SHORT PAPER International J. of Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 2, May 2010 Simulation of Power Electronic Wave Forms of Single Phase Full Converter using MATLAB/SIMULINK and ANN Vipul Sharma1, S.S.Pattnaik 2, Agam Kumar Tyagi1, S. Devi2, Tanuj K. Garg1, N. K. Agarwal1 1 Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand vipul.s@rediffmail.com 2 NITTTR, Chandigarh shyampattnaik@yahoo.com One difficulty in all the above estimation methods is that the response tends to be slow because of the processing involved. To avoid the complexity of estimation, it may be possible to get the solution by oneor multidimensional look-up tables in microcomputer memory. However, for improvement of accuracy, the size of the look up table should be large, or interpolation calculation is required. In recent years, several researchers have incorporated artificial neural networks in several adaptive schemes in a number of timeindependent or time dependent settings, either in primary or supporting role, but the applications in the field of power electronics are comparatively less. In this paper, the simulation of a full wave converter is performed using MATLAB/SIMULINK for different firing angles [6]. Single-phase thyristor ac converter current waveforms have been taken into consideration and neural network have been trained to estimate the cut off angle[7,8]. A back propagation training algorithm was used for training the network. A comparison of the two methods have been done and analyzed. Abstract—Power Electronic converters are widely being used these days for various applications ranging from small to large power. Full converters are widely been used for conversion of single phase input to the desired output waveform. This paper compares the performance of this converter using different operating tools. The cutoff angle of line current in a single phase thyristor controlled full converter with RL load has been taken into consideration in discontinuous current mode. ANN has been trained using Back propagation method and the performance of this ANN based estimator is compared with the simulation work done in MATLAB. The results of these simulations are elaborated in the paper discussing converter performance with different loading conditions. Index Terms— Controlled converters, Matlab, Waveform Estimation, ANN, Power Electronics. I. INTRODUCTION Single phase full converter is widely being used for different supply requirement these days. Power electronic circuits generate complex voltage and current waveforms because of their switching mode operation. For control, Monitoring, and diagnostic purposes, it is frequently necessary to process these waveforms and generate the outputs, such as rms current, active power, reactive power, displacement factor etc. it is possible to make estimation from a basic, closed –form mathematical model of the system, if such a model can be obtained [1]. The model equations are often nonlinear, complex, and distributed in nature, making this approach difficult [2]. The topological form of the system can be simulated on the computer with the known parameters, and then analytical calculation can be made on the resulting waveforms [3,4,5]. Sometimes the mathematical model parameter may be totally unknown, making these estimation approaches impossible. For a prototype operating system, electronic instrumentation (both hardware and software) techniques are extensively used for such measurements. For example the waveform may be captured and then analyzed by Fast Fourier Transform in real time to derive the estimated outputs. Similar techniques can be used for estimation of the waveforms recorded on oscilloscope or chart recorder. II. NEURAL NETWORK PRINCIPLES Neural networks or artificial neural networks (ANN) are the interconnection of artificial neuron that tends to emulate the human brain [7]. The model of an artificial neuron that closely matches a biological neuron is given by an op-amp, summer like configuration shown in fig. 1. 71 © 2010 ACEEE DOI: 01.IJRTET.03.02.519 SHORT PAPER International J. of Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 2, May 2010 The input signals X1, X2, X3 …Xn are normally continuous signals that flow through synaptic weights and then accumulate in the summing node, as shown. The weights can be negative or positive, and correspondingly, amplify or alternate the respective signals coming to the summing node. The summed signal then flows to the output through a transfer function that is usually nonlinear. The transfer function can be the threshold type, signam type, or linear threshold type, or it can be nonlinear continuously varying type, such as the sigmoid, inverse tan, hyperbolic or Gaussian type. The sigmoid transfer function and tan hyperbolic function are most commonly used and are given by the equations: ( )= 0< ( )<1 means that if an input set of data corresponds to a definite signal pattern, the network can be “trained” to give a correspondingly desired pattern at the output. (1) ( ) = tanh −1< ( ) <1 (2) Where ‘a’ is the gain that adjusts the slope of the function. At high gain, approaches a step function. The sigmoidal function is nonlinear, monotonic, differentiable, and has the largest incremental gain at zero signal, and these properties are of particular interest in the application of neural networks. Nonlinearity of the transfer function gives the network capability to emulate nonlinear mapping properties. A neural network can be classified as a feed forward or feedback type, depending on the interconnection of the neurons. At present, by far the majority of applications use feed forward multilayer network that consists of three layers: the input layer, the hidden layer, and the output layer. The circles represent neurons, and a weight-adjustment feature is included. The input and output layers (defined as buffers) have neurons equal to the respective number of signals. For example, in fig. 2, the input signals may be current waveform pattern characterized by the firing angle (α) and load phase angle (Φ), and the corresponding output signals may be total average load current and cutoff angle (θ). The particular network shown with five hidden layer neurons can be defined as 2-5-2 network. The input layer neurons do not have a transfer function, but there are scale factors to normalize the input signals. Similarly, there also can be scale factors at the output for demoralization. There can be more than one hidden layer. The number of hidden layers and the number of neurons in each layer depends on the complexity of the problem being solved and the desired accuracy. Note that the neural network computes very fast in a parallel and a distributed manner compared with slow sequential computation in a conventional Von Neumann computer that uses a centralized CPU and a central memory. Besides, the neural network has faulttolerant properties and provides noise-immune computation [7,8]. If a few weights are erroneous or several connections are destroyed in a large network, the output remains practically unaffected because of distributed knowledge throughout the network. The computation of the neural network basically relates to nonlinear mapping or a pattern recognition function. This The network has the capability to “learn” because of the distributed intelligence or “associative memory” property contributed by the weights. The input-output pattern matching is possible if the network is trained, i.e., if appropriate weights are selected. With the network initially untrained, i.e., with the weights selected at random, the output signal pattern will totally mismatch the desired pattern for a given input pattern. The actual output pattern can be compared with the desired output pattern, and the weights can be adjusted by an algorithm until pattern matching occurs. i.e., the error becomes small. The back propagation training algorithm is most commonly used for feed forward neural networks. The training is usually automated with an off-line computer simulation program that uses a large number of inputoutput example patterns. The example patterns can be derived from analysis, simulation or by experiment if the model is totally unknown. At completion of the training, the weights are downloaded to the prototype network. A trained network should be able not only to recall all the example input-output patterns (look-up table function) but also to interpolate the example patterns. III. ESTIMATION FOR 1-Φ THYRISTOR CONVERTER CURRENT WAVE FORMS It is not an absolute requirement that converters use large energy storage elements. If small storage elements are used, a converter can exhibit extra configurations, such as “all off” or “all on” switch behavior. The concepts of critical inductance and critical capacitance 72 © 2010 ACEEE DOI: 01.IJRTET.03.02.519 SHORT PAPER International J. of Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 2, May 2010 provide a convenient way to determine whether storage components are small in the sense of power electronics. The critical inductance for a converter, Lcrit, is defined as the smallest inductance for which iL>0 under all allowed conditions in a power electronic circuit [9,10,11]. The value of Lcrit is extremely useful. It defines the boundary between normal and discontinuous modes, and can be used as the basis for inductor ripple design. In AC to DC converters the switching frequency is usually low and the value Lcrit tends to be relatively high. Many industrial converters operate with subcritical inductance because of the low frequency. When L<Lcrit most converters exhibit output voltages higher than when L≥ Lcrit. In commercial systems this behavior is compensated through the use of larger phase delay angles and automatic control. AC converters actually require subcritical inductance for proper operation. If the current does not return to zero during half cycle, commutation failure can occur. Commutation failure defines a situation in which the terminal conditions on a switch are inconsistent with attempts to control the switch. If an SCR is reverse biased when a gate pulse arrives, the device will not turn on, and a commutation failure has occurred. Commutation failure in AC converters can prodoce DC average output values. This can be a serious problem and AC regulators are normally intended for resistive loads to avoid trouble. Fig.4a. shows the waveforms for a single-phase bridge thyristor converter of circuit shown in Fig.3. Fig. 4b shows the Matlab/Simulink waveform output of the circuit. Under discontinuous conduction with resistance- Fig. 3 shows the simple circuit of a single-phase thyristor AC converter with R-L-E load. The firing angle of the thyristor can be controlled symmetrically to control the power to the load. The result obtained for this converter is shown in fig. 3a. The DC load current waveform in the thyristor AC converter is nonsinusoidal and depends on firing angle and the impedance angle [12,13]. Feedforward neural networks are trained to estimate the cut-off angle [14,15,16,17]. inductance-CEMF load. The instantaneous load current in Fig. 4 can be expressed as[1] Id = (3) Where . α- firing angle Vs – rms value of supply voltage R- Load resistance Z- R+jωL impedance ωϕ- 73 © 2010 ACEEE DOI: 01.IJRTET.03.02.519 Angular frequency Impedance angle (tan-1(ωL/R)) SHORT PAPER International J. of Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 2, May 2010 Assuming the supply voltage and frequency sinusoidal and constant (i.e. 220 volts, 50 Hz AC), the equation.(4) shows that the DC load current is a function of firing angle (α), and impedance angle (ϕ). To train a network where all these input variables changes [18,19,20]. A three layer1-30-1 network is used. The training data for simulation can be summarized as follows: Input Range of α: 0-1800 in 20 steps (100 intervals, except extra step at 50 and 1750) under limiting conditions. Values of ϕ: tan-1(2), tan-1(1), tan-1(.5). Values of m: 0.2, 0.4,0.8 Output Cut-off angle (θ) calculated by MATLAB fig. 3a and estimated by a C++ neuron model. IV. RESULTS Simulation of the circuit shown in figure 3 is done using MATLAB/SIMULINK for different values of firing angles and θ in discontinuous conduction mode. The results obtained are plotted in figure 6. Firstly we kept θ constant and then obtained output for different values of the firing angle. After that the firing angles of the thyristors are kept constant and then the output is obtained for different values of θ. These calculated values were then used to train the artificial neural networks to estimate the Cutoff angle θ. We used a Neural Model Developed in C++ as Artificial Neural Networks. A very large number of training steps were used to train the complex network and the error was found to converge to less than 0.1%. Figure 4b. Showing output of 1phase Thyristor converter with RLE Load. Equation.3 is valid in the range α≤ ωt ≤ θ for discontinuous conduction. From the current waveform, Id =0 at ωt= θ. It yields e – (R/ ωL) (θ – α) = {cos (Φ) sin (θ–Φ) –m}/ {cos (Φ) sin (α– Φ)–m} (4) Fig.6. Variation of cut-off angle θ with firing angle α This is a transcendental equation relating parameters α, m (Vc/Vs), θ, and ωL/R (i.e. Φ). he DC load current is given by Id=√2 Vs [cos (α)-cos (θ)-m (θ-α)]/ (пR) Fig.7 shows the estimator performance Cutoff angle θ. The results are verified with the simulation results obtained. The simulations were also performed for RL & RLC loads on the same converter and an idea of the (5) 74 © 2010 ACEEE DOI: 01.IJRTET.03.02.519 SHORT PAPER International J. of Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 2, May 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT converter for different loading conditions is also observed. These observations will utilized for further work continuing in this area. The authors are thankful to the reviewer for his/her valuable suggestions. REFERENCES [1] Bose, B.K., “Power Electronics and Motor Drives recent progress & prospective”, IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, Vol. 56, Issue 2, Feb. 2009, pp.581-588. [2] Bimal K. Bose, Modern Power Electronics And AC Drives, Pearson Education Asia, Singapore,2003, pp. 112-122. [3] Antsaklis, P.J., “Neural Networks for Control Systems”, IEEE Trans. On Neural Networks, Vol. 1, Issue 2, June 1990, pp.242-244. 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The presented method of using ANN for estimation of power electronics waveforms is one of the simplest and accurate methods. The inputs of the artificial neural networks have been carefully chosen. This gives the option of using the network for testing the waveforms for other power electronics circuitry made out of changing any of the parameters used as input of the networks. The ANN’s results are verified with the simulation results obtained. The simulations were also performed for RL & RLC loads on the same converter and an idea of the converter for different loading conditions is also observed. 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