ( Deut.-Russ. Z . Wiss. u. Tech.), 1936, (4), 7 - 1 0 ; (5), 7 -1 1 )
[ I n R u s s ia n .] M e th o d s o f im p ro v in g t h e c h e m ic a l p r o p e rtie s , e lim in a tin g
a g e in g , a n d in c re a s in g t h e m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s o f z in c -b a se d ie - c a s tm g s a r e
d is c u s s e d . N . A«
.
The R a re r M etals a n d T heir T echnical A pplications. ------ (GiessereiPraxis 1936, 57, (3 5 /3 6 ), 3 7 2 -3 7 4 ).— B riefly d e s c rib e s so m e o f t h e a p p lic a tio n s
o f b e r y lliu m , lith iu m , b a r iu m , c a lc iu m , rh e n iu m , tu n g s te n , so d iu m , c a d m iu m ,
t i t a n i u m , t a n t a l u m , b is m u th , m e r c u ry , g a lliu m , th a lliu m , a n d m o ly b d e n u m .
—J. H. W.
Technological Properties of L arge Clad Sheets. W ilh e lm R ä d e k e r a n d
E d g a r S c h ö n e (Z .V .d .i., 1936, 80, (38), 1 1 6 3 -1 1 6 5 ).— T h e te n s ile p r o p e rtie s o f
s te e l s h e e ts c la d w ith n ic k e l, c o p p e r, s ta m le s s s te e l, o r M o n el m e ta l a r e g iv e n
to g e th e r w ith h in ts fo r w o rk in g th e m a n d so m e p o ssib le u se s.— v . G .
° N on-F errous Alloys in R ailw ay E ngineering. K in ic h ir o K a w a d a (Ja-pan
Nickel Rev., 1936, 4, (3), 4 7 5 -4 9 2 ).— [ I n E n g lis h a n d J a p a n e s e .] A re v ie w o i
t h e a p p lic a tio n s o f n ic k e l a n d it s n o n -fe rro u s a llo y s m ra ilw a y p r a c tic e in
E u r o p e a n d t h e U .S .A . P u r e n ic k e l is u se d in b a tte r ie s a n d n ic k e l-c la d s h e e t
f o r t a n k c o n ta in e r s . N ic k e l- c o p p e r a llo y s in c lu d e : h ig h -c o p p e r m a te r ia ls
(c o m p o sitio n s a n d s tr e n g th s a s re c e iv e d , a f t e r h e a tin g te s ts , a n d a l t e r u se a re
t a b u la te d ) f o r fire b o x s ta y s ; c u p r o -n ic k e l tu b in g ; M o n el m e ta l ro d s , tu b e s
p u m p p a r ts , v a lv e s , a n d f l o a t s ; P la t n a m fa c in g s fo r p a r t s e x p o s e d to h a r d
w e a r ; a n d a 55 : 4 5 c a s tin g a llo y f o r p o w e r c o n tro l g rid s. N ic k e l s ilv e r is
u s e d f o r fo ld in g o r sw in g in g a p p lia n c e s in p a s s e n g e r c a r s ;
O ro m te
to r
p a r t s e x p o s e d t o s u lp h u r c o rro s io n ; I n c o n e l a s a s p rin g m a te r ia l a n d in m e te r
r o to r s • a n d Y a llo y a n d H id u m in iu m in p is to n s a n d c y lin d e r h e a d s . N ic k e l
is also’ u s e d t o h a r d e n b e a r in g m e ta ls , a n d th e p r o p e rtie s o f B e g ra a n d
A s a rc o lo y a r e d e s c rib e d , t h e l a t t e r b e in g t a b u l a t e d in c o m p a r i s o n w ith B a b b itt.
Locom otive Pipe a n d Pipe Fittings. P . L . F a lc o n e r (J. Inst. Locomotive
Enq. 1936, 26, (132), 4 3 8 - 4 8 5 ; d isc u ssio n , 4 8 5 -5 0 9 ). — I n a g e n e ra l d isc u ssio n
o f t h e a r r a n g e m e n t a n d d e s ig n o f p ip in g in a m o d e r n lo c o m o tiv e , c o n s id e ra tio n
is rn v en t o th e p r in c ip a l m a te r ia ls u s e d fo r su c h p a r t s . T hese in c lu d e c o p p e r,
b r a s s a n d b ro n z e , w h ic h a r e d e a lt w ith in d e ta il a s re g a r d s t h e i r c o m p o s itio n ,
p h y s ic a l p r o p e rtie s , re s is ta n c e t o h ig h t e m p e r a tu r e s a n d p re ss u re s , re sis ta n c e
t o c o rro s io n , in flu e n c e o f im p u ritie s , a n d o th e r p r o p e rtie s .— J . W . D .
T he Application of M etals in Chemical E ngineering. H . W . C re m e r
(Met. Ind. (Land.), 1 9 3 6 , 48, (7), 21A -218 ; (8), 2 3 7 - 2 4 1 ; also Chem. Age 1936
34 (8711, 2 1 4 - 2 1 6 ; (872), 2 3 8 - 2 3 9 ; (873), 2 5 7 - 2 5 8 ; a n d (s u m m a ry ) Light
Metals Rev., 1936, 2, (19), 3 2 6 -3 2 8 ).— R e a d b e fo re t h e L o n d o n L o c a l S e c tio n
o f th e I n s t i t u t e o f M e ta ls. A b r ie f o u tlin e o f t h e e x te n s iv e field c o v e re d b y t h e
c h e m ic a l a n d a llie d in d u s tr ie s . T h e fo llo w in g p o in ts a r e c o n s i d e r e d : th e
s e rv ic e w h ic h m e ta ls a r e r e q u ir e d t o p e rfo rm in th e s e i n d u s t r i e s ; th e n e e d
f o r close c o -o p e ra tio n b e tw e e n t h e p ro c e ss m e ta llu r g is t, t h e d e s ig n e r, a n a th e
c h e m is t in t h e p r o d u c tio n o f c h e m ic a l p l a n t ; t h e g ro w in g te n d e n c y t o e m p lo y
h ig h te m p e r a tu r e s a n d p re s s u re s a n d th e b e a r in g o f th is o n th e d e v e lo p m e n t
o f n e w a llo y s t o w ith s ta n d s e v e re s e rv ic e c o n d i ti o n s ; m e ta l p ro b le m s o l
t h e f u t u r e ; a n d so m e o f t h e m o re r e c e n t d e v e lo p m e n ts in m e ta ls a n d allo y s a s
t h e v a ffe c t c h e m ic a l e n g in e e rin g .— L . A . 0 .
. , T , ,
P resent-D ay Problem s of W orking M aterials in th e Chemical Industry.
E . R a b a l d (Chem. Fabrik, 1935, 8 , 4 4 1 ^ 4 6 ; C. Abs., 1 9 3 6 , 30, 533).— A rev iew
o f : im p o rts a n d e x p o r ts o f c o p p e r, le a d , z in c , t in , a n d a lu m in iu m ; G e rm a n
606
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol . 3
p r o d u c tio n fro m d o m e s tic a n d im p o r te d o re s ; m e th o d s o f e c o n o m iz in g in
c o n s tru c tio n a n d o f c o m b a tin g c o rro s io n b y c o a tin g a n d a llo y in g ; th e
re c o v e ry o f s c ra p m e ta l a n d t h e s u b s ti t u t io n o f o th e r m a te r ia ls f o r m e ta ls .
T h ir ty - fiv e references a r e g iv e n .— S . G .
M aterials for th e C onstruction of Dye K ettles. H . L . B u r k e (A m er. D yes tu ff S e p ., 1935, 24, 415—4 1 7 ).— C o p p e r a n d M o n e l m e ta l h a v e b e e n s u c c e ss­
f u lly u s e d i n t h e d y e in g o f s ilk a n d w o o l ; c a s t- ir o n is s u ita b le f o r a lk a lin e
b a t h s .— L . A . 0 .
*Selection of M aterials for E qu ip m en t for [P archm entized] F ibre Production.
M . F l y a t e (Zentra l. N auch.-Issledovatel. I n s t. B u m a zh n o i P rom . M aterialu.i,
1935, (3 /4 ), 2 0 0 - 2 3 9 ; C. A la ., 1936, 30, 7 329).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e r e c o m ­
D.
m e n d a tio n s f o r t h e u s e o f m a te r ia ls , c a p a b le o f r e s is tin g t h e c o rro s iv e a c tio n
o f z in c c h lo rid e s o lu tio n s , in t h e c o n s tr u c tio n o f e q u ip m e n t f o r t h e p r o d u c tio n
o f p a r c h m e n tiz e d fib re p a p e r a r e b a s e d o n t h e lite r a t u r e , A m e ric a n p r a c tic e ,
a n d p r e lim in a r y e x p e r im e n ts . Z in c c h lo rid e s o lu tio n s f re e f ro m e v e n s m a ll
a m o u n ts o f fre e a c id s a n d ir o n s h o u ld b e u se d . T h e u s e o f c o p p e r s h o u ld b e
c o n fin e d t o e le c tr o ly tic 9 9 -9 5 % c o p p e r f o r t h e e v a p o r a tin g a p p a r a t u s a n d o th e r
e q u ip m e n t.— S. G .
Econom ics of th e Use of V arious M aterials R e sistan t to th e A ction of Z inc
Chloride Solutions in th e C onstruction of A p p aratu s for the P ro duction of
[P archm entized] Fibre. M . Y a . M a rs c h a k (Zentral. N auch.-Issledovatel. In st.
B u m a zh n o i P rom . M a teria lu i, 1935, (3 /4 ), 2 3 9 -2 5 2 ; C. A bs., 1936, 30, 732 9 ).—
[ I n R u s s ia n .] T h e e c o n o m ic d is c u s s io n is b a s e d o n t h e r e s u lts o f F l y a t e ’s
(p re c e d in g a b s t r a c t ) e x p e r im e n ta l s t u d y .— S . G .
T ea P re p a rin g M achinery. D o u g la s J a m e s D a lg a r n o (J . In s t. E n g . (In d ia ),
1936, 16, 4-3-75 ; d is c u s s io n , 7 6 -8 2 ).— T h e u s e s o f n o n - fe r r o u s m a te r ia ls in
t e a p r e p a r a t i o n a r e m e n tio n e d .— S . G .
Ceram ic M aterials a n d T heir Use in Fine M echanical W ork . P . G o erz
( M a sch in en ba u , 1936, 15, (1 5 /1 6 ), 4 4 5 -4 4 7 ).— M e ta ls c a n b e jo in e d t o c e ra m ic
b o d ie s i f t h e l a t t e r a r e f irs t c o v e re d w i t h a s ilv e r s o lu tio n a n d fire d t o p r o d u c e
a t h i n s ilv e r film , w h ic h is t h e n th ic k e n e d b y p la t i n g a n d u s e d a s a b a s is o n
w h ic h t o s o ld e r t h e m e ta l.— v . G .
M etallic H ig h -T em p e ra tu re R esistors. R . G a u th e r e t ( Electricité , 1934,
18, 1 0 7 - 1 1 3 ; G. A b s., 1936, 30, 7 0 4 5 ).— D a t a a r e g iv e n f o r t h e se le c tio n o f
r e s is to r m a te r ia ls a n d t h e d e s ig n o f t h e h e a tin g e le m e n ts . F o r g r e a te r
te m p e r a t u r e s t h a n 9 5 0 ° C . m o ly b d e n u m , t u n g s te n , o r c h r o m i u m - i r o n a lu m in iu m a llo y s a r e r e c o m m e n d e d .— S . G .
F ailu res in O verhead Lines.
(M et. I n d . (Lond.), 1936, 48, (17), 4 9 0 ).—
A b r ie f s u m m a r y o f t h e c a u s e s o f f a ilu re o f m e ta llic a e r ia l c o n d u c to r s .— P . R .
The H eavier N o n-F errous M etals in T ransportation. C. H . M a th e w so n
( M etals Technology, 1 936, 3 , (7), 9 - 2 0 ) .— A g e n e ra l re v ie w o f t h e u se s o f n o n fe rr o u s m e ta ls i n t h e t r a n s p o r t in d u s t r y w ith sp e c ia l re fe re n c e to s te a m e rs ,
b e a r in g m e ta ls , r a ilw a y lo c o m o tiv e s a n d ro llin g s to c k .— W . H .- R .
L igh t-W eight M etals in New T ran sp o rtatio n [Properties of A lum inium
an d M agnesium Alloys]. Z a y J e ff rie s (M eta ls Technology, 1936, 3, (7), 2 1 3 9 ).— T h e u s e o f li g h t a llo y s i n t h e t r a n s p o r t i n d u s t r y is d e s c rib e d w ith sp e c ia l
re fe re n c e t o m a g n e s iu m a n d a lu m in iu m a llo y s. T a b le s a r e g iv e n s u m m a r iz in g
t h e m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e r tie s o f m a n y c o m m e rc ia l a llo y s .— W . H .- R .
S tru c tu ra l Steels and L ig h t-W eig h t M etals in th e T ran sp o rta tio n In d u stry .
H o r a c e C . K n e r r (M etals Technology, 1 936, 3, (7), 6 2 - 6 5 ).— W h e r e s tr e n g t h
is r e q u ir e d , t h e p r a c tic a l v a lu e o f a “ l i g h t ” a llo y d e p e n d s o n tw o f a c to rs ,
t h e s p . g r. a n d t h e s tr e n g th . F r o m t h e s t r u c t u r a l p o in t o f v ie w , so m e o f
t h e sp e c ia l [ste e ls, p a r t ic u la r l y c h r o m e - m o ly b d e n u m s te e ls, a r e s till t h e
“ l ig h te s t ” a llo y s , sin c e t h e i r h ig h s t r e n g t h c o m p a r e d w i th t h a t o f a n
a lu m in iu m a llo y o u tw e ig h s t h e g r e a t e r d e n s ity o f t h e s te e l.— W . H .- R .
X X II.—Miscellaneous
1936
607
proposed Use of.A llo y s i
Technology, 1936, 3, (7 ), 6 6 -
n
!
f h Ä g 't Ä S s t f
b
lu m in iu m fo r t h e c o n v e n tio n a l m a te r ia ls
s u b s t i t u t i n g h ig h e la s tic s te e l a n d ^ " “ “
e s h i p s t h a t t h e s a v in g in a n n u a l
in sh ip s o f d iffe re n t classes. I t ^ o n ly m h a rg e sn p s
n
S a f e ty
J
i
S
t
i
:
S
d m i v S f r o m ^ h e u se o f lig h te r m e ta ls a r e also
^ Ä S s )
^
M e ta llu rg y
M e rrill C. H o r in e (M etals Technology, 1936 3 , (7), 8
o f sp e c ia l a llo y s i n ^ ^ ^ t m
S
S T ä
h ig h sp e e d t r a i n s is
n g t h
.
a
^
re fe re n c e t o
M g h t e m p e - t u r e s (e.? . e n g in e s
»f « • s t *
b u i l t o f D u r a l u n n n . - W . H .- R .
“
°k
” w
X X I I — M ISC ELLA N EO U S
(C o n tin u e d f ro m p . 4 8 3 .)
a ,cM 1 9 ! r i6 ma t
o Ä
M e h rte n s (Giesserei-Praxis 1 9 3 6 V , ! ’
tr a in in g o f f o u n d ry
The I n s titu te of M a te ria l R e s e a ic h
q(n ( since
(iy e £a ™
fa i
W a r .- J . H . W .
th e D .V .L .
P . B r e n n e r (Luftw issen,
a rj.
1936, 3, (3), 7 p p .) .— *3ee M e t.A b s ^ , chenficai Division "(Laboratory M) of the
Some In stallations of th e M eta
T echnische H ochschule, H annover.
In stitu t fü r anorganische Chemie of th e T e c t o i s c n ^ r i o ^ q
F r ie d r ic h W e ib k e (Ghem 1^
T h e ir in flu e n c e o n E n g in e e rin g .
R e c e n t D e v e lo p m e n ts in M e t a u r g y a n u i n
g
657_ 6 7 6 .
d
C h a r le s - E u g e n e
S c h n e id e i ( J . In s t. 0
g
()f r e c e n t d e v e lo p ( a b s tr a c t) M ech. W orld, 1936, 100, (2583), 4
)
.
^
d u c ti0n a n d
i
S
Ä
i
“ ■ä
S
Ä
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J f e i s t r s G T' E' c ‘ ’ ” -B r o , " - c * ”
ä
r % & £ ± £ £ i£ & ! 2 : v
He,.. 1»3«, 1. W. »2f95>. - & •
S
f t , JVä'cfcenwood
, 7T 3 3 5 - 3 3 9 ) —P r e s e n te d t o M e ta ls T r e a tm e n t S o ciety
Z M S S : ' “ i f r i S 'S w
¿ t h e d . » l o p » e n t Of t h e »
o f m e ta l .
b y m a n f ro m p re h isto ric to m o t o n tim e s . «
p . H o a r (MetalT re a tm e n t
' S ta tis tic a l C o rre la tio n a n *
5 * 5 »
5 5
0
d a t a . — R - GR
e
Ä
v 5 f ? H “S
Ä
d is c u s s io n o f t h e u t i l i t y
2SÄ
L * - * ~ - «*—
F e r ro u s M e tals.
M a s a h a r u G o t o (Japan N ickel
E n g lis h a n d J a p a n e s e .]
A r e v ie w .- R . G.
1
Metallurgical Abstracts
608
V o l.
3
/ v I v Wder, ^ [ aU,Un gy/ n a
i,-,a P ™
e ‘ G reS ° r y J - C o m s to c k (M etal
1 ¡ogress, 1936, 30, (1), 4 9 - 5 0 ).— T h e lim ita tio n s a n d p o ss ib ilitie s o f th e
s in te r in g of m e ta llic p o w d e rs a r e b rie fly in d ic a te d .— P . M . C. R
1 9 3 6 ' “l i T a s f J M S f “ n P rodu ction M ethods. —
(M et.' In d . (Land.),
4 9 , (18), 4 3 9 -4 4 0 ).— T h is re v ie w o f r e c e n tly d e v e lo p e d m a te r ia ls a n d
p ro c e sse s c o n ta m s a n a c c o u n t o f A s a rc o lo y , a c a d m iu m - n ic k e l b e a rin g m e ta l
c lass m i X i i ' 6R R ^
gS V f a ^ h i g h - t e n s i l e a llo y o f t h e H id u m in iu m
fo r ^ e n trifu ffa llv ^ T s f L
; o f s t a n d a r d c ° P P e r a d o y s d e v e lo p e d in G e r m a n y
l o r c e n tr n u g a lly c a s t b e a r i n g s ; o f a s u rfa c e t r e a t m e n t f o r z in c -b a se die
c a s tin g s w h ic h a r e s u b s e q u e n tly to b e e n a m e lle d o r p a i n t e d ; a n d o f lig h t
S
3
• +6^ u h ° Se ° f M o n e l m e t a l> a n d le a d - a n t im o n y lo a d in g co il ca se s f o r u s e i n te le p h o n e w o rk .— P . M . C. R .
”
( 1 7 >A lm T l K i M e‘a l ' W O rkinS P ra c tic e - ------- {Met. I n d . (L<md.), 1936, 49,
so ld e rln l
);
Is ' T ™ - ° f r6C ent m e th o d s in c lu d e s a c c o u n ts o f a silv e ro ld e rm g e q u ip m e n t, e le c tric im m e rs io n h e a te r s , a u t o m a t ic c o n v e y o r - ty p e
so ld e rin g p l a n t , a r o ta t in g - b a r r e l d e g re a s in g u n i t, a m e th o d o f l o n r to l h n *
e n s io n in c o ld -ro llm g , a n d t h e B o n d e riz in g p ro c e ss a s a p p lie d t o z in c -b a se
d ie -c a s tin g s a n d g a lv a n iz e d c o a tin g s .— P . M . C R
G3)t S |a0 2 tyi ¡ 7 ,tI le |iVIetad In+du,stA
r y- E - A - B o lto n (,/. B ’ham. M et. Soc., 1936, 16,
P n n t A I ' T i l 13 ia l A d d r e s s - S ee M e t. A b s., th is v o l., p . 48 3 — S G
(M e tl l P r m B
taU .u r Sic a l Progress. J u n i u s D . E d w a r d s
li . i
(*)> 3 4 -3 9 ).— A n a c c o u n t o f t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e
‘• T h e r e t o p r o d u o tl° ? o f a lu m in iu m is fo llo w ed b y b r ie f d e s c rip tio n s o f t h e
th e a C L Z r T a b K - P . T c a R
A lum in ium a n d B auxite.
s s i- r s i.
in C ^ i n a ^ h o r T z e 3
^
° f D u r a lu m in ’ a n d
in tr o d u c tio n o f
C. L . M a n te fl (M in era l I n d ., 1935, 44 1 3 -3 0 ) —
“ '¿ ¿ s . .
! 3
P 0 SSi \ v R a n i M atei ial io r the Produ ction of A lum inium
r S o 3 Shr J
i o , r ^ o ? e e n i W e i .( J - Chem - E n «- (C U ™)> 1936,
f ro m t h e P o S h a n h a n v 'f ’ h*
? I ® x P e n m e n ^s c a r r ie d o u t o n a lu m in a
n w li
i b a u x i t e sh o w t h a t t h e p u r i t y o f a lu m in iu m o b ta in e d is
l a b o r a t n Pe ™ ° r im
m e S a lT c a le
The
m e rc ia l sc a le . I h e
t
0fi t h e ° X ide USed’ a n d t h e m e ta l o b ta in e d in
4
^
I P " 1 6 ^ “ t h a t o b ta in e d o n a c o m ­
a lu m in iu m p r o d u c e d fro m P o - S h a n b a u x i te f o r a n
S n e r ifii6 ! - 001? “ 61,0
Sr a le W° u ld S a tisfy t h e r e q u ire m e n ts o f B r itis h S ta n d a r d
S p e c ific a tio n f o r a i r c r a f t m a te r ia l, 9 9 % a lu m in iu m n o tc h e d - b a r s a n d p ig s.
A n tim o ny
— — (M in era l I n d ., 1935, 44, 31-37).— W o r ld p r o d u c tio n
p ric e s , im p o r ts a n d e x p o r ts a r e d is c u s s e d .— S . G .
p r o d u c tio n ,
mC'
T c u (M j neral I n d -> 1935, 44, 3 8 -4 0 ).— S ta tis tic a l.— S . G
s t a tis tf c a R - S 1 G
(MineralIn d ->1935, 44, 5 4 - 5 7 ) .- M a in ly
a n d Cn r i e ^ iU m ' •
I n d ., 1935, 44, 5 8 -6 5 ).— S ta tis tic s o f p r o d u c tio n
a n d p ric e s a r e g iv e n , w it h n o te s o n m in e d e v e lo p m e n ts .— S. G.
t o b a it. L. W . D r u r y (M in era l I n d ., 1935, 44, 1 0 5 -1 1 0 ).— P ro d u c tio n
ra e a n d p ric e s a r e d e a lt w ith , w it h a b r ie f n o te o n n e w u se s o f th e m e t a l’
A bibliography is a p p e n d e d .— S . G .
m enu.
Copper. P e r c y E . B a r b o u r (M in era l I n d ., 1935, 44, 1 1 1 - 1 4 8 ) A re v ie w
n n d n n L ln
ury b
in te r n a t io n a l c o p p e r r e s tr ic tio n sc h e m e , w o rld c o p p e r
,
’ P ro d u c tio n , c o n s u m p tio n a n d s to c k s , p ric e s, a n d d e v e lo p m e n ts o f th e
p r o d u c e r s a r e d e a l t w ith
A m o n g t h e ta b le s o f s ta tis tic s , a t a b “ is g iv e n
1 9 3 5 — S mG U
se c ° n d a r y c o p p e r r e c o v e r e d in t h e U .S .A . fro m I 9 I 9 to
1 5 6 ^ 6 9 ? U rAy ° f C° Pper “ h,935' . C ^ l e R . H a y w a r d (M in era l In d ., 1935, 44,
1 5 6 -1 6 9 ). A re v ie w . D e a ls w ith p r o p e r tie s o f c o p p e r, a n d p ro g re s s in
609
X X II.—Miscellaneous
1936
sm e ltin g , fire -re fin in g , e le c tr o ly tic re fin in g , a n d p r o p e rtie s a n d m a n u f a c tu r e
° f G X a an d ys i l 7 e ï GH . N . L a w rie (M ineral In d ., 1935, 4 4, 1 8 3 - 3 0 2 ) . D e v e lo n m e n ts in m in in g , p ro d u c tio n , a n d m e ta llu r g y a r e îe v ie w e d . G ob
re se rv e s e c o n o m ics, s to c k s o f s ilv e r, a n d g o v e r n m e n t a c ts a r e d isc u sse d .
N u m e r o u s ta b le s o f s ta tis tic s a r e g iv e n . A fu ll bibliography is g iv e n , d e v o e
t o m in in g , p ro c e ss m e ta llu r g y , a n d e c o n o m ic s .-—b . G.
L e a d . A lliso n B u t t s (M in era l I n d ., 1935, 44, 3 6 1 -3 8 9 ).— A re v ie w o i
P r ° Ï Ï e t t o g 7 Oî Î ê S Î l i â / ^ C a r l e B . H a y w a r d (M ineral In d ., 1935 44,
3 9 0 -3 9 5 ).— A b r ie f re v ie w , c o v e rin g sm e ltin g , re fin in g , allo y s, a n d t h e p ro d u c
t i o n o f s o ld e r b y d ir e c t e le c tro ly sis .— S . G .
‘¡'if, 4 0 1 i — A
M a e n e site
S a m u e l H . D o lb e a r (M ineral In d ., 1935, 44, 3 9 0 -4 U IJ. a
r e v ie w
o f p r o d u c tio n f o r m a g n e s ite a n d m e ta llic m a g n e s iu m
S ta tis tic s
in c lu d e s a l e i o r u se o f n e w in g o t m e ta l a n d m a n u f a c tu r e d p r o d u c ts b y p r o d u c e r s
• TT o A
i»VIrvz-.T'+a f n r p.nnKllTTlT)tion in U .b .A . b . 'Jr.
i ï ”
S ,7 » S S «
4 0 » ,5 ,.- A
01
p r o d u c S p ric e s, im p o r ts a n d e x p o r ts , w ith a b r ie f n o te o n d e v e lo p m e n ts
i n te c h n o lo g y . S t a tis tic s a r e g iv e n . » . G .
4 .92-4251 B riefly
M o lv b d e n u m .
A la n K is s o c k (M ineral In d ., 1935, 4 4, 4 2 2 -4 2 5 ). Js n e n y
r e v ie w s
useS, m a r k e t, a n d p r o d u c tio n , w ith s ta tis tic s o f w o rld p ro d u c tio n
f r ° ' c a n a d a Î N ick el I n d u s tr y . E . A . C o llin s (Canad. Geographical J ., 1936
13
B d l . F . M . R . A . , 1936, ( 9 2 ) ) . - A p o p u la r a c c o u n o f
t h e h is to r y o f t h e in d u s tr y , p r o d u c tio n , a n d u se s o f n ic k e l, w ith e x c e lle n t
‘K J -J K r
' llU T he R esearch 'a n d D evelopm ent L aboratory oi th e Mond Nickel Company ,
L td
- (BoKiirf. Trade J ., 1 9 3 6 , 55, .(1053) 3 0 7 - 3 0 9 ; alsc i M e t. nd.
(TrwJ \ 1936 49 (17), 414^-416; M etallurgia, 1 9 3 6 ,1 5 , (85), 1 -3 , E ngineering,
1 ^ 3 6 1 4 2 (3694) 4 72—4 7 4 ; Elect. R ev., 1936, 1 1 9 , ( ^ 5 ), 5 9 1 ; M achinery
(Lond.), 1936, 4 9 , (1255), 1 4 5 - 1 4 6 ; M a chin ist (E u r. E d n .), 1936, 8 0, ( ),
" ^ N ic k e l.
T h o m as! W." G ib so n (M ineral I n d
1935, 4 4,
42^ 432
).- S o u r c e s ,
(R are M etals ),
1936 (4), 4 1 —46).— [ I n R u s s ia n .] S ta tis tic s . D . N . » .
R ho diu m and U ranium . H u g h S S p e n c e (M ineral In d ., 1935, 44, o 2 0 -
S S S Z S S ffi
“p r o d u c tio(rn ,'p rSic eos , cPo nÆ
’S S ^ S 1^! S u r ­
s u m p tio n , r e s tr ic tio n , a n d sm e ltin g , w ith s t a t n f i m s ^
T u n esten
C o lin G . F i n k (M ineral In d ., 1935, 4 4, 5 8 6 - 5 9 9 ) - D i s c u s s e s
p ro d u c tio n , w ith s ta tis tic s . D e v e lo p m e n ts in te c h n o lo g y a re n e y rev iew
{M ineral
A
“
S T
”
D. f i S S i S S j M
f S b A
198«,
« ,
'6 0 0 - 6 2 1 ) - A
g 2 7 ).— D e v e lo p m e n ts in p ro c e ss m e ta llu r g y a r e re v ie w e .
>
« 3 2 ^ 8 4 ).™ . w o f .h e
Metallurgical Abstracts
M inor M etals.
y 0l. 3
(M in era l I n d ., 1935, 44, 6 2 8 -6 4 1 ).
i m p o rts , e x p o r ts , a n d p ric e s a r e r e v i e w e d
P ro d u c tio n
S G
*
1 9 3 r 4 9 d (T f ,1'k foQ f! n 1i 0 n p errOUS M etalS ', W ' R ‘ I n 8 aUs A le i . In d . (Land.),
1M b , 4 9 , (1 7 ), 4 0 9 - 4 1 1 ).— P a p e r p r e s e n te d a t A m e ric a n M ining C o n g ress.
T l „ AVOiding 'Y a ?-te;
Y ( G iesserei-P raxis, 1936, 5 7, (3 3 /3 4 ), 3 4 3 - 3 4 5 ) —
f [ n W USeS “
d l s t " b u tl ° n ° f w a s te in t h e v a r io u s b ra n c h e s o f m e ta l m a n u S s c X d - j an H y w
r
C.
m 6anS ° f aV° M ing ° r m i,m n iz i^
th e m a r e
D /1i r S i ^ h eir n? r,i g in a n d Sources in V arious In d ustries.
S t r a t t o n (M ech. E n g ., 1935, 5 7 , (2), 9 5 -9 8 ). S. G.
R euel
To 3der D u sti0V f R CsU P ati0nal,DirSew es 0 th e r T han Those T h at a re Caused by
^
D a lla v a lle (M ech. E n g ., 1935, 5 7, (4),
2 3 (^ 2 3 4 )!— S . G
1
58elI(4)
b v th e i f S 4
P ro b Ie m s - H - H - C o u cii (M ech. E n g .,
A s u m m a r y o f r e s u lts o f in v e s tig a tio n s c a r r ie d o u t
A irtf
t h e tv o Y 'o f v i h r l t o -6 ' f ^
a T f U lt ° , t h e s t a n d a r d m e th o d o f d e te r m in in g
r r n n t iL c
V lb r a tl0 n m fo llo w e d b y a d e s c rip tio n o f fa ilu re s in c r a n k s h a f t
t h e t a s e o f b S T ’ T h Kr ° P eU er b la d f T y p ic a l cases a r e illu s t r a t e d in
m ei c a s e o i b ia d m g
The
m a g n e tic p ic k - u p ” u s e d in d e te r m in in g t h e tv n e
o se h W r J n l f
a m P ll t u d e o f v i b r a t io n s u n d e r se rv ic e c o n d itio n s is d e s c rib e d :
o s c illo g ra p h r e c o r d s a r e r e p r o d u c e d , a n d m e th o d s o f p r o te c tin g p r o p e lle rs
f ro m d a m a g e b y v i b r a t io n a r e s u g g e s te d .— P . M . C. R .
I P /g /h e J ndUCm « :e ,°£ If'°nn'C 0red C oils H a v in g a n A i r G ap. G . P . P a r tr i d g e
(P h il M a g 1 9 3 6 [ v n ], 2 2 , (148), 6 6 5 -6 7 8 ).— C u rv e s a r e g iv e n sh o w in g th e
fT r
n -C° r e d C0U W ith le n g th ° f a ir « a P ‘
s ^ ^ t o ^ i t ^ r s T w
D
A m e th o d
? to e“ ble the M ” * " “
G eneral S u m m ary of th e P la n of W o rk for 1936 in th e Physical In stitu te s
be p ,eop.l e s C om m issariat of H eavy In d u stry [U.S.S.R.]. B H o c h b e rg
(Tech. P h ysic s U .S .S .R ., 1936, 3, (3), 2 8 7 -2 9 1 ).— [ I n E n g lis h .] A n o u tl in f
is g iv e n o f t h e s u b je c ts o f in v e s tig a tio n f o r 1 9 3 6 ;
th e s e co m e u n d e r th e
c o n d u c to r s a n d
P a r t i e s ’ o f - l i d b o d ie s sem ^!
c o n d u c to r s a n d r e c tif ie r s ) ; p h o to e le c tr ic , liq u id , a n d a m o r p h o u s s t a t e s m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e r tie s o f so lid b o d ie s (in c lu d e s m e th o d s o f te s tin g ) • p h a s e
and o p ™ sa- B
. ;c
^
a n a ly s is ;
m a g n e tic p r o p e rtie s a t lo w te m p e r a tu r e s ;
X X I I I.— B IB L IO G R A P H Y
( P u b lic a tio n s m a r k e d * m a y b e c o n s u lte d in t h e L ib r a r y .)
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A fanassiew J . E
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<
«
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F ärbungen von
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’ iU U S trated-
1935‘
W ie n :
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M ^ u r ^ e n t a n d Control M e d . 8 v o . P p . 3 1 6 , w ith 104 illu s tr a tio n s !
1936. N e w Y o r k : M c G ra w H ill B o o k C o., I n c . ( $ 4 . 0 0 ) ;
M c G ra w -H ill P u b lis h m g C o ., L t d . (24s. n e t) .
London-
♦D u r h a m , U niversity of Abstracts o f Theses fo r Doctorates Presented by
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d
0'
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'
^
8“ ^
78
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die Röntgenphotographie.
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S e c o n d E d it io n
^
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^ ipZig : S' HirzeL
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C h e m ic a l R u b b e r P u b lis h in g C o. ( $ 6 .0 0 .) O b ta in a b le in E n g la n d
f ro m A . H a r v e y , 17 M a r k e t S t., L o n d o n , S . E . l , o r A . B ir d , 22 B e d fo r d
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1 9 3 6 . L o n d o n : H .M . S ta ti o n e r y O ffice. (9 d. n e t.)
[Covers : abrasives used for wheels; manufacture of abrasive wheels; prevention
of dust inhalation; with a summary of the main precautions recommended. An
appendix gives the statutory requirements applying to abrasive wheels.]
H o m e r, J . G. M echanical E n gin eering T e rm s . C o m p risin g a p p r o x im a te ly
8 0 0 0 D e fin itio n s . S ix th E d itio n , re v is e d a n d e n la rg e d b y E . H .
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C o u n trie s . S t a t is ti c a l S u m m a r y ( P r o d u c tio n , I m p o r t s a n d E x p o r ts ) ,
1 9 3 3 -1 9 3 5 . M e d . 8 v o . P p . 4 3 8 . 1936. L o n d o n : H .M . S ta tio n e r y
O ffice. (7s. 6 d. n e t.)
[Covers: abrasives, aluminium, antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium minerals,
bismuth, borates, cadmium, china clay, chrome ore and chromium, coal, coke and by­
products, cobalt, copper, diamonds, diatomaceous earth, felspar, fluorspar, Fuller’s
earth, gold, graphite, gypsum, iron and steel, lead, magnesite, manganese, mercury,
molybdenum, monazite, nickel, nitrogen compounds, petroleum and allied products,
phosphates, platinum, potash minerals, pyrites, salt, silver, strontium minerals, sulphur,
talc, tin, titanium minerals, tungsten, uranium minerals, vanadium, and zinc. A list
of statistical publications completes the volume.]
♦I n s titu te of Chem istry of G reat B rita in and Ireland. Register o f Fellows,
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W idia-H andbuch.
1936.
Landolt, H an s, u n d R ichard B örnstein.
u m g e a r b . u . v e r m . A u flag e.
B e r l i n : J u l i u s S p rin g e r.
Lessei
P p . 2 3 0 , w ith 213
Physikalische-chem ische Tabellen
E r g .- B a n d 3 ,T e i l 3 .
5.
P p . x v i + 1 8 15-3039.
(M . 188.)
W
D ie Schlauchelektrode zu r Lichtbogenschweissung von K u pfer.
’ N euartiges Verfahren zu r M etall-LiM bogenschw eism ng v m K
kupferreichen Legierungen unter Verwendung u.
'ScAfcracÄ -K upfer
elektrode. P p . i v + 57. B e r l i n : V .D .I . V e rla g . (M. 3 .80.)
♦L in c o ln E lectric Com pany.
Procedure Handbook o f A rc-W eldin g Design
an d Practice. F o u r t h E d itio n . D e m y 8 v o
Pp. xu +
¡n
9 9 0 illu s tr a tio n s . 1936. C l e v e l a n d , O . : T h e C o m p a n y (W -5 0
U .S .A ., $ 2 .0 0 else w h e re , p o s t p a i d ) ; T o r o n to : L m c o h i E le c tric Co.
C a n a d a , L t d . ; W e lw v n G a r d e n C ity , H e r t s . : L in c o ln E le c tric C o., L t .
Metallurgical Abstracts
616
V ol. 3
♦L on sd ale, K athleen. S im p lified S tru cture Factor an d Electron Density
F orm ulœ fo r the 230 Space Groups o f M athem atical Crystallography.
8 f X 11 in . P p . 181.
t h e R o y a l I n s ti tu t io n ) .
L orentz, H . A.
1936.
(10s.)
Collected P apers.
H a g u e : M a rtin u s N ijh o ff.
London :
G eo rg e B e ll a n d S o n s (fo r
V o lu m e 3. P p . v ii ■ 344. 1936.
(P I. 1 0 .0 0 ; b o u n d , F I. 1 2 .0 0 .)
The
♦L ü d e r, E .
L ô ten u n d Lote. 2. v e r b e s s e r te u n d e r w e ite r te A u flag e. H e r a u s g e g e b e n v o m A u s sc h u s s f i ir w ir ts c h a f tlic h e F e r tig u n g (A W F ) b e im
R e ic b s k u r a to r iu m f u r W ir ts c h a f tlic h k e it. 15 X 21 cm . P p . 66, w it h
33 illu s tr a tio n s . 1936. B e rlin : B e u th - V e r la g G .m .b .H . (R .M . 1 .7 5 .)
M eslier, R .
N otio ns pratiques de soudure autogène oxy-acétylèmque.
é d itio n . P p . 128. 1936. P a r is :
la s o u d u r e a u to g è n e . (6 fra n c s.)
♦M etallizatio n .
M etallization
[M im e o g ra p h e d .]
N o . 123.) P p . 3.
♦M etallizatio n .
o f Surfaces Other
F cap.
1934.
M etallization
N ouv.
Office c e n tr a l d e l ’a c é ty lè n e e t d e
Glass and
M etal.
(S cien ce L ib r a r y
B ib lio g ra p h ic a l
L o n d o n : S c ie n c e L ib r a r y .
Than
S eries
o f Surfaces Other T h a n
Glass a n d
M eta l.
[M im e o g ra p h e d .] F c a p . (S c ien ce L ib r a r y B ib lio g ra p h ic a l S e rie s N o .
2 6 2 ; S u p p le m e n t t o N o . 123.) P p . 2. 1936. L o n d o n : S cien ce L ib r a r y .
♦M iller, H . J . Copper as a M o u ld M aterial. A p p lica tio n s in the Casting o f
M etals. (C .D .A . P u b lic a tio n , N o . 2 1 .) D e m y 8 v o . P p . 15, w i th 10
illu s tr a tio n s . 1936. L o n d o n :
C o p p e r D e v e lo p m e n t A s s o c ia tio n ,
T h a m e s H o u s e , M illb a n k , S .W .l.
[Reprinted from M et. In d . (Lond .), 1936, 48, 705 ; see M et. Abs., this vol., p. 328.]
♦M ille r, H . J . H ig h -T en sile Strength Brasses or “ M anganese B ronzes .” _ A
M etallurgical Review o f T h e ir Properties and Uses. (C .D .A . P u b lic a tio n
N o . 2 4 .) D e m y 8 v o . P p . 3 4, w ith 4 illu s tr a tio n s . 1936. L o n d o n :
C o p p e r D e v e lo p m e n t A s s o c ia tio n , T h a m e s H o u s e , M illb a n k , S .W .l.
[Reprinted from M et. In d . {Lond.), 1936, 49, 201, 229 ; see M et. Abs., this vol., p. 391.]
♦M o ore, H erb ert F . Correlation Between M etallography an d M echanical
Testing. ( U n iv e r s ity o f I llin o is B u lle tin , V ol. X X X I V , N o . 3 1 .)
M e d . 8 v o . P p . 1 3 -3 5 , w it h 21 illu s tr a tio n s . 1936. U r b a n a , 111. :
E n g in e e rin g E x p e r im e n t S t a tio n , U n iv e r s ity o f Illin o is .
[Reprinted from Trans. Am er. In s t. M in . M et. Eng., 1936,120.]
(2 0 c e n ts .)
♦M o rg a n , (Sir) Gilbert T ., a n d F ra n c is H ow ard B urstall. Inorganic Chem istry.
A S u rv e y o f M odern Developments. D e m y 8 v o . P p . ix - f 462,
i llu s tr a te d .
M ostenne, A.
1936.
C a m b r id g e : W . H e ffe r a n d S o n s, L td .
Electrométdllurgie d u Cuivre.
B é ra n g e r .
P p . 3 9.
1936.
(15s. n e t .)
P a ris :
C h.
(7 fra n c s .)
♦M u re x W elding Processes, L td.
T h e S tu d y o f W elds an d W eld M etal.
(B o o k le t N o . M 3.) C r. 4 to . P p . 31, w ith 25 illu s tr a tio n s . [1 9 3 6 .]
L o n d o n : T h e C o m p a n y , F e r r y L a n e W o rk s , F o r e s t R d ., E .1 7 . (G ra tis .)
♦N io b iu m .
References to the In d u stria l A pp licatio ns o f C olum bium [N iobium ).
(S c ien ce L ib r a r y B ib lio g r a p h ic a l S eries, N o . 2 3 8 .) F c a p . [M im eo ­
g r a p h e d .] 1 p a g e . 1936. L o n d o n : S c ie n c e L ib r a r y , S o u th K e n ­
s in g to n , S .W .7 .
♦P e h rs o n , E . W ., J o h n B. U m h a u , a n d M. E . T ro ugh t.
C onsum ption o f
P rim a ry an d Secondary T i n in the U nited States in 1935. ( In f o rm a tio n
C irc u la r, D e p a r tm e n t o f t h e I n t e r i o r , B u r e a u o f M in es, N o . 6 9 3 0 .)
4 to . [M im e o g ra p h e d .] P p . 12. 1936. W a s h in g to n , D .C . : B u r e a u
o f M in es.
617
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C h a p m a n a n d H a ll, L td .
(25s. n e t.)
♦S ö c h tin e
W.
D as zeitgemässe Schweissen.
E in kurzgefasstes H andbuch.
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S .A .E . Handbook. 1936 E d itio n , ß J X
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3 Jr —
n o n -m e m b e rs , $ 5 .0 0 .)
Metallurgical A bstracts
618
V ol. 3
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n e t.)
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*Thom eycro£t, W . E.
(R b l. 1.75.)
A n tim o n y and B ism u th .
(A T e x t-B o o k o f In o rg a n ic
C h e m is try . E d it e d b y J . N e w to n F r ie n d . V o lu m e V I , P a r t V .)
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C h a rle s G riffin a n d C o ., L t d . (18s. n e t.)
T im oshenko, S., a n d G. H . M acCullough.
L o n d o n : M a c m illa n & C o., L td .
T u rn er, F rancis.
T u r n e r 's M eta l
E lem ents o f Strength o f M aterials.
(14s. n e t.)
Plate
W orkers’
W orkshop
Com panion.
S e v e n th E d itio n . L o n d o n : S h e e t M e ta l I n d u s tr ie s , 4 9 W e llin g to n S t.,
W .C .2 . (6s. 6 d., p o s t fre e .)
T ustison, F. E ., a n d R ay F. K ra n zu seh .
x ii + 176,
($ 1 .5 0 .)
i llu s tr a te d .
1936.
M etalw ork E ssentials.
N ew
Y o rk :
B ru ce
8vo.
P u b lis h in g
Pp.
C o.
*U.S. D e p artm en t oi C om m erce, N ational B u re au of Standards. X - R a y
Protection. ( N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f S ta n d a r d s H a n d b o o k , H B 2 0 .) C r.
8 v o . P p . 2 8 , w i th 3 p la te s . 1936.
t e n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts . (5 c e n ts .)
W a s h in g to n , D . C . :
S u p e r in ­
*W egel, R. L., a n d H . W alth er. In tern a l D issip ation in S o lid s fo r S m a ll
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M e ta llu rg y , M o n o g ra p h B - 8 6 4 .) M ed 8 v o . P p . 17, w ith 9 il lu s tr a ­
tio n s . 1936. N e w Y o r k : B e ll T e le p h o n e L a b o r a to r ie s , I n c ., 463
W e s t S t.
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W elding M aterials. [ I n R u s s ia n .] P p . 323. 1936. M oscow a n d
L e n in g r a d : O n ti.
*W endt, R . E .
( R b l. 4.)
F o u n d ry W ork.
A T e x t o n M o u ld in g , D r y - S a n d C o re m a k in g ,
M e ltin g a n d M ix in g o f M e ta ls a n d P ro b le m s in F o u n d r y M a n a g e m e n t.
T h ir d E d itio n . D e m y 8 v o . P p . x ii + 2 4 0 , w ith 2 0 8 illu s tr a tio n s . 1936.
N e w Y o rk . M c G ra w -H ill B o o k C o., I n c . ( $ 2 .0 0 ) ; L o n d o n : M cG raw H ill P u b lis h in g C o., L td . (1 2 s.).
W itm an , F. F ., L. I. K u k a n o w , P. S. Ssacharow , N. A. Schaposchnikow , u n d
J e . M. Schew andin. L eitfad en f ü r Laboratoriumsarbeiten f ü r die M eta ll­
p rü fun g .
[ I n R u s s ia n .]
P p . iii + 205.
1 936.
L e n in g r a d a n d
M o sco w : O n ti.
( R b l. 2 .2 5 .)
X X IV .— B O O K R E V IE W S
( C o n tin u e d f ro m p p . 485—186.)
E n gineerin g Alloys.
Nam es— P rop erties— Uses.
B y N o r m a n E . W o ld m a n
a n d A lb e r t J . D o r n b l a t t. M e d . 8 v o . P p . x v - f 6 2 2 . 1936. C le v e la n d ,
O . : A m e r ic a n S o c ie ty f o r M e ta ls , 7 0 1 6 E u c lid A v e . ($ 1 0 .0 0 .)
In the opinion of the authors there has been a great demand for a practical and technical
reference book on engineering alloys, and they have undertaken the formidable task of collecting
all available data on the composition, properties, uses, and manufacturers of over 8200 ferrous
and non-ferrous alloys. All the information is cross-indexed in such a way th a t knowing only
1936
X X IV .—Book Reviews
619
the name of an alloy, or the name of a manufacturer, or the application and uses of an alloy
the remainder of the facts can he readily traced.
T h e first section lists the alloy names in alphabetical order with corresponding serial numbers.
The second section lists the alloys in these consecutive serial numbers and gives trade names,
composition (where known), properties, uses, and key numbers indicating the manufacturer and
source from which data were obtained. The third section classifies the alloys represented by
their serial numbers according to special characteristics and typical uses. In further sections
the manufacturers are listed in alphabetical order, and again in numerical order of the key
numbers of Section 2.
Information was supplied direct by about 650 manufacturers and obtained from about
100 other listed sources of reference. The final section consists of three Appendices; (1) a
classification of the ferrous corrosion- and heat-resistant alloys according to composition;
(2) terms of metallurgical interest; and (3) useful tables and information.
j
The authors point out th a t blank spaces appear in the tex t because of the manufacturers
feeling th at certain information is either confidential or of no practical interest, and it is em­
phasized th a t the reader requiring more specific information as to properties, composition, or
uses should communicate direct with the manufacturer.
The greatest credit is due to the authors for the thoroughness and care devoted to the
presentation of all these facts, and the book should prove invaluable as a standard work of refer­
ence to metallurgists and engineers. In the majority of cases, actual compositions are quoted,
but where these are omitted the remaining values are generally sufficient to indicate the general
properties of the alloys. The range is very extensive, covering the products of most of the
im portant manufacturers in Europe and the United States, b ut one cannot help feeling there
are too many alloys. A careful study of the book shows th a t many alloys of similar com­
position appear under a wide variety of trade n a m e s , a n d this book represents the most ambitious
attem pt made up to the present to collate these alloys.—J . E. N e w s o n .
Corrosion-R esistance of M etals and Alloys.
B y R o b e rt J . M c K ay a n d R o b e rt
W o r th in g to n . (A m e ric a n C h e m ic a l S o c ie ty M o n o g ra p h S eries.) M ed. 8vo.
P p . 4 9 2 , w ith 6 6 illu s tr a tio n s . 1936. N e w Y o r k : R e in h o ld P u b lis h in g
C o rp n . ( $ 7 .0 0 ) ; L o n d o n : C h a p m a n a n d H a ll, L td . (35s. n e t) .
This worthy addition to the distinguished series of monographs published by the American
Chemical Society classifies the phenomena of corrosion under five headings : (1) The properties
of the media causing corrosion; (2) the form of corrosion; (3) factors affecting corrosion rate,
(4) the properties of metals affecting their corrosion; and (5) the specific corrosion-resistance of
metals and alloys to different media. P art 1, the first fifth of the book, deals with considera­
tions (1) to (4), and the remainder, P art 2, is devoted to (5). In this latter section, the corro­
sion-resistance of the following materials is reviewed; magnesium and its alloys, aluminium and
its alloys, zinc and zinc coatings, cadmium plate, tin and tinplate, lead, iron and steel, molyb­
denum alloys, chromi um alloys, chromium plate, nickel-iron alloys, nickel, nickel-copper alloys,
copper, brass, bronze, and nickel silver.
I t will be realized th at P art 1 is too short to be satisfactory as a review of corrosion theory.
Too drastic condensation of this section detracts from the merits of the work as a text-book;
it is, however, an adequate introduction to P art 2, in which lies the main value of the book.
Here are collected the known facts of corrosion in a concise and accessible form which wul be
welcomed by all whose task it is to choose “ the right alloy in the right place.” Not only have
the authors scoured the literature for data concerning the materials mentioned above, but they
have also converted all the figures to a common unit—mg./dm .2 per day loss in weight-—thus
making it an easy m atter to compare directly the results of different workers. In a task of such
magnitude, it is only to be expected th a t some small omissions can be found the M.B.V.
process for the protection of aluminium (as distinct from its use to provide a “ key ” for paint)
and the selenium process for magnesium are not mentioned—but their number is certainly
small. The chapter on chromium alloys describes the foibles of the protective film more clearly
than we have seen done elsewhere and sheds a vivid light on the difficulty of forecasting service
behaviour from small-scale tests.
. . .
A comprehensive bibliography is given a t the end of each chapter and the indexing is good.
Every technologist who has to consider the problem of corrosion should have such classical
works as “ Evans ” and “ Speller ” on his bookshelf. He will keep “ McKay and W orthington
on his desk.—H. W. G. H i g n e t t .
T h e T echnology of A lum inium an d Its L ight Alloys.
B y A lfre d v . Z eerle d er.
T r a n s la te d fro m t h e S e c o n d G e r m a n E d it i o n b y A . J . F ie ld . R o y . 8vo.
P p . v i + 30 1 , w ith 219 illu s tr a tio n s . 1936. A m s t e r d a m : N o rd e m a n n
P u b lis h in g C o . ; L o n d o n : C ro sb y L o c k w o o d & S o n , L td . (215. n e t.)
The usefulness of Dr. von Zeerleder’s book can be gauged from the fact th at a second
German edition was called for in little more than a year after publication, and thus an English
620
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol. 3
translation will be widely welcomed. The German editions have already been favourably
comment.
<1934’ 2 8 2 a" d 1935, 2’ 493) and the ™bJect-matter needs no further
Mr. Field has attem pted to make a translation which is equally acceptable to English and
s a v f n e ™ , readers’ aDd 9° t o as English readers are concerned We have no hesitetion in
sajm g th a t he has succeeded. He has accomplished the difficult task of making an accurate
"• “
*
™ » “
D as A ntim on, G esehichte, G ew innung und V erw endung des A ntim on s in
In d u strie u n d H eilw esen sowie seine G iftw irkung. V o n J o a e h im H a b e c k .
10 X ( R M m2 4 0 )P ’ 5 5 ‘
1936‘
B e rlin :
R ic h a r d S c h o e tz , W ilh e lm s tra s s e
a b? ef acc° u n t »1'th e history, occurrence, metallurgy, and properties of antimony,
s n e lL f ?
a? g*oen
Pr°Perties and U3es ° i the most im portant compounds with
med- !i a T 100 ? thnse, ’
111 medicine. The remainder of the book deals entirely with
medical and forensic aspects and includes interesting accounts of the use of antimony compounds
trn n w iT ’
“ “ ¡i " ^ . T 0 ,:0,1 c o m p l e x o r g a n i c a n t i m o n y c o m p o u n d s i n t h e t r e a t m e n t o f
m e th o d s o f d e te c tin g a n tim o n y in o r g a n s in ca se s o f s u s p e c te d a n tim o n ia l
p u i s u n m g .— A . ±v. r O W E H .
K orrosion M etallischer W erkstoffe. H e r a u s g e g e b e n v o n 0 . B a u e r
O . K io h n k e , u n d G. M a sin g . B a n d I .— Die K orrosio n des E isens u n d seiner
L egierungen.
V o n G . M a sin g , E . H . S c h u lz , C. C a riu s, K . D a e v e s , E
H o u d r e m o n t, u n d H . S c h o ttk y . 7 X 10 in . P p . x x iii + 5 6 0 , w ith 219
r?
o a \ ° nS'
Jti.lVl. o y .j
193<5'
■L elP ziS :
S - H irz e l.
(G e h .,
R .M .
3 7 .5 0 ;
g e b .,
The scientific and technical literature dealing with all the diverse aspects of the corrosion of
metals is so extensive and so widely scattered th a t it has become exceedingly difflcult to follow
the development of the subject as a whole. In the present treatise, which will eventually
SI volumes, the general editors and their team of expert collaborators have set
themselves the stupendous task of gathering together all the essential facts into an ordered
system and of interpreting them so far as possible in terms of clearly defined principles. So far
they have achieved considerable success, and if the standard of this first volume is maintained
the complete work should be of immense value to everyone who is concerned with any aspect
of corrosion, whether from the theoretical point of view or in relation to technical problems of
corrosion prevention.
.
f lr 9 t * 2 6 P a g e s c o n t a i n a n i n f o r m a t i v e s u r v e y o f t h e p h y s ic o - c h e m i c a l p r i n c i p l e s g o v e m m + L ii'0 d ? rro .SM™ o f m e t a l s b y e l e c t r o l y t e s o lu t i o n s a n d b y g a s e s , a n d t h u s a f f o r d a g e n e r a l
i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e w h o le t r e a t i s e . T h e e le c t r o c h e m ic a l t h e o r y is c le a r ly s e t o u t a n d i t s a p p l i c a ­
t io n u n d e r v a rio u s c o n d itio n s i n d ic a te d ; e x p e rim e n ta l m e th o d s o f in v e s tig a tio n a re o u tlin e d
a n d t h e m a m c o n c lu s io n s c o r r e l a t e d .
The remainder of this volume is devoted to the corrosion of iron and steel, including stainless
steel and other alloys. The general principles set forth in the previous section are extended to
m
f spe. f to tu re s of the corrosion of ferrous materials. Technical aspects are considered
m detail, and separate chapters are devoted to the corrosion of iron and steel as an industrial
problem, the effects of special corrosive agents, and the relation between mechanical strain and
corrosion.
„ 1,J he bT k 1SvTeU i!I\ 8i rated witb numerous diagrams, especially graphs, and a number of
photographs. Many tables of data are included, and full reference is made to the original
corrosion—H J 't^ E liin g h a m 11
contributed to the investigation of the problems of
P hysical Constants o i P u re M etals.
8vo.
P p . 27.
1936.
N a tio n a l P h y s ic a l L a b o r a to r y .
L o n d o n : H .M . S ta tio n e r y O ffice. (6 d.)
M ed.
T h i s p a m p h l e t c o n t a i n s a v a l u a b l e c o ll e c ti o n o f d a t a o n t h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f p u r e
m e ta ls , m o s tly d e te r m in e d w ith in r e c e n t y e a rs a t t h e N a tio n a l P h y s ic a l L a b o r a to r y
In fo rm a ­
t io n g iv e n in c lu d e s m e ltin g p o in ts , c ritic a l p o in ts , d e n s ity , e le c tric a l r e s is tiv ity , s u rfa c e te n s io n
o f m o l t e n m e t a l s , l a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r s , l a t e n t h e a t s o f f u s io n , s p e c ific h e a t s , t h e r m a l c o n d u c ­
t i v i t i e s , a n d c o e ff ic ie n ts o f e x p a n s i o n a t v a r i o u s t e m p e r a t u r e s . N o m e t a l l u r g i s t c a n a f f o r d t o
d o w ith o u t th is h a n d y re fe re n c e b o o k .— A . I t . P o w e l l .
1936
X X IV .—Book Reviews
621
P rogrès dans la T echnique de la M étallographie m icroscopique.
P a r R . C a stro .
( A c tu a lité s s c ie n tifiq u e s e t In d u s tr ie lle s , 301. E x p o s é s p u b lié s so u s la
d ir e c tio n d ’A lb e r t P o ite v in .) 16 X 25 cm . P p . 56, w ith 14 illu s tr a tio n s .
1935. P a r is : H e r m a n n e t C ie, 6 R u e d e la S o rb o n n e . (12 fra n c s.)
T h i s b o o k l e t is a v e r y c o m p a c t r e v i e w o f m e t a ll u r g ic a l m ic r o s c o p y . T h e e s s e n t ia l f u n d a ­
m e n t a l i n f o r m a t i o n is g i v e n w i t h o u t u n n e c e s s a r y d e t a i l . T h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e s p e c i m e n f o r
m ic r o s c o p i c e x a m i n a t i o n a n d p h o t o g r a p h y is t h o r o u g h l y d e a l t w i t h i n a b o u t 7 p a g e s , t h e r e a d e r
b e i n g r e f e r r e d t o o t h e r w o r k s f o r d e t a i l s o f s o m e o f t h e n e w e r m e t h o d s . T h e m ic r o s c o p e i ts e lf
i s t h e n c o n s id e r e d u n d e r t w o h e a d in g s , t h e o p t i c a l s y s te m a n d t h e m e c h a n i c a l s y s te m , a n d t h e
b o o k e n d s w i t h a c h a p t e r o n t h e f u t u r e i n w h i c h s u c h t h i n g s a s c in e p h o t o m i c r o g r a p h y , p h o t o ­
m i c r o g r a p h y i n t h r e e d i m e n s io n s , a n d t h e e l e c t r o n m ic r o s c o p e a r e d is c u s s e d .
T w o w o r d s , n e w t o t h e r e v i e w e r , m a y a ls o b e o f i n t e r e s t t o r e a d e r s . T h e f ir s t is “ u n
g l a z e b r o o k ” f o r a p o l a r i z i n g n i c o l p r is m ; t h e o t h e r is t h e p h r a s e “ a u m o y e n d e b o w d e n s ” —■
b y m e a n s o f B o w d e n c a b le s .-— J . L . H a u g h t o n .
A tlas M etallographicus.
V o n H . H a n e m a n n u n d A . S c h ra d e r. B a n d I I .
L ie fe ru n g 1 : T a fe l 1 -8 ; L ie fe ru n g 2 : T a fe l 9 - 1 6 ; L ie fe ru n g 3 : T a fe l
1 7 -2 4 ; L ie fe ru n g 4 : T a fe l 2 5 -3 2 . 1936. B e rlin : G e b r ü d e r B o m tr a e g e r . (R .M . 30.)
T h e f o u r p a r t s w i t h w h i c h v o l u m e 2 o f t h e “ A t l a s ” b e g in s d e a l w i t h g r e y c a s t i r o n . I n a
3 2 p p . i n t r o d u c t i o n , t h e e q u il i b r i u m d i a g r a m s o f t h e F e - C - S i , F e - C - P , a n d F e - M n - F e S - M n S
s y s te m s a re d e s c rib e d a n d th e ir e ffe c t o n t h e p ro p e rtie s a n d c o n s titu tio n o f c a s t iro n a re d is ­
c u s s e d . T h e m e t h o d a d o p t e d f o r p r e p a r i n g c y li n d r ic a l c a s t i n g s o f d i f f e r e n t d i a m e te r s , p o lis h in g
a n d e t c h i n g t h e s p e c im e n s , a n d t h e v a r i o u s s t r u c t u r a l c o n s t i t u e n t s t o b e s o u g h t a r e a ls o d e ­
s c rib e d . A lth o u g h t h e 229 p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s illu s tr a te s tr u c tu r e s r e la tin g t o c a s t iro n of
i n t e r e s t p r i m a r i l y t o m e t a l l u r g i s t s i n i r o n a n d s te e l , e v e n t h e p u r e l y n o n - f e r r o u s m e t a l l u r g i s t
c a n f in d f a c t s a n d i te m s o f i n t e r e s t a n d i n s t r u c t i o n , a s , f o r i n s t a n c e , t h e e f f e c t o f in s u f f ic ie n t
p o l is h i n g a n d e tc h i n g o n t h e s t r u c t u r e r e v e a l e d , s h o w n i n P l a t e I .
T h e h i g h s t a n d a r d o f p r o d u c t i o n t h a t t h e a u t h o r s h a v e s e t i n p r e p a r i n g t h i s “ A t l a s ” is
f u ll y m a i n t a i n e d i n t h e p a r t s u n d e r r e v i e w .— J . H . W a t s o n .
T he T heory of the Properties of M etals a n d Alloys.
B y N . F . M o tt a n d H .
J o n e s . (T h e I n t e r n a t io n a l S e rie s o f M o n o g ra p h s o n P h y sio s . G e n e ra l
E d ito r s : R . H . F o w le r a n d P . K a p itz a .) 8 v o . P p . x iii + 3 2 6 , w i th 108
i llu s tr a tio n s . 1936. O x fo rd : a t t h e C la re n d o n P re s s . (25s. n e t.)
S in c e t h e f o r m u l a t i o n o f t h e F e r m i - D i r a c s t a t i s t i c s i n 1 9 2 6 , t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f q u a n t u m
m e c h a n i c s t o t h e g e n e r a l t h e o r y o f t h e m e t a ll i c s t a t e h a s p r o c e e d e d r a p i d l y a n d a lt h o u g h o f s u c h
r e c e n t o r ig i n h a s m e t w i t h c o n s id e r a b le s u c c e s s . T h e a u t h o r s h a v e m a d e o u t s t a n d i n g c o n t r i ­
b u t i o n s t o t h i s b r a n c h o f p h y s ic s a n d t h e i r b o o k f o r m s a f ir s t- c la s s s u m m a r y o f o u r p r e s e n t
k n o w l e d g e o f c e r t a i n a s p e c t s o f t h e w a v e t h e o r y o f m e t a ls .
T h e m a i n p r o b le m o f t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l t r e a t m e n t o f t h e b e h a v i o u r o f e le c t r o n s i n t h e
c r y s t a l l a t t i c e is c o n s id e r e d a n d t h e v a r i o u s a p p r o x i m a t e s o lu t i o n s a r e o b t a i n e d . T h e s e a r e
t h e n u s e d t o d e v e lo p t h e o r i e s o f o p t i c a l p r o p e r t i e s , c o h e s io n , c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e , m a g n e t ic a n d
e le c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s . T h e v a r i o u s t h e o r e t i c a l r e s u l t s a r e c o m p a r e d w i t h e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l ts
w h e r e v e r p o s s ib le a n d t h e a g r e e m e n t d is c u s s e d . T h e p e c u li a r i ti e s o f c e r t a i n m e t a ls s u c h a s , f o r
e x a m p l e , b i s m u t h a r e e x p la i n e d i n t e r m s o f t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l a t o m i c s t r u c t u r e .
P e r h a p s t h e m o s t re m a rk a b le a c h ie v e m e n t o f q u a n tu m m e c h a n ic s h a s b e e n t o p ro v id e a
t h e o r e t i c a l b a s is f o r t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f d i f f e r e n t e l e c t r o n - a t o m r a t i o s c o r r e s p o n d in g t o c e r t a i n
d e f i n i te p h a s e s i n a l l o y s y s te m s . T h i s s u b j e c t , w h i c h is o f g r e a t i n t e r e s t t o m e t a ll u r g is t s , is
f u ll y e x a m i n e d i n t h e c h a p t e r o n “ T h e C r y s t a l S t r u c t u r e o f M e ta ls a n d A l l o y s .”
T h e b o o k is i n t e n d e d p r i m a r i l y f o r t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l p h y s ic i s t, c o n s e q u e n t ly t h e m e t a ll u r g is t
w ill f in d i t d iff ic u lt t o f o llo w u n l e s s h i s m a t h e m a t i c a l t e c h n i q u e is w e ll a b o v e t h e a v e r a g e .
— C. Sy k es.
A n In tro d u ctio n to Physical M etallurgy.
B y L e la n d R u s s e ll v a n W e r t. M ed.
8 v o . P p . x i - f 2 72, w ith 177 illu s tr a tio n s . 1936. N e w Y o rk : M cG raw H ill B o o k C o ., I n c . ( |3 . 0 0 ) ; L o n d o n : M c G ra w -H ill P u b lis h in g C o., L td .
(18s. n e t) .
T h e re a re a lr e a d y s e v e ra l g o o d “ I n tr o d u c tio n s ” t o p h y s ic a l m e ta llu rg y , a n d in a n e w b o o k
o f t h i s k i n d w e m a y r e a s o n a b l y e x p e c t a c c u r a c y a n d c le a r n e s s , t o g e t h e r w i t h a r e lia b le a c c o u n t
o f t h e i d e a s u n d e r l y i n g m o d e r n v ie w s o n a ll o y s t r u c t u r e s . W e h a v e r e a d t h i s b o o k w i t h e v e r y
s y m p a t h y f o r t h e a t t e m p t t o i n c l u d e n e w d e v e lo p m e n ts o f t h e s u b j e c t , a n d i t is t h e r e f o r e w i t h
r e g r e t t h a t w e m u s t r e p o r t t h a t t h e r e a d e r w ill o b t a i n b e t t e r v a l u e e ls e w h e r e . I n so f a r a s t h e
622
Metallurgical Abstracts
V ol . 3
b o o k d e a ls w i t h t h e o l d e r b r a n c h e s o f t h e s u b j e c t , s u c h a s t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f e q u il i b r i u m
d i a g r a m s , t h e d e s c r i p t i o n is a d e q u a t e , b u t t h e s e c t i o n s d e a li n g w i t h m o r e r e c e n t d e v e lo p m e n ts
a r e o f t e n v e r y i n f e r io r . W e h a v e n o t e d m o r e t h a n 4 0 m i s t a k e s i n o n e r e a d i n g o f t h e b o o k a n d
so m e o f th e s e a re o f s u c h a n e le m e n ta r y c h a r a c te r t h a t e ith e r t h e s u b je c t- m a tte r h a s n o t b e e n
u n d e r s t o o d , o r t h e r e h a s b e e n g r e a t c a r e le s s n e s s i n c o r r e c t i n g t h e p r o o f s .— W . H u m e - R o t h e r y .
H ilfsbuch fü r die p ra k tisc h e W erkstoffabnahm e in der M etallindustrie.
V on
' ;.,o am T>r0 iV Und, A;. H ei r ' 17 X 25 c m - P P - + 8 0 , w ith 38 illu s tr a tio n s .
1936. B e rlin : J u l i u s S p rin g e r. (R .M . 9 .6 0 .)
T h is l i t t l e b o o k is a m a n u a l f o r t h e t e s t r o o m a n d i n s p e c t i o n d e p a r t m e n t s , c o m p i l e d b y t w o
t e c h n o l o g is t s o f a m e t a l f ir m . N i n e p a g e s a r e d e v o t e d t o t h e m a r k i n g o u t a n d h a n d l i n g o f
t e n s i le t e s t - p i e c e s a c c o r d i n g t o G e r m a n s t a n d a r d s , t o g e t h e r w i t h p a r t i c u l a r s o f u s e f u l c a l c u l a t i n g
d o d g e s w i t h t h e s lid e r u l e . M e th o d s o f h a r d n e s s t e s t i n g a r e s u m m a r i z e d i n 5 p a g e s , w h i l s t
b e n c ü n g a n d i m p a c t t e s t s , a n d w e l d t e s t s , r e c e i v e t w o p a g e s e a c h . T h e n f o llo w 4 2 t a b l e s In
m e t r ic u n i t s f o r c a l c u l a t i n g s t r e s s , e l o n g a t i o n , r e d u c t i o n o f a r e a , & c., f r o m t h e d im e n s io n s o f
t e s t - p i e c e s o f v a r i o u s s iz e s . B e n d a n d h a r d n e s s t a b l e s a r e i n c l u d e d , t o g e t h e r w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e
c o n v e r s io n s f o r r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e v a r i o u s d i f f e r e n t h a r d n e s s t e s t s . T h e b o o k c o n c lu d e s
w ith a few p h y s ic a l c o n s ta n ts a n d E n g lis h -m e tric c o n v e rs io n f a c to rs .
A b s o l u te a c c u r a c y is e s s e n t ia l i n s u c h a m a n u a l , a n d i t is , t h e r e f o r e , a p i t y t h a t a m i s p r i n t
o n p . 7 9 r e p o r t s t h a t o n e E n g l i s h t o n = 3 2 4 0 l b . — H u g h O ’N e i l l .
Einfluss des S pannungzustandes a u f das F orm änderung sv erm ögen der m e ta l­
lischen W erkstoffe. V o n A lb e r t F . M a ie r. (M itte ilu n g e n a u s d e r M a te r ia l­
p r ü f u n g s a n s t a l t a n d e r T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le , S t u t t g a r t .) D e m y 8 v o
P p . i v - f - 4 7 + 11 ta b le s . 1935. B e r l i n : V .D .I .-V e rla g , G .m .b .H
(B r
R .M . 5 ; V .D .I .-M itg l., R .M . 4 .5 0 .)
T h is b o o k is i n t h e n a t u r e o f a r e c o r d o f a n e x te n s i v e r e s e a r c h . T h e a u t h o r e x a m i n e s t h e
b e h a v i o u r o f s te e l , c a s t i r o n , a n d b r o n z e t e s t - p i e c e s w h e n s u b j e c t e d t o t h e s i m u l t a n e o u s a c t i o n
o f t w o a p p l i e d l o a d s . T u b u l a r t e s t - p i e c e s a r e s u b j e c t e d t o i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e a n d t o s im u l ­
ta n e o u s lo n g itu d in a l te n s ile s tre s s , a n d t o s im u lta n e o u s in te r n a l p re s s u re a n d lo n g itu d in a l
c o m p r e s s iv e s t r e s s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s , flo w c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , a n d f r a c t u r e
a r e c o m p a r e d t o t h o s e o f s im i la r t e s t - p i e c e s s u b j e c t e d t o n o r m a l t e n s i le o r c o m p r e s s i v e s tr e s s e s .
S i m i la r l y , c y l i n d r i c a l b o d i e s a r e s u b j e c t e d t o u n i f o r m r a d i a l c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e s s e s a n d s im u l ­
t a n e o u s l o n g i t u d i n a l t e n s i le o r c o m p r e s s i v e s tr e s s e s .
T h e l a t t e r p o r t i o n o f t h e b o o k is d e v o t e d t o f a t i g u e t e s t s o n m il d s te e l a n d c a s t - i r o n t u b u l a r
t e s t - p i e c e s s u b j e c t e d a t t h e s a m e t i m e t o i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e o r t o l o n g i t u d i n a l t e n s i le s t r e s s . A
u s e f u l t a b u l a r s u m m a r y o f m e c h a n i c a l t e s t s r e s u l t s is a p p e n d e d .
T h e p h o t o g r a p h s o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f r a c t u r e s a r e w e ll r e p r o d u c e d . T h e l e t t e r p r e s s a p p e a r s t o
b e p h o t o g r a p h e d f r o m t y p e s c r i p t a n d s o m e m a y f in d i t t r y i n g t o r e a d . — W . D . J o n e s .
La M etallurgie en Belgique e t a u Congo Beige.
H istorique— Situation actuelle.
P a r E u g e n e P r o s t . C r. 8 v o . P p . 3 4 0 , w ith 21 fig u re s a n d 2 m a p s .
P a r is : D u n o d . (4 0 .6 0 fra n c s .)
1936.
T h is b o o k g iv e s a n h i s t o r i c a l s u r v e y o f t h e g r o w t h o f t h e B e l g ia n m e t a l l u r g i c a l i n d u s t r i e s
a n d a d e s c r i p t i o n o f p r e s e n t - d a y p r a c t i c e . S in c e t h e i r o n a n d z in c i n d u s t r i e s a r e b y f a r t h e
m o s t i m p o r t a n t t o B e l g iu m , i t i s o n l y n a t u r a l t h a t t h e g r e a t e r p a r t o f t h e b o o k (2 5 0 p p .) is
d e v o t e d t o t h e m ; l e a d a n d s il v e r a r e d i s m i s s e d i n 2 0 p a g e s , a n d c a d m i u m , c o p p e r , n ic k e l, a n d
a n t i m o n y h a v e o n l y 1 0 p a g e s b e t w e e n t h e m . A l a r g e p a r t o f t h e z in c s e c t i o n d e a ls w i t h t h e
V i e il l e - M o n ta i g n e p r a c t i c e , w h i c h is d e s c r i b e d i n f a i r d e t a i l w i t h p l a n s a n d i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f t h e
v a r i o u s t y p e s o f f u r n a c e s u s e d . M o d e r n p r a c t i c e i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f e le c t r o l y ti c z in c a n d
t h e c o n ti n u o u s r e t o r t - f r a c t i o n a l d i s t i l l a t i o n p r o c e s s o f t h e N e w J e r s e y Z in c C o m p a n y a r e o n ly
b r ie f ly a n d v e r y i n c o m p l e t e ly d e s c r i b e d . T h e s e c t i o n c lo s e s w i t h s t a t i s t i c s o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d
c o n s u m p t io n i n t h e p r i n c i p a l c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d . T h e l a s t 5 3 p a g e s o f t h e b o o k c o n t a i n a
r e l a ti v e ly b r ie f a c c o u n t o f t h e o r e d e p o s it s o f t h e B e l g ia n C o n g o a n d o f t h e m e t h o d s u s e d i n
r e c o v e r in g t h e r e f r o m c o p p e r , c o b a l t , t i n , g o l d , a n d r a d i u m , b u t t h e m e t a l l u r g i c a l s id e is d e a l t
v i it h i n q u i t e a s u p e r f ic i a l m a n n e r . — A . R . P o w e l l .
D echem a W erkstoffblätter, K u rz refe ra te ü b e r W erkstoff-F ragen in der
Chem ischen T echnik a u s dem S ch rifttu m des I n - u n d A uslandes. B e a r b e ite t
v o n E . R a b a ld . 2 3 X 3 0 c m . P p . v iii + 105. 1935. B e r l i n :
C h em ie, G .m .b .H . (R .M . 1 0 .0 0 ; A u s l. P r e is ., R .M . 7 .5 0 .)
V e rla g
T h i s is a b o u n d v o l u m e o f t h e a b s t r a c t s e c t i o n o f “ D i e C h e m is c h e F a b r i k , ” a n d c o n t a i n s a
c la s s if ie d c o ll e c ti o n o f a b s t r a c t s u s u a l l y v e r y b r i e f o f t h e w o r l d ’s l i t e r a t u r e f o r 1 9 3 5 i n s o f a r a s
X X IV .—Book Reviews
1936
623
i t r e l a t e s t o t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f m e t a l s a n d a llo y s , c o r r o s io n p r o b le m s , p h y s ic a l t e s t i n g , n o n - m e ta llic
c o n s t r u c t i o n a l m a t e r i a l s a n d n o n - m e t a l l ic p r o t e c t i v e c o a t i n g s a n d c e m e n t s f o r u s e i n c h e m ic a l
w o r k s . I t s m a i n p u r p o s e is t o d i r e c t t h e w o r k s ’ c h e m i s t t o t h e c u r r e n t l i t e r a t u r e o f t h e s u b je c t
in w h i c h h e is i n t e r e s t e d a n d , t a k e n a s a w h o le , i t s e e m s t o fu lfil t h i s p u r p o s e s a t i s f a c to r i ly .
— A . R . POWELL.
75
J a h re
V erein
D eutscher
P p . 2 0 0 , i llu s tr a te d .
1935.
E isenh üttenleute 1860-1935. 21 x 30
D ü s s e l d o r f : V e rla g S ta h le is e n m .b .H .
cm .
T h i s h a n d s o m e v o l u m e h a s b e e n p r e p a r e d t o c e le b r a te t h e 7 5 t h a n n i v e r s a r y o f t h e f o u n d a t i o n
o f th e G e rm a n e q u iv a le n t o f o u r I r o n a n d S te e l I n s t i tu t e . I t c o n ta in s a n a c c o u n t of th e g ro w th
o f t h e S o c i e t y a n d t h e e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y g r e a t d e v e lo p m e n ts w h i c h h a v e t a k e n p la c e i n t h e
m e t a l l u r g y o f i r o n a n d s te e l a n d i n m e t h o d s o f c o n t r o l a n d t e s t i n g . B r i e f b i o g r a p h i e s o f a ll t h e
m o s t i m p o r t a n t G e r m a n s t e e l m e t a l l u r g i s t s a n d i r o n m a s t e r s a r e a ls o in c l u d e d , a s w e ll a s
n u m e r o u s p h o t o g r a p h s s h o w i n g t h e g r o w t h w h i c h h a s t a k e n p l a c e i n s o m e i m p o r t a n t s te e l­
w o r k s . A b i b l i o g r a p h y o f o v e r 6 0 0 r e f e r e n c e s , c h ie f ly t o a r t i c l e s i n S tahl u n d E ise n is a p p e n d e d .
T h e b o o k w ill r e p a y s t u d y b y a ll w h o a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e h i s t o r y a n d p r o g r e s s o f t h e i r o n
a n d s te e l i n d u s t r y . — A . R . P o w e l l .
C um ulative Index of M etallurgical A bstracts Published in Vols. n i- V of M e ta ls
a n d A llo y s , J a n u a ry 1932-D ecem ber 1934. P p . v + 2 7 2 . 1935. N ew
Y o r k : R e in h o ld P u b lis h in g C o m p a n y .
($ 1 0 .0 0 .)
S u b s c r i b e r s t o t h e A m e r i c a n p e r i o d i c a l M eta ls a n d A llo y s w ill w e lc o m e t h i s g e n e r a l i n d e x t o
t h e c o n t e n t s o f t h e t h r e e v o l u m e s is s u e d i n t h e y e a r s 1 9 3 2 - 1 9 3 4 . M eta ls a n d A llo y s c o n ta i n s ,
i n a d d i t i o n t o o r ig i n a l a r t i c l e s a n d c r i t i c a l s u m m a r i e s a n d t r a n s l a t i o n s o f i m p o r t a n t a r t i c l e s
p u b l is h e d i n t h e w e l l- k n o w n E u r o p e a n s c ie n tif ic a n d t e c h n i c a l j o u r n a l s , e x te n s i v e a b s t r a c t s
w h i c h c o v e r i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e fie ld s o f f e r r o u s a n d n o n - f e r r o u s m e t a l l u r g y , t h e l i t e r a t u r e o f
“ p r o c e s s ” m e t a l l u r g y . T h e v o l u m e , a s i t s t i t l e i m p lie s , c o v e r s t h e a b s t r a c t s s e c t i o n o n ly .
T h e i n d e x is d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r p a r t s : (1 ) s u b j e c t i n d e x f o r 1 9 3 2 a n d 1 9 3 3 ; (2) a u t h o r i n d e x
f o r 1 9 3 2 a n d 1 9 3 3 ; (3 ) s u b j e c t i n d e x f o r 1 9 3 4 ; a n d (4) a u t h o r i n d e x f o r 1 9 3 4 . I t is, w e fe e l,
u n f o r t u n a t e t h a t i n o n e v o l u m e t w o e n t i r e l y s e p a r a t e s u b j e c t a n d t w o n a m e s i n d e x e s s h o u ld
b e p u b l is h e d , a s t h i s n e c e s s i ta t e s a d o u b l e s e a r c h f o r e v e r y e n t r y t o b e c o n s u lt e d .
T h e i n d e x i n g , i n g e n e r a l , a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n c a r e f u ll y c a r r i e d o u t , b u t t h e b o o k o f te n
n e e d s c a r e f u l u s e i f a ll r e f e r e n c e s a r e t o b e f o u n d t o t h e s u b j e c t s o u g h t ; f o r e x a m p l e , u n d e r t h e
h e a d i n g “ E x t r u s i o n ” ( p . 2 7 ) t h e r e a r e o n l y t w o e n t r i e s , b u t u n d e r “ M e ta ls ” ( p . 45) w e fin d —
“ M e ta ls , e x t r u s i o n , V . 3 , p . M A 1 3 7 L / 7 , ” a n e n t r y w h i c h is n o t t o b e f o u n d u n d e r “ E x t r u s i o n . ”
W e h a v e n o t i c e d t h a t i n o t h e r c a s e s t h e s a m e a p p li e s . T h e n u m e r o u s e n t r i e s w h i c h a r e t o b e
f o u n d u n d e r “ M e ta l s ” a r e u n n e c e s s a r y i n a m e t a l l u r g i c a l i n d e x : t h e u s e r o f t h e in d e x w o u l d
n a tu r a lly re fe r, f o r in s ta n c e , t o e n tr ie s u n d e r “ C a s tin g ,” “ D e fo rm a tio n ,” “ F lu id ity ,
M e lt­
i n g , ” <fec., a n d n o t — t o g iv e a n o t h e r e x a m p l e — t o f in d u n d e r “ M e lt in g ” 4 e n tr i e s w i t h a n o t h e r
a n d d i f f e r e n t 6 e n t r i e s u n d e r “ M e ta l s .”
M etal Castings.
B y H a r r y L . C a m p b e ll. M e d . 8 v o . P p . ix - f 318, w ith 174
i llu s tr a tio n s .
1936. N e w Y o r k : J o h n W ile y & S o n s, I n c . ( $ 3 .0 0 ) ;
L o n d o n : C h a p m a n & H a ll, L td . (1 5s. n e t) .
I n s p i t e o f t h e i n c r e a s in g c o m p e t i t i o n f r o m f a b r i c a t e d a n d w r o u g h t p r o d u c t s , c a s t i n g s s till
o c c u p y a v e r y i m p o r t a n t p l a c e i n t h e e n g in e e r in g w o r l d , a n d t h i s v o l u m e o ffe rs a w e l l- p la n n e d
a n d c le a r ly w r i t t e n s u r v e y o f t h e m a t e r i a l s , p r o c e s s e s , a n d e q u i p m e n t e m p l o y e d i n t h e m e t a l
c a s t i n g i n d u s t r y i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a . T h e s e d i f f e r s o m e w h a t i n d e ta i l f ro m
B r i t i s h p r a c t i c e , a n d i t is i n s t r u c t i v e t o c o n t r a s t t h e lin e s o f d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e t w o c o u n tr i e s .
T h e b i a s is n a t u r a l l y m a i n l y f e r r o u s , a n d i n t h i s r e s p e c t t h e t i t l e s u g g e s t s a l a r g e r s c o p e t h a n
t h e s u b j e c t - m a t t e r a c t u a l l y c o v e r s , a s m o s t o f t h e b o o k is d e v o t e d t o s a n d - c a s ti n g s o f i r o n a n d
s te e l . T h e o n e s h o r t c h a p t e r d e v o t e d t o n o n - f e r r o u s a ll o y s is q u i t e i n a d e q u a t e , a n d a n u n d u e
p r o p o r t i o n o f t h i s s m a l l s p a c e i s g i v e n t o a n t i - f r i c t i o n w h i t e m e t a l s , w h i c h a r e n o t n o r m a l ly
r e g a r d e d a s c a s t i n g s . T h e a ll o y s f o r m in g t h e b u l k o f t h e o u t p u t o f n o n - f e r r o u s f o u n d r i e s a r e
e a c h d i s m is s e d i n a f e w lin e s , w h i l s t l i g h t a ll o y s o f a l u m i n i u m a n d m a g n e s i u m , a n d d ie - c a s tin g
a ll o y s a r e t r e a t e d o n l y a l i t t l e m o r e g e n e r o u s l y . T w o u s e f u l c h a p t e r s a r e d e v o te d , r e s p e c tiv e ly ,
t o t h e d e s ig n o f m e t a l c a s t i n g s a n d t h e c o m p a r a t i v e p r o p e r t i e s o f c a s t m e t a ls .
T h e v a l u e o f t h e b o o k f o r r e f e r e n c e p u r p o s e s is e n h a n c e d b y t h e a p p e n d i x , i n w h i c h a r e
c o ll e c te d t h e p r i n c i p a l A .S .T .M . s p e c if ic a tio n s f o r c a s t m e t a l s a n d t h e A .F .A . m e t h o d s f o r s a n d
t e s t i n g . A v o l u m e p l a n n e d o n t h e lin e s o f t h i s w o r k , b u t d e v o t e d e x c lu s i v e l y t o n o n - f e r r o u s
m e t a l c a s t i n g s , w o u l d b e w e lc o m e .
......
,
. , ,
T h e b o o k is e x c e ll e n tl y i l l u s t r a t e d , w e ll p r i n t e d a n d b o u n d . A s h o r t b i b li o g r a p h y is t o b e
f o u n d a t t h e e n d o f e a c h c h a p t e r , b u t r e f e r s p r i n c i p a l l y t o A m e r i c a n p u b l i c a t i o n s . T h e p r ic e is
r e a s o n a b l e f o r a t e x t - b o o k o f t h i s d e s c r i p ti o n . — J . E . N e w s o n .
624
Metallurgical Abstracts
F oun^ r y W o fk .
B y R . E . W e n d t.
T h ir d E d itio n .
V ol. 3
D em ySvo.
P p . x ii + 24 0
ilv nm
.
“
T ' r 1936Û - 11NA!W Y o r k : M cG ra w -H ill B o o k C o., In c.’
($ 2 .0 0 ) ; L o n d o n : M c G ra w -H ill P u b lis h in g C o ., L td . (12s. n e t) .
The third edition of this lvell-prepared little book has been brought up to date bv the
mclmnon of recent developments in such m atters as standard pattern colours, alloy iron and
alloy steel castings, and mass-production foundries. The object of the book is to provide an
author aif instructor in°f
h ° 'S and.?oI1?ges and apprentices in commercial shops, and the
r 1™t™ct0r
foundry practice m an American TJniversitv, has produced a volume
suitable for this purpose. The tex t is amplified by numerous illustrations and each chanter
concludes with a series of test questions. The book is divided into fom sections^• the ta rt
o f C a s Ï Ï m n ï t ü t u - ^ ’ S ’™“ lay:°^> equipment, and sands ; the second, Melting and Mixing
of Cast Iro n s, the third, Exercises in Bench and Floor Moulding and Foundry Control • and the
last, Non-Ferrous Metal Founding and Glossary.
vonrroi, ana the
Jm® non-feV°Pfi f ction is quite subsidiary and the information given is so vague as to be
worthless, and m future editions this section should either be re-written or entirely omitted
Admiralty gun-metal and aluminium bronze are not even mentioned
h i g h - J P EntNEgwsON.blnding are g° ° d’ bUt f0r Stl,dentS and apprentices the price appears
P ractical D esign oî E x h au st a n d B low er System s.
A H a n d b o o k o n th e D esig n -
W o rth
B1° r i § ? te m s in w h ic h t h e S u b j e c t is T r e a t e d in a
\ \ a y t h a t t h e M a n o f L im ite d E d u c a ti o n C a n C o m p re h e n d a n d U n d e r s t a n d
B o t h I t s M e a n in g a n d A p p lic a tio n . B y E . W . E a v a lo ra . D e m y 8 v o .
t P ;. i u +
7, ’ rV lth 91 l] lu s tr a tl° n s . 1935. N e w Y o r k : E d . A . S c o tt
P u b lis h m g C o ., I n c . ( $ 5 .0 0 .)
menteH o ï t n ° £^
bu,0k iS a ™pIy expIained in the sub-title and the author must be complimented on the admirable way in which he has fulfilled his mission. In many industries the
n T T e w stita‘ en tt regutationsf ‘i f
V(;ry ,serious>
andmany
in all dusts
industrial
there
are very stringent regulations covering its 13control.
Again,
and countries
fumes contain
constituents of commercial value the recovery of which is of importance to the economical
1,1 this b00k the numerous types of exhaust and blower systems for
dealing w ith dust and fume problems are admirably explained and their operation described in
clear and simple language with many examples from practice. The book is profusely illustrated
outthefpTrtoTih?woC
rkan8°fValUeTu“t9SklUed
thepSEKS^SSd
nln S n
u .
praiseworthy manner and the book can be thoroughly recoma b le i-A n . (P0WEX,inagerS e8peCiaUy tllose c°ntrolling small works. The price is very reason-
1936.
S c h w e isste ch n ik H . 21 x 3 0 c m . P p . 07, w ith 27 5 illu s tr a tio n s .
B e rlin : V .D .I .-V e rla g G .m .b .H . (M . 4 .5 0 .)
The first of these “ Special Numbers ” devoted to welding, was published in 1926 The
present issue reviews the progress made since th a t date. I t contains f o u r g o p s o f p a p c s
(for a hst of which see M e t Abe., this vol., p. 433), of which the second and tWrd contain matte™
m z‘ bn Germanl “ Soldering and Welding of Light Metals ” by L
Bostosky;
Welding and Soldering of Light Metals,” by E. Lüder- “ Surface Treatment bv
P r o d t L n ofT t l Î ” c“
A - M atU n g ; aD d “ W eW ing TeChnidU° 1U th e
all w h o ^ r e ^ t e r a t e d ^ ^ t S ^ b j e c t i —H^W .^.^HmNETT.^ &S SUch>
be *ound valuable by
C ours de Soudure E lectriqu e à l ’A rc.
[M im e o g ra p h e d .] I n 5 v o lu m e s . P p .
5 2 2 w ith 4 3 6 illu s tr a tio n s
1936. P a r is : E c o le S u p é r ie u re d e S o u d u re
A u to g e n e , 32 B o u le v a r d d e la C h a p e lle , X V i l l e . (250 fra n c s.)
This is the first of the welding courses of the École Supérieure de Soudure Autogène to be
made accessible to those who are unable to attend the school. Although, as M. Granjon points
be o b to to e d fro m ftw tif ^
^ bC?-n f t de “ complete as possible, full benefit cannot possibly
if th k t™ *•
* w ithout systematic laboratory work and practical training in manipulation
shows the to d iir«
he 8 tnen f ] A * Supérieure is of the same standard as this text-book
snows the lectures to be, the students there are indeed fortunate.
Volume I treats the fundamentals of electricity from the point of view of arc-welding—from
m
aÎ ° m t 0 ma*netic stabilization of the welding arc. Volume I I deals with
electrodes and their coatings—manufacture, properties, and testing. Volume I II is devoted to
^ u la H n n ° iif
DS’ Î
i?*, PreParation for welding, manipulative technique, and the
calculation of welding costs. Volume IV reverts to theory, the characteristics of d c and a c
1936
X X I V . — Book Reviews
625
g e n e r a t o r s b e i n g c o n s id e r e d i n d e t a i l . T h e f ir s t c h a p t e r o f V o lu m e V d e a ls w i t h p r o b l e m s o f
i n s t a l l a t i o n , m u l t i - o p e r a t o r l a y - o u t s , a n d w e l d in g a c c e s s o r ie s ; a n d , i n t h e r e m a i n i n g c h a p t e r s ,
a u t o m a t i c a r c w e l d in g , a t o m i c h y d r o g e n , a n d s h ie l d e d a r c p r o c e s s e s a r e d e s c r ib e d .
T h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r k , e m p h a s i s is l a i d o n t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f f ir s t p r in c i p le s . A n e x a m p l e
o f t h e c a r e f u l t r e a t m e n t is t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f G a u s s ’ l a w t o t h e a n a ly s i s o f t e s t r e s u l ts .
T h e s e fiv e v o l u m e s c a n b e h i g h l y r e c o m m e n d e d t o a l l i n t e r e s t e d i n a r c w e ld in g , a n d , i n
p a r t i c u l a r , t o a l l w e l d in g i n s t r u c t o r s . A l t h o u g h n o c o m p l a i n t c a n r e a s o n a b l y b e m a d e o f t h e
h i g h p r ic e , o n e fe e ls t h a t i t s h o u ld in c l u d e a b i n d i n g o f g r e a t e r d u r a b i l i t y . O n e lo o k s f o r w a r d
w i t h g r e a t i n t e r e s t t o t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f a l l t h e o t h e r w e l d in g c o u r s e s u n d e r t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e
I n s t i t u t d e S o u d u re A u to g e n e .— H . W . G . H ig n e t t .
Oxy-A cetylene W elding a n d Cutting.
B y R o b e r t H . H a r c o u r t. D e m y 8 v o .
P p . x i 4* 131, w i t h 3 4 illu s tr a tio n s . 1935. S ta n f o r d U n iv e r s ity , C a l . :
S ta n f o r d B o o k s to re . ($ 1 .6 0 .)
T h i s b o o k is i n t e n d e d f o r u s e i n s c h o o ls a n d c o lle g e s , a n d c o n t a i n s t h e u s u a l d e s c r i p ti o n s o f
b l o w p i p e s a n d a c c e s s o r ie s , i n s t r u c t i o n s i n m a n i p u l a t i o n , a n d a d v ic e o n t e c h n i q u e . I n a d d i t i o n
t o m il d s te e l a n d c a s t - ir o n , t h e w e l d in g o f s ta i n le s s s te e l s , c o p p e r , b r o n z e , b r a s s , M o n e l m e t a l,
a lu m i n i u m , a n d l e a d is b r ie f ly c o n s id e r e d .
T h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f t h e a u t h o r o f a n e l e m e n t a r y t e x t - b o o k is f a r g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e
w r i t e r o f a n a d v a n c e d m o n o g r a p h , t h e r e a d e r s o f w h i c h a r e e x p e c te d t o e x e rc is e c r i t ic a l d i s c r im i ­
n a t i o n . I t is v e r y d i s t u r b i n g , t h e r e f o r e , t o f in d i n t h i s p r i m e r n o c a r e f u ll y c o n s id e r e d e x p o s it io n ,
b u t m a n y m is l e a d i n g s t a t e m e n t s a n d i m p o r t a n t o m is s io n s . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e r e l a t i v e a d v a n ­
ta g e s o f h ig h - a n d lo w -p re ssu re b lo w p ip e s a re n o t s t a t e d ; th e im p o r ta n t f e a tu re s of t h e r ig h t ­
w a r d m e t h o d a r e m i s s e d ; a n e x c e s s o f a c e t y l e n e is r e c o m m e n d e d f o r w e l d in g s ta i n le s s s te e ls ,
a n d a n e u t r a l o r s l i g h t l y o x i d iz i n g fla m e f o r b r a s s . $ 1 .6 0 is t o o m u c h t o p a y f o r i n f o r m a t i o n o f
t h is k in d .— H . W . G . H ig n e t t .
Spectrum A nalysis w ith the Carbon A rc Cathode L ayer (“ G lim m schicht ” ).
B y L e s te r W . S tro c k , w ith a P re fa c e b y V . M . G o ld s c h m id t. M ed. 8 v o .
P p . 5 4 , w i t h 2 0 illu s tr a tio n s . [1936.] L o n d o n : A d a m H ilg e r, L td .,
98 K in g ’s R d ., N . W . l . (5s. 8 d ., p o s t free .)
T h i s b o o k c o n t a i n s a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e m e t h o d s d e v e lo p e d b y P r o f e s s o r G o l d s c h m i d t a n d
h i s c o - w o r k e r s a t G o t t i n g e n f o r t h e s p e c t r o g r a p h i c a n a ly s i s o f n o n - c o n d u c t i n g s o lid s a n d
p o w d e r s a n d o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s e m e t h o d s t o t h e a n a ly s e s o f r o c k s . T h e n e c e s s a r y
a p p a r a t u s is i l l u s t r a t e d a n d d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l , a n d a f u ll a c c o u n t is g i v e n o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l
p r o c e d u r e w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o n u m e r o u s e x a m p l e s . T h e b o o k , w h i c h is b e a u t i f u l l y p r i n t e d a n d
i l l u s t r a t e d , s h o u l d b e o f g r e a t s e r v ic e t o t h o s e i n t e r e s t e d i n g e o c h e m ic a l p r o b le m s .
— A . It. P o w el l .
G lances a t In d u strial R esearch D uring W alks a n d T alks in Mellon In stitu te .
B y E d w a r d R . W e id le in a n d W illia m A . H a m o r . C r. 8 v o . P p . x + 238,
w ith 26 illu s tr a tio n s . 1936. N e w Y o r k : R e in h o ld P u b lis h in g C o .; L o n d o n :
C h a p m a n a n d H a ll, L t d . (13s. n e t.)
T h i s b o o k is a c o ll e c ti o n o f e s s a y s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e M e llo n I n s t i t u t e a n d t h e
i n d u s t r i a l f e l l o w s h ip s y s t e m w h i c h i t o r i g i n a t e d . T h e s u c c e s s o f t h e I n s t i t u t e h a s b e e n g r e a t ;
o v e r t w o m il li o n s t e r l i n g h a v e b e e n s u b s c r i b e d b y I n d u s t r y s in c e i t s f o u n d a t i o n , a n d l a s t y e a r
a s m u c h a s £ 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 w a s s u b s c r i b e d . T h e m a g n i f ic e n t n e w b u i ld i n g s o f t h e I n s t i t u t e , e n d o w e d
b y t h e M e llo n B r o t h e r s , h a v e r e c e n t l y b e e n o p e n e d .
W h ils t m a in ly d e v o te d t o a n a c c o u n t o f A m e ric a n e x p e rie n c e , t h is b o o k s h o u ld n o t fa il t o b e
i n t e r e s t i n g a n d s t i m u l a t i n g t o E u r o p e a n r e a d e r s . T h e m a i n s e c t i o n s a r e : (1 ) t h e i n d u s t r i a l
r e s e a r c h p r o c e d u r e o f t h e M e llo n I n s t i t u t e ; (2 ) i n d u s t r i a l r e s e a r c h s u c c e s s e s a n d o p p o r t u n i t i e s ;
(3 ) p r o f e s s io n a l a s p e c t s o f i n d u s t r i a l r e s e a r c h ; (4) q u e s t i o n s i n i n d u s t r i a l r e s e a r c h m a n a g e m e n t ,
a n d (5 ) l i t e r a r y a c t i v i t i e s i n i n d u s t r i a l r e s e a r c h , i n c l u d i n g m e t h o d s f o r t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f n e w
i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t s . A n o t h e r o u t s t a n d i n g f e a t u r e o f t h e b o o k is a l i s t o f t h e m a i n a c h ie v e m e n t s
o f A m e ric a n c h e m is tr y s in c e 1914.
T h e a u th o r s , w h o h a v e b e e n m a in ly c o n c e rn e d w ith in d u s tr ia l r e s e a rc h o f a p h y s ic a l a n d
c h e m i c a l n a t u r e , e m p h a s i z e t h e g r o w i n g u r g e n c y o f e m p l o y i n g s c ie n tif ic w o r k e r s t o s t u d y t h e
h u m a n f a c to r s in p ro d u c tio n , a n d p o in t o u t t h a t o n ly a triv ia l a m o u n t h a s b e e n e x p e n d e d in t h is
d i r e c t i o n c o m p a r e d w i t h w h a t h a s b e e n a c c o r d e d t o t h e d e s ig n a n d c a r e o f m a c h i n e r y .
Chem ical Synonym s and T rade Nam es. A D ictionary and Com m ercial H a n d ­
book. B y W illia m G a r d n e r . F o u r t h E d itio n , m u c h e n la rg e d . M ed. 8 v o .
P p . 4 9 5 . 1936. L o n d o n : T e c h n ic a l P re s s , L td . (31s. 6 d.)
I n s t e a d o f r e s e t t i n g t h e t y p e w i t h e a c h n e w e d it i o n , t h e s u b j e c t - m a t t e r o f t h e f i r s t e d i t i o n
h a s b e e n l e f t p r a c t i c a l l y i n t a c t a n d t h e n e w t e r m s a d d e d i n a n a p p e n d i x w h i c h i n t h i s e d it i o n
Metallurgical Abstracts
626
V ol. 3
has extended to 139 pages or more than a third of the original book so th at in effect we have
two dictionaries in one, necessitating for some references a double search. The subject-matter
in the appendix appears to live up to the high standard of the main portion of the work and
covers recently introduced materials as well as those om itted from the first edition.
The reviewer has only one minor criticism to make and th a t is th a t names of minerals can
scarcely be termed “ trade names,” especially as many of those included are scarcely more than
curiosities with little or no commercial value. The definitions of a few of these are also mis­
leading; thus, ferrotantalite is said to be columbite, and a few are given a wrong formula,
thus psilomelane is said to be RO.MnO, where K = Mn, Ba, or Iv,. Taken as a whole, however’
the book is a useful work of reference for the commercial man.— A. K. P o w e l l .
A n n u a l R eports on th e P rog ress of Chem istry fo r 1935.
I s s u e d b y t h e C h e m ic a l
S o c ie ty . V o lu m e X X X I I . D e m y 8 v o . P p . 5 2 7 , ill u s tr a t e d . 1936.
L o n d o n : T h e C h e m ic a l S o c ie ty , B u r lin g to n H o u s e , W .l . (10s. 6 d .;
11«. p o s t free .)
The ramifications of chemistry have become so extensive and intricate th a t it is no longer
possible to survey th e whole field of progress from year to year. In recent volumes of the
Chemical Society’s Annual Reports the policy appears to have been to cover the major branches
of th e science, b u t to restrict th e report on each branch to a few broad subjects of research.
The result is a more readable type of report, which still contains something of interest for
investigators in every branch of physical science.
The metallurgist will find in th e volume for 1935 much th a t he should read, partly because it
describes progress in the knowledge of the fundamental properties of m atter, and partly because
certain sections have a direct interest. H. J . J . Braddick has contributed a chapter on radio­
activity and sub-atomic phenomena, some metallic salts are discussed by S. U. Carter and
W. Wardlaw, a section on non-ferrous alloy systems has been written by E. S. Hedges, and
J . D. Bernal has contributed a section on crystal physics, in which special attention is given
to metals and alloys.—E. S. H e d g e s .
R ep o rts of Progress of A pplied C hem istry.
V o lu m e X X .— 1935. D e m y 8 v o .
P p . 8 1 4 . 1935. L o n d o n : S o c ie ty o f C h e m ic a l I n d u s t r y , 4 6 - 4 7 F in s b u r y
S q ., E .C .2 . (1 2 s. 6 d.)
The volume for 1935 m aintains th e high standard th a t has come to be expected of the
Annual Reports of th e Society of Chemical Industry. Metallurgists will find much to interest
them , particularly in th e reviews on General P lant and Machinery, by H. W. Richards and
J . N. Vowler; Fuel, by L. E. W interbottom and A. H. Raine; Refractories, Ceramics, and
Cements, by J . H. Chesters and W. J . R ees; Iron and Steel, by C. O. Bannister; Non-Ferrous
Metals, by A. R. Powell; and Electro-Chemical and Electro-Metallurgical Industries, by
J . W. Cuthbertson.—E. S. H e d g e s .
A n n u a l Survey of A m erican C hem istry.
V o lu m e X . 1935. E d it e d b y
C la re n c e J . W e s t. P p . 4 8 7 . 1936. N e w Y o r k : R e in h o ld P u b lis h in g
C o rp n . ( $ 5 .0 0 ) ; L o n d o n : C h a p m a n a n d H a ll, L td . ($ 5 .0 0 .)
This volume contains only two sections of direct non-ferrous metals interest, namely those
on the application of X-rays in metallurgy (by Eric R. Jette) and on the platinum metals (by
Raleigh Gilchrist); the former consists of only 5 pages with 69 references, b ut the latter extends
over 11 pages with 162 references and covers the chemistry, physics, and industrial uses of the
metals in an interesting although brief manner. Of less direct interest to the members of the
Institute of Metals are the sections on analytical chemistry (15 pp.) and ferrous metallurgy
(14 pp.).—A. R. P o w e l l .
L ib raries fo r Scientific R esearch in E uro pe and A m erica.
P p . 227.
1936.
B y H . P h ilip S p r a t t .
L o n d o n : G r a f to n & C o ., 51 G r e a t R u s s e ll S t. (10«. 6 d. n e t.)
As a result of extensive travel and personal enquiry, th e author here provides a most useful
review of many of th e public libraries in th is country, in Europe, and in America dealing with
th e increasingly difficult problem of assisting Science and Industry with information. The
Science Library, South Kensington, and its loan system, which the Institute of Metals finds so
useful, is first described. The recent development in Paris of the “ Maison de la Chimie ”—the
In stitu te’s meeting place for th e recent Autumn Meeting—is another of the numerous Institu­
tions embraced in this volume. Mention should also be made of th e chapter 011 th e Libraries
of Soviet Russia, and th e large section giving an account of the more im portant libraries in the
U.S.A.
The treatm ent of th e subject is particularly useful, for the author has approached it in the
dual capacity of a librarian and a scientific worker.
1936
X X IV .—Book Reviews
627
K elly’s D irectory of the E n gineering, H ardw are, M etal, a n d M otor Trades.
T w e n ty -S e c o n d E d itio n . 6 | in . x 1 0 J in . P p . lv i + 2 7 1 6 + 154.
L o n d o n : K e lly ’s D ir e c to rie s , L td . (50s. p o s t free .)
1936.
T h i s e d i t i o n is n i n e t y p a g e s l a r g e r t h a n t h e p r e v i o u s e d i t i o n ( w h i c h w a s r e v i e w e d i n M et.
A b s ., 1 9 3 4 , 1 , 6 5 0 ) a n d i n c l u d e s f o r t h e f ir s t t i m e p a r t i c u l a r s o f e le c t r i c l i g h t i n g , p o w e r a n d
tr a c tio n u n d e rta k in g s .
_
, .,,
T h e D ir e c to r y e m b ra c e s E n g la n d , S c o tla n d , a n d W a le s . I t c o n ta in s t h e n a m e s a n d a d d re s s e s
o f t h o s e e n g a g e d i n t h e v a r i o u s t r a d e s i n d i c a t e d b y i t s t i t l e , b o t h t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d s e llin g
____ x .
.
,,
,
b r a n c h e s b e in g a d e q u a te ly d e a lt w i t h .
T h e f o llo w in g h e a d i n g s ( s e l e c te d f r o m a t o t a l o f o v e r 2 0 0 0 ) g iv e a n i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e w id e
s c o p e o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n s u p p l i e d :— A e r ia l R o p e w a y C o n t r a c t o r s ; A i r c r a f t M a n u f a c t u r e r s ;
B o i l e r M a k e r s ; C o llie r y P r o p r i e t o r s ; C y c le A g e n t s a n d D e a l e r s ; E l e c t r i c a l I n s t r u m e n t
M a n u fa c tu re rs ; E le c tr ic L ig h tin g , P o w e r a n d T r a c tio n U n d e r ta k in g s ; G a s W o r k s ; I r o n ­
m o n g e r s ( b o t h w h o l e s a l e a n d r e t a i l ) ; M o to r - C a r M a n u f a c t u r e r s ; M o t o r E n g i n e e r s a n d G a r a g e s ;
R a i l w a y P l a n t C o n t r a c t o r s , a n d T o o l D e a l e r s . T h e m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s a r e w e ll r e p r e s e n t e d ;
t h u s t h e n a m e s o f i n d i v i d u a l s a n d f ir m s c o n n e c t e d w i t h a l u m i n i u m fill fiv e c o lu m n s , b r a s s t e n
c o p p e r a n d z in c t h r e e e a c h , t h e l a t t e r i n c l u d i n g “ z in c n a i l m a k e r s , r o ll in g m ills , s m e l te r s a n d
w o r k e r s . ” A d e t a i l e d c la s s if i c a t io n w i t h n e c e s s a r y m o d if ic a t io n s f o r e a c h m e t a l , is f o llo w e d
th r o u g h o u t a v a lu a b le s e c tio n o f t h e D ir e c to r y .
,
,
T h e b o o k c o m p r i s e s t h e f o llo w in g i n f o r m a t i o n : (1 ) t h e n a m e s f o r e a c h c o u n t y , a r r a n g e d
a l p h a b e t i c a l l y u n d e r t h e t o w n s a n d v i l l a g e s ; (2 ) a n a l p h a b e t i c a l c la s s if i c a t io n o f t r a d e s f o r
h e L o n d o n p o s ta l d is tr ic t, w ith t h e n a m e s a rr a n g e d u n d e r e a c h tr a d e h e a d in g in a lp h a b e tic a l
o r d e r • (3 ) a s im i la r c la s s if i c a t io n o f t r a d e s f o r t h e r e s t o f E n g l a n d , S c o t la n d , a n d W a le s .
A m o n g t h e s p e c i a l s e c t i o n s is a n a l p h a b e t i c a l l i s t , c o v e r i n g 1 1 8 p a g e s , o f t h e n a m e s o f
s o m e 1 0 ,0 0 0 b r a n d e d a r t i c l e s a n d s p e c i a li t ie s u s e d i n t h e e n g in e e r in g a n d a ll i e d t r a d e s , t o g e t h e r
w ith t h e n a m e s a n d a d d re sse s o f t h e m a n u fa c tu re rs .
K elly ’s D irectory of M erchants, M anufacturers, and Shippers of th e W orld.
F i f t i e t h E d itio n . 8 | X 1 0 J in . I n tw o v o lu m e s, V o lu m e I . — P p . 1950.
V o lu m e I I . — P p . 2 1 6 6 . L o n d o n : K e lly ’s D ire c to rie s , L td . (645. p o s t
free .)
T h e D i r e c t o r y c o n s is t s o f t w o v o l u m e s , t h e f ir s t c o n t a i n i n g i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g a l l t h e
c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d e x c e p t t h e B r i t i s h E m p ir e , w i t h w h i c h t h e s e c o n d v o l u m e s d e a ls .
V o lu m e I is d i v id e d b y c o n t i n e n t s a s f o llo w s : (a) E u r o p e , ( b) A s ia , (c) A f r ic a , ( d ) A m e r i c a
( C e n tr a l, N o r t h , a n d S o u t h ) a n d t h e W e s t I n d i e s . T h e d i v is i o n f o r e a c h c o n t i n e n t c o n t a i n s m
a l p h a b e t i c a l o r d e r s e c t i o n s f o r t h e c o u n t r i e s w h i c h f o r m p a r t o f t h a t c o n t i n e n t . T h e s e c tio n f o r
e a c h c o u n t r y c o n t a i n s i n a l p h a b e t i c a l o r d e r s u b - s e c ti o n s f o r t h e t o w n s i n t h a t c o u n t r y .
The
s u b - s e c t i o n f o r e a c h t o w n is d i v id e d i n i t s t u r n i n t o t r a d e h e a d in g s a r r a n g e d i n a l p h a b e t i c a l
o r d e r , a n d u n d e r t h e t r a d e h e a d in g s a r e g i v e n i n c le a r f a s h i o n t h e n a m e s a n d a d d r e s s e s . F o r t h e
U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a t h e r e is a g e n e r a l t r a d e c la s s if ic a tio n , w h e r e t h e n a m e s o f t h o s e
e n g a g e d i n a n y t r a d e t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y a p p e a r i n o n e a l p h a b e t i c a l l i s t u n d e r t h e h e a d in g
re fe rrin g t o th e ir tra d e .
. . ~
, _ ., .
T h e s e c o n d v o l u m e , d e v o t e d t o t h e B r i t i s h E m p ir e , is d i v id e d a s f o llo w s : (a ) G r e a t B r i t a i n
a n d I r e l a n d * (b) t h e B r i t i s h D o m i n io n s , C o lo n ie s , P o s s e s s io n s , P r o t e c t o r a t e s , a n d T e r r i to r i e s
u n d e r B r i t i s h M a n d a t e (1 ) i n E u r o p e , (2 ) i n A s ia , (3 ) i n A f r ic a , (4 ) i n A m e r i c a , (5) i n A u s t r a l ia ,
a n d (6 ) i n N e w Z e a la n d . T h e s e c t i o n f o r G r e a t B r i t a i n a n d I r e l a n d is d i v id e d i n t o t h r e e p a r t s :
E n g l a n d , S c o t la n d , a n d W a le s ( e x c e p t L o n d o n ) ; L o n d o n ; I r e l a n d . E a c h p a r t c o n ta i n s a n
a l p h a b e t i c a l l i s t o f f ir m s , a c la s s if i c a t io n o f t h e f ir m s u n d e r t h e t r a d e h e a d in g s , a l i s t o f t e l e ­
g r a p h i c a d d r e s s e s , a n d s e p a r a t e lis t s o f t h e e x p o r t e r s a n d i m p o r t e r s a r r a n g e d a l p h a b e t i c a l l y
u n d e r t h e h e a d in g s o f g o o d s i n w h i c h t h e y d e a l. T h e p a g e s c o lo u r e d g r e e n a t t h e e n d o f t h e
s e c tio n f o r G re a t B r ita in a n d I r e la n d c o n ta in re p ro d u c tio n s o f t r a d e m a r k s . T h e in d e x in g ,
w h i c h is i n f o u r l a n g u a g e s , is v e r y c o m p l e te , a n d m a k e s r e f e r e n c e o f a n y k i n d a v e r y e a s y
m a tte r.
P lanes D irectory oi the A viation and Allied In du stries.
x x v iii + 3 33. 1935. L o n d o n :
P la n e s P u b lis h e r s ,
C o u r t, F l e e t S t ., E .C .4 . (12s. 6 d.)
D em y 8vo. P p .
L td ., 4 J o h n s o n s
T h i s b o o k — t h e f ir s t e d i t i o n t o b e is s u e d — is s e t o u t i n s ix s e c t i o n s : (i) c o m m e r c i a l ( n a m e s ,
a d d r e s s e s , a n d d e s c r i p ti o n s o f f i r m s ) ; (ii) b r a n d a n d t r a d e n a m e s ( t h e n a m e s o f m a k e r s a r e
g iv e n ) ■ (iii) g e n e r a l ( n a m e s o f c o m m e r c i a l a n d p r i v a t e a i r c r a f t o w n e r s , f ly in g c lu b s , fl> in g
s c h o o ls , a i r p o r t s , a n d a e r o d r o m e s i n G r e a t B r i t a i n ) ; ( iv ) c la s s if ie d t r a d e s ; (v ) o v e r s e a s a n d
f o r e i g n ( a i r t r a n s p o r t c o m p a n i e s , a e r o d r o m e s , c o n s t r u c t o r s , s u p p li e r s o f m a t e r i a l s , & c ., b y
c o u n t r i e s ) ; ( v i) g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n . E a c h s e c t i o n is p r i n t e d o n a d i f f e r e n t ly c o lo u r e d p a p e r .
T h e b o o k s h o u ld p r o v e m o s t u s e f u l f o r r e f e r e n c e p u r p o s e s t o a l l c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e a i r c r a f t
in d u stry .
628
Metallurgical Abstracts
S y m b o ls a n d
A b b re v ia tio n s
A.
A n g s tr o m u n its ,
abs.
a b s o lu t e ,
a .c .
a l t e r n a t i n g c u r r e n t( s ) .
am p.
a m p ère(s).
a m p .- h r . a m p è r e - h o u r ( s ) .
A .W .G . A m e r ic a n w ire -g a u g e .
B é.
B aum é.
B . & S. B r o w n & S h a r p e ( g a u g e ),
B .H .P .
b r a k e h o rs e -p o w e r .
B .O .Ï .
B o ard of T rad e.
B .th .u . B ritis h th e rm a l u n its .
B .T .U .
B o a rd of T ra d e u n it.
B .W .G . B ir m i n g h a m w ire -g a u g e .
C.
c e n t ig r a d e .
cal.
c a lo rie (s ).
o.c,
c u b ic c e n t im e tr e ( s ) .
c e n t ig r a m m e ( s ) .
c gc .g .s
c e n t im e tr e - g r a m m e - s e c o n d .
cm .
c e n t im e tr e ( s ) .
cm .
s q u a r e c e n t im e tr e ( s ) .
cm .
c u b ic c e n t im e tr e ( s ) .
co eff.
c o e ffic ie n t(s ).
c o n st.
c o n sta n t(s).
c .p .
c a n d le - p o w e r ,
C .T .U
c en tig ra d e th e rm a l u n its .
c w t.
h u n d r e d w e ig h t( s ) .
d
d e n s it y .
d .c .
d i r e c t c u r r e n t( s ) .
dg.
d e c ig r a m m e ( s ) .
d ia m .
d i a m e te r ( s ) .
dm .
d e cim etre (s).
d m .3
s q u a re d e cim etre (s).
d m .3
c u b ic d e c im e tr e ( s ) .
e .m . f .
e le c t r o m o t i v e fo r c e (s )
F.
F a h re n h e it,
ft.
f o o t ; f e e t,
ft.3
s q u a r e f o o t,
ft.3
c u b ic f o o t.
f t. - I b .
fo o t- p o u n d ( s ) .
g a ll.
g a llo n (s ).
g rm .
g ra m m e (s).
H .- F .
h ig h - f r e q u e n c y ,
H - io n .
h y d r o g e n io n .
H .P
h o rs e -p o w e r .
H .P .-h r . h o rse-p o w er h o u r(s).
h r.
h o u r,
h rs.
h o u rs.
in .
i n c h ; in c h e s ,
in .3
s q u a r e in c h ,
in .3
c u b ic in c h .
in .- lb .
in c h -p o u n d (s).
L S .W .G . I m p e r i a l s t a n d a r d w ire -g a u g e .
K.
a b s o l u t e t e m p e r a t u r e (s c a le ),
K .C .U . k il o g ra m m e - d e g r e e - c e n t ig r a d e
h e a t u n i t ( = 3-97 B .t h . u .) .
k ilo g r a m m e ( s ) .
kgk g .m .
k ilo g r a m m e - m e t r e ( s ) .
km .
k ilo m e tr e ( s ) .
k m .3
kv.
kva.
kw .
k w .-h r. .
lb .
L .-F .
m.
U sed
i n
Vol. 3,1 9 3 6
T e x t.
s q u a r e k ilo m e tr e .
k ilo v o lt(s ) .
k ilo v o lt - a m p e r e ( s ) .
k ilo w a tt( s ) .
k iio w a tt- h o u r ( s ) .
p o u n d (s).
lo w -f re q u e n c y .
m e tr e ( s ) .
m .3
s q u a r e m e tr e ( s ) .
m .3
c u b ic m e tr e ( s ) .
m .a m p . m illia m p e r e ( s ).
m ax.
m a x im u m .
m g.
m illig ra m m e (s ).
mm.
m illim e tr e ( s ) .
m m .3
s q u a r e m illim e tre (s ).
m m .3
c u b ic m illim e tr e ( s ) .
m .m .f .
m a g n e t o m o t i v e fo rc e (s ).
mp
m illim ic ro n .
m .v .
m illiv o lt(s ).
N.
n o r m a l.
N .T .P .
n o rm a l te m p e ra tu re a n d p re s ­
su re.
oz.
ounce(s).
P .C .E .
p y ro m e tric cone e q u iv a le n t,
p .d .
p o t e n t i a l d iffe re n c e ,
p . p .m .
p a r t s p e r m illio n .
R.
R eaum ur.
r . p .m .
r e v o lu tio n s p e r m i n u t e ,
sp . g r.
sp ec ific g r a v i t y ,
sq.
sq u are.
v.
v o lt( s ).
va.
v o lt- a m p £ r e ( s ) .
w.
w a tt(s ).
w .- h r.
w a tt- h o u r ( s ) .
w .p .c .
w a t t s p e r c a n d le .
d e g re e ( s ) ( a r c o r t e m p e r a t u r e ) .
V/o
p e r c en t.
A
w a v e - le n g t h .
m ic ro n .
P
HH
1 m i ll io n th m ic r o n = 0 1 A .
n
ohm .
m in u te of th e a rc .
second of th e arc.
<
A < B d e n o te s t h a t A is le ss
th a n B.
>
A > B
d e n o te s t h a t A is
g re a te r th a n B .
n e g a tiv e o f < ;
A < B de­
n o te s t h a t A is n o t less
th a n B .
c o m b in a tio n o f <
and = ;
A < B d e n o te s t h a t A is
e q u a l t o o r le ss t h a n B .
is n o t e q u a l to .
id e n tic a lly e q u a l to .
a p p r o x i m a t e l y ( o r e s s e n tia lly )
eq u al to .
[ p o l it e c h n ik i]
ITlacie b
[Iextrud7d Vo of
lP RiE Sm
S I N G S . CHILL
a n d
s e c t
m
CAST BARS. A N D
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