ap physics lab guide - CABE E

AP PHYSICS LAB GUIDE
J. Patrick Polley
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Beloit College, Wisconsin
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AP PHYSICS LAB GUIDE
LAB TEN
The analysis of the data is simple. If the sensitivity of the gaussmeter is 50mV/µT, then the
fields in the three directions are given by
Bx = (V1x − V2 x ) ( 50 mV mT )
(
)
(10-5a)
B y = V1 y − V2 y ( 50 mV mT )
(10-5b)
Bz = (V1z − V2 z ) ( 50 mV mT )
(10-5c)
The magnitude of the Earth’s magnetic field BEarth is then given by
(
BEarth = Bx2 + By2 + Bz2
)
12
The dip angle B of the field is given by
B = tan −1 é Bz
ëê
( Bx2 + By2 )
1 2ù
ûú
Copyright  2003 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved.
Available at apcentral.collegeboard.com
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