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This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Risky Behavior among Youths: An Economic Analysis Volume Author/Editor: Jonathan Gruber, editor Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-31013-2 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/grub01-1 Publication Date: January 2001 Chapter Title: List of Contributors, Indexes Chapter Author: Jonathan Gruber Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c10696 Chapter pages in book: (p. 523 - 538) Contributors Jay Bhattacharya RAND 1700 Main Street P.O. Box 2138 Santa Monica, CA 90407 David Card Department of Economics University of California, Berkeley 549 Evans Hall #3880 Berkeley, CA 94720 Frank J. Chaloupka Department of Economics College of Business Administration University of Illinois 601 S. Morgan Street, Room 2103 Chicago, IL 60607 Philip J. Cook Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy Box 90245 Duke University Durham, NC 27708 Janet Currie Economics Department UCLA 405 Hilgard Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90095 David M. Cutler Department of Economics Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 Thomas S. Dee Department of Economics Swarthmore College 500 College Avenue Swarthmore, PA 19081 William N. Evans Department of Economics University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 Matthew C. Farrelly Research Triangle Institute P.O. 12194 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Edward L. Glaeser Department of Economics 327 Littauer Center Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 Michael Grossman National Bureau of Economic Research 365 Fifth Avenue, 5th Floor New York, NY 10016-4309 523 524 Contributors Jonathan Gruber Department of Economics, E52-355 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 50 Memorial Drive Cambridge, MA 02142-1347 Lloyd D. Johnston Institute for Social Research University of Michigan 426 Thompson Street Ann Arbor, MI 48104-2321 Thomas Lemieux Department of Economics University of British Columbia 997-1873 East Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1 CANADA Phillip B. Levine Department of Economics Wellesley College Wellesley, MA 02481 Steven D. Levitt Department of Economics University of Chicago 1126 East 59th Street Chicago, IL 60637 Lance Lochner Department of Economics University of Rochester Rochester, NY 14627 Michael J. Moore Graduate School of Business University of Chicago 1101 East 58th Street Chicago, IL 60637 Karen E. Norberg Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Boston Medical Center 818 Harrison Avenue Boston, MA 02118 Ted O’Donoghue Department of Economics Cornell University 464 Uris Hall Ithaca, NY 14853-7601 Patrick M. O’Malley Institute for Social Research University of Michigan 426 Thompson Street Ann Arbor, MI 48104-2321 Rosalie Liccardo Pacula Associate Economist RAND 1700 Main Street P.O. Box 2138 Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 Matthew Rabin Department of Economics 549 Evans Hall #3880 University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-3880 Jonathan Zinman Department of Economics Massachusetts Institute of Technology 50 Memorial Drive Cambridge, MA 02142-1347 Author Index Abma, Joyce, 175n6 Ageton, S., 336 Ahituv, Avner, 187 Ainslie, G., 40n13 Akerlof, G., 36n8, 183n11, 214 Alan Guttmacher Institute, 167 Albertson, A. M., 491n9 Alciati, Marianne, 93 Anderson, H. R., 489 Anderson, James, 331 Angrist, Joshua D., 210 Anthony, James, 280, 281 APA (American Psychiatric Association), 271, 280, 496n12 Argys, Laura, 188 Arif, Awing, 280 Arluck, G. M., 384 Arnett, J., 36 Asch, P., 153 Averett, Susan, 188 Bachman, Jerald G., 271, 272, 275, 277, 283, 284, 287, 288, 289, 290 Balka, Elinor B., 272, 273 Barth, N., 495 Bauman, K. E., 35, 412 Baumrind, D., 36 Beaton, G. H., 485 Becker, Gary S., 3, 6, 40, 46, 98, 113, 295n8, 335, 377n1, 414n10, 440 Beer Institute, 385t Bell, Robert M., 273, 281 Benowitz, Neal, 281 Benson, B. L., 376, 384, 397 Bentler, Peter M., 277 Berkowitz, M. K., 132 Beyth-Marom, Ruth, 4, 5, 33, 35 Bickel, G., 485 Black, A. E., 486 Blanchflower, D., 264 Blank, Rebecca, 187 Block, Carolyn R., 360 Block, Richard L., 360 Blumstein, Alfred, 330, 366 Bok, Derek, 443n3 Bonner, Tom I., 277 Bowen, William G., 443n3 Bowman, D., 46 Braga, Anthony, 333, 335 Bray, Jeremy W., 278 Brent, D. A., 238 Briefel, R. R., 486 Bronars, Stepen, 211 Brook, Judith S., 272, 273, 283 Brookoff, Daniel, 278 Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne, 182, 183 Burema, J., 485 Burghardt, J. A., 490, 493 Butland, B. K., 489 Butz, William P., 186 Camasso, Michael, 188 Camerer, C., 30n1, 33 Cameron, Stephen V., 448 525 526 Author Index Campbell, B. J., 146 Campbell, F., 146 Campbell, S. B., 35 Card, David, 444n4, 459, 469n32, 472n35 Carstensen, L., 237 Case, Anne, 335 Cauffman, Elizabeth, 5 Caulkins, Jonathan P., 275, 288, 296 CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 1, 140, 175, 489, 490n8 Chaloupka, Frank, 74, 75, 87, 117, 149, 279, 285, 286, 287, 294, 296, 306, 312, 414n10 Chamberlain, G., 416 Charney, E., 488 Chase, James A., 283 Cheltenham, B., 229 Chen, Kevin, 281 Chesson, H. W., 384 Chinn, S., 495 Chow, Winston K., 183, 185 Clark, W. R., 489 Clinton, Bill, 31n3 Cloward, R. A., 336 Coate, Douglas, 75, 384 Cohen, Mark, 331 Cohen, Patricia, 283 Colditz, G. A., 486 Cole, T. J., 494 Coleman, J. S., 377n1 Comfort, Gary C., 294 Committee on Iron Deficiency, 492 Compton, David R., 281 Contento, I. R., 493 Cook, Philip, 330, 361 Cook, P. J., 149, 155n27, 376, 379, 383, 384, 387, 414n10, 416n13 Corman, Hope, 335 Council of Economic Advisers, 200 Cox, J., 488, 490 Crane, Barry D., 294 Crosby, A., 229 Csikszentmihalyi, M., 5 Currie, C., 377, 378t Currie, Janet, 492n11 Curtin, Sally C., 169f, 171f Cutler, David, 70, 117 Daag, P. K., 334 Darroch, Jacqueline E., 195n15 Davies, Mark, 281 Davis, Wendy, 4, 34 DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration), 294 Deadwyler, Sam A., 277 DeAngelis, C. D., 488, 489 de Bree, A., 496 DeCicca, Philip, 75 Dee, Thomas, 23, 87, 140, 146–50, 158, 159, 186n13, 376, 386, 397, 412 DeFonseca, Fernando R., 272, 281 DeJong, W., 150 Dennison, C. M., 495 DeSimone, Jeffrey, 282 Devaney, B. L., 490, 493 Dewey, William L., 281 DHHS (Department of Health and Human Services), 70, 74, 167, 172f DiChiara, Gaetano, 281 Diekstra, Rene, 220–21 Diener, E., 38n10 Dietz, W. H., 487 DiNardo, John, 284, 286, 296, 312, 444n4 Disbrow, D., 485 Dixit, Avinash, 456 Donohue, John, 330, 334, 335 Donovan, John E., 283 Duesenberry, J. S., 46 Durkheim, Emile, 219, 220, 224, 235–37 Edwards, Griffith, 280 Ehrlich, Isaac, 320 Eisen, Marvin, 183, 185 Elias, P., 151 Ellickson, Phyllis L., 273, 277, 281 Elliott, D., 336 Ellwood, D. T., 414 Emans, S. J., 488, 490 Ennett, S. T., 412 Estes, Eugena, 444n4 Evans, L., 140, 146 Evans, William N., 75, 97, 105, 113, 117, 146, 147n18, 149, 152, 210, 383 Evenson, K. R., 152n23 Eysenck, H. J., 36 Eysenck, S., 36 Fagan, Jeffrey, 332 Fairlie, Robert W., 188 Farmer, C. M., 151 Farrelly, Matthew, 23, 285–86, 287, 306, 312 Farrington, D., 336 Figlio, Robert F., 328, 336n10 Fischer, C., 41n14, 42n18 Fischer, G. W., 59, 60 Fischoff, Baruch, 4, 5, 33, 34, 59, 60 Fisher, K. D., 491 Author Index Foss, R. D., 152n23 Foster, D. W., 489n6 Foster, E. Michael, 210 Fox, M. K., 494 Frank, D. A., 485n2 Frederick, S., 47 Freeman, Richard, 332, 335, 474 Fry, A., 41, 45 Furby, L., 33, 35 Furstenberg, Frank F., 182, 184, 210 Gabler, H. C., 138 Gallup Organization, 167 GAO (General Accounting Office), 135, 150, 159, 161n32 George, Cristina, 187 Georgotas, Anastase, 281 Geronimus, Arline T., 210 Glaeser, E., 255, 260, 334, 350n12 Glendon, S., 260 Glenny, A. M., 493 Glied, Sherry, 109 Glueck, Eleanor, 336n10 Glueck, Sheldon, 336n10 Goldberg, G. R., 486 Gonzalez-Requejo, A., 494 Gordon, A. R., 490, 493 Gortmaker, S. L., 489n7, 490, 504 Gould, Eric, 336n8 Gould, M., 224, 237 Graef, R., 5 Graham, J. D., 146, 147n18, 152, 383 Green, L., 41, 45 Greene, A. L., 5, 34 Greenwood, Peter, 331n6, 335, 365n21 Griesinger, Harriet, 336n9 Griliches, Z., 156 Grogger, Jeffrey, 211, 334, 335, 336 Gross, Milton M., 280 Grossman, Michael, 74, 75, 113, 285, 294, 296, 306, 376, 384, 414n10, 497 Gruber, Jonathan, 6, 94, 117, 334 Gustman, Alan, 455 Haas-Wilson, Deborah, 187 Hadgson, R., 280 Halikas, James, 281 Hall, B. H., 154 Hall, Wayne, 277, 280 Hallberg, L., 496 Halpern-Felsher, Bonnie, 5 Hamermesh, Daniel, 219, 234 Hamilton, W., 494 Hampson, Robert E., 277 527 Hardy, Janet B., 182–83 Harrell, J. S., 493 Harris, Ron, 366 Harrison, P., 384 Haslam, N., 40n13 Hausman, J., 154 Haveman, Robert H., 439 Hayes, L., 499n16 Hays, Ron D., 273, 281 Heal, G. M., 46 Heckman, James J., 414, 415, 448 Helson, H., 47 Helzer, John E., 281 Henshaw, Stanley K., 167, 169f, 173n3 Herrnstein, Richard, 334 Heyser, Charles J., 277 Himes, J. H., 487 Hindelang, M., 336 Hingson, R., 148, 150 Hirschi, Travis, 335, 336 Hofferth, Sandra L., 209 Hoffman, Saul D., 210 Hollowell, W. T., 138 Hood, H. C., 132 Horne, J., 122 Horvath, Ann, 188 Hotz, V. Joseph, 187 Houthakker, Henrik, 296 Hsiao, C., 416 Huang, Lynn, 75 Huber, P. J., 307, 308–9t, 310–11t, 314t Hughes, J. M., 494, 495 Hyatt, Raymond, 292, 296 Hyde, Henry, 31n3 ICJIA (Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority), 360 IIHS (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety), 153 Ippolito, Pauline, 494 Jacobson, Peter D., 92 Jacobs-Quadrel, Marilyn, 4 Jaeger, L., 283 Jason, Leonard A., 75 Jebb, S. A., 486 Jeffrey, R. W., 511 Jemison, K., 485 Jessor, Richard, 283 Johnston, Lloyd D., 271, 272, 275, 276, 277, 283, 284, 287, 288, 289, 290 Joksch, H., 138 Jones, Reese T., 281 Joshipura, K. J., 489 528 Author Index Kahane, C. J., 138 Kahneman, D., 38n10, 59 Kaiser Family Foundation, 178n9, 212 Kandel, Denise B., 272–73, 277, 281, 283 Kane, Thomas J., 183, 187, 464n26, 466n31 Kaplan, John, 282 Kassler, W. J., 384 Katz, Lawrence, 335, 439 Katz, Michael L., 183n11, 214 Kendix, Michael, 272, 277 Kenkel, Donald, 75, 384 Kennedy, David, 333, 335 Kennedy, E., 486 Kessler, Ronald C., 273, 280, 281 Kirby, K., 41n17 Kleiman, Mark A. R., 291, 294 Korenman, Sanders, 210 Koszegi, Botond, 6, 94, 117 Kranton, R., 36n8 Krueger, Alan, 472n35 Krupnick, A. J., 132 Laibson, D., 41n14, 42n18, 46, 50n24 Laixuthai, Adit, 279, 286, 287 Lake, J. K., 494 Lampe, J. W., 489 Landry, David J., 195n15 Larson, M., 5 Latour, Colette, 272, 279 Laub, John, 330, 334, 361 Lauer, R. M., 489 Lave, C., 151 Lee, J., 489 Leibowitz, Arleen, 183, 185 Lemieux, Thomas, 284, 286, 312, 469n32 Lemmon, Jim, 277, 280 Leonardi, R., 235 Levine, Philip B., 187, 334 Levitt, S. D., 135, 141, 146, 307, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 348, 350, 365n20, 366, 367n25, 370 Levy, D. T., 153 Lewis, C. C., 5, 8, 34, 35 Lewitt, Eugene, 75 Light, Audrey, 455 Lindrooth, R. C., 412 Linville, P. W., 59, 60 Lipsey, Mark, 335 Lochner, Lance, 334, 335, 336, 348, 356, 360 Loewenstein, G., 40n13, 46, 47, 48n22, 49n23, 52, 53n25 Lolait, Stephen J., 277 London, Rebecca, 187, 188 Looker, A. C., 492 Lowenstein, George, 184 Luder, E., 492 Lundberg, Shelly, 183 MacCoun, Robert J., 282, 332 Machin, Stephen, 336 Macunovich, Diane J., 186 Males, M. A., 153, 384 Manlove, Jennifer, 175n6, 179f Mann, N. C., 139 Manning, A. D., 493 Manski, Charles, 307, 412 Mantovani, R. E., 499n16 Marakovic, N., 41n17 Margen, S., 485n2 Margulies, Rebecca, 273, 281 Markowitz, S., 384 Marquart, L., 491n9 Martin, Billy R., 281 Martin, Joyce A., 171f, 172f Marvell, Thomas, 335, 366 Marzuk, P. M., 238 Massie, D., 138 Mast, B. D., 149, 158, 376, 384, 397 Mathios, Alan, 75, 494 Matsuda, Lisa A., 277 Matthews, Stephen, 187 Matthews, T. J., 169f, 171f McElroy, Susan W., 210 McGuckin, N., 132 Meghir, Costas, 336 Mensch, Barbara S., 277 Middleman, A. B., 488, 490 Miller, Ted, 331 Miller, Wayne J., 173n3 Mincer, Jacob, 440, 453 Minehart, D., 46 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Netherlands, 282 Mocan, Naci, 335, 336, 337, 356 Model, Karyn E., 280, 285, 287 Moffitt, Robert, 187 Moody, Carlisle, 335, 366 Moore, Kristin A., 185 Moore, Michael J., 376, 379, 383, 387, 414n10, 416n13 Moretti, Enrico, 466n31 Morton, Sally, 273, 281 Mossberg, H. O., 494 Moulton, Brent R., 313 Mullahy, J., 376 Author Index Mulligan, Casey, 6, 295n8 Mullins, R. J., 139 Murakami, E., 132 Murnane, Richard J., 448n11 Murphy, Kevin, 3, 40, 46, 98, 113, 414n10, 439 Murphy, Patrick, 332 Mustard, David, 336n8 Myerson, J., 41, 45 Nagin, D., 47 Nahas, Gabriel, 272, 279 Nanetti, R. Y., 235 Nathans, A. B., 139 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 174 National Research Council, Institute of Medicine, 503n18 Neuhauser, L., 485n2 Neville, D., 383 Newcomb, Michael D., 277 Newey, Whitney K., 297, 298t, 299t NHTSA (National Highway Transportation Safety Administration), 140, 146, 148, 152 NIAAA (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism), 271 NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse), 271, 277 Nisbet, Charles T., 283, 284 NNICC (National Narcotics Intelligence Consumer Committee), 291 Norberg, K., 221 Nord, M., 485 Norton, E. C., 412 Nurmi, J., 5 O’Carroll, P. W., 238 O’Donoghue, T., 41n14, 42, 44n19, 46, 47n21, 48n22, 49n23, 52, 185 Oettinger, Gerald S., 198n18 Ogden, C. L., 489n7 O’Hanlon, James F., 278, 279 Ohlin, L. E., 336 Oliveira, V., 485 O’Malley, Patrick M., 271, 272, 275, 277, 283, 284, 287, 288, 289, 290 ONDCP (Office of National Drug Control Policy), 275 O’Neill, June, 188 Osgood, D. Wayne, 272 Oslak, Selene, 195n15 Oswald, A., 264 529 Pack, A., 122 Pacula, Rosalie, 75, 284, 285, 286, 287, 294, 312, 379 Paikoff, Roberta, 183 Palace, V. P., 489 Paternoster, R., 47 Peltzman, S., 146 Peters, H. Elizabeth, 188 Petersilia, Joan, 333–34 Phelps, E. S., 41n14 Philipson, Tomas J., 187, 490 Phillips, D., 237 Piaget, J., 34n6 Pichler, R., 138 Piehl, Anne, 333, 335 Pindyck, Robert, 456 Plotnick, Robert D., 183 Polen, Michael R., 272, 279 Pollak, R. A., 41n14, 42n18, 46 Pontieri, Francesco, 281 Popkin, B., 496 Porter, J., 135, 141, 146 Posner, Richard A., 187, 490 Post, G. B., 494 Power, C., 494 Prelec, D., 40n13 Putnam, R. D., 235 Quadrel, M. J., 34 Quetelet, Adolphe, 334 Rabin, M., 30n1, 41n14, 42, 44n19, 46, 47n21, 48n22, 49n23, 52, 185 Raiten, D. J., 491 Ranney, C., 485 Rasmussen, D. W., 376, 384, 397 Read, D., 47 Rees, Daniel, 188, 336, 337, 356 Register, Charles A., 284 Repetto, A., 41n14 Reuter, Peter, 282, 332 Reyner, L., 122 Rhodes, William, 292, 296 Ribar, David, 187 Richardson, Elizabeth, 117 Rigotti, Nancy, 75 Ringel, Jeanne, 97, 105, 113, 117 Ritenbaugh, C., 485 Rivolo, A. Rex, 294 Robbe, Hindrik W. J., 278, 279 Rockett, H. R. H., 486 Rona, R. J., 494, 495 Rose, D., 485 530 Author Index Rosen, Sherwin, 296, 452 Rosenfeld, Richard, 330 Rossi, D., 378n2 Rossman, Shelli, 331 Rouse, Cecila E., 442 Ruhm, C. J., 149, 150, 158, 159, 336n8, 384 Ryder, H. E., 46 Sacerdote, B., 255, 334, 350n12 Sacks, J., 229 Saffer, Henry, 285, 287, 306, 384 SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration), 271, 272, 275 Sampson, Robert, 334, 335 Sanders, Seth G., 210 Scheiman, Paul, 292, 296 Scheinkman, J., 255, 334 Schelling, Thomas, 282 Schwartz, N., 38n10 Seidell, J. C., 496 Sellin, Torstein, 328, 336n10 Shalala, Donna, 174–75 Shannon, B., 493 Shepard, R., 495 Shimer, Robert, 465n28 Siegelman, Peter, 330, 334, 335 Silverman, M. M., 238 Sindelar, J. L., 376 Sirtalan, I., 414n10 Skog, O. J., 376 Sloan, F. A., 376 Smiley, Alison, 278 Soares, Rodrigo, 336 Solnick, J., 41n17 Solon, Gary, 459 Solowij, Nadia, 277, 280 Sonenstein, Freya L., 175n6 Soss, N., 219, 234 Spain, D., 13 Spunt, Barry, 272 Staiger, Douglas, 183, 187, 334 Stech, Diana, 97, 105, 113, 117 Steinberg, Laurence, 5 Steinmeier, Thomas, 455 Stockman, J. A., 492 Stout, E., 376 Strachan, D. P., 489 Strotz, R. H., 42n18 Szabo, P., 496n12 Tanda, Gianluigi, 281 Tashkin, Donald P., 272, 279 Taubman, Paul, 290 Tauchen, G., 149, 155n27, 384 Tauchen, Helen, 336n9 Tauras, John A., 285, 306 Terry, Elizabeth, 175n6, 179f Thaler, R., 30n1, 40n13 Thies, Clifford S., 284 Tobacco Institute, 92 Tobacman, J., 41n14 Tobelmann, R. C., 491n9 Tommasello, Anthony C., 272, 279 Topel, Robert, 439, 474 Trainor, Amy B., 187 Turnbull, S., 496n12 Tury, F., 496n12 Tyler, John H., 448n11 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 174f University of Michigan, 1 U.S. Bureau of the Census, 173f U.S. Department of the Treasury, 2 Vakil, Firouz, 283, 284 van Leeuwen, D., 47 Venkatesh, Sudhir, 332, 333 Ventura, Stephanie J., 169f, 171f, 172f Wadhera, Sirinder, 173n3 Walls, M. A., 132 Wang, Y., 496 Ward, Michael P., 186 Warner, Kenneth, 117 Warner, Lynn, 280 Wasserman, Jeffrey, 75, 92 Wechsler, H., 414n10 Weinberg, Bruce, 336n8 Weis, J., 336 Weithorn, L. A., 35 Welch, Finis, 465n28 Weller, Ronald A., 281 West, Kenneth D., 297, 298t, 299t Whetten-Goldstein, K., 376 Whiteman, Martin, 272, 273 Wilde, P., 485 Wilhelm, Mark, 187 Willett, John B., 448n11 Willis, Robert J., 415, 452, 454 Wilson, James Q., 333–34 Wilson, J. D., 489 Wilson, William Julius, 335 Witte, Anne, 336n9 Wolfe, Barbara L., 439 Author Index Wolfgang, Marvin, 328, 336n10 Wright, J. D., 491 Yamada, Tadashi, 272, 277 Yamada, Tetsuji, 272, 277 Yamaguchi, Kazuo, 281 Yellen, Janet, 183n11, 214 Zabin, Laurie Schwab, 182–83 Zador, P. L., 135, 150 Zeidenberg, Phillip, 281 Zhai, F., 496 Zimmerman, David J., 187 Zuckerman, M., 36 531 Subject Index Abortion: effect of laws on teen motherhood, 211; effect of restrictions on teen sexual activity, 205; rates for teens (1972–98), 169–74 Accident rates, motor-vehicle: for passenger-car occupants (1988–97), 133–34, 138; teen involvement and survivability, 133–42; tow-away accidents for passenger-car occupants, 134–35, 138 Accidents, motor vehicle: characteristics of passenger-vehicle occupants, 138–39; Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), 123, 127, 135, 139, 153 Addiction: to marijuana, 280–81; rationaladdiction model, 3–4 Affective development, 4 Air bags, 141–42 Alcohol-control policies: influence of excise taxes on, 376, 384; minimum legal drinking age (MLDA), 136, 149; minimum purchase age (MPA), 375–76; Uniform Drinking Age Act (1984), 383 Alcohol (ethyl alcohol): consumption per capita, 410, 411t; effect of beer tax and MPA on consumption of, 410, 411t; involvement in fatal crashes by time of day, 135–36; social influences on teen consumption of, 412–13. See also Bingeing, teen; Driving behavior; Drunk-driving policies; Excise taxes Antismoking policies: advertising restrictions, 93; clean-air regulation, 92, 97, 103–4, 117–19; counteradvertising, 93; licensing of retailers, 93; penalties on tobacco purchases by minors, 93; youth-access restrictions, 92–93, 97, 103–4, 117–19 Armed Forces Qualifying Test (AFQT), 339, 349–50, 387 Automobiles: crashworthiness, 138–42; incidence of teens’ travel by, 130–32. See also Driving behavior; Fatalities, motor vehicle Beer tax. See Excise taxes Behavioral economics, 31–32, 63–65 Beliefs: about future behavior, 42–43; irrational, false, or exaggerated, 58–60; not affecting behavior, 43 Bingeing, teen: probability of persistence and habit, 413–16; social influences, 412–13 Birth control. See Contraception Birth rates: to teen mothers (1972–98), 169–74; to teens by race and ethnicity (1988–98), 170–71, 173 BMI. See Obesity Clinton administration: on increasing price of cigarettes, 2; tobacco regulation bill, 69 533 534 Subject Index Cognitive development, 4 Contraception: literature about teen use of, 182–88; teen sexual activity without, 211–12; use among teens in United States, 174–82 Crime: effect of deterrence on, 370; effect of incapacitation on, 370 Crime, youth: analysis of effect of criminal justice system on, 365–71; data sources to study, 336–37; determinants of involvement in, 333–36; incidence of juvenile involvement in, 327–31, 336–57; outcomes at age thirty, 357– 60; social cost in United States, 331–33 Crime predictors: biological factors as, 334; economic factors as, 335; punishment as deterrent, 335; social factors as, 334–35 Criminal justice system: state-level paneldata analysis of effect of, 365–71 Data sources: AFDC data, 200; for analysis of public policy influence on youth smoking, 89–93; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 140, 148–49; census data, 360–65; Chicago homicide data, 327, 360–61; city surveys, 149; Current Population Survey (CPS), 131, 132, 440–41, 447; Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), 280; Epidemiological Catchment Area study, 280; Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), 123, 127, 135, 139, 153; General Social Survey (GSS), 257, 440, 458–62; Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Study (HBSC), 377; Illegal Drug Price/Parity Report (IDPPR), 290–91, 296; Monitoring the Future (MTF), 271, 274, 289–90, 302–6, 375, 379–80, 422–35; National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League (NARAL), 200; National Automotive Sampling Survey (NASS), 133; National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 487; National Comorbidity Study, 280; National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), 330n3, 332; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 485– 92, 497, 512, 515; National Hospital Discharge Survey, 227; National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), 271; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (NLSAH), 337, 356; National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (AddHealth), 188, 201, 223, 227, 239, 260; National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 282, 327, 330, 333, 336–38, 348–50, 356–57, 376, 377, 386, 413, 418–20, 440, 447; National Personal Transportation Survey, 128, 131, 132; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 175–82; School Enrollment Supplements, CPS, 441; to study youth risky behavior, 2, 8–14, 24; System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 290; TANF data, 200; Vital Statistics, 222, 226–27; Vital Statistics Natality data, 71; Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) Decision making: differences between adult and youth, 4–5; discount factor in youth, 37–46; economic incentives in youth, 21–23; evidence of adult, 35– 36; evidence related to youth, 33–36; modeling youth, 6–7; teen sexuality, 183–85; undervaluing the future, 456– 57. See also Risk taking Depression: correlation with suicide, 234– 37; determinants among teens of, 248– 54; as factor in suicide attempts, 239– 48; factors leading to youth, 234–36 Dietary recall. See Nutrition status Discounting: economic definition, 37–38; heuristic, 38–39; in youth decision making, 37–46. See also Projection bias Drinking, teen: coefficient stability of participation (1976, 1986, 1996), 424–35; effect of alcohol-control policies on, 376; effect of environment on, 383– 413; incidence in United States, 375– 78; international comparison, 377; means and definitions from MTF, 422– 23; potential for forming drinking habit, 413–20; probability of persistence and habit, 413–16; relation of socioeconomic characteristics to bingeing and, 387–97; social influences, 412–13; in states with low MPA, 376; trends in, 379–83; twelfth-graders’ thirty-day prevalence of bingeing and (1976–96), 379–83. See also Bingeing, teen; Drunk-driving policies; Mini- Subject Index mum legal drinking age (MLDA); Minimum purchase age (MPA) Driving behavior: factors influencing teens’, 130–32; under influence of alcohol, 278–79; under influence of marijuana, 278–79. See also Drunk-driving policies Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA): Domestic Cannabis Eradication and Suppression Program, 294; Partnership for a Drug Free America, 276; price data from publications of, 290–91 Drug use: correlation between marijuana and hard drug use, 274–77, 281–83; marijuana use relative to all, 272–73; National Household Survey of Drug Abuse (NHSDA), 72–73; teen use of alcohol, 375–76; trends in prevalence of teen (1975–98), 276. See also Marijuana Drunk-driving policies: driving with specific BAC, 149–50, 159–61; effectiveness of, 150, 161–62; license revocation, 150, 159–61 Education: effect of aggregate variables on outcomes of, 473–80; effect of family background on outcomes of, 459–64; effect of local variables on outcomes of, 464–73; as human capital investment, 452–57; to reduce risky behavior, 64; trends in completion of, 441–52 Educational levels: decomposition of trends in school completion, 457–80; incidence of GED certification, 447–48; measures by year of birth of completed, 449–52; of parents as determinant of seat belt use, 142–43; of parents as determinant of youth smoking, 76–79, 105–7; of teen mothers, 209 Excise taxes: estimates of effect of beer tax on drinking and bingeing, 383–432; federal and state alcohol, 383–84; state-level tax on beer, 384–85 Fatalities, motor vehicle: alcohol-related teen, 122; daytime and nighttime, 136– 38; decline in teen (1982–97), 130–42; distribution for three age groups (1998), 124–25; historical and crosssectional data of teen, 123–32; male and female teen (1982–97), 130–31; males as occupants of cars (1982–97), 535 130, 142; passenger-vehicle-occupant (1983, 1990, 1995), 129; percent change in passenger-vehicle-occupant (1983, 1990, 1995), 129–30; reduced risk with seat belt use, 142, 146; for teens (1975–97), 122–32; for three age groups (1975–97), 125–26 Fertility: costs of behavior related to, 198– 209; effect of welfare generosity on nonmarital, 187–88, 200, 205–7; factors influencing teen behavior, 185–88; relation to labor market conditions, 186– 87, 205–8; teen rates in United States and other industrialized countries (1975–97), 173–74 Food insecurity. See Nutrition status Food Stamp Program (FSP), 492–93, 516 FSP. See Food Stamp Program (FSP) Government policy. See Laws/regulation; Public policy Health: as form of human capital, 496; model of investment in, 496–97; National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 71–73; of regular marijuana users, 277–80; smoking-related illness, 70 Health Eating Index (HEI): components of and uses for, 486–87; in model of nutrition status measures, 497 Homicides: Chicago homicides by censustract-level panel data, 360–65; correlation of youth suicide rates with youth homicides, 229–30 Human capital: drinking as deficit in acquisition of, 376; educational attainment in accumulation of, 439; investment model, 440, 452–57, 480; nutrition as investment in formation of, 496–97 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (1991), 141 Labor market activity: as alternative to juvenile crime, 335–36; of teen mothers, 209 Laws/regulation: antismoking policies, 92– 93, 97, 103–4, 117–19; auto speed limits, 150–51; minimum legal drinking age (MLDA), 136, 149; minimum purchase age (MPA), 376, 379–80, 383– 86, 391–96t, 397–412; NCI criteria for 536 Subject Index Laws/regulation (cont.) rating state youth-access laws, 117–19; Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (1990), 494; nutrition programs, 504–7; seat belt use, 145–50; traffic-safety policies, 145–62 Marijuana: developing dependence on, 280–81; effect of decriminalization on demand for, 284–86; as gateway drug, 281–83; physical and cognitive effects of using, 277–80; youth demand for, 283–88, 302–17 Marijuana use among youth: behavior associated with, 4, 272–73; compared to other illicit substance abuse, 272–77; diminished psychomotor performance with, 278–79; evidence of diminished cognitive function with, 277–78; health effects associated with, 279–80; perceived risk of harm from use, 292–302 Marijuana use among youth model: harm as endogenous variable, 294–95, 297; price variable, 295–97; purity or potency in demand function, 296–97; regression analysis, 297–302 Minimum legal drinking age (MLDA): movement calling for age twenty-one, 149; state laws related to, 136, 149 Minimum purchase age (MPA): effect of policy for, 376, 384–86; estimates of effect on drinking and bingeing, 391– 96t, 397–412; higher state-level (1980s), 379–80, 383 MLDA. See Minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) Monitoring the Future (MTF) surveys, 2, 8; in analysis of public policy influence on youth smoking, 89–90; determinants of youth smoking (1976–97), 76– 79; trends in youth smoking (1976–97), 71–73 Motherhood, teen, 209–11 MPA. See Alcohol-control policies; Minimum purchase age (MPA) National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) data, 123 National Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS), 128 Nutrition: effects in adolescents of poor, 488–89, 496; factors influencing out- comes of, 504–6; Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (1990), 494 Nutrition programs: effect of school programs, 506–7; effects of participation in, 504–5 Nutrition status: based on physical examinations, 487–88; dietary recall, 485–87; differences by gender, 512–14; differences by race and ethnicity, 506–12; food insecurity, 484–85; measures based on physical examinations, 487– 88. See also Obesity Obesity: body-mass index as measure of, 487; effect of television watching on, 504–6; international comparisons of child, 494–95; long-term effects among children, 488–89; trends in United States, 489 Preferences: discounting future, 46–53, 61–63; effect of projection bias on, 46–48; excessive myopia related to, 38–39; projection bias, 46–53; related to education choices, 456–57; timeinconsistent, 40–42; timing of gratification of, 41–46. See also Projection bias Pregnancies, teen: costs to teens of, 198– 209; factors related to pregnancy risk, 189–91t, 197–98; incidence in United States, 167–74; as problem in United States, 167; teens at risk for, 181–82; in United States and other industrialized countries (1992–95), 174 Prices: data on marijuana prices, 290–92; effect on levels of youth smoking, 87– 107; as factor in marijuana demand and use, 283–86; price elasticity of demand for marijuana, 317–19; related to perceived harm from marijuana use, 294–302 Projection bias: evidence of effect of, 46– 48; formulation of, 48–49; leading to errors, 49–51; relevance for youth, 51– 52; youth-to-adult, 52–53. See also Discounting Public policy: direct and indirect influence on youth risk taking, 23–24; effectiveness of criminal-justice system, 335, 365–70; effect of antismoking policy on youth smoking, 74–76; effect of Subject Index marijuana decriminalization, 284–85; effect on levels of youth smoking, 87– 104; implications of behavioral economics analyses for, 63–65; influences on teen traffic fatalities, 149–62; minimum purchase age (MPA), 376, 383– 413; potential effect on teen sexual behavior, 213–14; requiring seat belt use, 145–50; response to teen sexual activity without contraception, 212–13; role in deterring youth smoking, 69–71. See also Alcohol-control policies; Antismoking policies; Drunk-driving policies; Laws/regulation; Seat belts; Traffic-safety policies Race: changing composition of teenage population, 443; as determinant of youth smoking, 76–79, 105–7; rates of black teen suicide by, 232; sexual activity and contraceptive use by, 175– 82; teen birthrates by (1988–98), 170– 71, 173 Risk taking: changes in incidence of youth and adult, 14–20; developmental psychology perspective on, 4–6; economic incentives associated with, 10, 21–22; effect of government policy on youth, 23–24; incidence among youths, 8–14; link between youth and adult, 22–23; proposed future work associated with youth, 24–26 Risky behavior: behavioral model, 58–63; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 109, 140; correlation of adult and youth, 22–23; correlation of youth smoking with other, 86–87; differences between adult and youth, 31; excessive myopia associated with, 38–39; policy considerations related to, 63–64; rational-choice model, 54–58, 61–63; relation to future preferences, 45–53; repeated risky choices, 53–60; self-control, 44–45; social development and reactions to, 4–5; trade-offs in, 37; as traffic safety indicator, 143–45; trends across time in adult, 18–20 Risky behavior, youth: bad-seed model of decisions about, 13; conservation-ofrisk model of decisions about, 13; correlation with adult risky behavior, 22– 23; costs of additional risk taking, 11, 537 13; effect of economic environment on, 21–22; future work, 24–25; importance of incentives in, 21; incidence by age, 8–11; intensity in carrying out, 11–12; negative externalities from, 30; trends across time, 14–18, 22 Roe v. Wade, 211 School dropouts: data sources for analysis of, 440–41; incidence of return to continue or complete schooling, 447–48; relation to marijuana use, 278; trends in, 441–52 School enrollment: correlation with completion of education, 447–48; data sources for analysis of, 440; decomposition of trends in, 457–80; rates for young men and women, 441–46; trends, 441–52 Seat belts: effect of mandatory laws for use of, 145–50; rates of teen use of, 122; reduction of fatality risk, 142, 146; use rates, 140–41, 148 Sexual behavior: effect of AIDS epidemic on, 187, 204, 206–8 Sexual behavior, teen: among girls, 175–82; boys’ and girls’ use of contraception, 188–98; determinants of and factors related to, 182–89; potential public policy affecting, 213–14; related to geographic cost differences, 201–9; without contraception, 211–12 Sexuality: developmental models of, 184– 85; literature about teen, 182–88; teen decision tree, 183–84 Smoking, adult: decline in (1990s), 69; implications of youth smoking for future, 107–15 Smoking, youth: changes in coefficients (1976, 1986, 1997), 81–84; characteristics and attitudes of smokers, 76–87; data sources for trends in, 71–74; determinants of, 76–87; effect of changes in attitudes related to, 86; effect of price on incidence of, 74–76; increased incidence of (1990s), 69–70; intertemporal implications of, 107–15; previous literature on, 74–76; time-series trends in, 71–74. See also Antismoking policies Smoking behavior: effect of tax on youths’ smoking, 112–15; illness related to, 70; intertemporal correlation across co- 538 Subject Index Smoking behavior (cont.) horts, 109–11. See also Antismoking policies Social development and reactions, 4–5 Suicide: adult, 219–20, 224–25, 261; changes in state-level rates (1950–90), 260–63; factors influencing rise in youth, 263–65 Suicide, youth: contagion theory, 255–56, 265; economic and social roots of, 219–24; geographical distribution in United States, 230–32; instrumentality theory, 257, 261; local spillovers, 223– 24; methods, 232–34; rates, 225–28; rational or depression theory, 256, 267–68; strategic-suicide theory, 260, 265–67 Suicide attempts, youth: contagion theory, 233, 237–38, 248; distinction between suicide and, 223; evidence, 239–50; instrumentality hypothesis, 234, 238–39; parasuicide and deliberate self-harm, 227; racial and economic differences in, 227t, 232; rates (1995), 227–28; rational or depression theory, 233–36, 241, 248–54; strategic-suicide theory, 233, 236–37, 241, 254, 265 Suicide rates: for youths (1950, 1990), 219– 20, 224–25 Taxation. See Alcohol (ethyl alcohol); Excise taxes Television watching: effect on nutrition outcomes, 504–6; teen depression related to, 254 Traffic fatalities. See Fatalities, motor vehicle Traffic safety: teen choices, 142–45 Traffic-safety policies: to improve teen behavior, 145–62; literature about influences of, 149–53; state-level coverage (1975–96), 151 Uniform Drinking Age Act (1984), 383 Vital Statistics Natality data, 90–93, 98– 105 Welfare: effect of generosity on teen fertility, 187–88, 200, 205–7; hedonic well-being as criterion for, 37–38 Well-being: hedonic, 37–38; instantaneous utility, 32; overall, 32 Youth-Access Index (YAI), 117–19 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), 140 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), 2, 8; in analysis of public policy influence on youth smoking, 98, 89–93, 98–105; trends in youth smoking (1991–97), 72–73
