Guidelines for
Implementation
of Integrated Water
Management Districts
JANUARY 2008
This publication was produced for review by United States Agency for
International Development. It was prepared by International Resources Group
in association with EPIQ II Consortium.
l
l
Ministry of Water Resources
and Irrigation
United States Agency for
International Development
LIFE Integrated Water Resources Management
Task Order No. 802
EPIQ II: Contract No. EPP-T-802-03-00013-00
Guidelines for Implementation of
Integrated Water Management Districts
Report No. 42
January 2008
DISCLAIMER
The authors views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United
States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The “Guidelines for Implementation of Integrated Water Management Districts” were prepared
under the USAID/Egypt funded Livelihood and Income from the Environment - Integrated Water
Resources Management Project (LIFE-IWRM), Contract No. EPP-I-802-03-00013-00, Task Order 802
for the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation.
The Guidelines were prepared under the supervision of International Resources Group (IRG) by
the LIFE-IWRM and the MWRI Integrated Water Management Unit (IWMU) technical teams. Eric
Viala, Eng. Alaa Abbas, Dr Ragab Abdel Azim, Eng. Amira El-Diasty, Eng. Nabil Fawzy, Eng. Mohamed
Hamed, Eng. Maher Khodary, Dr Mohamed Abdel Khalek, Dr Mohamed Rami, Dr Tarek Kotb, Eng.
Moamen El Sharkawy, Eng. Hisham Shehab, and Dr Khaled Wassif contributed directly to the content.
The Guidelines were compiled and edited by Eric Viala with assistance from Dr. Ibrahim Elassiouty
under the direction of Jeffrey W. Fredericks. The Guidelines are based on policies and procedures
used during the implementation of LIFE-IWRM. Eng. Gamil Mahmoud, Head of the IWMU and
Chairman of the USAID/MWRI Project Steering Committee reviewed and provided valuable
comments and insights that were incorporated into the final version. The Guidelines were approved
by the USAID/MWRI Project Steering Committee.
The outstanding success of the LIFE–IWRM has been due in large measure to the vision, support,
and assistance provided by H.E. Mahmoud Abou-Zeid, Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation. In
addition, numerous MWRI officials, and especially Eng. Gamil Mahmoud participated directly in
execution of the program and were key contributors to its successful completion.
Valuable information, opinions and advice was provided by MWRI staff from the 27 Integrated
Water Management Districts in the five target Directorates of Aswan, East and West Qena, New
Zifta, and West Sharkiya.
Eng. Wafaa Faltaous, USAID Cognizant Technical Officer (CTO) deserves special recognition for
her guidance throughout project implementation.
iii
INTRODUCTION
This handbook of procedures provides guidelines that were developed by senior professional staff
from the Integrated Water Management Unit and other MWRI entities. These procedures were
implemented and ground-truthed by the field staff in 27 Integrated Water Management Districts in
the five directorates of West Sharkiya, New Zifta, Aswan, and East and West Qena. The resulting
guidelines are to be taken as useful checklists that MWRI staff can rely on to carry out integrated
water management activities.
Guidelines
Individual professionals learn from experience how to avoid mistakes and delays, how to make
the right decisions and how to work more efficiently and more effectively. But as they move up in the
MWRI or out of it, these individuals may or may not transfer their knowledge and expertise to others
who replace them.
Even with proper mentoring and tutoring, replacements may often have to go through the same
time-consuming lesson-learning process as their predecessors. And while individuals climb the learning
curve, the MWRI may not improve since similar mistakes and delays may occur over and over.
Guidelines are a tool that enables knowledge held by MWRI experts and senior professionals to
be available to all of their colleagues for guidance. Guidelines are also a useful reminder for all, even
the most experienced staff, on how to efficiently carry out integrated water management activities.
This handbook is a work in progress:
•
Additional procedures may be added;
•
Existing ones may be amended or updated.
The following guidelines are available as of this first printing:
1) Regarding Integrated Water Management Districts
1.1 - Process for establishment of Integrated Water Management Districts
1.1a IWMD Initiation Ministerial Decree
1.1b Boundary Ministerial Decree No. 146/2005
1.1c Engineer Assignment Decree
1.1d Template for IWMD Monthly Report
1.1e Template for General Director’s Monthly Report
1.2 - IWMD Organization
1.3 - Integrated Maintenance
2) Regarding Branch Canal Water User Associations
2.1 - Process for formation of BCWUAs
2.2 - BCWUA Establishment by IWMDs
2.2a BCWUA Initiation Ministerial Decree
2.3 - BCWUA Establishment: Selection of Water Advisory Staff
2.4 – BCWUA Establishment: Data Collection
2.4a Data Collection Tables
2.5 – BCWUA Establishment: Canal Grouping
2.6 – BCWUA: Water User Awareness and Water User Representative
Identification
2.6a Nomination of WURs (minutes)
2.7 –BCWUA Establishment: Board Elections
2.7a Board Election (minutes)
2.7b BCWUA Establishment Decree
v
2.8 – BCWUA Activation
2.8a BCWUA Activation: Template for MOU
2.8b BCWUA Activation: Template for Internal Regulations
2.8c BCWUA Activation: Agenda for IWMD–BCWUA Seasonal Meetings
2.8d BCWUA Activation: Activation Monitoring Summary Table
2.9 – BCWUA Activation: BC Priorities and BC Action Plan
2.9a BCWUA Activation: Branch Canal Priorities Template
2.9b BCWUA Activation: Branch Canal Action Plan Template
2.10 – Participatory Water Management
2.10a Participatory Water Management: Forms
3) Regarding Water Management
3.1 – Principles of Efficient Water Management
3.2 – Flow Measurements
3.3 – Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
3.4 – Matching Irrigation Supply and Demand
3.5 – Water Resource Inventory
3.6 – Water Budget/Water Balance
3.7 – Computer and Networks Maintenance
3.8 – Mapping Branch Canal Areas
3.9 – Integrated Water Resource Management Plan
3.10 – Water Quality Management
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1 Process for Formation of Integrated Water Management Districts (IWMDs) .....................................1
1.1a IWMD Initiation Ministerial Decree (Example 541/2004) ......................................................................5
1.1b Boundary Ministerial Decree No. 146/2005 Issued 14 March 2005 .....................................................7
1.1c Engineer Assignment Decree (Example 1008/2004 for Qena) .............................................................13
1.1d Template for IWMD Monthly Report .......................................................................................................16
1.1e Template for General Director’s Monthly Report..................................................................................19
1.2 IWMD Organization ........................................................................................................................................21
1.3 Integrated Maintenance ...................................................................................................................................27
2.1 Process for Formation of Branch Canal Water Users Associations (BCWUAs)...............................37
2.2 BCWUA Establishment by IWMDs..............................................................................................................44
2.2a BCWUA Initiation Ministerial Decree .......................................................................................................47
2.3 BCWUA Establishment Selection of WA Staff .........................................................................................49
2.4 BCWUA Establishment Data Collection....................................................................................................51
2.5 BCWUA Establishment: Canal Grouping ....................................................................................................58
2.6 BCWUA Establishment: WU Awareness and WUR Identification .......................................................62
2.6a Nomination of WURs (minutes) .................................................................................................................66
2.7 BCWUA Establishment: Board Election......................................................................................................68
2.7a Board Election (minutes)...............................................................................................................................72
2.7b BCWUA Establishment Decree..................................................................................................................74
2.8 BCWUA Activation .........................................................................................................................................76
2.8a BCWUA Activation: Template for MOU.................................................................................................78
2.8b BCWUA Activation: Template for Internal Regulations ......................................................................82
2.8c BCWUA Activation: Agenda for IWMD–BCWUA Seasonal Meetings..............................................92
2.8d BCWUA Activation: Activation Monitoring Summary Table ...............................................................94
2.9 BCWUA Activation: BC Priorities and BC Action Plan...........................................................................96
2.9a BCWUA Activation: Branch Canal Priorities Template...................................................................... 100
2.9b BCWUA Activation: Branch Canal Action Plan Template ................................................................. 101
2.10 Participatory Water Management............................................................................................................ 102
2.10a Participatory Water Management: Forms............................................................................................ 109
3.1 Principles of Efficient Water Management ............................................................................................... 114
3.2 Flow Measurement........................................................................................................................................ 116
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves ................................................................................................. 122
3.4 Matching Irrigation Supply and Demand (MISD)..................................................................................... 144
3.5 Water Resource Inventory.......................................................................................................................... 151
3.6 Water Budget/Water Balance..................................................................................................................... 162
3.7 Computer and Networks Maintenance .................................................................................................... 167
3.8 Mapping Branch Canal Areas ...................................................................................................................... 169
3.9 Integrated Water Resources Management Plan...................................................................................... 171
3.10 Water Quality Management...................................................................................................................... 179
vii
Guidelines
1.1 Process for Formation of Integrated Water
Management Districts (IWMDs)
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation
(MWRI) staff in performing a specific task. These guidelines should be followed under most
circumstances.
Introduction
Establishing an IWMD allows integration within one entity, at district level, all water management
functions and activities.
The IWMD concept is defined by the MWRI as:
IWMD is an entity that has sufficient manpower, material, and fiscal resources to
operate and maintain all water resources under its jurisdiction. Implementing
integrated water management at the district level requires integration of staff,
facilities, stakeholders, information, users, and water resources.
The IWMD represents a unique venue to coordinate all water management activities and
implement water projects, resulting in faster and improved decision making, more sustainable
implementation, and significant economies of scale.
The IWMD is led by a manager, and organized in four sections as follows (see also, organigram in
Guideline1.2):
1.
Water Management and Distribution Section
2.
Maintenance Section
3.
Planning and Project Section
4.
Administration Section.
Significant institutional benefits from the establishment of IWMDs have been identified and
acknowledged by MWRI staff:
•
Pooling of resources, equipment, and skills at the local level (mainly through the
consolidation of irrigation and drainage functions). Managers of IWMDs state that they are
able to carry out more activities, better serve water users, and use equipment more
intensively.
•
Streamlined communication channels. MWRI General Directors are pleased with the
empowerment and responsiveness of IWMD managers and staff.
•
Decentralized and simplified decision making (notably for water distribution with the removal
of the inspectorate administrative layer).
Establishment Process
An optimal process involves these steps:
1.
Selection of the Irrigation General Directorate where IWMDs are to be
established. Focusing on an entire directorate simplifies the delineation of boundaries and
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
1
Guideline 1.1 Process for Formation of Integrated Water Management Districts (IWMDs)
ensures focus and support from the Irrigation General Director and from the MWRI
Undersecretary.
2.
Official decision to establish IWMDs in the selected Directorate(s). A Ministerial
Decree will confirm the decision (see example in 1.1a).
3.
Awareness and sensitization of MWRI managers (Undersecretary, General
Directors, and district engineers). This is accomplished through training events, formal
meetings, informal discussions, and visits to existing IWMDs. The objective is to convince all of
the benefits expected from the IWMDs and enroll them as actors in the process.
4.
Delineation of the boundaries of each IWMD. Existing irrigation districts have somewhat
coherent boundaries from a hydrological point of view. These districts, with minor corrections
if needed, should form the basis for the IWMDs. The boundaries will usually be in line with
desert edges and the Nile in Upper Egypt and with the main drains and canals in the Delta.
Irrigation General Directors should be the key actors in this delineation process and prepare
individual draft decrees (one per General Directorate) describing the boundaries.
5.
Promulgation of IWMDs through Ministerial Decree. Establishment of IWMDs with the
detail of their boundaries will be confirmed through a ministerial decree (one per General
Directorate, see example in 1.1b).
6.
Assignment of IWMD managers and permanent engineers. Irrigation General
Directors will prepare decrees to assign all engineers to the IWMDs and select the IWMD
managers. This process should be coordinated with other MWRI entities (notably the EPADP
General Directorates), as some engineers (notably drainage maintenance engineers) will be
transferred to the IWMDs. The MWRI Undersecretary will sign the decrees (one per General
Directorate, see example in 1.1c).
7.
Preparation of organizational charts. Each IWMD manager should select the four section
heads (one being assigned as deputy manager) and then assign all IWMD staff into the four
sections (see organigram in 1.2). The organizational chart is to be submitted to the Irrigation
General Director for approval.
8.
Transfer of facilities/equipment/vehicles from other MWRI entities (EPADP, MED,
etc.). These transfers are affirmed by the previous Ministerial Decrees defining boundaries and
assigning engineers to the IWMDs. The MWRI undersecretary is responsible for coordinating
and enforcing these transfers.
9.
Capacity-building of IWMD staff. It is essential for the MWRI to allocate additional
resources to the IWMDs and train the staff so they can tackle their responsibilities. It is
recommended that practical training events be delivered to IWMD staff on topics such as
integrated maintenance, water user participation (refer to guidelines in Chapter 2), and water
resource monitoring and allocation (refer to guidelines of Chapter 3).
10. Monitoring. The performance of the IWMDs should be monitored through regular (monthly)
meetings and the preparation and review of monthly activity reports (see templates for these
reports in 1.1d and 1.1e).
Clarifications on the Process
2
•
The establishment of the IWMD also implies the removal of the Irrigation Inspectorate. Usually
the former Inspector becomes the IWMD manager since he/she is an experienced engineer
and can handle the additional staff and resources.
•
The integration of all water management responsibilities at district-level within one IWMD
faces opposition, notably from project entities such as EPADP, IIP, or IAS. These entities
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 1.1 Process for Formation of Integrated Water Management Districts (IWMDs)
should be engaged in the process and realize that the sustainability of any project requires the
involvement and training of existing IWMD staff.
•
A similar integration process may be conducted in the future at Directorate level.
•
A major requirement for the successful functioning of the IWMDs is the actual transfer of
the drainage maintenance budgets from EPADP to the Irrigation Department. In the future, it
is envisioned that all maintenance budgets will be allocated to the IWMDs (down from the
General Directorates).
Coordination and Monitoring
Establishing and empowering IWMDs is an essential tool to improve water management. Other
mechanisms such as holding regular meetings and preparing and reviewing monthly reports must also
be implemented to support and monitor the performance of IWMDs.
Coordination meetings are vital to empower IWMD managers and staff and to support and
monitor their activities. Different types of meetings should be held:
•
Directorate monthly meetings—these meetings allow the General Director to meet
with all IWMD managers within the Directorate, review the progress of IWMD
establishment and activities, discuss and solve technical and administrative issues, and share
experiences among IWMDs. Officials from other MWRI entities such as EPADP and MED
should occasionally be invited to such meetings to improve coordination and ensure a
smooth transfer of staff, resources, and responsibilities to the IWMDs.
•
IWMD internal meetings—these should be held at least monthly (preferably weekly) by
the IWMD manager and involve all engineers and senior staff. The objective is to review
achievements, ongoing activities, share information, and improve coordination among IWMD
staff. The IWMD manager should remind all of key objectives and targets, and assign tasks
and resources.
•
Focused meetings—other specific meetings should also be organized to improve
coordination when needed. As an example, regular meetings regarding water distribution
should be held (monthly or even biweekly during the peak season) for distribution engineers
at directorate and IWMD levels to coordinate and optimize water allocation and improve
the implementation of the Matching Irrigation Supply and Demand (MISD) program. The
Central Directorate for Water Distribution should also be invited to these meetings.
Monthly reports should be prepared by each IWMD manager (see template in 1.1d) regarding
IWMD activities, in order to:
•
Reflect on past achievements, ongoing tasks, and pending issues.
•
Record these for future reference.
•
Forward essential data to Irrigation General Directors for more informed decision-making,
and to alert them about needs and issues.
•
Allow Irrigation General Directors and MWRI managers in Cairo to monitor the progress
and performance of the IWMD.
Each Irrigation General Director should review these reports, discuss them with the IWMD
managers, and act upon them as needed. It is also recommended that the Irrigation General Directors
prepare a summary monthly report (see template 1.1e) for the MWRI Undersecretary and MWRI
managers in Cairo.
Related Guidelines
1.1a
1.1b
Initiation Ministerial Decree 541
Boundary Ministerial Decree 146
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
3
Guideline 1.1 Process for Formation of Integrated Water Management Districts (IWMDs)
1.1c
1.1d
1.1e
1.2
4
Engineer Assignment Ministerial Decree 1008 (Qena)
Template for IWMD Monthly Reports
Template for General Director’s Monthly Report
IWMD Organigram
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guidelines
1.1a IWMD Initiation Ministerial Decree
(Example 541/2004)
MINISTER OF WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION
•
After revisiting Law No. 12 for the year 1984 and its amendment by Law 213 for the year
1994 regarding irrigation and drainage, and their Executive Regulations.
•
And Law No. 47 for the year 1978 regarding the state civil service.
•
And the organization of the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI).
•
And the agreement signed on 30 September 2003 between the Egyptian Government and the
United States Agency for International Development (USAID) with respect to the project
called Livelihood and Income from Environment.
•
And on our approval.
DECIDED
Article One
All Irrigation Districts within the following General Directorates are to be converted to
Integrated Water Management Districts (IWMDs):
•
General Directorates for Water Resources and Irrigation in West Sharkiya.
•
General Directorates for Water Resources and Irrigation in New Zifta.
•
General Directorates for Water Resources and Irrigation in Qena.
•
General Directorates for Water Resources and Irrigation in Aswan.
Article Two
The organization structure of the Water Resources and Irrigation Districts in those General
Directorates are to be modified to follow the organization chart attached to this Decree. The
districts are to be provided with all human resources and supplies needed to satisfy the Integrated
Water Management concept (irrigation, drainage, and groundwater, as well as any other water
resources) on district level.
Article Three
The activities in the aforementioned districts are to be integrated, and the director of the district
is the head of all related activities in his district: irrigation, drainage, groundwater, reuse of drainage
water in irrigation, operation and maintenance of irrigation and drainage networks and pump stations,
as well as the groundwater wells within the district boundaries. The director is in charge.
Article Four
The performance in those districts has to be monitored and periodically evaluated to ensure the
satisfaction of the required objectives.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
5
Guideline 1.1a Initiation Ministerial Decree (Example 541/2004)
Article Five
This decree is to be put into action as from today and all concerned parties must implement it.
Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation
Dr. Mahmoud Abu Zeid
10 November 2004
6
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guidelines
1.1b Boundary Ministerial Decree No. 146/2005
Issued 14 March 2005
MINISTER OF WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION
After reviewing:
•
Law No. 47 for the year 1978 regarding the state civil service.
•
And the Presidential Decree No. 158 for the year 1973 regarding the establishment of the
Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects.
•
And the Decree of the Minister of Administrative Reform No. 15 for the year 1977 regarding
approval of the organizational structure for the Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage
Projects.
•
And the Presidential Decree No. 653 for the year 1980 concerning the reorganization of the
Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation.
•
And the Decree of the Head of the Central Authority of Organization and Management
No. 82 for the year 1981 concerning approval of job titles for the Irrigation Department.
•
And the Presidential Decree No. 449 for the year 1987 concerning the authorities of the
Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation.
•
And the letter of the Head of the Central Authority of Organization and Management No. 82
for the year 1981 concerning the reorganization of the Egyptian Public Authority for
Drainage Projects.
•
And the Ministerial Decree No. 25 for the year 2003 (dated 18 January 2003) including the
identification of boundaries for irrigation and drainage areas served by the General
Directorate of New Zifta.
•
And the Ministerial Decree No. 506 for the year 2001 concerning the establishment of
Integrated Water Management Districts.
•
And the Agreement signed between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the United States
Agency for International Development (USAID) for establishing the Livelihood and Income
from the Environment Project.
•
And the Ministerial Decree No. 541 for the year 2004 (dated 11 October 2004) concerning
Water Resources and Irrigation General Directorates and Districts.
•
And according to the information presented by both the Head of Egyptian Public Authority
for Drainage Projects and the Head of the Irrigation Department.
•
And our approval.
DECIDED
Article One
Within the framework of unifying the hydraulic boundaries of irrigation and drainage areas served
by the Water Resources and Irrigation Directorates and their Districts, the boundaries of water
resources and irrigation directorate of West Sharkiya shall be redivided as follows:
LIFE/IWRM/MWRI
International Resources Group
January 2008
7
Guideline 1.1b Boundary Ministerial Decree No. 146/2005
First: Defining the Areas Served:
•
An area served of 16,134 fed. To be deducted from the East Sharkiya General Directorate
and added to the area served by the West Sharkiya General Directorate in order to unify
the boundaries for irrigation and drainage in this General Directorate, bringing the total area
served by the East Sharkiya General Directorate to 214,053 feddans. The area deducted is
irrigated by branches from Abul Akdar, which are the second and third ganabiyat on the left
side, the canals of Bahgat, El-Zend, East el-Gar, El-Gar Ganabiya, and El-Wadi West. Also, the
areas irrigated by the Bahr Fakous branch, which is the Ahmed Borham Canal, The first ,
second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth west side of Bahr Fakous, El-Manisterly Ganabiya left
H.S. of Bahr Fakous, Waslet el-Mesalamiya, and El-Nasraniya Canal and its branches.
•
The area served by the Hehiya Drainage District of 30,800 feddan is to be divided into two
areas. The first amounting to 27,118 feddans belonging to the Zagazig Water Resources and
Irrigation District. The residual area of 3,682 feddans will belong to the Abu Kebir Water
Resources and Irrigation District.
•
The residual are of Zagazig drainage district, which lies outside the hydraulic boundaries of
Zagazig Water Resources and Irrigation District, amounting to 24,655, is to be divided into
two parts. The first, an area of 12,650 feddans, to be added to the Belbeis Drainage District,
and the rest (an area of 12,005 feddans) to be added to the Minya el-Kamh Drainage District.
•
The area of 3,326 feddans coinciding with the Minya el-Kamh Drainage District within the
hydraulic boundaries of the Zagazig Water Resources and Irrigation District is to be
deducted, and accordingly the area served by the Minya el-Kamh Drainage District will be
51,079 feddans.
Second: Defining the Boundaries:
1.
The boundaries of East Sharkiya General Directorate are the same as defined by
Ministerial Decree No. 31 for the year 1999, except the following:
The northern boundary:
Starts from D.S. regulator at kilometer 24.0 on the Bahr Mores, with a straight line to
the beginning of the Kafr Abu Shehata Drain and goes parallel to the drain’s right hand side
to its far end.
In El-Gedida Drain, then parallel to the drain’s right hand side to its far end at the ElGedida Drain, then to its far end at the Abul Akhdar Drain, then parallel to the right hand
side of Abul Akhdar Drain to the point where it crosses the Bahr Fakhr, and then follows the
right hand side of the Bahr Fakhr to its end at the Bahr Abul Akhdar, after which it goes
parallel to the right hand side of the Bahr Abul Akhdar to its far end at the starting point of
the Bahr Kakous (at the Abu Hamad–Zagazig Road).
The western boundary:
Is a parallel line with the left hand side of Bahr Fakous from its northern terminus at
the end of the regulator northwards up to kilometer 20.80 of the Bahr Fakous (the north
sideof the El-Akbawy Canal). The rest of the boundary is as defined by Ministerial Decree
No. 31 for the year 1999.
Second, the boundaries of the Water Resources and Irrigation General Directorate of
West Sharkiya, as defined by Ministerial Decree No. 31 for the year 1999, except the
following:
8
LIFE/IWRM/MWRI
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 1.1b Boundary Ministerial Decree No. 146/2005
The southern boundary:
Starts from D.S. regulator at kilometer 24.0 on the Bahr Mouse and follows a line to the
starting point of the Kafr Abu Shehata Drain, then goes parallel to the right hand side of the El-Gedida
Drain to its end at the Abu el-Akdar Drain, after which it runs parallel to the right hand side of the
Abu el-Akdar Drain to the point where it crosses the Bahr Fakhr to its end at the Bahr Abu el-Akdar.
It then goes parallel to the right hand side of the Bahr Abu el-Akdar to its ends at the starting point of
the Bahr Fakous (at the Abu Hamad–Zagazig Road).
The southern boundary:
Is a line parallel to the left side of the Bahr Fakous northwards to kilometer 20.80 on the
Bahr Fakous, the north of the El-Akabawy Canal. The rest of the boundary is as defined in Ministerial
Decree No. 31 for the year 1999.
Article Two
1.
The drainage districts named within the hydraulic boundaries of the West Sharkiya General
Directorate, namely Zagazig, Hehya, Kafr Sakr, Abu Kabir, and Awlad Sakr Drainage
Districts, are to be cancelled.
2.
2.
The two Irrigation Inspectorates for Zagazig and Kafr Sakr are to be
cancelled and replaced by the organizational structure of the Water Resources and
Irrigation General Directorate with its five districts defined hereafter:
•
Zagazig Water Resources and Irrigation District, serving an area of 63,680 feddans, and
located in Abu Kebir town.
•
El Ibrahemya Water Resources and Irrigation District with area served of 59,214 feddan
located in El Ibrahemya town.
•
Abu Kebir Water Resources and Irrigation District, serving an area of 58,882 feddans,
and located in Abu Kebir town.
•
Kafer Saker Water Resources and Irrigation District, serving an area of 54,070 feddans,
and located in Kafer Saker town.
•
Awlad Saker Water Resources and Irrigation District, serving an area of 68,000 feddans,
and located in Awlad Saker town.
Article Three
The boundaries of the Water Resources and Irrigation Districts’ West Sharkiya General
Directorate as defined hereafter:
1. Zagazig Water Resources and Irrigation District:
The northern boundary:
Starts at the crossing of the left hand side of the Bahr Fakous with the Abu Hamad–Abu
Kebir Road, then goes parallel to the road towards Abu Kebir town to the crossing of the road with
the Om Shulouk Drain, then crosses the drain and goes parallel to the left side of the Om Shulouk
Drain until it crosses the Abu Kebir–Zagazig Road at the mouth of the Fadel Canal, then crosses the
road and runs parallel to the left hand side of the Abu Kebir ganabiya to the Haga Amna meska, then
follows the left hand side of this meska towards Bahr Moses to the meska mouth at kilometer 48.00
on the Bahr Moses D.S. the road authority, where it takes a parallel line on the right hand side of the
Bahr Moses to the regulator at kilometer 39.00, where it crosses the Bahr Moses and runs parallel to
the left hand side of the Bahr Moses to the old start of the Equa Drain inside Zagazig City, then runs
LIFE/IWRM/MWRI
International Resources Group
January 2008
9
Guideline 1.1b Boundary Ministerial Decree No. 146/2005
parallel to the left hand side of the Equa Drain to the tail end of the drain in the South Bahr Saft Drain
at kilometer 19.500.
The western boundary:
Starts from kilometer 19.500 on South Bahr Saft’s left hand side at the tail end of the Equa
Drain, then runs parallel to the left hand side of the South Saft Drain to the end of the El-Okda Drain,
after which it runs parallel to the left hand side of the El-Okda Drain to the point where it crosses the
Nour Hana Canal. It then runs parallel to the left hand side of the Nour Hana Canal to the left bank
of the north ganabiya, after which it goes to the D.S. of the regulator at kilometer 34.00 on the Bahr
Moses.
The western boundary:
Starts from D.S. of the regulator at kilometer 24.00 on the Bahr MK Moses in a straight line
to the starting point of the Kafr Abu Shehta Drain, then it runs parallel to the right hand side of the
drain to its end at the El-Gedida Drain, after which it runs parallel to the right hand bank of the ElGedida Drain to its tail end at the Abul Akdar drain. Then it runs parallel to the right hand bank of
the Abul Akdar Drain to the point it crosses the Bahr Fakhr, then it takes runs parallel to the right
hand bank of the Bahr Fakhr to its termination in the Bahr Abul Akdar. After that, it parallels the left
hand side of the Bahr Abul Akdar to its end in the Bahr Fakous, where it began at the Zagazig–Abu
Hamad Road.
The eastern boundary:
Starts from the mouth of Bahr Fakous and runs parallel to the left bank of Bahr Fakous to its
crossing with the Abu Hamad–Abu Kabir Road).
2. Ibrahimya Water Resources and Irrigation District:
Has the same boundaries as defined by Ministerial Decree No. 164 for the year 2003.
3. Abu Kabir Water Resources and Irrigation District:
The northern boundary:
Starts from the intersection of Abu Kebir–Fakous road with the R.H.S. of El Arin drain and
goes northwards till the tail end in Bahari San drain.
The western boundary:
Starts from the tail end of San drain which is also the start point of Bahary San drain. Then it
follows the R.H.S. Kibly San drain southwards till it intersects the road of Abu Kebir–Kafr Sakr till the
start point of kibly San drain. Then it follows the left side of El wady drain till its start point at the
R.H.S. of Bahr Moses D.S. Safra Barrage, and then it goes beside the R.H.S. of Bahr Moses passing the
Saway canal mouth and Taymour Ganabiya, El Gamal Ganabiya and Shershima canal. Then it ends at
the path of Abu Hatab Ganabiya taking from Bahr Moses at km 48.00 on Bahr Moses inside Hehya
town.
The southern boundary:
Starts from the intake of Abu Hatab ganabiya and takes the eastern direction parallel to the
northern part of Hehya town till it meets with Abu Kebir–Zagazig railway, then takes the northern
direction till the limit of Fadil canal command which is taking from the tail end of Abu Kabir Ganabeia,
the same path of Om El Shelouk drain till it meets the road of Abu Kabir–Abu Hamad, then it takes
the east direction till it meets with the left side of Bahr Fakous passing by the tail end of both El
Mesalmiya and El Nasraniya canal.
10
LIFE/IWRM/MWRI
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 1.1b Boundary Ministerial Decree No. 146/2005
The eastern boundary:
Starts from the point of intersection between Abu Kabir–Abu Hamad road with the L.H.S of
Bahr Fakous, then takes the north direction passing by Al Akabawu canal and the seventh Ganabiya,
then takes the west direction from the tail end of the eighth Ganabiya till the intersection with Abu
Kabir–Fakous road.
4. Kafr Sakr Water Resources and Irrigation District:
The northern boundary:
A line starting from northern Saft pump station and goes beside the L.H.S. of Bahr Saft drain till
the start point, then it goes beside the left bank of the middle south Saft drain from D.S. Dafon canal
taking the south direction up to km 13.300 on the middle south Saft drain. Then it takes the western
direction following a straight line till it meets Hannout canal at km 14.250. Then it goes to cut Dawar
Salma direction at km 18.150 till it reaches Bahr Hadus at km 51.00.
The western boundary:
Starts at km 51.00 of Bahr Hadus drain R.H.S. then goes beside the right side of Hadus drain till
the tail end of El Kebly Saft drain, then it goes with the western side of the drain till km 1.200 the
intersection with Kafr Sakr–Simbellaween road, after which it turns westwards with the road till the
intersection of El Hammary drain with the road.(The limit between this general directorate and
Dakahliya general directorate). After that, it takes the south direction following the L.H.S. of Hamary
drain till its tail end in Bahr Saft south at km 6.300. Then it follows the left bank of Bahr Saft south
drain till km 5.160 at Hanout aqueduct.
The southern boundary:
The same northern limit of Ibrahimya defined by the ministerial no. 164 for the year 2004, a
line starting from Hanout aqueduct on southern Bahr Saft km 5.160 and goes with the tail end of the
right bank of Bahr Mashtoul till Bousa regulator at El Hagrassa, going eastwards with the R.H. side of
Hagrassa canal till Kahlig El Omda mouth, then it goes beside El Kahlig till its intersection with
Ibrahimiya drain at km 10.00 opposite to El Omda village, then it goes at the end of the left bank till
km 9.500 after which it crosses El Ibrahimiya drain at the tail end of Megahed drain, then goes side
beside with the R.H. side of Megahid drain till the end of El Robaiyeen canal at Megahid drain, then it
goes side by side with El Robaiyeen canal taking the East direction till the intersection aqueduct with
Kafer Negm drain, then Eastwards with the R.H.S of Kafr Negm drain till the centerline of Bahr Moses
D.S the intake of El- Sady West Ganabiya.
The eastern limit:
A line starting from El Sady West Ganabiya on Bahr Moses right side and goes Eastwards till
the start of San South drain, then takes its path beside the R. bank of San South drain till its end at El
Arine drain, then goes beside the Right bank of San North drain till it ends in Bahr Fakus drain, after
which takes the west direction till North Saft pump station.
5. Awled Sakr Water Resources and Irrigation District the Northern limit:
The southern limit:
A line starting from the mouth of El Bahry Saft drain at Km 7.00 on Bahr Hadus drain taking the
west direction and parallel to the right bank of Bahr Hadus drain passing by El-Kasaby main pump
station and extends till it changes in direction to the west.
LIFE/IWRM/MWRI
International Resources Group
January 2008
11
Guideline 1.1b Boundary Ministerial Decree No. 146/2005
The western limit:
A straight line starting from the point of changing the direction of Hadus drain
towards the west, going southwards and in parallel to the R- bank of Bahr Hadus drain till its
intersection with the railway line between Awlad Saker and Mansoura at the bridge km 51.00
on Hadus drain.
The southern limit:
A line starting from bridge at Km 51.00 in Bahr Hadus drain going Eastwards and
parallel to the Railway line Awlad Sakr–Mansoura is interested Hanout canal at bridge km
14.250 in Awlad Sakr City housing area meeting the left bank of Bahr Saft south middle drain
at km 12.300 taking the path of this drain parallel to its left bank till the start point of north
middle Saft drain with a straight line parallel to its left bank till km 19.00 on Bahr Saft North
drain.
The eastern limit:
Starts from the regulator Km 19.00 on Bahr Saft North drain and goes with the Right
bank till its mouth in Bahr Hadus at Km 7.00 northwards.
Article Four
The West Shakiya Water Resources and Irrigation General Directorate and its Districts
undertake all responsibilities of irrigation ,drainage ,groundwater, reuse of drainage water for
irrigation , the operation and maintenance of the irrigation and drainage networks and pump stations
and the groundwater wells within the boundaries of this G. Directorate and all the administrative and
housing buildings and its districts and its contents , equipment and tools and vehicles become its
ownership all within the area served and final boundaries of the General Directorate and its Districts.
Article Five
The public Authority of drainage projects has to prepare the Ministerial Decrees necessary to
modify the boundaries and areas served by the Drainage of North Sharkiya and its districts as well as
the general directorate of drainage of North Sharkiya within the framework of whatever modifications
introduced by this Decree.
Article Six
This decree is put into force starting from today and all parts concerned have to act accordingly.
(Signed by)
Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation
Dr. Mahmoud Abu Zeid
12
LIFE/IWRM/MWRI
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guidelines
1.1c Engineer Assignment Decree
(Example 1008/2004 for Qena)
THE UNDERSECRETARY, HEAD OF THE IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT
After reviewing:
•
Law No. 47 for the year 1978 regarding the state civil service and its amendments,
•
And Ministerial Decree No. 541/2004 issued 10 November 2004 comprising the
transformation of the irrigation districts in the Qena General Directorates to Integrated
Water Management Districts,
•
And a letter from the Head of the Central Department of Water Resources and Irrigation of
Qena governorate issued on 7 November 2004 regarding the nomination of engineers to
work in the integrated districts of the Qena General Directorate,
•
And our approval,
DECIDED
Article One
Starting from today, the following engineers are to work in the Integrated Water Resource
Districts of Qena General Directorate as follows:
Article Two
All Concerned parties have to implement this decree.
(Signed by)
Dr. Mahammed Bahaa Eldin Ahmed
MWRI Undersecretary and ID Chairman
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
13
Guideline 1.1c Engineer Assignment Decree (example 1008/2004 for Qena)
Name
Job and
Degree
IWMD Assignment
Notes
Eng. Ahmed Al Sayed
Mohammed Omar
Irrigigation
Inspector –
Civil - 1st
Nagga Hammady District
Eng. Ragaa Aziz Dawood
Civil -1st
Nagga Hammady District
Eng. Koliet Toma Drias
Civil -1st
Nagga Hammady District
Eng. Mamdouh Aiad Rofaeel
Civil - 2nd
Nagga Hammady District
Eng. Sarwat Gad Al Raab
Mohamed Ameen
Civil - 2nd
Nagga Hammady District
Eng. Elaf Ahmed saad Al
Deen
Civil -3rd
Nagga Hammady District
Eng. Gihan Hassan Abd
Ellah
Civil -3rd
Nagga Hammady District
Eng. Mohamed Mahmoud
Ahmed Al sawy
Civil -3rd
Nagga Hammady District
Eng. Esmaeel Abd Al
Hameed Soliman
Civil - 2nd
Abu Tesht District
District Director
Eng. Remon Lamee Yassa
Civil - 2nd
Abu Tesht District
Transferred from
The Drainage
Authority
Eng. Atef Sabet Abd Alla
Civil -3rd
Abu Tesht District
Eng. Gorgett Aziz Bishara
Irrig. Inspector
– Civil -1st
Deshna District
Eng. Abed Husein Abd Alla
Civil - 2nd
Deshna District
Eng. Magdy Ayoub Botross
Civil -3rd
Deshna District
Eng. Younes Abd Al
Rahmman Ebraheem
Civil -3rd
Deshna District
Transferred from
The Drainage
Authority
Eng. Lotfy Mohammed Al
taher Hassan
General
Manager
Quena District
District Director
Eng. Eslam Ebraheem
Mohammed
Civil - 2nd
Quena District
Transferred from
The Drainage
Authority
Eng. Mohammed Tallat Ali
Civil -3rd
Quena District
Eng. Ahmed Abd Al
Wahhab Ahmed Amer
Civil - 2nd
Koas District
District Director
and terminate his
work with suth
Quena Drainage
Eng. Ashraf Al Shafee
Mohammed
Civil - 2nd
Koas District
Transferred from
The Drainage
Authority
Eng. Gamal Mehany Ahmed
Ali
Civil - 2nd
Nakada District
District Director
Eng. Fathy Ahmed Sabrra
Civil - 2nd
Nakada District
14
District Director
Transferred from
The Drainage
Authority
District Director
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 1.1c Engineer Assignment Decree (example 1008/2004 for Qena)
Name
Job and
Degree
IWMD Assignment
Notes
Eng. Ukasha Bogdady Ali
Civil -3rd
Nakada District
Transferred from
The Drainage
Authority
Eng. Rafaat Ramzy Zakki
Irrig. Inspector
– Civil -1st
Arment District
District Director
Eng. Abd Al Nasser Abd Al
Raady Baiomy
Civil - 2nd
Arment District
Eng. Saleh Ebraheem
Bogdady
Civil -3rd
Arment District
Eng. Al Bakry Hefny Mekky
Civil -3rd
Arment District
Transferred from
The Drainage
Authority
Eng. Aymen Abd Al Rahman
Boraee
Civil -3rd
Luxor District
District Director
Eng. Ahmed Mahmoud
Mohammed Hassan
Civil - 2nd
Luxor District
Eng. Badawy Sayed
Mahmoud
Civil - 2nd
Luxor District
Transferred from
The Drainage
Authority
Eng. Ahmed Abd Al Fattah
Mohammed
Irrig. Inspector
– Civil -1st
Esna District
District Director
Eng. Ramadan Abd Alla
Hassan
Civil - 2nd
Esna District
Eng. Hatem Moktaar Abd Al
Sabour
Civil - 2nd
Esna District
Eng. Abd Al Hameed
Mohammed Ahmed
Civil - 2nd
Esna District
Transferred from
The Drainage
Authority
Eng. Wael Husein
Mohammed Al Sayeh
Civil -3rd
Esna District
Transferred from
M&E Dep.
Eng. Ebtehal Mahmoud
Mohammed
Civil -3rd
Esna District
Eng. Doaa Dahy Shaaban
Civil -3rd
Esna District
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Transferred from
M&E Dep.
15
Guidelines
1.1d Template for IWMD Monthly Report
This guideline presents a sample Table of Contents for the IWMD Monthly Report, which
normally should not exceed 10 pages in length.
This report should be prepared and delivered to the Irrigation General Director, with a copy to
the Project Regional Advisor, a week before each monthly meeting. It should include the following
sections:
• Table of Contents.
• Brief Introduction about the District (maximum 1 page text plus maps or schematics)
• Chapter 1. Maintenance (maximum 1½ pages)
•
Status of canal maintenance requests, contracts, and budgets
•
Status of drainage maintenance requests, contracts, and budgets
•
Issues, other items
• Chapter 2. Planning and Monitoring (maximum 1½ pages)
•
Preparation/submission of maintenance budget
•
Complaints and violations (numbers and resolution over time)
•
Training activities (where, when, and staff involved)
•
Other planning and monitoring activities
• Chapter 3. Water Distribution (maximum 2 pages)
•
Water monitoring activities (flow monitoring, water quality monitoring, and inventory of
wells)
•
Water volume requested, promised/allocated, and actually delivered
•
Allocation among BCs and rotations
•
Coordination with MALR administration
• Chapter 4. Activities with BCWUAs and Stakeholders (maximum 2 pages)
•
Progress in BCWUA establishment or activation
•
Meetings held with BCWUAs
•
Other meetings with local authorities and other stakeholders (date and location,
purpose, participants, and results)
• Chapter 5. Administration and Finances (maximum 1 page)
•
Administrative and financial activities and issues (personnel affairs, bookkeeping and
archives, legal and financial affairs (budgets, salaries), transportation, and logistics
• Chapter 6. Others (maximum 1 page)
•
Other noteworthy activities or issues, visits, and accidents
•
Success stories.
It is recommended that tables be used as much as possible. Tables 1.1d.1 to 1.1d.7 below are
examples of tables that should be part of the report. Other tables describing the process of a specific
activity/project may also be requested.
16
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 1.1d Template for IWMD Monthly Report
Table 1.1d.1 Progress of a Specific Maintenance Contract: Manual Weed Removal
Contract Progress Report for (insert month/year)
Contract description:
Contractor name:
Contract amount:
Date
Date
Actual
Actual
Planned
Finishing
Planned
Starting
Cumulative Monthly Progress (%)
Comments
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Planned
Orders Given
Implemented
Table 1.1d.2 Progress of All Maintenance Contracts: Manual Weed Removal
(one line per contract)
to Date
Cumulative Total
This Month
Cumulative
Expenditure
Previous Month
This Month
Total
(%)
This Month
(%)
Previous Month
Actual Progress
Total
Planned Progress
Previous Month
Actual
Actual
Expected
Finish Date
Date
Expected
Contract Amount
Contractor Name
Contract Name
Start
Table 1.1d.3 Complaints (from Database)
Arabic
English
General Directorate
District
Area (feddan)
Numbers of Complaints
Canal Name
Previous
Cumulative
Pending
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
New this
Month
Total
Pending
Solved this
Month
Remaining
17
Guideline 1.1d Template for IWMD Monthly Report
Total
Previous
Cumulative
Pending
Drain Name
New this
Month
Total
Pending
Solved this
Month
Remaining
Total
Table 1.1d.4 Training (from Database)
Name of Course
Course Duration
(days)
Number of
Trainees
Percent
Technicians
Percent Females
Table 1.1d.5 Flow Measurements
Site
Name
Inflow/
Outflow
No. Measurements
This
Month
Cumulative
Measurements this Month
Date
Discharge
(m3/s)
Date
Discharge
(m3/s)
Comments
Table 1.1d.6 Water Quality Measurements
Site
Name
Inflow/
Outflow
Date
Measurements
DO
pH
EC
Temp
Comments
Table 1.1d.7 Actual and Expected Water Requirements (million m3)
Period of the
Month
Demand
Actual Supplied
Comments
1st to 15th
16th till end
18
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guidelines
1.1e Template for General Director’s Monthly Report
This template is used by Irrigation General Directors to prepare their Monthly Reports, which
are based on monthly reports from the IWMDs.
1. Maintenance Report
This report lists and reports the status of maintenance contracts for each IWMD. Use one table
for each IWMD
Contract
for One
IWMD or
Several?
Duration Amount
for the
IWMD
(LE)
To
Type of
Contract1
From
Name of
Contractor
Progress2
Comments
Some text and comments should be added under this table to address main issues, achievements,
and specific actions taken or needed.
2. Water Distribution Report (million m3)
This report should not exceed one page.
Requested
(MISD)
IWMD Name
AllocatedTarget
Actual Supply
(flow
measures)
Comments
1-15
16-31
1-15
16-31
1-15
16-31
1-15
16-31
1-15
16-31
Type of contract= drainage or irrigation, manual or mechanical de-weeding, de-silting, pitching, structural
repairs
2 Progress=on schedule, behind schedule, ahead of schedule
1
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
19
Guideline 1.1e Template for General Director’s Monthly Report
Some text and comments should be added under this table to address main issues, achievements,
and specific actions taken or needed.
3. Other Reporting
This report should not exceed one page. It will cover administrative/financial activities and issues,
including personnel, transportation, and logistics. Other noteworthy activities or issues—visits and
accidents, for example—should be reported. Success stories can be included here.
20
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guidelines
1.2 IWMD Organization
These guidelines are meant to assist MWRI General Directors and IWMD managers in the
staffing and organizational structuring of the newly-established Integrated Water Management
Districts.
Organization and Responsibilities of IWMDs
Within the district boundaries, IWMD staff is responsible for the following tasks:
•
Maintenance of all canals, open drains, and sub-surface drains within the District
boundary
•
Operation and maintenance of all pumping stations with capacity up to 1m3/sec.
•
Distribution of water along main canal(s) and to branch canals
•
Monitoring of water resources availability and uses
•
Monitoring of water management activities/projects
•
Coordination with water users
•
Enforcement of Irrigation and Drainage Laws No. 12/1984 and 48/1982 and related
bylaws and amendments.
In order to tackle these tasks, the IWMD is to be organized in four sections:
•
Water Management and Distribution Section (responsible for Tasks 3, 4, and 7)
•
Maintenance Section (responsible for Tasks 1, 2, and 7)
•
Planning and Project Section (responsible for Tasks 5 and 6)
•
Administration Section.
Each section has specific responsibilities and will perform activities to fulfill these responsibilities.
These activities can be seen as “offices” in the sense that most of staff would be specifically assigned
to one activity. However, managers, engineers, and senior technicians should be able to conduct
different activities within the same section. While on a regular basis they should have focused
responsibilities, they may have to replace colleagues because of transfer, sickness, or leave.
The IWMD would also have an information/computer office. All water and administrative data
should be centralized in this office, through databases (if computers are available), or through paper
records.
Water Management and Distribution Section
The Water Management and Distribution Section is responsible for:
•
Assessing water needs and availability
•
Requesting Nile water deliveries from the Water Distribution Directorate (through the
Irrigation General Directorate)
•
Planning and distributing water resources equitably among and along the various main
and branch canals
•
Monitoring the use of water resources.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
21
Guideline 1.2 IWMD Organization
Correspondingly, the Section is divided into three activities:
1. Water demand assessment
2. Water distribution
3. Water monitoring.
The demand assessment activity is responsible for:
•
Assessing availability of local resources (drainage reuse, groundwater)
•
Coordinating with the MALR and using the MISD tools to collect data on cropping
patterns and defining crop water needs
•
Identifying the various uses of water resources and assessing the use efficiencies
•
Requesting Nile water delivery from the Water Distribution Directorate (through the
Irrigation General Directorate)
•
Providing feedback to the Water Distribution Directorate on actual allocation and
supply–demand match.
The water distribution activity is responsible for:
•
Controlling water distribution within the main canal by operating cross-regulators
•
Allocating water among and along branch canals by operating branch canal head and
cross-regulators
•
Coordinating with water users in the operation of branch canals and addressing their
water allocation complaints
•
Recording violations to Water Laws No. 12/1984 and 48/1982 and related amendments
and bylaws.
The flow monitoring activity is responsible for:
•
Regularly measuring inflow to the main and branch canal(s) at priority inflow/outflow
locations
•
Maintaining the flow monitoring (water level/discharge) records/databases
•
Regular calibration for water level monitoring scales and devices, both on main canals
and on branch canals.
Maintenance Section
The Maintenance Section is responsible for:
•
Annually assessing maintenance needs of irrigation and drainage networks (canals, drains,
and pumping stations), in coordination with water users
•
Prioritizing these needs and identifying the responsible entity, i.e. BCWAU, MWRI or
outside contractor
•
Preparing requests for funding from Headquarters (transmitted through the General
Directorate)
•
Carrying out some of the maintenance works
•
Contributing to tendering the works
•
Monitoring contractors’ performance
•
Recording violations of irrigation laws.
The section is divided into four activities:
4. Canal and open drain maintenance
5. Sub-surface drainage maintenance
22
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 1.2 IWMD Organization
6. Structure maintenance (includes civil works, gates, and governmental wells)
7. Pumping station maintenance.
Each of the four activities is responsible for a specific type of infrastructure.
Planning and Projects Section
The Planning and Projects Section is responsible for:
•
Assisting MWRI project implementation entities during planning, design, and
implementation, by providing field data and feedback
•
Contributing to tendering the works and monitoring contractors’ performance
•
Ensuring water users participation in project identification, planning, implementation, and
monitoring
•
Regularly assessing training needs of technical staff and communicating these needs to
the General Directorate.
The section is divided into four activities:
8. Planning and design
9. Project monitoring
10.
Water advisory
11.Training plans.
The planning and design activity is responsible for:
•
Coordinating with MWRI project implementation entities to assess and prioritize needs
(using criteria provided by these entities)
•
Coordinating and assisting these entities during planning, design, and implementation
(e.g. by providing data and feedback, and contributing to work supervision)
•
Preparing tender documents, assisting in the selection of contractor, and directly
supervising works in the case of minor rehabilitation/improvement.
The project monitoring activity is responsible for:
•
Assisting the MWRI project implementation entities during implementation
•
Monitoring the progress of project activities and reporting on implementation
•
Supervision of contractors’ work for all types of works except project entities.
The water advisory team is responsible for:
•
Establishing BCWUAs
•
Strengthening, monitoring, and assisting these BCWUAs
•
Maintaining constant communications with water user representatives to assess their
needs, priorities, and concerns, and inform them of water management issues and
projects.
The training plan activity is responsible for:
•
Assessing training needs of IWMD staff
•
Transmitting training requests to the General Directorate
•
Selecting staff to be trained
•
Contributing to the logistics of training events.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
23
Guideline 1.2 IWMD Organization
Administrative Section
The Administrative Section is responsible for administrative, legal, financial, and logistical affairs. It
is divided into eight activities:
1. Personnel affairs
2. Bookkeeping and archives
3. Legal issues
4. Financial affairs
5. Warehouse and purchasing
6. Internal communications (switch)
7. Security
8. Transportation.
The personnel affairs activity is responsible for:
•
Work regulations and contracts
•
Vacations and leave
•
Performance evaluation
•
Updating job descriptions
•
Recording staff training.
The bookkeeping and archives activity is responsible for:
•
Receiving and sending mails
•
Filing documents.
The legal affairs activity is responsible for:
•
Licensing water withdrawals, turnouts, and wells
•
Receiving complaints
•
Prosecuting violations (in coordination with the police).
The financial affairs activity is responsible for:
•
Preparing requests for maintenance budgets
•
Paying salaries
•
Controlling expenditures.
The warehousing and purchasing activity is responsible for:
•
Procuring materials and spare parts
•
Controlling inventory.
The internal communications activity is responsible for:
•
Receiving customers’ complaints, requests, and comments and relaying these to
appropriate personnel
•
Responding to calls from the public
•
Managing office messenger staff.
The security activity is responsible for:
•
Guarding the District buildings, equipment, and vehicles.
The transportation activity is responsible for:
24
•
Managing the carpool and drivers
•
Managing work equipment (tractors, trucks, and excavators).
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 1.2 IWMD Organization
Key Personnel
IWMD Manager
Administratively, must be Inspector or Senior Director of
Works.
IWMD Deputy Manager
Preferably a Senior Director of Works, who is also the Head of
one of the sections. He/she will act as IWMD Manager when
required. The IWMD Deputy Manager should be involved in all
decision-making by the IWMD Manager so that he/she can
eventually become an IWMD Manager.
IWMD Section Heads:
Maintenance
Administratively, must be an Assistant Director of Works; at
least one experienced Engineer should be assigned to this section
to support the Assistant Director of Works.
Water management/
distribution
Administratively, must be experienced Engineer.
Planning/project monitoring
Administratively, must be Assistant Director of Works.
Administration
Senior administrative person.
Figure 1.2.1 shows the IWMD organization structure graphically.
The following activities will be handled at the General Directorate level (for the time being):
•
Operation of water control structures on main canals
•
Water quality monitoring
•
Groundwater monitoring
•
Telemetry
•
Digital mapping
•
Contracting
•
Finances.
The data and information collected by the General Directorate during execution of these activities
must be communicated to the IWMDs.
Sources:
Mitchell, Kenneth C., “Function and Organization of an Integrated Water Management District,”
(Appendix E to Report 49 from EPIQ-Water Policy Program). Aug. 2001.
IWMD: MWRI Plan for Pilot Implementation, (Report 62 from EPIQ Water Policy Program). Sept
2002.
Dorrah, Hassen Taher and Magdy Mostafa Mahmoud, “Water Districts and General Directorates
Institutional Reform,” main report and annexes. Sept 2004.
Fahmy, Sarwat, Ibrahim Elassiouti, and Ragab Abdel Azim, “District Consolidation Activity in IWMDs,”
Red Sea Sustainable Dev./IWRM Component. Sept 2004.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
25
Guideline 1.2 IWMD Organization
Figure 1.2.1 IWMD Organization Chart
26
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guidelines
1.3 Integrated Maintenance
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Objective
To locate, identify, assess, and prioritize maintenance needs for both canals and drains. To
present the priority needs in an integrated budget request (budget for maintenance of canals and
drains) to the General Director and the MWRI Irrigation Sector.
1. Preparing an Integrated Maintenance Plan
As a preliminary step, it is important to establish an inventory of all public waterways (main and
branch canals, open drains, and networks for subsurface drainage) within the boundaries of the
IWMD. This inventory should also include the basic characteristics of these waterways (width, length,
and main structures and will be used to rank the canals and drains by order of importance (see
section 2 below).
After the inventory is complete, an integrated maintenance plan should be prepared using the
following procedure and timetable:
Step
Date
Outcome
1.
Prepare an inspection program
December
Annual Inspection Program (area, team,
date)
2.*
Inspect all waterways (canals and
drains) by maintenance team
according to program
January
Maintenance Needs Assessment Forms
3.*
Sort and prioritize all maintenance
needs (by category)
February
Prioritized Maintenance Needs (one form
per category of works)
4.
Survey sections that need dredging
(silt/garbage removal) and/or bank
rehabilitation/pitching
February–
March
Estimated Volumes of Needed Works
5.
Estimate quantities for all types of
works
March
Bill of Quantities of Needed Maintenance
Works
6a.
Review last year’s maintenance
contracts and estimate average
unit cost for every maintenance
item (per category)
March
Average Unit Cost for Every Maintenance
Item
6b.
Prepare cost estimate of all
maintenance needs
March
Cost of Needed Maintenance Works (per
category of works)
7.
Review maintenance works in
view of the available budget
March
Determination of Maintenance Works for
the Coming Year
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
27
Guideline 1.3 Integrated Maintenance
Step
Date
Outcome
8.
Prepare draft Integrated Channel
Maintenance Plan and send it to
the DG for approval
April
Draft Integrated Channel Maintenance Plan
for the Coming Year
9.
Prepare draft Integrated
maintenance contracts
April
Draft Integrated Maintenance Contracts
* Water User Representatives should be involved in this step.
These steps are explained in sections 3, 4, 5, and 6 below.
2. Rank Canals and Drains
This ranking is essential to identify which canals and drains are more important in terms of area
and facilities served. These are generally main canals and drains whose maintenance should be a top
priority.
Tables 1.3.1–1.3.4 below should be used to rank the canals and the drains.
Table 1.3.1
28
Scoring Criteria for Canals
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 1.3 Integrated Maintenance
Table 1.3.3
Complaints (0-2)
Factories (0-1)
Water Supply (0-2)
Villages (0-1.5)
Houses (0-1.5)
Area (0.5-2)
Area Served
Canal Name
Feeder Canal
Scores
Rank
Canals Ranking Table
Total Score (max 10)
Table 1.3.2
Drains Ranking Criteria
CATEGORY
RANGE
1- Area Served
Small
Medium
Large
V. Large
< 2000 feddans
> 2000 - 5000 feddans <
> 5000 - 10000 feddans<
> 10000 feddans
0.5
1.0
1.5
3.0
2- % of length passing throughhousing area(s)
None
Small
Medium
Large
0
< 20%
> 20% -50% <
> 50%
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
3- Number of housing units
None
Few
Medium
Many
0
1
>2-5<
>5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
CRITERION
SCORE
4- No reuse pump station(s)
Existence of reuse pump station(s)
0.0
2.0
5- Users do not complain
Users Complain
0.0
2.0
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
29
Guideline 1.3 Integrated Maintenance
Complaints (0-2)
Water Reuse (0-2)
Villages (0-1.5)
Houses (0-1.5)
Area (0.5-3)
Area Served
Drain Name
Collector Drain
Scores
Rank
Drains Ranking Table
Total Score (max 10)
Table 1.3.4
3. Inventory Maintenance Needs
The inventory of maintenance needs should be carried out every year during January. The winter
closure is a good time for district staff to examine the waterways. While some of the maintenance
staff is busy supervising the contractors’ activities, the rest should be mobilized to that end.
Based on staff available and on the district area to be covered, a program should be prepared for
teams to investigate the canals and drains. This program can be simple: each inspection team is
assigned a main canal reach with associated branch canals and drains (a 1-2 weeks assignment).
Needs assessment forms (figure 1.3.1) should be completed for each canal or drain.
The branch canal priorities prepared by each Branch Canal Water User Association (BCWUA)
should be taken into consideration to ensure that all needs are realistically recorded; BCWUAs come
across canals and drains problems on a day-to-day basis and their input is important.
Once complete, the needs assessment forms should be collected and reviewed by the head of the
maintenance section.
4. Prioritize Maintenance Needs
Once all needs have been inventoried, the IWMD Maintenance Section should sort all
maintenance works by category. The four categories are:
• Weed control works (manual, mechanical and biological)
• Silt and garbage removal works (by hydraulic excavator, dragline machine, and floating suction
line machine)
• Embankment and bank repair (bank leveling and stability, stone pitching, removal of obstacles
and small trees)
30
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 1.3 Integrated Maintenance
• Structural repair (welding, lubrication, painting, replacement, and removal of obstacles).
Figure 1.3.1 Standard Canal/Drain Maintenance Needs Assessment Form
Within each category, needs should be prioritized according to:
• The importance of the canal/drain (as prioritized earlier)
• The criticality of the need, based on:
− When was the relevant channel or reach last maintained
− What would be the consequences if this work is not carried out (rapid degradation or not,
significant or minimal impact on the water supply, etc.)
− If there is a strong demand from the BCWUA
− The cost of maintenance work needed (Would it absorb a great part of the available
maintenance budget? In this case it is better to include this work in a special request to the
Irrigation General Director).
Once prioritized within each category, the needs can then be listed in the appropriate summary
forms (figures 1.3.2 to 1.3.5).
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
31
Guideline 1.3 Integrated Maintenance
Figure 1.3.2 Summary of Integrated Manual Weed Control Works
Figure 1.3.3 Summary of Integrated Mechanical Silt and Garbage Removal Works
32
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 1.3 Integrated Maintenance
Figure 1.3.4 Summary of Integrated Stone Pitching Works
Figure 1.3.5 Summary of Integrated Structural Repair Works
5. Assess Volumes and Costs
Using the previous forms (figures 1.3.2 to 1.3.5), actual volumes and costs of the prioritized
maintenance needs are to be detailed. To estimate volumes of works, proper survey investigations
and/or measurements have to be carried out.
Unit costs are established based on recent similar works carried out in the district or in
neighboring districts (average unit costs of ongoing contracts). Total costs can then be estimated and
entered in the forms.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
33
Guideline 1.3 Integrated Maintenance
6. Prepare Integrated Maintenance Plan
The first step is to gather information from the General Directorate regarding the expected
budget allocation. The budget from the previous year can also be used as a reference.
Only maintenance needs for an amount equivalent or slightly higher to these references should
be entered in the Integrated Maintenance Plan. As a rule, all canals and important drains should be
included in weed control contracts every year, along with silt removal contracts. Weed control and
silt/garbage removal are regarded as essential annual maintenance works that contribute to
controlling water losses in channels and improving water conveyance efficiency to downstream areas.
Subsurface drainage networks should be regularly flushed every 6 months. IWMDs are now
equipped with flushing machines. District managers have only to consider operation and maintenance
cost of these machines in their annual maintenance plan.
If some needs are critical and costly, they should be requested from the Irrigation general
Director separately (as an emergency or as a special maintenance/rehabilitation need).
Figure 1.3.6 shows the final Summary Form for the IWMD Channel Maintenance Plan.
Figure 1.3.6 Summary Form for the IWMD Channel Maintenance Plan
34
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 1.3 Integrated Maintenance
7. Annex: Guidelines for Proper Maintenance Methods
Category of
Maintenance
Works
Weed Control
Works
Silt and Garbage
Removal Works
Embankment and
Bank Repair
Identification
of
Maintenance
Problem
Proper Maintenance Method
Submerged weeds of
40 cm height or
more above channel
bed level.
• Manual removal by long handled hand-tools (Reed
Sickle) in small channels (bed-width < 2 m).
• Mechanical removal by mowing boat or harvesters
in larger channels (bed-width > 2 m) operated
under rotational or continuous flow. If channel
sides are clear of trees and bushes, chains installed
on tractors (a tractor per channel bank) can also
be used to remove submerged weeds.
• Biological weed control by Chinese grass carps
can be applied if the channel is large and operated
under continuous flow, and if weed infestation is
not very intense. The best practice occurs when
the fingerlings of Chinese grass carp are released
after mechanical removal to keep channel free of
weed throughout the year (to attain effective
weed removal, fingerlings should be of 20–30 gm
each; a quantity of 100–120 kilogram of fingerlings
should be released for every 10,000 m2 of water
surface; and water quality should be suitable for
fish survival).
Floating weeds
cover more than
10 percent of water
surface in a certain
canal reach of 100 m
length.
• Manual removal by long handled hand-tools (Hoe
or Fork) in small channels (bed-width < 2 m).
• Mechanical removal by mowing boat or harvesters
with a net in larger channels (bed-width > 2 m). If
channel sides are clear of trees and bushes, chains
installed on tractors (a tractor per channel bank)
can also be used to remove floating weeds.
• Install chains or stitched plastic drums at the
upstream of the regulator’s gates to prevent
floating weeds from clogging the gates. Clean
these chains or stitched drums of floating weeds
regularly (once every 2 weeks).
Embankment weeds
or bushes of a height
more than 40 cm.
• Manual removal by long handled hand-tools (Spit
Knife for weeds and dauner sickle for bushes) in
small channels (bed-width < 2 m).
• Mechanical removal by mowing bucket or inclined
mechanical harvesters in large channels (bed-width
> 2 m).
Silt and/or garbage
comprise more than
10 percent of
channel crosssection.
• Removal of silt and garbage by hydraulic excavator
for canals of bed-width ≤ 10 m.
• Removal of silt and garbage by drag line machine
for canals of bed-width >10 and up to 30 m.
• Removal of silt and garbage by floating suction line
machines for canals of bed-width ≥ 30 m.
Banks and
embankment are
deteriorated.
• Stone pitching for deteriorated embankments
(most common solution) or lining by plain
concrete (infrequently needed).
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
35
Guideline 1.3 Integrated Maintenance
Category of
Maintenance
Works
Gates, Bridges,
Aqueducts, and
Siphons Repair
Identification
of
Maintenance
Problem
Embankment
pitching is less than
40 cm.
• Collect obstacles (trees, bushes, weeds, and silts)
by crawler dozers and move them away by
tractors.
Existence of bushes,
trees, and
accumulated weeds,
silt and garbage.
• Rehabilitate banks with compacted sand and
coarse grained gravels using motor grader,
maintaining road slope as 1 percent as possible.
Occurrence of
holes, corrosion and
or cracks in metal
parts.
• Rehabilitation by welding of holes and cracked
parts.
Erosion of metal
parts is more than
25 percent of the
part thickness.
Cleaning of
Subsurface
Drainage System
36
Proper Maintenance Method
• Paint gates and metal parts of bridges, aqueducts
and siphons.
Incidence of rust
between gears and
sliding parts.
• Remove rust by sand blasting.
• Lubricate between gears and sliding parts of
mechanically operated structures.
Aqueducts and
siphons are clogged
by dead animals,
garbage and aquatic
plants.
• Remove clogging substances from pipes of
aqueducts and siphons manually or by drainage
flushing machine if needed.
• Remove silt that is underneath regulators gates.
Collectors and
manholes are
clogged by straw,
mud, dead animals,
garbage, and aquatic
plants.
• Manual cleaning of collectors and manholes every
2 months, or as needed.
• Mechanical flushing by flushing machine of
collectors and manholes every 6 months.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guidelines
2.1 Process for Formation of Branch Canal Water
Users Associations (BCWUAs)
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Introduction
A Water User Association (WUA) is a non-governmental, non-commercial entity established and
managed by farmers and residents of a given area who use water resources from the same source
(generally a canal). The main purpose of the WUA is to collaboratively manage water resources and
structures to improve livelihoods, to resolve water-related internal conflicts, and to coordinate with
the governmental agencies managing water resources.
A WUA carries out activities linked to the operation and maintenance (O&M) of the water
network, as permitted by the legal framework and as agreed with the water management agencies.
The WUA contributes to the identification of priority maintenance activities and possibly to the
implementation, supervision, and/or funding of these activities. It is also involved in the allocation of
water resources among its members.
A WUA can be defined by three elements:
•
A well-defined, organized group whose membership is restricted
•
An asset to be managed (physical distribution system)
•
Volumes of water to be regularly allocated among WUA members.
Background
WUAs in Egypt have been established during the past 15 years, with increasingly promising
results. The first attempts were implemented by the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation
(MWRI) in the late 1980s and early 1990s under the USAID-funded Egypt Water Use and
Management Project (EWUP) and the Irrigation Management Systems (IMS) Project. The USAID and
World Bank-funded Irrigation Improvement Projects (IIP) continued by establishing mesqa WUAs,
while the Fayoum Water Management Project (FWMP) formed branch canal level Water Boards.
Recently, the Water Boards Project initiated the establishment of District Water Boards.
Apart from the IIP projects, where WUA establishment mostly supports mesqa improvement,
other projects have worked to ensure the sustainability of the WUAs. They focused on limited
numbers of associations and developed a qualitative and resource-intensive process. They also had to
sensitize water users and MWRI staff about the benefits of water user participation. Raising awareness
is the most significant success so far, as more and more MWRI field staff acknowledges these benefits.
Starting in 2003, the MWRI initiated the large-scale formation of Branch Canal WUAs
(BCWUAs). They began with 94 BCWUAs in 4 pilot irrigation districts; now there are several
hundred throughout 5 irrigation directorates. The initial process used to establish a BCWUA was
both time and resource-intensive. This guideline proposes a revised, streamlined BCWUA formation
process.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
37
Guideline 2.1 Process for Formation of BCWUAs
Water User Participation through BCWUAs
A WUA must be organized around a common source of water (usually a canal). The canal
provides both a focal point for the WUA’s activities and defines membership to the WUA. Water
user participation is about involving water users at different levels, so different types of WUAs could
be considered.
In a country with recent experience of participation, new WUAs should be:
•
Small enough for WUA leaders to easily communicate and interact with members, for both
members and member-elected representatives to learn how such organizations should
operate
•
Large enough (i.e. represent a significant number of water users) to:
•
Be acknowledged as partners by the MWRI and other stakeholders
•
Be able to attract attention from the MWRI or leverage resources
•
Achieve concrete results and be credible and sustainable.
The Branch Canal level strikes the right size balance since it involves several hundred water
users. It is also the optimal level of interaction between users and MWRI engineers and managers.
At the mesqa level, water issues can be dealt with on an informal basis, since only a few dozen
water users are involved. A BCWUA can also solve issues at the mesqa level. Supporting the
establishment of formal mesqa WUAs is not justified, and may be counter-productive by creating an
additional administrative layer. Moreover, since mesqas are privately owned by water users, some
form of informal water user coordination has always existed at that level.
Higher levels of water user participation (district, region, country) are essential. However,
capacity has to be build first through BCWUAs before WUA representatives can be expected to
effectively handle larger WUAs.
BCWUAs are formed to promote participatory approaches in all aspects of water management.
They empower water users to better assess their needs and priorities, solve local water disputes and
issues on their own, and partner with MWRI staff to solve larger-scale issues. BCWUAs can
contribute to better water management because of their ability to engage water users as active
participants, not passive beneficiaries. They also provide an effective communication channel between
water users and the MWRI. Finally, they are able to resolve conflicts among water users and
coordinate their individual needs, concerns, priorities and activities.
BCWUAs can provide improvements in:
•
Water delivery services, because water users know water needs and can facilitate water
distribution processes
•
System maintenance, because water users have field information on waterways issues and
priorities and have a high stake in ensuring effective maintenance works
•
Water quality, because BCWUAs can raise awareness and contribute to activities to reduce
the pollution caused by uncontrolled waste releases.
Increases in water use efficiency and in agricultural productivity and incomes derive from these
improvements while reductions in O&M costs result from better decision making, improved project
designs, better identification of priorities, and better allocation of O&M funds.
Key Principles for Large-scale Development of BCWUAs
Pilot BCWUA formation approaches implemented in Egypt to date have at times resulted in
significant deficiencies when considering large-scale replication:
38
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.1 Process for Formation of BCWUAs
•
They select geographically and socially promising areas to establish BCWUAs; large-scale
replication, on the other hand, implies that entire IWMDs and directorates are to be
covered, without restriction.
•
They institutionalize implementation teams that form BCWUAs but end up as a third party
between water users and MWRI field staff, thus complicating communications and preventing
a direct IWMD-BCWUA partnership.
•
They devote time and resources to the formation process itself, and less on the definition of
BCWUA functions and the strengthening of BCWUA activities.
•
They tend to guide MWRI staff and water users step by step along the process, with
extensive technical assistance, training and awareness. This approach, while essential to
demonstrate results at a pilot stage, cannot be replicated all over Egypt.
•
Heavy support from donor-funded projects makes for unsustainable and non-replicable
results, with limited capacity-building of MWRI staff at the local level, and limited increases in
awareness among water users about the opportunities that BCWUAs represent.
These approaches, while essential to demonstrate results at pilot stage, cannot be applied over
large areas of Egypt. Large-scale replication requires that the BCWUA formation process be revised.
The revised approach is based on forming BCWUAs within IWMDs using the following
principles:
•
Building awareness that BCWUAs are an opportunity with clear benefits for motivated and
determined MWRI staff and water users
•
Strengthening the capacity of MWRI staff, chiefly at the IWMD level, to support BCWUA
development, now and in the future
•
Providing a streamlined, transparent process for the formation of BCWUAs, with more
focus on activities and outputs, less on the organizational process
•
Empowering IWMDs to directly form BCWUAs, since this:
•
Promotes a direct partnership between BCWUAs and IWMDs. IWMDs are the direct
contact with water users, providing and receiving information, and expressing needs and
priorities.
•
Reinforces the IWMD as the single MWRI contact entity at the district level. IWMDs
represent a unique venue to coordinate all water management activities and implement
water projects, resulting in more appropriate and timely decision-making, more
sustainable implementation, and significant economies of scale.
•
Ensures sustainability (even after project ends) by building the capacity of IWMD staff.
•
Reduces the cost of forming BCWUAs throughout Egypt by using existing local staff
instead of developing an implementing entity.
The activities needed to implement this approach and support BCWUA formation by IWMDs
include:
•
Development of guidelines and training modules to standardize the BCWUA formation
process
•
Providing training—both formal classroom lessons and on-the-job coaching—for IWMD staff
•
Monitoring IWMD and BCWUA performance
•
Raising awareness about BCWUA benefits.
Large-scale formation of BCWUAs implies that emphasis is placed on the opportunity that these
associations represent. Some associations may initially be inactive or inefficient because of pre-existing
community conflicts, lack of willingness, or focus on other (not water related) issues. This is expected
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
39
Guideline 2.1 Process for Formation of BCWUAs
from large-scale implementation, and it is assumed that weaker BCWUAs will eventually catch up
when they see how other BCWUAs achieve concrete results and generate tangible benefits.
Process Overview
The BCWUA formation process involves five main steps:
•
Introduction/Orientation: MWRI officers (especially IWMD managers) get acquainted
with the BCWUA formation process, and a Water Advisory (WA) Team is selected from
within the IWMD staff and assigned in each IWMD.
•
Preparation: geographical and social data is collected to identify where BCWUAs will be
formed and to identify key water users.
•
Establishment: Key water users are informed about BCWUAs, sensitized to the benefits,
and convened to elect Boards.
•
Activation: BCWUA Boards collaborate with IWMD staff to identify key issues, assess
solutions, and decide on actions and activities to be implemented.
•
Participatory Water Management (PWM): BCWUAs get involved in several activities
under four general themes: water distribution, maintenance of waterways and structures,
water quality, and communications and administration.
Tables 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 give an overview of the process for BCWUA formation and a work plan
for forming BCWUAs within a single IWMD.
Training Activities
BCWUA formation by IWMDs is to be supported through formal (classroom) training and onthe-job coaching.
Five formal training activities are needed:
1.
Introduction Workshop for IWMD managers, covering BCWUA benefits,
formation process, WA staff selection, and management (2 days)
2.
Preparation Workshop for IWMD–WA staff, covering BCWUA benefits,
formation process, field data collection, and canal grouping (2 days)
3.
Establishment Workshop for IWMD–WA staff, covering communications and
awareness, identification of representatives, and Board elections (2 days)
4.
Activation Workshop for IWMD–WA staff, covering internal regulations,
principles and practice of participatory needs assessments and participatory planning
(3 days)
5.
PWM Workshop for IWMD staff, covering principles of PWM, PWM applied to
water distribution, network maintenance, water quality, organization, and administration
(3 days).
These training courses target mostly IWMD staff and provide them with the background,
procedures, and tools to establish, activate, and empower BCWUAs.
Continuing on-the-job training will be essential. IWMD staff has already demonstrated they can
carry out all the steps leading to meaningful water user participation through BCWUAs. But
significant and consistent technical advice is needed. This should be achieved through monitoring of
progress and performance, and through regular (at least monthly) meetings with technical advisors
(from the General Directorates and from MWRI, Cairo).
40
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.1 Process for Formation of BCWUAs
Table 2.1.1
Step
Overview of Process for BCWUA Formation
Objective
Support Activities
Duration
Output
Introduction
To raise
awareness of local
MWRI staff about
water user
participation
Introduction
/Orientation Training
1 month
Mobilized IWMD
staff, formed
IWMD–WA Team
Preparation
To gather
information on
branch canals and
water users
Preparation, training,
and support to data
collection
1–2 months
List of BCWUAs to
be formed in each
IWMD
Establishment
To establish
BCWUAs
Establishment training
and support to
BCWUA
establishment
4–5 months
Elected Board on
each BCWUA,
MOUs signed with
MWRI
Activation
To strengthen
BCWUAs and
build partnerships
with IWMD staff
Activation training,
support to IWMD–
BCWUA
communications,
regular coordination
meetings, and support
to joint planning
(Branch Canal
(BC) priorities,
BC Action Plans)
5–7 months
Internal regulations,
BC priorities, and
BC action plans
developed by
BCWUAs
Participatory
Water
Management
(PWM)
To engage
BCWUAs in
identifying and
carrying out PWM
activities
PWM training and
support to PWM
activities
Permanent
BCWUAs engage in
PWM activities,
produce concrete
outputs, and bring
tangible benefits to
their members
More detail on the process and on the support activities is provided in the guidelines 2.2 to 2.10.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
41
Guideline 2.1 Process for Formation of BCWUAs
Table 2.1.2
42
Work Plan for Forming BCWUAs in One IWMD
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.1 Process for Formation of BCWUAs
Implementation Team
BCWUA formation is to be implemented at the district level as shown in table 2.1.3:
Table 2.1.3
BCWUA Formation Implementation Team
Position
No
Tasks
IWMD manager
1
Provides overall strategy/planning and targets, supervises
implementation, and reports progress to General Director
and IWMU
IWMD–WA Engineer
1
Lead the IWMD–WA Team, plan and directly supervise
BCWUA formation activities, reports to IWMD manager
IWMD–WA senior staff
2–3
Lead the WA groups in their work, facilitate meetings with
Water User Representatives (WURs) and BCWUA Boards,
organize Board elections, facilitate establishment and
activation of BCWUAs, report to IWMD–WA Engineer
IWMD–WA staff
(groups of 2–3, about one
group per 8–10,000
feddans)
8–12
Implement BCWUA formation: collect data from the field,
raise awareness among water users, convene WURs for
meeting and for Board elections, report to IWMD–WA
Engineer
IWMD–WA staff (women):
Ideally one woman
technician per group
2–3
Responsible for awareness and mobilization of female water
users (notably from residential areas), report to IWMD–WA
Engineer
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
43
Guidelines
2.2 BCWUA Establishment by IWMDs
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Establishment Steps
The establishment of BCWUAs within an IWMD is officially initiated by Ministerial Decree (see
Template 2.2a). It is then carried out by IWMD staff, with technical support from the General
Directorate and from MWRI, Cairo.
The establishment process involves these steps:
1.
Assignment of Water Advisory (WA) Staff: the IWMD manager assigns about 12
field-experienced and dynamic IWMD staff to implement BCWUA establishment. This
team is headed by an engineer or senior technician (see Guideline 2.3).
2.
Data Collection: IWMD–WA staff collects geographical and social data on the branch
canals and water users. This data is essential to establish lists of water users and plan
actual establishment of BCWUAs (see Guideline 2.4).
3.
Canal Grouping: based on the data collected, the BCWUAs to be established are
defined on a schematic of the district (see Guideline 2.5).
4.
Identification of Water User Representatives (WURs): one or several individual
water users on each mesqa/turnout along the branch canal are identified and nominated
to represent the water users on that mesqa/turnout. WURs are the general assembly of
the BCWUA, electing the Board and approving important planning decisions (see
Guideline 2.6).
5.
Board Election: WURs elect the BCWUA Board, headed by a chairperson. The Board
is the executive head of the BCWUA, coordinating with MWRI staff and taking day-today decisions (see Guideline 2.7).
6.
Confirmation through BCWUA Establishment Decree: the establishment of the
BCWUA and the names of the Board members and chairperson are confirmed through
a decree signed by the MWRI Undersecretary. This decree (one per BCWUA) informs
all MWRI staff to duly acknowledge and collaborate with the BCWUA and its Board
members (see Template 2.7b).
Experience shows that not all water users within a district can be involved in BCWUAs. Water
users that take water directly from a main canal may not be engaged through BCWUAs, but with
proper planning, at least 80 percent of the irrigated area should be covered by BCWUAs.
Discussion Guide
The mobilization of water users and the establishment of BCWUAs is also supported through
distribution of a copy of the Discussion Guide. This Guide is available from the Central IWMU and it
covers these topics:
•
44
What is a BCWUA?
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.2 BCWUA Establishment by IWMDs
•
What Do BCWUAs Do?
•
How is a BCWUA Structured?
•
How is a BCWUA Formed?
•
What are the Benefits?
•
How do BCWUAs Collaborate with the MWRI?
•
BCWUAs are an Opportunity.
WA staff should use this Guide during all meetings with water users during the establishment
process.
Each BCWUA should receive one copy of this Discussion Guide. Board members and WURs are
encouraged to use it to sensitize other water users to the benefits of participation.
Monitoring and Evaluation
The progress of BCWUA establishment is monitored by the IWMD manager through the
Establishment Monitoring/Summary, table 2.2.1. This table is also useful for compiling vital data about
the water users to be involved in BCWUAs.
Related Guidelines
2.2a
BCWUA Initiation Ministerial Decree Template
2.3
BCWUA Establishment: Selection of WA Staff
2.4
Data Collection
2.5
BCWUA Establishment: Canal Groupings
2.6
BCWUA Establishment: WU Awareness, Identification of WUR
2.7
BCWUA Establishment: Board Election
2.7b
BCWUA Establishment Decree Template
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
45
Guideline 2.2 BCWUA Establishment by IWMDs
Table 2.2.1
46
BCWUA Establishment Monitoring/Summary
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guidelines
2.2a BCWUA Initiation Ministerial Decree
MINISTER OF WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION
•
After reviewing Irrigation and Drainage Law Number 12 of Year 1984 and its executive
bylaw,
•
And according to the policy of ministry to support the concept of involving water users in
managing irrigation systems,
•
And our Decision Number 541 of Year 2004 about IWMDs,
•
And what is presented to us by the Head of the IWM unit,
•
And the agreement signed on 30 September 2003 between the Government of Egypt and
USAID concerning the Livelihood and Income from the Environment program,
•
And our approval.
Clause 1
The IWMD in
is to establish BCWUAs on the following branch canals:
•
•
•
Clause 2
The IWMD is to be supported by the IWMU as it establishes the associations on the canals
specified in Clause 1.
Clause 3
The Undersecretary of Water Resources and Irrigation in the governorate of
will issue decrees of BCWUAs establishment.
Clause 4
BCUWA tasks and responsibilities include:
•
Representing all water users in the canal command area before all specified organizations
•
Participating in monitoring irrigation/drainage conditions in their area, discussing any
proposals and suggest convenient solutions to improve the efficiency of irrigation and
drainage operations
•
Participating in applying water rotation on the branch canal level and its branches
•
Cooperating with irrigation staff in formulating maintenance priorities within the available
governmental funds and water users’ contribution
•
Supporting the establishment of WUAs on the mesqa level
•
Initiating awareness campaigns for water users to prevent pollution and optimize water use
•
Managing the conflict resolution process in collaboration with specified organizations
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
47
Guideline 2.2a BCWUA Initiation Ministerial Decree
•
Organizing regular meetings to review operation and maintenance programs and financial
status of the association
•
Setting up the basics for financial accountability
•
Formulating internal regulations
•
Developing annual work plans.
Clause 5
The Chairman of the BCWUA (or one of the Board members) will present meeting minutes to
the IWMD Manager for review and suitable decisions.
Clause 6
The specified General Directorate review proposals offered by the BCWUA, undertake technical
studies, and present results to the Undersecretary who will make appropriate decisions.
Clause 7
All organizations are to execute the Decree according to their mandate.
Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation
Date
48
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guidelines
2.3 BCWUA Establishment
Selection of WA Staff
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Role and Responsibilities of the Water Advisory Team
The Water Advisory (WA) Team will be responsible for establishing and strengthening BCWUAs
in the IWMD. This involves:
•
Collecting physical and social data on the water network and on water users
•
Planning the establishment of BCWUAs by identifying the area of each BCWUA
•
Raising awareness among water users about the benefits of water user participation and
BCWUAs
•
Identifying base units within each BCWUA and key water users to act as representatives
•
Educating representative water users about their roles and responsibilities
•
Facilitating elections of BCWUA Boards and educating Board members about their roles and
responsibilities
•
Facilitating preparation by BCWUAs and the IWMD of participatory needs assessments and
annual plans
•
Organizing signings of MOUs and other legal documents between the MWRI and BCWUAs
•
Facilitating the dialogue between IWMD staff and BCWUA Boards
•
Monitoring the activities of BCWUAs, evaluating their performance, and assessing additional
training needs
•
Sensitizing other IWMD staff to the benefits of water user participation and BCWUAs
•
Training and supporting BCWUAs to strengthen their organizational capacity to function as
democratic, accountable, and transparent associations
•
Training and supporting BCWUAs to develop technical skills and carry out some operational
and maintenance activities on canals and drains
•
Reporting to the IWMD director.
Within the IWMD organization, the IWMD–WA Team reports to the IWMD manager. The WA
Team will receive technical assistance, training, and guidance from MWRI entities such as CD–IAS and
IWMU, as well as from donor-funded projects such as LIFE–IWRMP.
Size and Qualifications of the WA Team
Experience shows that a motivated and dynamic technician can form three to five average size
(each 1,500–2,000 feddans) BCWUAs within a year. Applying as rule of thumb a ratio of one staff per
5,000 feddans, the IWMD–WA Team should include the following:
•
•
One WA engineer as head of the IWMD–WA Team
Two or three other engineers (possibly agricultural engineers) or senior technicians to act as
deputies to the WA engineer
LIFE–IWRM
49
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.3 BCWUA Establishment: Selection of WA Staff
•
A group of eight–twelve technicians.
The following criteria should be used for the selection of this WA Team:
•
Active and willing persons
•
Experience working in the field and interacting with farmers and water users
•
Good communication skills (more important than technical skills)
•
Already convinced or easy to convince that water user participation in an IWRM makes for
better and more informed decision-making, and more efficient use of resources.
Women should be given equal opportunity in this recruitment process. It is absolutely essential
that several women be included in the WA Team, as only they can mobilize female water users and
promote their participation. Since it is strongly recommended that representative water users from
residential/urban areas be women, female WA Team members are also needed to that end. At least
one woman staff should be present in each IWMD–WA group. If this is not possible, then WA female
staff can collaborate with several WA groups.
Specific Responsibilities within the IWMD–WA Team
The WA Engineer is specifically responsible for:
•
Planning BCWUA activities within the IWMD, under the guidance and supervision of the
IWMD manager
•
Guiding, supervising, and monitoring the WA Team
•
Reporting progress to the head of the Planning Section and the IWMD manager
•
Organizing the signature of MOUs and other legal documents between the MWRI and
BCWUAs
•
Monitoring the activities of BCWUAs and assessing additional training needs
•
Facilitating the dialogue between IWMD staff and BCWUA Boards
•
Sensitizing other IWMD staff to the benefits of Water User Participation and BCWUAs.
The Senior WA Technicians are specifically responsible for:
•
Monitoring the activities of the various groups and assisting them when needed
•
Leading the meetings with Water User Representatives
•
Attending and facilitating Board elections
•
Educating Board members as to their roles and responsibilities
•
Facilitating other BCWUA meetings when required by BCWUAs
•
Facilitating the preparation and implementation by BCWUAs and the IWMD of participatory
needs assessments and annual plans
•
Monitoring the activities and performance of BCWUAs
•
Reporting progress to the WA Engineer.
The Other WA Technicians are responsible for:
50
•
Collecting data required for BCWUA formation and strengthening
•
Raising awareness among water users about the benefits of Water User Participation and
BCWUAs
•
Identifying Water User Representatives (WURs) within each Base Unit (BU). See Guideline
2.6 for an explanation of BCWUA structure.
•
Informing and mobilizing Water User Representatives regarding Board elections
•
Collecting data to monitor the activities and performance of BCWUAs
•
Reporting progress to the WA Engineer.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guidelines
2.4 BCWUA Establishment
Data Collection
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Objectives of the Data Collection Activity
Data Collection is the first step in forming BCWUAs. The objective of the activity is to gather
structural and water user information on the branch canals within the IWMD. This data is needed to:
•
Characterize the hydrological network
•
Identify key individuals that will be used to gather additional data and to raise awareness
about BCWUA participation
•
Divide the IWMD into hydrological coherent sub-units for the identification of BCWUA
representatives
•
Plan the subsequent BCWUA formation activities in terms of time and resources to be
allocated.
The subsequent activity in the BCWUA formation process is Canal Grouping—the identification
of where BCWUAs are to be formed and their boundaries.
Definitions
Irrigation networks in Egypt are organized into different levels of canals:
•
Carrier or main canals: these primary canals divert water from the Nile and convey it to
smaller canals. The areas served can cover up to several hundred thousand feddans.
•
Branch Canals: These are secondary canals that take water from main canals and distribute
it to smaller canals—mesqas and marwas. They represent the last level of public property,
and the responsibility of the MWRI stops with branch canals. The areas served cover from a
few hundreds to several thousands feddans.
•
Mesqas: These are tertiary canals and are privately owned by farmers. They take off from
branch canals, either directly (gate) or indirectly (pump). They are usually below ground level
in the Delta and serve a few dozens feddans (up to 200–300 feddans in the Delta).
•
Marwas: These are quaternary canals or private farm ditches. They take off from mesqas
(through individual diesel pumps in the Delta) and directly supply water to farmers’ plots.
They usually serve fewer than a few dozen feddans.
•
Offtake (on a branch canal): This is any diversion of water into a privately-owned mesqa,
marwa, or plot, either directly (gate) or indirectly (pump).
•
Key Farmer: This is a farmer to whom other farmers turn to get advice on agricultural and
irrigation issues, and often to represent them to MWRI staff. This person is not necessarily a
secular or religious leader or a local councilman. He is a natural leader, respected for his
knowledge, wisdom, and initiative.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
51
Guideline 2.4 BCWUA Establishment: Data Collection
Data Collection: Types of Data and Procedures
The data to be collected on each branch canal include geographical information (areas served and
main structures) as well as population data (names of water users along mesqas/offtakes and
identification of main villages).
On each branch canal, IWMD staff has to:
•
Prepare a simple diagram of the branch canal (see example next page), indicating its network
(sub-branches), its main structures (head and cross-regulators, weirs, and bridges), and all the
mesqas and off-takes; this inventory should be carried out through field visits and would
benefit greatly from the presence of the gate operator or bahari.
•
Identify the area served by each mesqa/offtake, collect the names of all farmers, and the
contact information for several key farmers. This information should be collected from
farmers in the field (preferably several different farmers to improve the reliability of the
information). The required number of names is given below:
Area Served by Mesqa and Turnout
(feddans)
Number of Key Names to be
Collected
1–25
1
25–50
2
50–120
3
120–180
4
180+
6
•
Identify (by asking farmers) what are the three main places where people who live along the
branch canal gather and where information could be provided to them (such as a mosque, an
agricultural cooperative, or a health unit).
•
Collect information on population distribution (from the Local Councils or subdivisions of
the administrative districts–markaz). This means identifying all villages of more than
20 households that are along branch canals (houses less than 20 m from the canal). Also
collect contact information (names of representatives) for the Local Councils.
Data Collection Forms
Two data collection forms (see Guideline 2.4a) are to be used:
o
Branch canal data collection form
o
Mesqa–offtake data collection form.
The name of the Branch Canal must be indicated on each form. Each form must also be
numbered individually and in reference to the total number of similar forms (e.g. 2/3 means that this is
the second form out of a total of three similar forms).
One Branch Canal data collection form is to be completed for the Branch Canal and for each of
its sub-branches. One Mesqa-offtake data collection form is to be filled for each mesqa or offtake. All
information on the form is to be completed.
52
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.4 BCWUA Establishment: Data Collection
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
53
Guidelines
2.4a Data Collection Tables
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Mesqa–Offtake Data Collection Form (1)
One form (with follow-up forms) to be filled for each mesqa–offtake
Name of Branch Canal
Name of Mesqa–Offtake
No. Sheet
/
Area served by mesqa–offtake (feddans)
Names and contact information for key water users
If offtake, what lifting device? (pump?)
If mesqa, is it improved?
Names of Farmers
54
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.4a Data Collection Forms
Mesqa–Offtake Data Collection Follow-up Form (2)
Name of Branch Canal
Name of Mesqa–Offtake
No. Sheet
/
Names of Farmers
Branch Canal (BC) Data Collection Form (1)
One form (with follow-up forms) to be filled for each branch canal and sub-branch
Name of Branch Canal
Area served (feddans)
Length (km)
No. sheet
/
Feeder Canal
Description of the BC command area (limits)
Name of Surveyor
Is BC under one rotation block or several?
Names of 3 main gathering places (mosque, agricultural cooperative, or health center)
Names of Local Unit(s) covering BC command area
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
55
Guideline 2.4a Data Collection Forms
No.
Inventory of Sub-branches, Structures, Villages, and Mesqas–Off-takes
Location
km
Bank
Type
Name
Characteristics
Location= km from BC intake/head regulator
Bank = R right or L left
Type = S structure, SB sub-branch, PO pump off-take or M mesqa, V village
Characteristics
Sub-branch canal: length (km) and area served (feddans)
Structure: type (regulator, weir, bridge)
Mesqa–off-take: area served (feddans)
Village: number of households
56
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.4a Data Collection Forms
Branch Canal (BC) Data Collection Follow-up Form (2)
Name of Branch Canal
Area served (feddans)
Length (km)
No. sheet
/
No.
Inventory of Sub-branches, Structures, Villages, and Mesqas–Off-takes
Location
km
Bank
Type
Name
Characteristics
Location= km from BC intake/head regulator
Bank = R right or L left
Type = S structure, SB sub-branch, PO pump off-take or M mesqa, V village
Characteristics
Sub-branch canal: length (km) and area served (feddans)
Structure: type (regulator, weir, bridge)
Mesqa–off-take: area served (feddans)
Village: number of households
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
57
Guidelines
2.5 BCWUA Establishment:
Canal Grouping
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Objectives of the Canal Grouping Activity
The first step in forming BCWUAs is data collection, gathering geographical and social
information on the main and branch canals within the IWRM.
Canal Grouping is the next activity, and leads to the identification of the BCWUAs to be formed,
and their boundaries.
Canal Grouping Criteria
Canal grouping is mostly a planning activity that should be carried out by the IWMD–WA
engineer using the schematic of the IWMD and the list of branch canals with the size of their
command areas.
Grouping criterion: the optimal size of BCWUAs should be from 1,000 to 4,000 feddans in the
Delta, and from 700 to 3,000 feddans in Upper Egypt. This size strikes a balance between the need for
good internal communications (which requires small BCWUAs) and the need for good collaboration
with IWMD staff (which favors a smaller number of large BCWUAs).
Comments:
•
The success of BCWUAs rests on the important principle of commonality: associations
function if people share common interests and concerns. In terms of irrigation, this translates
ideally into: “one intake, one canal, one group of people.” The average size of branch canal
command areas is 1,500–2,000 feddans in the Delta, and 1,000 feddans in Upper Egypt (in
both cases, this is old lands).
•
Ensuring homogeneity in the size of the BCWUAs is also critical. If some associations are
much larger than others, IWMD and MWRI staff will tend to devote more time and attention
to larger ones. If BCWUAs are going to successfully collaborate at district level (within
federations or other mechanisms), size homogeneity is also essential.
•
Bigger sized associations are not recommended as they would:
− Be more difficult to manage as democratic organizations
− Risk breaking up into several sub-groups, based on village, reach or branch divisions
− Jeopardize the direct link between water users and their representatives.
•
Conversely, smaller size associations should be avoided as they would:
− Have less leverage and credibility, and be less efficient
− Get less attention from MWRI staff who would have to deal with too many associations.
Following the above procedure should result in most water users being involved in BCWUAs,
with the number of BCWUAs being 15 to 30 for an average sized IWMD (40,000–50,000 feddans).
58
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.5 BCWUA Establishment: Canal Grouping
Canal Grouping Procedure
The first step is to identify and list all Branch Canals that have an obvious intake and whose
command area fit the size criterion (1,000–4,000 feddans in Lower Egypt, 700–3,000 feddans in Upper
Egypt). Each of these canals is to be the basis for one BCWUA.
The rest of the IWMD command area falls under three categories:
3.
Smaller-size branch or sub-branch canals (less than 1,000 or 700 feddans): if
possible, these should be grouped with one or several other neighboring small
branch or sub-branch canals (from the same main canal or same branch canal) to
form one BCWUA. It is preferable if all branch canals in the grouping are in the
same rotation turn. It is also important to ensure there are no conflicts or disputes
among the farmers that would undermine such a grouping.
4.
Larger size branch canals (more than 3,000–4,000 feddans): these should be divided
into two or several areas that fit the size criterion. Using a specific structure such as
a cross-regulator or the existence of sub-branches is the best approach to this
division. Each subdivision will be the basis to form one BCWUA. If some of the subbranches are not in the same rotation, turn, or block, this can also be used as the
basis for division.
5.
Direct irrigation: some areas may be irrigated directly from the main canal, notably
through “direct” mesqas, and not from branch canals. The corresponding water
users should still be included in an association. Several neighboring “direct” mesqas
can be grouped into a BCWUA. Minimal size criterion should be respected, as long
as the mesqas involved remain close to each other (less than 5–6 km). Grouping
such a “direct” mesqa with a neighboring BCWUA is not recommended as the
water users from the mesqa will have no interest in branch canal issues, will be a
minority within the larger group, and will not be adequately represented within the
BCWUA Board.
There can be difficult situations such as:
•
Areas with complex and severe social conflicts between communities
•
Isolated small areas (e.g. islands) that cannot be grouped to reach significant size
•
Areas under direct irrigation along main canals.
In such cases, the formation of BCWUAs can be postponed until users themselves request such
an organization after seeing the benefits accruing to neighboring BCWUAs.
Final Output
The last activity is to prepare a list of all BCWUAs to be formed in the IWMD, along with a
schematic of the IWMD showing where these BCWUAs are located (see example at the end of this
guideline). This list should be approved by the IWMD Director and the General Director, and will be
the basis for the Ministerial Decree that will launch the actual formation in the IWMD.
In parallel, the diagrams/schematics of all branch canals should also be compiled in a folder, along
with the names of key water users and contacts. This will be the basic information needed to form
BCWUAs.
Special Note Regarding Merging Existing BCWUAs
In the past, small BCWUAs have been formed in some areas. Such BCWUAs should, if possible,
be merged with others to satisfy the size criterion.
The procedure for merging two existing BCWUAs can be as follows:
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
59
Guideline 2.5 BCWUA Establishment: Canal Grouping
1. Bring together the two Representative Assemblies or two groups of WURs.
2. Explain the need for a merger and how it will be accomplished, beginning with electing a new
Board (the two Boards could simply be merged together to be the new Board, if they are
small, but a new chairman still has to be elected).
3. Facilitate a newly elected Board through one or several meetings.
60
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.5 BCWUA Establishment: Canal Grouping
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
61
Guidelines
2.6 BCWUA Establishment:
WU Awareness and WUR Identification
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Water User Awareness Activities
The BCWUA will generally be the first nongovernmental organization (NGO) with which
farmers, residents, and other water users are involved. During the period leading up to the election of
the BCWUA Board it will be critical to conduct awareness activities that provide as much information
as possible regarding:
•
Objectives and functions of BCWUAs
•
Benefits from BCWUAs
•
Roles and responsibilities of Water User Representatives (WUR) and Board members
•
Process for forming BCWUAs.
Please refer to the “Discussion Guide to share with Water Users” which can be obtained from
the Integrated Water Management Unit of the Central Office if not locally available. It is a
comprehensive tool that covers all the following topics:
•
What is a BCWUA?
•
What do BCWUAs do?
•
How is a BCWUA structured?
•
How is a BCWUA formed?
•
What are the BCWUA Benefits?
•
How do BCWUAs collaborate with MWRI?
•
BCWUAs are an Opportunity!
The Discussion Guide can be used by MWRI staff to educate oneself and also as a support to
introduce BCWUA to water users and answer their questions.
Structure of a BCWUA
Each BCWUA organization includes:
62
•
All farmers and residents within the designated area of the BCWUA (usually the command
area of a BC) as rightful members of the BCWUA
•
WURs each representing a Base Unit (turnout or mesqa) i.e. 10–50 farmers, see their role
next page; collectively these WURs form a Representative Assembly, (RA) which can be a
formal organization or an informal assemblage of farmer representatives. The final decision
for this to be made by the branch canal water users.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.6 BCWUA Establishment: WU Awareness and WUR Identification
•
A Board: five to nine members elected by the WURs, led by a chairperson, and acting as
executive head of the BCWUA (see guideline 2.7).
Role and Responsibilities of Water User Representatives
Water User Representatives (WURs) are individuals from sub-areas (Base Units) along a Branch
Canal. The number of WURs within one BCWUA will range from 10 to 40, depending on the size of
the area served b the BCWUA. The rationale for the number of WURs is given later in this Guideline,
as are guidelines for ensuring women are included among the representatives.
The first duty of the WURs within a new BCWUA is to elect the BCWUA Board. Once the
BCWUA is undertaking water-related activities, the WURs become the interface between the
BCWUA Board and the water users at large and the Board is accountable to the members of the
BCWUA through the WURs.
The WURs:
•
Elect and dismiss Board members
•
Assist the Board in data collection and communications with BCWUA members
•
Collect needs, concerns, and priorities from water users and integrate these in decisionmaking that guides BCWUA activities
•
Approve annual reports, action plans, and budgets
•
Check and audit Board activities
•
Assist the Board with specific activities through committees established by the Board.
The WURs act as support and counter-power to the BCWUA Board.
Comment: In previously established BCWUAs, these WURs are sometimes members of what
is called a Representative Assembly (RA). Formalizing an RA requires significant resources for the
election and capacity building of RA members. The process described herein focuses on the simple
identification of WURs to act in an informal manner to represent BCWUA membership to the Board
and the MWRI IWMD. Guideline 2.8b presents a discussion of the formation of a formal
Representative Assembly should the water users choose to form an RA.
Identification of Base Units
In order to identify WURs, the BCWUA area is divided into base units (BUs) to ensure
evenhanded representation for all areas. Each BU is to nominate one or more WURs, depending on
the size of its area. The dividing of the BCWUA into base units is carried out by considering both
agricultural and residential base units (ABUs and RBUs).
The BCWUA area is first partitioned into ABUs. Each ABU should cover the area served by one
or several mesqa/turnout(s) along the Branch Canal, with an optimal size of between 50 and 250
feddans. If the area served by a mesqa or offtake is too small, then it should be grouped with a similar
neighboring area. Conversely, an area that is too large should be divided into two (or more) ABUs.
The number of representatives to be designated in each ABU is based on size (see table below), with
an average representation ratio of one WUR per 75-100 feddans (i.e. per 10 to 50 farm households).
The number of WURs needed from an ABU is defined as follows:
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
63
Guideline 2.6 BCWUA Establishment: WU Awareness and WUR Identification
Area served by mesqa/turnout
(feddans)
Number of
WURs
Comments
Small BCWUA
(< 2,000 fed)
Large BCWUAs
(> 2,000 fed)
1–50
1–75
—
To be grouped with another
turnout to cover at least 50 or
75 feddans
50–120
75–150
1
—
120–180
150–250
2
—
180+
250+
Mesqa command area should
be divided into two ABUs
This means that for a small BCWUA (700 to 2,000 feddans), there will be from 10 to 25 WURs
while BCWUAs covering more than 2,000 feddans will have 20 to 40 WURs.
In order to have BCWUAs deal with water management and not solely focus on irrigation and
drainage matters, the BCWUA also includes representatives from residential areas. The number of
representatives from RBUs should be one-third of the number of representatives from ABUs, bringing
the total number of WURs for one BCWUA from 12 to 50 members, depending on the area
covered. This is large enough for the WURs to be representative and small enough to allow effective
meetings.
RBUs will be from all villages and settlements within the BCWUA area that include at least
50 households (see identification process for the representatives below).
Comment: in the future, a higher proportion of residential representatives should be
considered, especially in urban areas. Likewise, consideration can be given to representatives from
industrial areas in future.
Identification of WURs
Identifying ABU representatives:
•
During the preparation phase for forming BCWUAs, WA staff have to identify several key
water users along each turnout (Refer to Guideline 2.4, Data Collection and 2.4a, Data
Collection Tables)
•
Canal grouping at the end of the preparation phase will define where to form BCWUAs
(Refer to Guideline 2.5, Canal Grouping)
•
At the beginning of the establishment phase, WA staff will:
− Delineate Agricultural Base Units
− Convene the key water users in small groups (20–30 people) within each ABU
− Present the BCWUA concept and benefits
− Ask for names of potential WURs (key water users can volunteer or provide names of
appropriate people; nominees may be asked to gather approvals—in the form of
signatures—from farmers within the ABU).
It may take two or three meetings to raise awareness and identify WURs within each ABU.
Identifying RBU representatives:
•
64
During the preparation phase for forming BCWUAs, WA staff have to identify the main
villages and urbanized areas along the Branch Canal, and collect contact information of
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.6 BCWUA Establishment: WU Awareness and WUR Identification
corresponding Local Popular Councils (Refer to Guideline 2.4, Data Collection and 2.4a,
Data Collection Tables)
•
At the beginning of the establishment phase, WA staff should meet with representatives of
Local Popular Councils, present the BCWUA concept and benefits and ask them to give a
short-list of resident families who could represent water users
•
Based on that short-list, women technicians from the IWMD–WA Team interview women
from these resident families, present the BCWUA purpose and benefits, and assess their
interest, as well as their status and standing among their neighbors
•
The end goal is to identify a number of WURs (including women) from RBUs that is onethird of the number of WURs from ABUs; initially villages/settlements close to the canal
should be given the priority.
Once all WURs are identified, they meet for further awareness training and, eventually, to elect
the Board.
Meetings of WURs
The WURs convene at least once a year for the BCWUA Board to present past and ongoing
activities, and request approval of proposed activities. Every 3 years, the WURs will also be convened
to re-elect the Board members. During all meetings, a quorum of at least 50 percent is required for
voted decisions to be valid.
If a WUR cannot attend such a meeting, he/she can be replaced, as long as the substitute
representative belongs to the same ABU or RBU. If a WUR wishes to not to be a representative
anymore, he/she should also be replaced by someone who belongs to the same ABU or RBU. The
name of the new WUR should be duly registered by the BCWUA Board
Related Guidelines
2.4
2.4a
Data Collection
Data Collection Tables
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
65
Guidelines
2.6a Nomination of WURs
(minutes)
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
General directorate of water resources in
IWMD in
IAS department
ABU/RBU Election
Date:
Venue:
Name of BCWUA:
ABU/RBU Number:
Name
Number of attendee is
approved the nomination of:
Signature
Name
Signature
out of total number of ABU/RBU members. The attendee
1. Name:
2. Name:
66
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.6a Nomination of WURs (minutes)
As Water User Representative for this unit:
Name:
Signature:
WA Engineer:
Name:
Signature:
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
67
Guidelines
2.7 BCWUA Establishment:
Board Election
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Building the Capacity of Water User Representatives (WURs)
Once WURs have been identified, several meetings (possibly more) should be held with them to
raise their awareness regarding:
•
Objectives and functions of BCWUAs
•
Benefits from BCWUAs
•
Roles and responsibilities of Board members.
These meetings will also help them to get better acquainted with each other. Depending on the
number of WURs, these meetings can be held with the entire group or by sub-groups (for example
within each reach—upstream, middle, and downstream—of the branch canal).
One such preparatory meeting is needed shortly before the actual BCWUA Board election
meeting, in order to:
•
Review the election procedures in detail, and address questions and misunderstandings that
could be disruptive and time-consuming during the election meeting.
•
Provide time for WURs to select and sort candidates among themselves.
•
Allow nominees to lobby and campaign for Board membership.
Role and Responsibilities of BCWUA Boards
The Board is the executive head of the BCWUA. As such, the Board manages the day-to-day
running of BCWUA activities and handles external relations. The Board is mandated to:
68
•
Mediate and resolve irrigation, drainage, and water management conflicts among BCWUA
members.
•
Collect and integrate BCWUA members’ needs, complaints, and requests and communicate
these to IWMD staff.
•
Lead the preparation of BCWUA strategic plans such as needs assessments and action plans
(possibly budgets in the future), and monitor their implementation.
•
Regularly meet with IWMD staff to discuss water management issues, evaluate solutions,
decide and plan activities, and monitor their implementation.
•
Negotiate and conclude agreements with MWRI for the supply of irrigation, drainage, and
water services and the implementation of specific related activities.
•
Formally or informally report to WURs and to BCWUA members at large on Board
activities and on their meetings with IWMD staff.
•
Hold regular (preferably monthly) Board meetings.
•
Hold at least two annual meetings with all WURs.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.7 BCWUA Establishment: Board Election
•
Manage external relations, in particular with MWRI, MALR, other ministries, and local
government entities.
Composition of the BCWUA Board
The size of the BCWUA Board can vary from five to nine members. There is sometimes a
tendency to enlarge the Board size to include more persons and interests. This is not recommended
for the effectiveness of the Board as an executive, decision-making entity. Larger Boards will spend
more time meeting and may not operate effectively.
Small-size BCWUAs (up to 2,000 feddans) should limit the size of their Board to five members as
follows:
•
The Chairperson
•
One representative elected among the WURs representing residents (RBUs)
•
Three representatives elected among the WURs representing farmers (ABUs), one from the
upstream reach of the BC, one from the middle reach, and one from the downstream reach.
Larger BCWUAs (more than 2,000 feddans) can either limit the size of their Board to five
members as well, or enlarge it to nine members as follows:
•
The Chairperson
•
Two representatives elected among the WURs representing RBUs
•
Six representatives elected among the WURs representing ABUs, two from each of the
three reaches—upstream, middle and downstream.
Membership on the BCWUA Board is voluntary and non-salaried. Board eligibility criteria include:
•
Being a member of the BCWUA
•
Not being MWRI staff
•
Enjoying full civil voting rights
•
Living, farming, or owning property in the BCWUA command area.
Ideally, every BCWUA Board should present a combination of skills and capacities to deal with
such diverse topics as:
•
Irrigation and drainage
•
Water management
•
Environmental issues
•
Planning and monitoring
•
Communication with MWRI
•
Communication with BCWUA members
•
Organization and facilitation of meetings
•
Bookkeeping and budgeting.
Positions within the BCWUA Board
The positions are the following: Chairperson, Treasurer, and Secretary.
The responsibilities of the Chairperson are to:
•
Call and chair all meetings pertaining to the BCWUA
•
Call, participate, and represent the BCWUA in meetings with external parties
•
Coordinate and supervise the activities of the BCWUA Board.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
69
Guideline 2.7 BCWUA Establishment: Board Election
The responsibilities of the Secretary are to:
•
Prepare and distribute agendas for and minutes of all BCWUA meetings
•
Maintain all BCWUA records, correspondence, files, and databases
•
Make these records and files available to all WURs
•
Report to the BCWUA Chairperson.
At present (2007), the BCWUAs do not have the legal right to collect funds from their membership.
There is an ongoing effort to modify pertinent laws to allow for the collection of funds and since the
timing of implementation of such new laws is unknown, it is recommended that a Treasurer be
installed in order to be prepared for the time that collection of funds will become legal. Also, it is
anticipated that some BCWAUs may obtain donations from NGOs or others and therefore a
Treasurer will be needed to keep financial records when and if funds become available for BCWAU
activities.
While the Chairperson is elected directly by the WURs, the assignment of the other positions
will be carried out internally by the Board members once elected.
Elections of Chairperson and Board
The Board Election is essentially a meeting of the WURs with the election as a major item on the
agenda. Representatives from the IWMD (such as the IWMD director and/or IWMD–WA engineer)
and other local officials are requested to attend to verify results and oversee the election process.
Comment: For a new BCWUA, this event is also the opportunity to increase the awareness of
WURs and to capture as much interest as possible (possibly by inviting other officials from MWRI,
MALR, and the local council). Re-elections may be simpler events, limited to WURs, and with a
limited number of outside guests and spectators.
The success of the meeting depends on proper preparation of election materials, and on
following a strict agenda. The preparations for a Board election meeting require the following:
•
Establishing a list of WURs, identified as representing ABU or RBU, and if from an ABU,
sorted per location (up, middle, or downstream reach)
•
Identifying and inviting IWMD staff and other local officials
•
Preparing a map/schematic of the BC
•
Inviting participants and providing each with an election handout (includes agenda, reminders
of election process, BCWUA concept and role of Board)
•
Securing a location/venue and preparing the election material (ballots, flipchart, and
pens/pencils/markers).
The agenda of a Board election meeting follows the following steps:
70
•
Introduction of participants
•
Presentation of the objective and agenda for the meeting
•
Verification of attendance to check eligibility to vote and to satisfy the quorum requirement
•
Reminder about BCWUA concept, benefits, and structure
•
Reminder about role and responsibilities of the Board
•
Explanation of the election process
•
Nomination of candidates for Chairperson
•
Secret ballot (if several candidates)
•
Counting and presentation of results
•
Official announcement of name of Chairperson
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.7 BCWUA Establishment: Board Election
•
Nomination of candidates for Board (first RBU, then the three ABU reaches)
•
Secret ballots (if several candidates)
•
Counting and presentation of results
•
Official announcement of names of elected Board members
•
Recording and signing minutes of meeting.
This election meeting cannot allow much time for WURs to ask questions and to clarify
misunderstandings. Because the functioning of the Board will directly impact the success and
credibility of the BCWUA, enough attention should be given to ensuring that the WURs have a good
understanding of the objectives and process of the elections. This is why the preparatory meetings
mentioned earlier are essential before the Board election meeting.
Women should be given equal opportunity in this election process. It is absolutely essential that
female water users participate in the election as voters and candidates.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
71
Guidelines
2.7a Board Election
(minutes)
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
General directorate of water resources in
IWMD in
IAS department
Election of BCWUA Board Members
Date:
Venue:
Name of BCWUA:
The purpose of the meeting was for Water User Representatives (WURs) to elect the BCWUA
Chairman and Board members.
Total number of attendees was:
members.
of
, which is the total number of WUR
The election was held under the supervision of the senior IWMD attendees with assistance of the
two WUR members named below. The results of the election were:
Name
Post
1.
Chairman
2.
Member
3.
Member
4.
Member
5.
Member
6.
Member
7.
Member
WUR Members who assisted IWMD staff to supervise the elections
1.
2.
72
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.7a Board Election (minutes)
IWMD Staff
1.
2.
3.
4.
IAS Engineer:
Name:
Signature:
IWMD Manager:
Name:
Signature:
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
73
Guidelines
2.7b BCWUA Establishment Decree
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation
Irrigation Department
Central Directorate of Water Resources and Irrigation in
Administrative Decree No.
Date:
/
/
UNDERSECRETARY OF WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION IN
GOVERNORATE OF
After reviewing:
•
Irrigation and Drainage Law No. 12 from year 1984 and its executive regulations,
•
And Procurement Law 89/1998
•
/
issued by H.E. Minister of Water Resources
And Ministerial Decree
and Irrigation to establish a BCWUA on Branch Canal
•
And the results of elections held and registered in the minutes prepared by the IWMD in
.
Clause (1)
The BCWUA board members for
Name
branch canal(s). are:
Post
1.
Chairman
2.
Member
3.
Member
4.
Member
5.
Member
6.
Member
7.
Member
74
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.7b BCWUA Establishment Decree
Clause (2)
BCWUA tasks and responsibilities include:
•
Representing all water users in the canal command area before all specified organizations.
•
Participating in monitoring irrigation/drainage conditions in their area, discussing any
proposals, and suggesting convenient solutions to improve the efficiency of irrigation and
drainage operations.
•
Participating in applying water rotation on the branch canal level and its branches.
•
Cooperating with irrigation staff in formulating maintenance priorities within the available
governmental funds and water users contribution.
•
Supporting the establishment of WUAs on the mesqa level.
•
Initiating awareness campaigns for water users to prevent pollution and optimize water use.
•
Managing the conflict resolution process in collaboration with specified organizations.
•
Organizing regular meetings to review operation and maintenance programs and the financial
status of the association.
•
Establishing the basics of financial accountability.
•
Formulating the BCWUA’s internal regulations.
•
Developing annual work plans.
Clause (3)
The Chairman of the BCWUA (or one member of the Board) will present meeting minutes to
IWMD manager for review and to take suitable decisions.
Clause (4)
The specified general directorate will review proposals offered by the BCWUA, make technical
studies, and present the results to the Undersecretary to take appropriate decisions.
(Signed by)
Undersecretary of Water Resources and Irrigation
(Governorate)
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
75
Guidelines
2.8 BCWUA Activation
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Activation Process
Once established through the election of the Board and the promulgation of the establishment
decree, each BCWUA should be promptly activated. Activation involves the following steps:
1.
Signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the MWRI (see template 2.8a). This
MOU launches the partnership between the BCWUA and all MWRI staff. It specifically lists
the roles and responsibilities of the BCWUA and of the MWRI staff.
2.
Introduction and adoption by the BCWUA of the Internal Regulations (see template 2.8b).
These Internal Regulations have (for the time being) limited validity. They are mostly
guidelines for the internal functioning of the BCWUA and must be finalized upon upon
activation of the BCWUA.
3.
Holding regular internal and external meetings. These meetings are meant to ensure proper
communications within the BCWUA and a fruitful partnership with MWRI staff.
4.
Carrying out of a Participatory Needs Assessment, and preparation of Branch Canal (BC)
Priorities and BC Action Plan (see Guideline 2.9).
Internal Regulations
A set of internal rules is needed to regulate the life of any formal organization. Various templates
have been developed through previous activities. The proposed template (see2.8b) covers the
following topics:
•
General provisions (name of BCWUA, legal references, communication rules, and
membership)
•
Structure and procedures for establishment and operating rules (identification and roles of
base units and WURs, constitution and responsibilities of the Board).
BCWUAs are encouraged to adopt such regulations, in order to assist them in their internal
functioning, to provide written rules to operate, solve conflicts, and make and record decisions. These
internal regulations are to be seen more as guidelines for BCWUAs than as legally binding regulations.
Comment: It is foreseen that an official legal template of BCWUA Internal Regulations will be
developed in the future.
Types of Meetings
A BCWUA will be involved in two main types of formal meetings, either internal or external.
Internal meetings can be:
•
76
Board Meetings: the Board members should meet regularly (at least on a monthly basis) to
discuss BC issues and prepare upcoming external meetings with MWRI staff or other
entities, related to the management of the BCWUA
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.8 BCWUA Activation
•
Plenary Meetings with all WURs: at least twice annually, the Board should convene all
WURs and present a summary of its activities (meetings with MWRI and other entities,
issues handled, decisions taken, and achievements).
External meetings can be:
•
Meetings with MWRI staff (notably the IWMD manager and engineers)
•
Meetings with other entities (staff from other ministries such as MALR, or other local
organizations such as agricultural cooperatives, local NGOs, and Community Development
Associations).
It is critical for both BCWUA representatives and IWMD staff to understand that meetings
should be held on a regular basis, even if there are no pending/crucial issues to be discussed. Regular
meetings provide a forum for more relaxed dialogue among participants. They also allow participants
to proactively discuss recurrent or predictable issues much more efficiently than ad-hoc meetings
convened when issues arise and require immediate attention and resolution (prevention is better than
correction in terms of conflict resolution).
Internal Meetings
It is essential for the sustainability of BCWUAs to promote transparent and accountable
management practices. This translates into Board members having regular meetings among themselves
and plenary meetings with all WURs. It also means that all such meetings should have written and
signed minutes to record issues discussed and decisions taken.
It is recommended that Board meetings occur monthly on an average; these meetings are
expected to be more frequent during summer (peak water demand) and less frequent during winter.
Meetings with the WURs are recommended twice a year, preferably in March and October, at
the transitions between the summer and winter seasons. This would be an ideal time to reflect on the
past season, the issues and conflicts that occurred, how they were solved, and to plan the oncoming
season.
External Meetings
Meetings with IWMD staff should be held on a regular basis, for the same reasons mentioned
earlier in terms of conflict resolution. It is recommended that each IWMD manager (or his
representative) meets:
•
Board members of each BCWUA at least twice a year, preferably once every 3 months.
These meetings can be with one individual BCWUA or with two to five neighboring
BCWUAs. Individual meetings are useful to discuss branch canal issues, while collective
meetings allow the sharing of information with several BCWUAs at once and/or discussion
of larger issues.
•
Chairpersons of all BCWUAs meet together at least twice a year, preferably in March and
October, at the transitions between the summer and winter seasons, so as to discuss the
past season, and to plan the oncoming one. These meetings would be useful for discussion of
district-level or main canal-level issues.
Related Guidelines
2.8a
2.8b
2.8c
2.9
Template for MOU
Template for Internal Regulations
Agenda for IWMD-BCWUA Seasonal Meetings
BCWUA Activation: Branch Canal Priorities and Branch Canal Action Plan
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
77
Guidelines
2.8a BCWUA Activation:
Template for MOU
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Standard Sample MOU
Agreement and Memorandum of Understanding
Between
The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI)
And
The Branch Canal Water Users Association (BCWUA) on ___________________________Canal,
____________________________District, ___________________________Governorate
1. First – Introduction
In the context of fulfilling the objectives of improving water management systems in agricultural
land, optimizing uses and returns of both land and water, promoting capacities and activities of
regional and local organizations, boosting decentralized systems, and promoting the participatory role
of stakeholders and farmers in achieving social and economic development, it was agreed by both
Parties to this Agreement, in the light of irrigation, drainage, and water protection laws and statutes,
to set up the necessary agreement to satisfy these objectives on the grounds of both Parties’
willingness and understanding to enhance the above mentioned courses of action.
2. Second – Parties to the Agreement
78
1.
Pertinent organizations of the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI),
represented in this Agreement by Eng. ________________________________,
Head of the Central Directorate for Water Resources and Irrigation in
_______________________ Governorate (First Party).
2.
The Branch Canal Water Users Association (BCWUA) in ______________________
Region, on _____________________________Canal, serving an approximate area of
_____ feddans, represented in this Agreement by ___________________________,
Chairman of the BCWUA established according to the Decree of the Head of the
Central Directorate for Water Resources and Irrigation No. ( _______ ), dated ___ /
___ /__ (Second Party).
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.8a BCWUA Activation: Template for MOU
3. Third – Responsibilities of the MWRI Organizations
Study, discuss, and evaluate the negotiated prioritized work plan presented by the BCWUA,
and include this plan in the IWMD annual work plan under available financial resources.
Any changes seen by the MWRI should be negotiated and approved by both parties.
Secure adequate water discharges and levels downstream of the intake of the branch canal
that feeds field systems according to discharge programs and schedules except in
emergencies and unlikely events.
Assist and support the BCWUA by releasing information of:
•
Discharge programs and schedules
•
Irrigation and drainage network, and structures maintenance and promotion programs in
the branch canal command area
•
Laws and regulations that should be followed in water resources management.
Monitor the fulfillment of tasks assigned to the BCWUA, and assist the BCWUA with the
formulation of the association’s bylaws and basic structure and in applying these bylaws
and regulations.
Support the BCWUA with adequate training and technical assistance to activate and ensure
sustainability of the BCWUA structure.
4. Fourth – Responsibilities of the BCWUA
1.
Participate in monitoring the status of irrigation and drainage networks in the canal
command area, and present and negotiate any recommendations to increase the system
efficiency with responsible MWRI departments.
2.
Participate in water scheduling and distribution on the branch canal level.
3.
Participate and share the responsibility with the IWMD in surveying and prioritizing
needed system maintenance and promotion works based on available financial resources.
4.
Support water users in establishing Water Users Associations at the mesqa level.
5.
Manage and resolve conflicts and disputes in coordination with relevant stakeholders.
6.
Represent all water users in the canal command area before different agencies.
7.
Raise awareness among water users on issues related to water quantity and quality,
conservation, and other relevant issues.
8.
Establish a framework and principals for active participation and responsibility sharing in
management, and operation and maintenance activities on the branch canal and at the
on-farm levels.
9.
Establish a framework and principals for financial management and accounting for the
BCWUA.
10. Organize the BCWUA Board’s regular monthly meeting in order to review and monitor
the branch canal activities.
11. Develop the BCWUA’s annual plan in coordination with the IWMD, including problems,
recommended solutions, and prioritized actions, and present this plan to the
Governorate regional committee for approval.
5. Fifth – Miscellaneous and Final Declarations
1.
All basic and national public infrastructures will remain the property of the MWRI.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
79
Guideline 2.8a BCWUA Activation: Template for MOU
2.
The BCWUA will abide by the rules of the laws and statutes of irrigation, drainage, and
water protection as well as those implying the application of administrative, technical,
and financial systems.
3.
If the BCWUA fails in carrying out its duties and responsibilities, it is up to the MWRI to
withdraw the BCWUA’s license, abolish all authority delegated to the BCWUA, and
undertake necessary actions, under the MWRI administration or through a third party,
to protect the irrigation and drainage infrastructure and farmers’ rights and to establish
another organization, as conceived by the MWRI. In all cases, the BCWUA will be liable
for any illegality, responsibility, or commitment towards others according to the laws
and statutes that control its work.
4.
The MWRI will incur the maintenance and improvement costs of the branch water
channel.
5.
The BCWUA will incur the maintenance, improvement, and replacement costs of any of
the private irrigation and drainage networks and structures under its responsibility.
Payment will be made in one or more installments according to Laws No. 12/1984 and
No. 213/1994 and their executive statutes and according to what is agreed upon
between the Parties in this regard based on the BCWUA’s request.
6.
The BCWUA will prepare the necessary records and reports according to systems and
statutes. The BCWUA will provide the MWRI with periodic reports regarding the
irrigation and drainage system conditions under its management.
7.
The MWRI commitment will be to provide the BCWUA with technical and institutional
support and consultation through close cooperation to ensure efficient task
accomplishment.
8.
The introduction in FIRST clause and the items in SECOND through FIFTH clauses are
basic and integral parts of this Agreement. The Agreement will be in force unless it is
terminated by the MWRI for any of the above mentioned reasons. The Agreement may
be improved or modified on the grounds of the understanding and approval of both
Parties or in the case of legal or administrative necessities.
9.
This agreement is valid for 2 years, starting from the date of signing this Memorandum of
Understanding.
™
Three originals of this Agreement were signed by both Parties on the _____ day of
______________, 20_____.
80
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.8a BCWUA Activation: Template for MOU
FIRST PARTY
SECOND PARTY
Head of the Central Directorate for Water
Resources and Irrigation in ____________
Governorate
Chairman of BCWUA of _______________ Canal
Name: ___________________________
Name: _________________________________
Signature: _________________________
Signature: _______________________________
WITNESS SIGNATURE:
Undersecretary of Irrigation Advisory Service
Name: ____________________________________
Signature: __________________________________
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
81
Guidelines
2.8b BCWUA Activation:
Template for Internal Regulations
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
General Provisions
Article (1) The Branch Canal Water Users’ Association (BCWUA) is to be established as a nonprofit organization.
Article (2) The legal framework governing the internal regulations consists of Irrigation and
Drainage Law 12/1984, Law 213/1994 and their executive regulations, in addition to the
Nile and Water Resources Protection Law 48/1982 and its executive regulation and its
ministerial decree concerning the establishment of the BCWUA.
Article (3) The BCWUA, along with its internal regulations, will be registered in the technical office
of the Undersecretary of State of the MWRI in the governorate.
Article (4) BCWUAs are mandated to:
a.
Function in accordance with the internal regulations and working plan for the
organization
b.
Follow the financial management plan of the organization
c.
Develop and implement a communications plan and enhance good relations
between the organization and the various governmental and non-governmental
authorities
d.
Organize periodic meetings for the BCWUA Board and Water User
Representatives (WURs)
e.
Conduct the daily management of BCWUA activities and present all plans and
suggestions that will improve the irrigation system and/or enhance the association’s
financial resources
f.
Solve all problems among BCWUA members.
Article (5) The Undersecretary of State of MWRI is the only authority that defines and changes the
area and limits of BCWUA boundaries and sub-boundaries.
Article (6) The location of the BCWUA office and the daily working hours shall be established by
the BCWUA Board.
Article (7) The decisions of the BCWUA Board are obligatory for all water users.
Communication between BCWUA and MWRI
Article (8) A Memorandum of Understanding is to be signed between the BCWUA, represented by
the Board Chairperson of the organization, and the MWRI, represented by the
Undersecretary of State of Water Resources and Irrigation. The memorandum is to
address the following:
82
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.8b BCWUA Activation: Template for Internal Regulations
a.
Aims of the organization
b.
Parties to the agreement
c.
Legal basis for the organization
d.
Appropriate methods for solving problems that might occur between the parties
e.
The period covered by the agreement
f.
Signatures from both parties.
Internal Communication in the BCWUA
Article (9) Communication between the BCWUA Board, Representative Assembly (RA), and water
users must occur as follows:
a.
RA and Board decisions shall be announced in writing and shall be available at the
Board’s location
b.
Copies of the minutes of meetings shall be available at the Board’s office
c.
A Committee shall be assigned to receive recommendations and complaints
d.
The Board shall publish a summary of the annual plan and budget before the annual
meeting
e.
Copies of internal regulations shall be available at the Board’s office
f.
The Board shall notify water users of the dates of their periodic meetings
g.
Copies of the annual budget shall be available for the RA and the Board members
h.
Irrigation and drainage engineers shall inform the Board of any changes in the
irrigation plan
i.
The Board shall discuss the agriculture plan with the heads of the agriculture units
j.
The Board shall play a role in the execution of canal works in coordination with
MWRI.
Membership
Article (10) BCWUA membership is compulsory for all water users.
BCWUA Structure
Article (11) BCWUA structure consists of:
a.
Base units
b.
Representative assembly
c.
BCWUA Board
Base Units
Article (12) Base Units are the first level in the organization and its membership consists of all
BCWUA members.
a.
Base Units are divided into agriculture base units, housing base units, and other
water base units
b.
A list of the base units and their representatives should be kept in the
organization’s records and should be annually revised.
Article (13) Base units meet with their representative on an as-needed basis when there are
important Board decisions or internal problems to be discussed. The base unit
representative will lead such meetings.
Article (14) All the base unit members are BCWUA members, and all of them have the right to
vote in order to choose their representative in the RA.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
83
Guideline 2.8b BCWUA Activation: Template for Internal Regulations
Article (15) Base unit membership should be given to each agriculture land or house owner, and
can devolve to tenants, but only when the owner gives the tenant temporary voting
rights through a contract, taking into consideration that the owner will be responsible
for all fees and financial agreements.
Agricultural Base Units (ABUs)
Article (16) The ABUs are delineated on hydraulic and social bases on one condition, that the
representation should be in proportion to the area of the unit (one representative for
every specific area—if the area of the unit increases, then the representation can be
increased as well).
Residential Base Units (RBUs)
Article (17) The number of representatives allocated for an RBU is determined according to the
density and degree of urbanization of the residential areas according to the BCWUA
Board agreement with the MWRI Undersecretary of State.
Duties of the Base Units
Article (18) The duties of the Base Units are summarized as follows:
a.
Electing representatives to the Representative Assembly
b.
Holding meetings as, and when needed to discuss the Boards work and issues
concerning the base units
c.
Be committed to the policies and work plan of the Board, to the internal
regulations of the Board, and to the laws and regulations concerning water
resources
d.
Exchanging data and opinions with the Representative Assembly, attending to the
decisions and the minutes of the Board and Representative Assembly meetings,
and creating good channels for communication with both the Board and the RA
e.
Following-up on the performance of the Representative Assembly members in
their rules and responsibilities and ending the membership of the non-committed
members.
Representative Assembly
Article (19) The Representative Assembly is the Supreme Authority of the Association. Members
of the Representative Assembly are elected from among the base units. The MWRI
Undersecretary of State decides the total number of members and has the authority
to change this number.
Representative Assembly Meetings
Article (20) The BCWUA Board invites the Representative Assembly to a meeting by written
invitation. The invitation should be sent by (….) mail at least (…..) days before the
meeting date.
a.
Unanticipated meetings are held on the request of……. percent of the assembly
members or at the request of the BCWUA Board.
b.
In case the Board did not arrange for the meeting, the Representative Assembly
manages the meeting and submits the decisions directly to the Chairperson of the
BCWUA Board.
Article (21) The RA meeting agenda should generally be as follows:
a.
84
Opening and registration
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.8b BCWUA Activation: Template for Internal Regulations
b.
Reading—and amending, if necessary—the agenda
c.
Reading and approving the minutes of last meeting
d.
Discussion of agenda issues/decisions
e.
Closing the meeting.
For joint RA meetings convened by the BCWUA Board, the Board Secretary records
the minutes, which are signed by both the Secretary and the Chairperson of the
Board. These minutes are to be discussed in the following Board meeting and
approved at the next representative assembly meeting. A copy of the minutes is sent
to the drainage and irrigation engineers as a preparation step before sending them to
the MWRI Undersecretary of State for approval. For RA meetings where the Board is
not present, the assembly will arrange for one member in attendance to record the
minutes and send a copy to the Board.
Article (22) The Representative Assembly meets at least twice a year in addition to unanticipated
meetings. The annual meeting is concerned with reviewing and approving the BCWUA
Board’s annual report, annual plan, annual budget, and financial reports, as well as
discussing penalties and reviewing activities proposed to be undertaken by the base
units.
Article (23) For the legal standing of the decisions taken in the annual meeting, the attendance
should be at least ………percent of the total members of the representative assembly
and if that quorum is not achieved, the meeting should be delayed 1 hour to allow for
late arrivals. If a quorum is not achieved after the 1-hour delay, the meeting should be
rescheduled.
Duties of the Representative Assembly
Article (24) The duties of the Representative Assembly are as follows:
a.
Electing the Chairperson and the BCWUA Board Members
b.
Collecting the problems concerning the irrigation and drainage network within
their base unit and helping in developing and agreeing on the associations plan to
solve and/or mitigate such problems.
c.
Agreeing on the internal regulations of the association and amendments to those
regulations
d.
Overseeing the financial matters of the association, including collecting fees,
revising financial reports, and agreeing on the final account statement
e.
Following up the activities of the Board and asking for the withdrawal of members
who do not fulfill their duties
f.
Creating good channels of communication between the Board and the members
of the BUCWA to ensure information about problems and decisions are
disseminated, ensuring the satisfactory execution of decisions made by the Board,
supporting commitment to the legislation governing irrigation and drainage, and
protecting the canals from pollution
g.
Resolving disputes and problems among water users
h.
Submitting suggestions that would enhance the administration of the irrigation and
drainage system and develop the association's financial resources.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
85
Guideline 2.8b BCWUA Activation: Template for Internal Regulations
Representative Assembly Elections
Article (25) The base units' elections to choose their representatives in the representative
assembly consists of the following steps and activities:
a.
Forming a committee to supervise the election under the supervision of the
IWMD Manager
b.
Specifying the date and place of elections, to inform all the water users of the date
c.
The required quorum for the elections to be legal are the attendance of at
least…….percent of the unit's members
d.
In case a quorum is not present, another meeting shall be held a week following
the first meeting and requires……..percent attendance
e.
If the percentage required is not available at the second meeting date, the meeting
shall be delayed for an hour, after which it can be held legally with the available
number of attendees
f.
A representative will be elected from each base unit (agricultural, residential, and
other uses). All the members of the base units have the right to be nominated for
membership in the RA, but without breaking any legal standards that apply to
membership in the RA.
The Establishing Meeting of the Representative Assembly
Article (26) Establishing the Representative Assembly of the BCWUA consists of the following
steps/activities:
a.
Following approval of the election of the base units' representatives, the
establishing meeting of the Representative Assembly is to be held
b.
The IWMD Manager, or his authorized representative, chairs the establishment
meeting of the RA
c.
In the meeting, the objectives, duties, and rules of the association, the RA, and the
BCWUA shall be explained and defined
d.
The establishment meeting of the RA prepares for the BCWUA Board elections
where the Board Chairperson and Board members election should be explained
and the date and place of the elections is settled.
Branch Canal Water Users Association Board
Article (27) The Branch Canal Water Users’ Association (BCWUA) Board is the executive body
of the association and is responsible for managing the daily activities of the association
and its external communications.
Board Meetings
Article (28) The BCWUA Board Meetings are held as follows:
86
a.
The Chairperson leads the meetings of both the BCWUA Board and the RA, and
in his/her absence ……………. leads the meetings.
b.
The BCWUA Board sets the agenda for the meeting and is responsible to record
and distribute the minutes of the meeting. The BCWUA Board sets the quorum
for holding a meeting as well as the time of the second meeting, in case a quorum
was not achieved at the time of the first meeting, and decides the quorum for the
second meeting
c.
The minutes of the meetings shall be signed by the Chairperson and the
Secretary, and shall be kept safely
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.8b BCWUA Activation: Template for Internal Regulations
d.
In case there is a vote on a decision or suggestion, if votes are equally split for and
against, the Chairperson shall cast the deciding vote.
Structure of the BCWUA Board
Article (29) The Structure of the BCWUA Board is as follows:
a.
As long as there is a Representative Assembly, there shall be a BCWUA Board
b.
BCWUA Board positions are voluntary, without salaries, unless the
Representative Assembly decides otherwise
c.
The MWRI Undersecretary of State decides on the number of board members
d.
The BCWUA Board consists of a Chairperson, a Deputy Chairperson (if the
Representative Assembly decides to include that position), a Secretary, a
Treasurer, and other members, depending on the total number of members.
Legal Standards for BCWUA Board Membership
Article (30) The legal standards for BCWUA Board membership are the same as for
Representative Assembly membership, as follows:
a.
Not to be working for the Drainage and Irrigation Engineering Department that
has responsibility for the Association
b.
Farming or residing in the area served by the association, or using water for any
purpose as long as it is licensed by the specialized irrigation administration.
BCWUA Board Elections
Article (31) The Representative Assembly elects:
a.
The Chairperson of the BCWUA Board
b.
The Board members representing the ABUs
c.
The Board members representing the RBUs
Article (32) Elections for the BCWUA Board:
a.
The IWMD Manager and his nominated staff make up the election committee,
which organizes and supervises the elections of the WUA Board Chairperson and
Board members
b.
The Representative Assembly shall choose the place where elections will be held;
the place shall not have any connection with any of the nominees, and the
location shall be announced at least ................ days before the election is held
c.
All the members of the RA have the right to vote based on one vote per person
d.
The voting shall begin when .......... percent of the RA are in attendance
e.
If the percentages mentioned in d, above (.............. percent) is not achieved, then a
second meeting shall be held at within a week, requiring the attendance of ..........
percent of the RA
f.
If, at the second meeting, the quorum is not complete, the meeting and the
elections should be held after one hour of the announced time, and shall be legal
with whatever the number in attendance.
Article (33) The election procedures are as follows:
Open nominations for the Chairperson and Board members are called for
Anyone may be nominated
A list of the nominees for Chairperson shall be made
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
87
Guideline 2.8b BCWUA Activation: Template for Internal Regulations
The winner shall be announced if the position is uncontested (only one nominee). If
more than one nominee is put forth, all the RA members shall vote to elect the
Chairperson of the Board.
A separate list of nominees for the Board members shall be made and all RA members
shall vote to elect the remaining Board members.
All elections shall be held by secret ballot
Winners for Board membership are declared based on the nominees who get the
highest number of votes
The elected Board members announce the date of its first meeting, where:
•
The members elect the Secretary of the Board
•
The members elect the Treasurer of the Board
Article (34) The removal and replacement of RA members takes place in the following cases:
a.
Any member loses his membership in the RA if he/she is elected to the BCWUA
Board. The base unit that this member represents then elects a new
representative
b.
In case:
•
One of the Board Members dies
•
One of the Board Members resigns
•
One of the Board Members sells his/her land or place of residence.
Then, the RA elects someone to replace him/her according to the election
regulations.
c.
The RA can consider removing one of the BCWUA board members before
he/she completes the assignment period if any one of the following is applicable:
•
He/she is absent three successive times from meetings
•
He/she is moving from the BCWUA area
•
He/she incurs financial penalties
•
He/she has accusations of immoral behavior lodged against him/her
•
He/she is not cooperative with other members of the BCWUA Board
•
He/she is not fulfilling his/her duties and responsibilities.
d.
A motion to remove a Board member shall be approved by ........... percent of the
RA members; however, a final decision to remove the person before he/she
finishes his/her assignment must be approved by ............ percent of RA members
attending the meeting where action is taken on the motion
e.
In case a Board member is removed, the RA shall elect a new Board member
according to the election regulations.
Disbanding the BCWUA Board
Article (35) If the Board is not fulfilling its duties and responsibilities, the RA has the right to ask
for it to be disbanded, using the following regulations:
88
a.
The RA submits a claim to the IWMD Manager signed by a majority of ………of
the RA members asking to disband the Board
b.
The RA asks for an extraordinary meeting for …………….. to vote to disband
the Board and end the membership of the Board members
c.
On completion of a vote to disband, the BCWUA Board and the RA resigns
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.8b BCWUA Activation: Template for Internal Regulations
d.
A temporary committee consisting of three former members of the RA and the
BCWUA Board handles the managerial tasks of the association and organizes
preparations for new elections (this committee shall be selected by the IWMD
Manager); the temporary committee shall be in force only during the period
between disbanding the old Board and the election of the new Board
e.
After setting the Board aside, the elections committee shall prepare for new
elections for the RA and the Board
f.
The election of the new Board follows the elections regulations mentioned in
Articles 31–33.
Duties of the BCWUA Board
Article (36) The Board’s duties are:
First: Duties of the Board Chairperson:
a.
Holding and leading meetings of both the RA and the BCWUA Board
b.
Participating in developing plans, internal regulations, and annual budget and
ensuring they are executed
c.
Supervising work of the sub-committees that may be established by the Board
d.
Supervising the administrative, financial, and technical work of the association
e.
Representing the association before external authorities and creating good
channels of communication with authorities that have relations with the
association’s work
f.
Validating contracts, deals, and agreements within the specialties of the
association.
Second: Duties of the Board Secretary:
a.
Participating in Board activities
b.
Preparing a jobs schedule for the Board and the RA meetings and keeping minutes
of the meetings
c.
Recording association data and board achievements
d.
Doing all the administrative tasks of the Board and the RA, particularly keeping
good records.
Third: Duties of the Board Treasurer (upon revision of Law 12):
a.
Developing an appropriate system to keep the board accounts
b.
Keeping all financial documents, account books, and archives, ensuring their
review, and recording accurately all data
c.
Collecting dues and paying charges and taxes
d.
Signing checks, along with the Chairman, and ensuring correct disbursement of
funds
e.
Making periodic financial reports and a final annual report
f.
Participating in Board activities.
Financial Affairs and Financial Management of the Association
Article (37) Upon revision of Law 12, the Board shall organize the financial management of the
association and its accounting system as follows:
a.
The Board keeps records of the statements, accounts, income, and disbursements
b.
The Board computes the assets
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
89
Guideline 2.8b BCWUA Activation: Template for Internal Regulations
c.
The Board keeps the archives of records of the money, banks, income, and
disbursements
d.
The Board opens an account with the association name in bank ……........................
e.
The RA and the IWMD Manager or his authorized representative has the right to
audit the accounts of the association at any time.
Article (38) The Board has the right to accept donations from the members or any governmental,
international, or non-governmental organization after receiving the approval of the
responsible governmental authorities.
Article (39) The Board draws up the annual balance sheet and submits it at the annual meeting of
the RA before the end of the financial year. The balance sheet shall be ready by ……
weeks before the meeting at least.
Article (40) The assets of the association are managed as follows:
a.
The assets are collected according to the annual balance sheet and are not redistributed except after the approval of the RA
b.
Income is recorded immediately in the account books and archives of the
association
c.
Spending from the temporary and permanent loans and the responsibility for such
spending is regulated by the internal regulations.
Article (41) The membership fees are specified according to the welfare of the different water
uses (agricultural, residential, and other uses) and collection takes place from all those
who benefit from the water. Representatives of the RA, the treasurer, and one of the
members of the financial systems committee are responsible for the collection of fees
according to the financial regulations.
Resolving Problems and Penalties
Article (42) To impose a penalty on association members who committed a breach, the following
procedures are followed:
a.
Sending to the offender a written warning from the Board secretary by registered
mail within a certain period from committing the breach; the warning contains the
violation and an order to fix it at his/her own expense
b.
In case the member does not fix the breach, he/she is fined according to Provision
12 of the Drainage and Irrigations Laws for year 1984, and the responsible
authorities are informed to apply the provisions of the law to the offender.
Article (43) Inside the association, problems are resolved as follows:
a.
The RA member resolves problems that arise within his/her base unit; if the RA
member cannot solve the problem, he/she refers it to the Board
b.
If the Board cannot solve the problem, it refers it to the drainage and irrigation
engineer; if he/she cannot solve it, the problem is referred to the IWMD Manager,
whose decision is final.
Opposition to RA and Board Decisions
Article (44) Decisions made by the RA and the Board shall be obligatory, but members can raise
an objection to the Drainage and Irrigation Engineer, whose decision is also obligatory.
However, the member can raise his opposition to the IWMD Manager, whose
decision is final and obligatory to all.
90
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.8b BCWUA Activation: Template for Internal Regulations
Archives and Notebooks
Article (45) The association shall keep the following archives and notebooks:
a.
A map showing the association area
b.
A record of all the members of the Base Units, the RA, and the Board and their
addresses and their assignment periods
c.
Minutes from all the meetings of the RA, the Board, and meetings with external
authorities and sub-committees
d.
A record of breaches and violations
e.
A record of the deals, agreements, contracts, and donations
f.
A record of visits
g.
A record of imports and exports
h.
A record of furniture and trusteeships
i.
A record of finances: money, bank statements, income, and payments.
Revised by:
Approved by:
Board Chairman
IWMD Manager
Undersecretary of
Water Resources
and Irrigation at
Governorate
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
91
Guidelines
2.8c BCWUA Activation:
Agenda for IWMD–BCWUA Seasonal Meetings
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Introduction
It is essential that the BCWUA Board and the IWMD staff meet formally or informally on a
regular basis, even when there are no pending or crucial issues to be discussed. Regular meetings
provide a forum for relaxed dialogue between participants. They also allow participants to proactively discuss recurrent or predictable issues and possible solutions instead of having special
meetings when faced with full-blown issues that require immediate attention and resolution
(prevention is better than correction in terms of conflict resolution).
It is recommended that each IWMD manager (or representative):
•
Meets formally with Board members of each BCWUA at least twice a year, preferably once
every 3 months (these meetings can be with one individual BCWUA or with two to five
neighboring BCWUAs); individual meetings are useful to discuss branch canal issues, while
collective meetings allow sharing information with several BCWUAs at once and/or
discussion of larger scale issues; minutes of these meetings should be prepared and approved
by both sides.
•
Meets with Chairpersons of all BCWUAs together at least twice a year (preferably in March
and October, at the transitions between the Summer and Winter seasons, to discuss the
past season, and to plan the oncoming one); these meetings would be useful to discuss
district-level or main canal-level issues.
The IWMD manger should prepare these seasonal meetings carefully, to know what information
to provide and which issues to raise.
Suggested Meeting Agenda
5.
Introduction by IWMD manager (or representative) – maximum 15 minutes
Welcome and introduce participants. Present agenda and rules of the meeting (district-level
issues only, one speaker at a time).
6.
92
Presentation by IWMD manager (or representative) – maximum 30 minutes
•
Water distribution
•
Rotation schedule of past season, issues and solutions
•
Expected rotation schedule for next season, potential issues and possible solutions (and
how BCWUAs can help)
•
Questions from BCWUA chairpersons and answers.
•
Maintenance
•
Maintenance activities during past season, issues and solutions
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.8c BCWUA Activation: Agenda for IWMD–BCWUA Seasonal Meetings
7.
•
Expected maintenance activities for next season, potential issues and possible solutions
(and how BCWUAs can help)
•
Questions from BCWUA chairpersons and answers.
•
Water Management
•
Other noteworthy activities/events/achievements/issues of past season regarding water
resources in the district
•
Other expected activities/issues for next season regarding water resources in the
district (and how BCWUAs can help)
•
Questions from BCWUA chairpersons and answers.
General issues – maximum 30 minutes
Open forum with generic questions and/or identification of serious Directorate-level
problems requiring action. This should allow free discussions.
8.
Success stories– maximum 30 minutes
Ask two or three chairpersons to present verbally some achievements/success stories from
their BCWUA. Let other chairpersons ask questions.
It is good to contact the presenters before the meeting to make sure they prepare their
stories by having all facts
9.
Wrap up/conclusion – maximum 15 minutes
Thanks all participants, and remind them that a similar meeting will be held in 6 months.
Invite them to visit individually to discuss specific issues. Tell them that minutes will be
prepared.
Comment: a few suggestions to the IWMD manager (or representative) regarding conduct of
meetings:
•
Attend the meeting with at least one other IWMD engineer (section head or WA
engineer) to help you mange the meeting and answer questions.
•
Possibly delegate some of the presentations to your section heads.
•
Keep the meeting under control: one speaker at a time, everyone will have the
opportunity to speak, no shouting.
•
Be honest . if you do not know the answer, say, “I will think about it. Give me a day or
two and I shall answer you.” DO NOT forget to answer within a day or two!
•
Keep the meeting focused and refuse, nicely but firmly, comments or questions that are
off-topic. Examples:
•
“What about garbage?” during a presentation on distribution; postpone the question by
saying, “We can discuss this in a few minutes.”
•
“My BC has this and that problem.” If this is a problem shared by other BCs, it can be
discussed; otherwise postpone discussion to an individual meeting to take place within
the next few days.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
93
Guidelines
2.8d BCWUA Activation:
Activation Monitoring Summary Table
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
The table presented on the following page should be utilized to monitor and track the BCWUA
activation steps.
94
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.8d BCWUA Activation: Activation Monitoring Summary Table
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
95
Guidelines
2.9 BCWUA Activation:
BC Priorities and BC Action Plan
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Definition and Objectives of Branch Canal Priorities and
Branch Canal Action Plans
The Branch Canal Priorities (BCPs) are identified as operation and maintenance (O&M) needs on
the branch canal and its related infrastructure. These needs are acknowledged and selected by
BCWUA members as being the most relevant at branch canal level. They are to be transmitted to,
and discussed with IWMD staff to be taken into consideration in the annual O&M activities of the
IWMD. BCPs should prove useful to the IWMD manager since they would assist in allocating IWMD’s
O&M resources to where they matter most.
The Branch Canal Action Plan (BCAP) is a selection of a few activities that have been identified
for implementation by the BCWUA itself (with or without support from the IWMD). These activities
will aim to solve some of the key water-related issues along the branch canal. Various BCAPs can be
developed (or replace each other) over the years as different activities are undertaken.
BCPs and BCAPs are thus multi-purpose activities with clear benefits for both MWRI–IWMD and
water users. The overall objectives of their preparation include:
•
Developing within the BCWUA the practice of internal discussions, debate, and responsible
decision-making
•
Establishing and nurturing a collaborative partnership/dialogue between the BCWUA and
MWRI–IWMD
•
Supplying the IWMD with a list of focused, agreed-upon needs and priorities in the Branch
Canal area under discussion
•
Providing credibility to the BCWUA concept and to the BCWUA’s elected representatives
(Water User Representatives and Board) by identifying and implementing benefit-generating
activities.
Both BCPs and BCAPs are the result of a preliminary needs assessment that will allow the
BCWUA to identify and prioritize water-related issues.
Branch Canal Needs Assessment
The Branch Canal Needs Assessment is a diagnostic that identifies, lists, and prioritizes the main
water-related issues on the Branch Canal. Such a diagnostic should be updated when needed, but
could generally remain valid for 2-3 years.
The preparation of this diagnostic follows the well-known principles of a Participatory Needs
Assessment (PNA). The process involves the following steps:
10. Mobilization of the BCWUA Board—Several meetings may be necessary to explain the
objectives of the PNA to the Board members.
96
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.9 BCWUA Activation: BC Priorities and BC Action Plan
11. First inventory and screening—At this meeting, the BCWUA Board would inventory
water related issues and screen them based on relevance. The objectives are to educate
Board members to:
•
define problems (i.e. focus on causes, not on impacts, formulate problems based on facts
not value judgments, and split problems into sub-problems if possible)
•
screen problems and eliminate those that:
• are not related to irrigation, drainage or water
• are outside of the BCWUA area or do not involve a significant part of this area (e.g.
mesqa-level issues)
• are too generic (regional or national problems).
12. Physical walk through—Once a first list of issues has been prepared, Board members
should accompany IWMD staff on a field visit along the Branch Canal, in order to confirm
the reality, location, and magnitude of the issues. This also provides opportunities to discuss
issues with riparian water users.
13. Consult with Water User Representatives (WURs) and water users at large—
This is an essential step to ensure that the listed issues really matter to water users.
Consultation will drastically increase the likelihood that all subsequent decisions are
understood, accepted, and implemented. The consultation process should involve informal
meetings by Board members and WURs with their neighbors and fellow BCWUA members,
so as to inform them and get their feedback. The inventory of issues should be updated as a
result of these consultations.
14. Prioritization of issues—Once the Board feels there is consensus as to what the
inventory should include, listed issues should be prioritized. A meeting should be held to that
end, and if there is no consensus on priorities, a voting process can be used to finalize
priorities.
15. Classification and finalization of list of issues—Once the prioritized inventory has been
prepared, issues and needs have to be sorted or classified according to their type (irrigation,
drainage, water quality, environment, organizational, and other) and to their magnitude (see
table 2.9.1, below).
Comments:
•
IWMD–WA staff are to facilitate meetings and discussions as needed and clarify
misunderstandings, but they should act as facilitators, and remain neutral. The entire process
should be led by the BCWUA Board members and the outcome should reflect the views of
the BCWUA members.
•
The preparation of the first branch canal (BC) Needs Assessment is an opportunity to test
the dynamism and willingness of a newly created BCWUA.
Table 2.9.1
Class
Defining the Magnitude of an Issue or Need
Definition of the Issue
Handling
I
Small-scale or non-structural: requires
limited resources and technical expertise,
and no or limited funds
By the BCWUA with limited or no IWMD
assistance
II
Medium-scale or structural: Requires some
resources, technical expertise, and/or funds
By the IWMD with assistance from the BCWUA
III
Larger scale: Requires significant resources,
technical expertise, and/or funds
To be transmitted by IWMD to higher levels of
MWRI for consideration and action
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
97
Guideline 2.9 BCWUA Activation: BC Priorities and BC Action Plan
Class
X
Definition of the Issue
Unclear or complex: Requires a technical
study to better define issue, characterize
causes and impacts and/or identify and
evaluate solutions
Handling
To be transmitted by IWMD to higher levels of
MWRI for consideration and action
Examples of issues include:
•
Class I
Residents along the upper reach throw their garbage in the BC instead of
collecting it and taking it to selected dump areas
•
Class II
A section of the BC needs pitching because the banks are unstable
•
Class III
Need for upgrading/rehabilitating the sub-surface drainage
•
Class X
Water quality in the canal is becoming bad and reducing crop yields, but cause is
unclear (possibilities include leakage from nearby drain, discharges from houses
and small plants, and increasing use of fertilizers). Solutions are also unclear.
Branch Canal Priorities (BCPs, see template 2.9a)
The specific objective of the BCPs is to help the IWMD consider and address O&M needs that
matter most to water users in the BCWUA area.
The BCPs, or list of prioritized O&M needs, is a direct output of the needs assessment. The
resulting list should be written, signed by the Board members, and transmitted to the IWMD manager
for discussion. Field visits by IWMD staff and BCWUA representatives should be organized to
confirm the reality, location, and magnitude of the issues, and to discuss these with riparian water
users.
This list reflects the views of the BCWUA members. The IWMD staff and IWMD manager may
disagree with the list or the priorities. The allocation of O&M funds is the responsibility of the IWMD,
and may differ from that requested by water users. This should be accepted by water users, as long as
the decisions are technically justified and explained to them.
Branch Canal Action Plan (BCAP, see template 2.9b)
The specific objective of the BCAP is to have the BCWUA design and implement (with or
without MWRI support) activities that will solve some of the priority issues in the BCWUA area. By
focusing BCWUA and MWRI resources on addressing critical issues for water users, the BCAP will
achieve maximum impact and benefits.
The process of the preparation of the BCAP involves, over one or several meetings, the following
steps:
98
1.
Selection of priority Class I and II issues, and identification of the activities needed to solve
these
2.
Assessment of the resources needed, and final selection of one or several (maximum two or
three) priority activities, based on available resources and expected benefits
3.
Definition of the roles and responsibilities within the BCWUA (and possibly of the support
from the IWMD) in the implementation, supervision, monitoring, and follow-up of each of
these activities
4.
Preparation of a planning/timetable (what actions to be performed, and when)
5.
Implementation, supervision and follow-up.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.9 BCWUA Activation: BC Priorities and BC Action Plan
Comment: BCAP activities may involve other parties (initially only within the MWRI such as MED
and EPADP; later on possibly outside of the MWRI, such as NGOs, CDAs, or Local
Councils).
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
99
Guidelines
2.9a BCWUA Activation:
Branch Canal Priorities Template
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Maintenance Priorities at Branch Canal level (Form #9)
District Name:
BCWUA Name:
Branch Canal(s) Name:
Date:
Priority Rank
Activities
Location on BC
Board Members Names/Signatures:
Chairperson Name:
Chairperson Signature:
Secretary Name:
Secretary Signature:
Member Name:
Member Signature:
Member Name:
Member Signature:
Member Name:
Member Signature:
Maintenance Section Head Signature:
District Manager Signature:
100
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guidelines
2.9b BCWUA Activation:
Branch Canal Action Plan Template
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Maintenance Priorities at Branch Canal level (Form #9)
District Name:
BCWUA Name:
Branch Canal(s) Name:
Date:
Activity
Time Frame
J
A
S
O
N
D
J
F
Responsibility
M
A
M
Resources
J
Board Members Names/Signatures:
Chairperson Name:
Chairperson Signature:
Secretary Name:
Secretary Signature:
Member Name:
Member Signature:
Member Name:
Member Signature:
Member Name:
Member Signature:
Maintenance Section Head Signature:
District Manager Signature:
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
101
Guidelines
2.10 Participatory Water Management
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Participatory Water Management Background
Participatory Water Management (PWM) is about involving water users (farmers and residents)
in water management activities. The usual mechanism is to mobilize water users through nongovernmental associations managed by their representatives and aimed at achieving tangible benefits
for their members. In Egypt, the best approach is to form such water user organizations at branch
canal level, i.e. to form Branch Canal Water User Associations (BCWUAs).
BCWUAs empower water users to better assess their needs and priorities, solve local water
disputes and issues on their own, and partner with MWRI staff to solve larger-scale issues. BCWUAs
contribute to better water management because of their ability to engage water users as active
participants, not passive beneficiaries. They also provide an effective communication channel between
water users and governmental agencies (MWRI and possibly others). Finally, they are able to resolve
conflicts among water users and coordinate their individual needs, concerns, priorities, and activities.
BCWUAs provide improvements in:
•
Water delivery services, because water users have better information on water needs
and can facilitate water distribution processes
•
System maintenance, because water users have better information on waterways issues
and priorities, and as members of the BCWUA, have a greater stake in managing the systems
•
Water quality, because BCWUAs can raise awareness about water use issues and
contribute to activities that reduce pollution caused by uncontrolled waste releases.
Increases in water use efficiency and in agricultural productivity and incomes derive from these
improvements while reductions in O&M costs result from better decision making, improved project
designs, better identification of priorities, and better allocation of funds.
PWM Framework
The PWM framework covers four main topics. These four topics allow water user participation
in most of the basic water management activities at the district level. Each topic encompasses specific
activities:
Topic
A-Maintenance
102
Activities
Outputs
A1
Needs assessment, BC prioritization
and action planning
BC Priorities and BC Action Plan
A2
Direct work activities (weed removal
and manual bank repair)
BC improvements
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.10 Participatory Water Management
Topic
B-Operations
C-Organization/
Communications/
Awareness
D-Water Quality
Activities
Outputs
A3
Monitoring of contractor activities
Field visit reports, tripartite meetings
(contractor, WUs, IWMD)
B1
Monitoring of water levels/gate
operations on branch canal
Records
B2
Water allocation among mesqas
Operational Plan - Schedule/Calendar
B3
Data collection/verification about
cropping patterns and water needs
(MISD)
Crop data (direct), water needs
(indirect)
C1
Internal communications/conflict
resolution
Internal Regulations (internal
meetings)
C2
Formal BC dialogue with IWMD
Formal BCWUA meetings
C3
Formal dialogue at district level
Formal seasonal meetings
C4
Administrative/Organizational
Records
D1
Activities to manage liquid waste
disposal
D2
Activities to manage solid waste
disposal
D3
Awareness activities regarding
pollution
Waste management activities
implemented (through Action Plan)
Awareness meetings/actions
These 13 activities are presented below. Each activity addresses a specific water management
issue and should produce a specific output with tangible benefits for the water users and for the
MWRI. The potential benefits are:
Topic
Activities
Benefits to
IWMD/MWRI
Benefits to WUs
A-Maintenance
Needs assessment, BC
prioritization and action
planning
Assists identification of water
management needs (distribution
maintenance, rehabilitation, and
improvement), improves
efficiency of budget allocation
Achieves concrete results,
better addresses WU
needs, helps establish
credibility of BCWUA
Direct work activities (weed
removal and manual bank
maintenance)
Reduces maintenance costs,
improves water delivery
Improves water delivery,
complements maintenance
by MWRI
Monitoring of contractor
activities
Transfers part of burden of
ensuring work quality
Improves work quality on
branch canal
Monitoring of water
levels/gate operations on
branch canal
Improves water delivery,
provides performance feedback
Provides better
information/understanding
of water availability
Water allocation among
mesqas
Assists with implementation of
rotation. Reduces complaints at
mesqa level. Increases water use
efficiency.
Increases equity (increased
tail-end availability);
decreases conflicts
Data collection/verification
regarding cropping patterns
and water needs (MISD)
Provides critical data to improve
water delivery and water use
efficiency
Improves water delivery
(timing/quantities)
B-Operations
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
103
Guideline 2.10 Participatory Water Management
Topic
Activities
Benefits to
IWMD/MWRI
Benefits to WUs
C-Organization/Communications/Awareness
Internal communications/
conflict resolution
Strengthens BCWUAs, solves
water disputes, reduces number
of violations/complaints
Provides framework for
functioning of association;
solves internal conflicts
Formal BC dialogue with
IWMD
Streamlines communications
with WUs; reduces number of
farmers coming to IWMD;
integrates requests/complaints;
provides conduit for awareness
raising
Clear access to MWRIIWMD
Formal dialogue at districtlevel
Administrative/Organizational
Opportunity to discuss
district-level issues with
MWRI–IWMD
Strengthens BCWUAs as
sustainable partners
Provides transparency and
accountability
Complements MWRI awareness
activities, improves water quality
Improves water quality,
environment, health
D-Water Quality
Activities to manage liquid
waste disposal
Activities to manage solid
waste disposal
Awareness activities
regarding pollution
While each BCWUA is encouraged to carry out all the activities, it is up to water users and their
representatives to decide which activities are needed, which ones are priorities, and which ones, if
any, are not needed (at least for now).
On the other hand, other activities not envisioned here can be carried out by BCWUAs as long
as these activities are legal and focus on improving water management.
Water Allocation/Distribution Participatory Activities
Equitable Water Allocation among Off-takes (Mesqas)
Each BCWUA should develop its own internal rotation and schedule the water distribution
between off-takes (mesqas) downstream from their branch canal intake. Each BCWUA should also
develop a layout for their branch canal(s), including all off-takes, mesqas, and structures. These
outputs should help both the IWMD and BCWUA achieve better management of the available
resources and hence equity of water distribution, resulting in benefits for all users.
A simple form is provided for the BCWUA to decide when to open or close the mesqa intakes
during a rotation turn (Form #1 in Guideline 2.10a).
Data Collection/Verification for Cropping Patterns and Water Needs (MISD)
MISD is a critical water management program that strives to match irrigation needs with actual
water supplies, increasing water use efficiency. Each BCWUA should assist with the collection of
accurate data regarding irrigated areas and cropping patterns for their branch canal(s).
A first step is for the BCWUA to review and cross-check the crop information provided to the
IWMD by the Agricultural Cooperatives and District. The second step is for the BCWUA to collect
that information directly from its members and enter it on Form #2 (see Guideline 2.10a).
The key here is that water users should understand that proper and accurate cropping
information will enhance the adequacy (in terms of quantity and timing) of water delivery. To that
104
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.10 Participatory Water Management
end, it is important that BCWUAs get feedback from IWMD staff on the assessed water needs and on
the expected/actual water allocations.
Monitoring Water Levels/Gate Operations on Main Canal
Each BCWUA should help to monitor their branch canal(s) water delivery system by participating
in planning the district level rotation schedule and monitoring branch canal water levels and gate
operations. Both IWMD and BCWUA chairpersons participate in developing and adjusting the district
rotation schedule on a seasonal basis.
Each BCWUA should monitor its canal(s) water supply, water levels, and discharges. This
monitoring should initially be performed using simple tools. Form #3 (see Guideline 2.10a) can be
used to register the monitored data on a monthly basis, and will be exchanged between the
association and the district to adjust the water delivery system.
Water Quality Participatory Activities
Awareness Activities
Water users, through their BCWUA representatives, should be informed about water quality
issues and be involved in their resolution. Three levels of awareness activities should be considered:
16. Through the seasonal meetings, IWMD staff should sensitize chairpersons about water
quality sources and impacts and provide information regarding water quality in the canals,
drains, and groundwater.
17. Through individual meetings with BCWUA Boards, IWMD staff should discuss local water
quality and pollution issues and encourage water users’ involvement and responsible
behavior.
18. Within each BCWUA, Board members and WU representatives should convey to all water
users information regarding pollution causes and consequences. This can be done through
large gatherings, meetings, fact sheets, and media.
The overall objective is not only to raise awareness of water users but also to involve them as
responsible actors. While infrastructure may be needed to solve some problems, water quality can
also be improved through changes in every day practices, notably regarding the disposal of liquid and
solid waste.
Water Quality Improvement Activities (Management of Liquid/Solid Wastes)
A wide variety of activities can be planned and implemented by BCWUAs to improve water
quality. Such activities can focus on improving waste disposal practices, developing waste collection
schemes, or building waste treatment networks and facilities.
A wide variety of treatment technologies and methods have been developed in the last decade to
meet various treatment requirements and constraints. These range in complexity from the simple
field system for small domestic applications to the technically more sophisticated packaged systems.
Whatever the activity, it is essential that the BCWUA be acknowledged as a key partner to be
involved in all stages, from problem identification to operation and monitoring. Relevant stakeholders
outside of the MWRI can be involved as well (local councils, Agricultural Cooperatives, Ministry of
Housing, NGOs, Governors, and donors).
Water Network Maintenance Participatory Activities
Network Maintenance Priorities
The Branch Canal Needs Assessment and BC Priorities identify, list, and prioritize water-related
maintenance issues for a Branch Canal. Such a diagnostic should be updated when needed, but could
remain valid for 2–3 years.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
105
Guideline 2.10 Participatory Water Management
The overall objective is for the BCWUA to agree internally on chief concerns and priorities, so
that:
•
IWMD staff can focus on these priorities, through their regular O&M activities or through
their annual maintenance plan.
•
The BCWUA can focus on one of the water-related priority issues, and implement a BC
Action Plan to solve or mitigate that issue.
Specific guidelines exist for the preparation by BCWUAs of BC Priorities and Action Plans (see
Guidelines 2.9, 2.9a, and 2.9b).
Network Maintenance Monitoring and Evaluation
The BCWUA should participate with the IWMD in monitoring and evaluation of implemented
network maintenance activities. This will allow water users to understand the maintenance process,
and improve the quality of maintenance activities.
The BCWUA’s participation in monitoring maintenance activities is also essential since the
BCWUA can:
•
Collaborate with the contractor and IWMD staff and facilitate the implementation of
maintenance activities on their branch canal.
•
Inform IWMD staff about the progress of implementation and needed adjustments on a dayto-day basis.
To ensure efficient water user involvement, IWMD staff should inform all BCWUA
representatives about maintenance processes and schedules (start and end dates and types of
activities) on the branch canals. Each BCWUA should report to the IWMD about the progress of
work and their evaluation of the completed maintenance activity. Use Form #4 provided in
Guideline 2.10a.
Small-scale Network Maintenance by Water Users
All BCWUAs should be encouraged to develop and implement their own small-scale maintenance
activities. These activities would address issues identified as priorities and complement activities
carried out by IWMD staff or contractors. Activities such as manual weeding, garbage removal, and
small structural maintenance work could be considered.
The participation of BCWUAs in network maintenance implementation should be documented
by both the BCWUAs and IWMDs. All activities should be planned and implemented through an
Action Plan (see Guideline 2.9).
Communications Activities
Communications
The key role of the BCWUA is to serve as a way to communicate between its members and the
MWRI (and possibly other stakeholders). Three levels of communication are to be considered:
1.
Internal communications/conflict resolution
2.
Dialogue with the IWMD at BC level (BCWUA–IWMD meetings, see Guideline 2.8), and
handling of complaints and violations
3.
District-level dialogue (through seasonal meetings).
Internal Communications and Conflict Resolution
Water users should understand that small-scale water disputes are to be solved by their
representatives and Board members. These usually have sufficient wisdom and command enough
respect to be able to listen to all parties, take decisions, and see that they are implemented. IWMD
106
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.10 Participatory Water Management
staff should assist with technical advice when required, but should refrain from getting involved except
as facilitators.
BCWUA representatives and Board members should also be encouraged to regularly inform
their constituents about BCWUA activities and the results of meetings with IWMD staff and other
stakeholders. They should also convey information received from IWMD staff to the water users.
Dialogue at BC-level, Handling of Complaints and Violations
Conflicts with the IWMD should be channeled by water users through their representatives and
Board members. IWMD staff should encourage water users to go to their representatives and
provide easy access to these—notably to Board members. Conflicts between IWMD staff and water
users should be discussed during specific BCWUA–IWMD meetings.
In a similar fashion, complaints and violations should be first discussed through such contacts and
meetings. If unsolved, they could be officially filed.
Dialogue at the District Level
Seasonal meetings provide a forum for BCWUA chairpersons to talk with IWMD staff and for
IWMD staff to provide general information/feedback to the BCWUA (see Guideline 2.8c).
Administrative/Organizational Activities
The BCWUA should have a strong organizational framework to allow for all PWM activities to
be implemented effectively and efficiently. This is important to ensure the credibility and sustainability
of the BCWUA. To this end, the BCWUA should:
•
Prepare and approve Internal Regulations (these are to be used as guidelines for managing
the BCWUA).
•
Assign specific responsibilities to Board members and/or WURs to implement and follow-up
decisions and activities.
•
Hold regular (preferably monthly) Board meetings, and (preferably seasonal) meetings with
all WURs. WURs should, in turn, have informal meetings with the water users they
represent on their turnout or mesqa; formal meetings should be documented and minutes
prepared and distributed.
•
Hold a registry with all relevant documentation, such as:
•
BCWUA establishment data (list of members, names of WURs, Board members) and
BCWUA command area map
•
BCWUA establishment decree and MOU
•
BCWUA internal regulations
•
BCWUA board meetings minutes, (internal Board meetings, meetings with WURs,
external meetings with IWMD staff, and other stakeholders)
•
BC needs inventory and BC priorities
•
BC action plan
•
Records for BCWUA implemented activities
•
Correspondence and other relevant documentation.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
107
Guideline 2.10 Participatory Water Management
Related Guidelines
2.8
2.8c
2.9
2.9a
2.9b
2.10a
108
BCWUA Activation
BCWUA Activation: Agenda for Seasonal Meetings
BCWUA Activation: Branch Canal Priorities and Branch Canal Action Plan
BCWUA Activation: Branch Canal Priorities Template
BCWUA Activation: Branch Canal Action Plan Template
Participatory Water Management: Forms
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guidelines
2.10a Participatory Water Management:
Forms
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Form #1–Water Allocation among BC Off-Takes (Mesqas)
District Name:
BCWUA Name:
Branch Canal(s) Name:
days on:
Rotation (5/10, 7/7):
days off:
Planned water supply during a water turn (4, 5, or 7 days)
Mesqas
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Day 5
Day 6
Day 7
List the mesqas in left-end column, check (X) the days when mesqas are allowed to take water.
Board Members Names/Signatures
Chairperson Name:
Secretary Name:
Member Name:
Member Name:
Member Name:
Member Name:
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Chairperson Signature:
Secretary Signature:
Member Signature:
Member Signature:
Member Signature:
Member Signature:
109
Guideline 2.10a Participatory Water Management: Forms
Form #2–Crop Information from BCWUA for MISD
District Name:
BCWUA Name:
Branch Canal(s) Name:
Season (winter/summer):
Mesqas
Total Areas
Expected Crop Areas
Main Crop 1
Main Crop 2
Other
Crops
NonIrrigated
Totals
List the mesqas in the left column, enter areas in feddans.
Board Members Names/Signatures
Chairperson Name:
Secretary Name:
Member Name:
Member Name:
Member Name:
Member Name:
110
Chairperson Signature:
Secretary Signature:
Member Signature:
Member Signature:
Member Signature:
Member Signature:
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 2.10a Participatory Water Management: Forms
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
111
Guideline 2.10a Participatory Water Management: Forms
Form #4–BCWUA Assessment of Specific Implemented Maintenance
Activity Supply
District Name:
BCWUA Name:
Branch Canal(s) Name:
Date:
Type/Description of Maintenance Activity (manual weeding, dredging, pitching):
Location and Duration of Maintenance Activity:
Assessment of Maintenance Activity: (quality, timeliness). Provide comments.
Board Members Names/Signatures
Chairperson Name:
Secretary Name:
Member Name:
Member Name:
Member Name:
Member Name:
112
Chairperson Signature:
Secretary Signature:
Member Signature:
Member Signature:
Member Signature:
Member Signature:
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
1
El-Sahel
S.N. BCWUA
Main
Feeder
Activity:
Title:
Phase:
BCWUA Name
El-Sawy
Year
2150
Area
Served
(Fed.)
Basic Data
Formation of BCWUA
Progress Monitoring
PWM
Directorate:
IWMD:
Date:
No. of
BCWUA
Board
245
50
1
6
10/11/2006
Winter
4/15/2007
Summer
Male Female Male Female BC Internal Rotation
Submitted
NO. Of Water
Users
2007
10/11/2006
Winter
4/15/2007
Summer
Crop Pattern
Information
Submitted
x x x x x x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
BC Water Supply Monitoring
Submitted
Water Distribution Activities
2/14/2007
Date
Priorities
Identified
(signed)
4/15/2007
Date
Action Plan
Prepared
(signed)
5/22/2007
Date
Maintenance
Monitoring
Reports
Submitted
Weed Control
Type
6/5/2007
Date
Maintenance
Activities Performed
Maintenance Activities
Implementation Activities Progress
Participatory Water Management Activities
2/28/2007
Date
Awareness
Activities
10/8/2007
Type
Improvement
Activities
Water Quality Activities
4/22/2008
Date
10/8/2007
Date
Board/WURs
Meetings
(Winter/Summer)
x
check
Registers
Available
BCWUA
Institutional/Organizational
Activities
Guideline 2.10a Participatory Water Management: Forms
Form #5–BCWUA PWM Monitoring Form
113
Guidelines
3.1 Principles of Efficient Water Management
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Introduction
Water management is defined as the planned development, distribution, and efficient use of
water resources
The first step towards competent water management is the assessment of the current (and
future) status of water resources, in terms of:
•
Location, availability, quantity, and quality of water resources
•
Location, type, and needs of water users.
The routine collection of information regarding water resources is essential for water managers
to be able to take timely, appropriate decisions. The proper use (i.e. analysis) of water data allows
management decisions to be based more on facts than on perceptions or beliefs. Decisions are then
technically justified and less socially or politically motivated.
Efficient Water Management
In order to support efficient water management, the following activities are essential:
114
•
Flow monitoring—In Egypt, more than 95 percent of water resources come from the Nile
river, making it essential to measure the volumes transiting through and allocated to main
canals and branch canals. The regular measurement of flows in canal (and drains) should be
the foremost activity of IWMD staff. (see Guideline 3.2)
•
Structure calibration—Calibrating structures simplifies flow monitoring through the
routine translation of water levels into discharges, decreasing the need for frequent flow
measurements. (see Guideline 3.3)
•
Matching Irrigation Supply and Demand (MISD)—The MISD program is an essential
tool to improve water use efficiency through the assessment of water needs and the delivery
of matching supplies. The MISD program also relies on flow monitoring to ensure that actual
supplies are as targeted. (see Guideline 3.4)
•
Inventory of water resources—The basis for efficient water management is good
information about water needs, water resources, and water structures. (see Guideline 3.5)
•
Water budget/Water balance—Comparing water needs and available water resources is
a planning task that allows proactive identification of surpluses and shortages and planning
allocations accordingly. (see Guideline 3.6)
•
Mapping of irrigable areas served by branch canals—This is an essential step in
assessing water needs by identifying areas that actually require water (as opposed to nonagricultural areas such as urban areas or unsuitable areas). (see Guideline 3.8)
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
3.1 Principles of Efficient Water Management
Data Management for Water Management
As mentioned earlier, efficient water management is based on the use of accurate water
information. This can only be achieved through the routine collection and storage of data. Equipment
can greatly facilitate these tasks:
•
GPS devices These are essential to collect geographical information in the field and report
it on maps. (see Guideline 3.8)
•
Computers Computers can store and organize data and then produce it in many different
forms such as reports, tables, and maps. (see Guideline 3.7)
•
Digital mapping software (AutoCAD-Map)—Maps are the best support for decisionmaking in water management, as they visually and geographically display information. (see
Guideline 3.8)
Related Guidelines
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
Flow Measurement
Calibration
Matching Irrigation Supply and Demand
Water Resource Inventory
Water Budget / Water Balance
Computer and Network Maintenance
Mapping Branch Canal Areas
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
115
Guidelines
3.2 Flow Measurement
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Introduction
This technique is commonly used to measure the flow in open channels, particularly the irregular
cross section of canals and rivers.
Selection and Preparation of Measurement Sites
The current meter method involves selecting the site that satisfies these criteria:
•
The site should be located far enough downstream from a water regulating structure (gate
or weir) to assure that measurement of the flow is done where steady state conditions exist,
in accordance with Egyptian experience.
•
Avoid canal curves when selecting sites. The site should be in a straight canal reach.
•
The site should be accessible to the measurement team and for needed equipment.
•
The site should be regularly maintained, cleaned, and free of weeds.
•
Pitching/lining the site is preferable and could be required, if canal bank failure is recorded.
This creates a control section and improves flow measurement conditions.
•
Two pegs (stakes) need to be installed, one on each bank, so that the line connecting them is
perpendicular to the flow direction. These pegs are used for fixing the cableway across the
canal and for marking width intervals.
Measurement Equipment
Measurement equipment should be assessed from time to
time to make sure that it is suitable for measurements.
Calibration of current meter devices needs to be done every
100 working hours or once per year. Usually, the Hydraulic
Research Institute/NWRC is responsible for calibration.
Measurement equipment includes Current Meter, Depth Meter,
Cableway, Speakers, and Stopwatch.
Measuring Team
Price Type AA Meter
The Measurement team usually consists of one Engineer
and two Technicians. Training may be needed for the team.
Selection of team members depends on their enthusiasm to measure the flow in the most accurate
way. The team members should be aware that they are working to achieve equity in water
distribution among different regions or canals. Technicians can measure the flow and the Engineer will
be responsible for quality assurance.
116
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
3.2 Flow Measurement
Measurement Precautions
•
Water measurement should be made at least 2 hours after gate settings are adjusted.
•
Gate settings should not be changed during measurement by the Current Meter.
•
Observe the change in revolutions of the Current Meter. If a significant difference in
revolutions per minute is recorded at one point on the vertical, then the Current Meter
should be removed, checked, and cleaned of weeds or other garbage.
•
Take two readings of the Current Meter revolutions at each position to arrive at n3. The
average revolution is then calculated as follows:
n=
n1 + n2
2
•
If a significant difference is noticed between n1 and n2, another reading—n3—should be
made. Then, n will be the average of the two closer readings.
•
Calculate flow while in the boat for each segment; do not wait to make calculations in the
office. In this way, the measurement team would discover any errors or measurement
problems and can solve them immediately. This also ensures getting more accurate results.
When the total flow of the cross-section is made at the end segment, it can be checked
according to experience. If the flow was suspected to be inaccurate, the team can remeasure the flow using simple techniques such as measuring the flow at one point (e.g. at 0.6
of the depth) and selecting fewer segments. If the flow still seems to be far from the real
(experienced) one, then the Current Meter needs to be checked, amended, and/or
calibrated.
•
Equal spacing of the increments is not recommended unless the discharge is well-distributed
across the canal section. Smaller widths of the increment are recommended in areas of
greatest discharges (i.e. high velocity areas). Ideally, each increment should not have more
than 5 percent of the total canal flow. However, 10 percent can be used (MWRI, 2000).
•
All data on the calculation form should be filled in, as shown hereafter.
•
Read and record parameters (water levels and gate openings) before and after the
measurement of the flow.
Measurement across the Canal
•
Prepare the site of the measurement so that it is accessible for handling equipment and easy
for staff to get into the boat. The site should be selected in a straight reach of the canal and
have a steady flow, with no turbulence. It should be cleaned and maintained on a regular
basis to remove aquatic weeds and other obstacles.
•
String a tag line across the canal so that it is perpendicular to the canal flow. The tag line
should be tight (the tag line sag should be minimal) and fixed on stakes at both ends on the
canal banks.
•
The cross-section of the canal at the measuring site is divided into a number of segments
(increments) depending on the irregularity of the section and the velocity of the water. To
get a normal distribution of errors, 20–30 segments are recommended for large channels
(Rantz, 1983).
•
Water depth (d) is measured at the middle of the increment using a Meter-depth winch.
•
The Current Meter is usually positioned at 0.2 and 0.8 of the water depth in the middle of
each segment to get the average velocity of flow (Vm), as follows:
3
Number of revolutions (n) is the number of Current Meter revolutions (number of sound signals heard by speakers that are
connected to the Current Meter) in a single minute.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
117
3.2 Flow Measurement
Vm = (V 0.2d + V 0.8d) ÷ 2
•
The velocity of the flow (V0.2d or V0.8d) is calculated from rating tables of the Current
Meter according to the measured revolutions at each position. Normally, the relationship
between velocity and revolutions (n) is linear and can be written as follows:
V=a+bn
where a and b are Current Meter rating constants and differ from one Current Meter to
another. These constants need to be updated every 100 working hours or each year.
•
In some cases, where water depth is shallow (less than one meter) or the bed is heavily
infested with weeds, the Current Meter is positioned at one point; at 0.6 of the depth of
water. Then
Vm = V 0.6d
Canal Cross-section with Edges of Water at Banks
Left edge of
water
Marked
tag line
stake
Right edge
of water
stake
b
d
Increment of
width b and
depth d
•
Assemble all discharge measurement at each increment to get the total canal flow.
•
Complete the calculation form and then type these data into the database (or excel tables)
prepared for this purpose.
•
Keep all field forms in a special file.
•
Measurement (field forms) should be revised by the Water Distribution Engineer or whoever
is responsible for measurements.
Calculation Form (Sheet)
This form presented immediately below is used to tabulate the measurements of the current
meter from the boat. The two pages following the form show examples of measurement with
different approaches.
118
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
3.2 Flow Measurement
Left edge
of water
X2
X1
3
2
1
4
b
d1
0.2 d
0.8 d
General Directorate:……………………….
IWMD: …………….…………………………
Canal name:…………….……………..
Location of measuremen:………………...
Type of currentmeter: ………………..
Measured by: ……………………
Checked by:
Date:……………………………
Time from ….. To …..
(1)
dist
(2)
Width
(3)
Average
Width (m)
0
under the lower gate
L2
Between upper and lower gates
Gate
openning
(m)
gate 1
gate 2
gate 3
gate 4
gate 5
Total Discharg:………….
m3/s
Cross section Area
m2
Top Width:……………….
m
Average Velocity
m/s
Average Water depth……
m
Max. Water Depth….
m/s
(4)
Depth
di
(m)
1
Water flow
L1
L3
Weather conditions:…………………..
other information:…………………………
No.
water level before measAfter meas.
0
(m)
d1
(b1+b2)/2
d2
(b2+b3)/2
d3
(5)
Area
(m2)
bi ×
di
(6)
Rotations at 0.2 d
(7)
V0.2
(8)
Rotations at 0.8 d
m/s
n1
n2
n3
avg
n1
n2
n3
(9)
V0.8
(10)
Vm
m/s
m/s
(11)
Q
avg
b1 = X1-0
2
X1
b2=X2-X1
3
4
X2
X3
b3= (X3-X2)
∑
(5) = (3) × (4)
(10) = 0.5 × [(7) + (9)]
Total canal flow = ∑ (11)
(11) = (10) × (5)
Note:
Type of flow: underflow or flow between the gates.
Gate settings include level of each rim (upper and lower gates).
If a weir exists, water level downstream of the weir should be recorded.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
119
3.2 Flow Measurement
Example Calculation No. 1
(Measurement at 0.2 and 0.8 Water Depth)
General Directorate:……………………….
IWMD: …………….…………………………
Canal name:…………….……………..
Location of measuremen:………………...
Type of currentmeter: ………………..
Measured by: ……………………
Checked by:
Date:……………………………
Time from ….. To …..
Weather conditions:…………………..
other information:…………………………
water level before measAfter meas.
Water flow
L1
12.65
12.67
under the lower gate
L2
11.10
11.10
Between upper and lower gates
L3
10.85
10.88
gate 1
gate 2
gate 3
gate 4
gate 5
1.2
0.8
0.9
1.1
-----
Gate
openning
(m)
Total Discharg:…………
No.
distance
from
bank
1
0
distance
between
verticals
Cross section Area
88.7 m2
Top Width:……………
43 m
Average Velocity
0.24 m/s
Average Water depth…
2.1 m
Max. Water Depth….
average
width of
segment
water
depth
m
0
segment
area
m2
3
1.2
3
21.521 m3/s
?
0.2 of water depth
no. of revolutions
2.6 m/s
0.8 of water depth average
water
Discharge
no. of revolutions
revolutions velocity m3/s
1
2
m/s
1
2
3.6
15
16
10
11
13
0.151
0.542
2.2
6.6
12
14
11
11
12
0.140
0.921
3
2.5
7.5
19
21
12
12
16
0.184
1.379
3
2.6
7.8
25
24
15
16
20
0.228
1.780
3
2.6
7.8
24
24
16
14
19.5
0.223
1.737
3
2.4
7.2
28
30
18
20
24
0.272
1.962
3
2.4
7.2
27
31
23
24
26.25
0.297
2.141
3
2
3
3
3
6
3
4
9
3
5
12
3
6
15
3
7
18
3
8
21
3
9
24
10
27
11
30
3
2.4
7.2
26
28
23
23
25
0.284
2.042
3
2.4
7.2
31
30
21
23
26.25
0.297
2.141
3
2.4
7.2
31
31
24
23
27.25
0.308
2.221
3
2.4
7.2
32
33
13
10
22
0.250
1.802
3
2.2
6.6
30
29
12
11
20.5
0.234
1.543
3.5
1.6
5.6
30
28
13
11
20.5
0.234
1.309
3
3
3
12
33
3
13
36
3
14
39
4
15
43
2.092857
120
88.7
Q=
21.521
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
3.2 Flow Measurement
Example Calculation No. 2
(Measurement at 0.6 Water Depth)
General Directorate:……………………….
IWMD: …………….…………………………
Canal name:…………….……………..
Location of measuremen:………………...
Type of currentmeter: ………………..
Measured by: ……………………
Checked by:
Date:……………………………
Time from ….. To …..
water level before measAfter meas.
Water flow
L1
12.65
12.67
under the lower gate
L2
11.10
11.10
Between upper and lower gates
L3
10.85
10.88
gate 1
gate 2
gate 3
gate 4
gate 5
1.2
0.8
0.9
1.1
-----
Gate
openning
(m)
Weather conditions:…………………..
other information:…………………………
Total Discharg:…………
No.
distance
from
bank
1
0
distance
between
verticals
21.616 m3/s
?
Cross section Area
88.7 m2
Top Width:……………
43 m
Average Velocity
0.24 m/s
Average Water depth…
2.1 m
Max. Water Depth….
2.6 m/s
0.6 of water depth average water
Discharge
no. of revolutions revolutions velocity m3/s
1
2
m/s
average
width of
segment
water
depth
m
0
segment
area
m2
3
1.2
3.6
12
14
13
0.151
0.542
3
2.2
6.6
12
12
12
0.140
0.921
3
2.5
7.5
17
16
16.5
0.189
1.421
3
2.6
7.8
19
21
20
0.228
1.780
3
2.6
7.8
18
20
19
0.217
1.694
3
2.4
7.2
26
23
24.5
0.278
2.002
3
2.4
7.2
27
27
27
0.306
2.201
3
2.4
7.2
26
25
25.5
0.289
2.082
3
2.4
7.2
25
27
26
0.295
2.121
3
2.4
7.2
28
26
27
0.306
2.201
3
2.4
7.2
22
21
21.5
0.245
1.763
3
2.2
6.6
20
22
21
0.239
1.579
3.5
1.6
5.6
19
22
20.5
0.234
1.309
3
2
3
3
3
6
3
4
9
3
5
12
3
6
15
7
18
8
21
3
3
3
9
24
3
10
27
3
11
30
12
33
3
3
13
36
3
14
39
4
15
43
2.092857
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
88.7
Q=
21.616
121
Guidelines
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Importance of Calibration
The management of water resources depends, to a considerable degree, on the availability of
hydrological and hydraulic data. The operation and maintenance of irrigation systems requires
collecting regular data on water levels and discharges. But while water levels are easy to monitor,
discharges require specific measurements with Current Meters. The calibration of canal sections or
structures allows an easy translation of water levels into discharges, supporting:
•
Efficient day-to-day water management and regulation of irrigation/drainage systems
•
Monitoring and improvement of these systems.
Surprisingly, water discharges are only monitored at some key points on the directorate-level in
Egypt, although there is a policy to improve irrigation systems and increase efficiency of water use.
Fortunately, measurement of discharges can be easily achieved since there are many water structures
along canals and drains that can be calibrated. In these guidelines, the calibration concept is presented,
along with the process, procedures, and formulas to be used with some relevant examples.
Calibration: Concept and Choice of Formulas
Calibration is the process that results in developing a hydraulic relationship between different
channel characteristics and flow parameters, the objective being a simple translation of water levels
into discharges.
In any channel reach there is a relationship between discharge, water surface profile, and
hydraulic characteristics of the channel. For any water structure, there is also a relationship that
relates the discharge passing through the structure, water levels upstream and downstream of the
structure, and the characteristics of the structure. These relationships are either theoretical or
empirical equations. Therefore, the calibration process can consider two options:
•
Calibration of a water structure such as weir, orifice, pump, or pipe
•
Calibration of a canal cross-section.
The calibration of a water structure is the preferred solution, as the structure provides more
permanent/stable flow conditions than the cross-section of a canal. By order of preference, the
options are:
1.
Non-submerged weirs are often used for discharge evaluation as they offer reliable stage–
discharge correlations. (provided submergence ratio is kept within permissible limits).
2.
Orifices (structures with openings or gates) are the second preferred method for flow
calibration (again under specific hydraulic conditions, with upstream submergence of the
opening providing sufficient head).
Calibration of a canal reach is also possible, although it usually involves collecting more data and
is less accurate. By order of preference, the formulas are:
122
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
1.
Slope area method, essentially the Manning formula
2.
Stage–discharge relationship that can be, to some extent, used to estimate the canal flow.
All these formulas are explained in detail hereafter. It is important to keep in mind that:
•
The calibration of a structure is preferred because it is simpler and more accurate. Under
the proper hydraulic conditions, only one depth of water can exit for a given discharge. The
corresponding formulas are based on physical principles of fluid mechanics.
•
The calibration of a canal reach requires data on the slope and it is less accurate. In a canal
with weak slope, the discharge is a function of the water level and the slope (for a given
water level, the discharge can vary depending on the slope). Calibrating a canal reach uses
empirical (slope–discharge) or statistical (stage–discharge) formulas. Two formulas may be
used for one site due to varying operational conditions of canals. As an example the unsubmerged weir formula can no longer be used if a weir becomes submerged at some times
over the year.
The decision tree shown in Figure 3.3.1below guides the choice of a calibration formula.
Calibration Process
The process of calibration involves the following steps:
1. Data Collection
Data collection includes two types of data:
1.
Constant data—These include physical data about the water structure and channel reach
such as invert level, gate width, canal cross section (bed level, side slopes, and longitudinal
slope), and the location of the next gauge used to calculate the water surface profile.
2.
Time-variant data—These data include routine measurements of water discharges and
corresponding water levels and gate openings. Water levels include upstream and
downstream water levels from the gate, upstream and downstream water levels from the
weir, and water level at the next gauge (end of reach water level). For proper calibration,
these data need to be collected over a period of time that includes the full range of channel
flows. For channel flows that do not fluctuate rapidly, data can be collected weekly or twice
a month, depending on flow characteristics, and whenever changes in water levels occur. It is
recommended that the engineer checks the measurements himself, reading the gauge, instead
of relying on data reported by gate keepers.
2. Data Refinement (Consistency)
Consistency of data needs to be checked. If the responsible engineer discovers inconsistent data,
he may decide on additional measurements or seek solutions to enhance the data records.
An example of data review and refinement is the measured flow. The sheet that is used for
measurement shows the water levels before and after the measurements. If a significant difference
between the water levels before and after measurement is found, then such measurement should be
excluded from calibration. All measurement data should be carefully reviewed and checked after
measurement to decide whether to add them to the database.
3. Data Tabulation
Data on flow measurements are tabulated into a database prepared primarily for this purpose.
We recommend filling all data records in this database. For calibration purposes, these data will be
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
123
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
Figure 3.3.1
124
Decision Tree for Calibration
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
exported to an Excel spreadsheet. Excel is a flexible and easy to use tool for checking data and
performing calibrations. In these guidelines a table format was prepared to store data records and
make them available for calibration. See table 3.3.2 at the end of this guideline.
4. Definition of Discharge Formula
To establish the discharge/rating formula, simply follows these steps:
1.
Discharge and water level data is plotted on a graph
2.
The trend of data is assessed using one or several of the proposed formulae (the choice of
the formula to be used is made using the decision tree of Figure 3.3.1 above)
3.
Regression analysis is made to find the formula constants
4.
Correlation is assessed using the correlation coefficient and standard error
5.
The formula can be used if the correlation is good
6.
In some cases, several formulae have to be investigated before a formula fits. If no formula
fits, then data collection has to be improved.
The accepted relationship can then be used to calculate the daily flow (or hourly flow if telemetry
exists) from water level readings from the calibrated sites.
Usual Discharge Formulas
The main formulae available for calibration are presented below. Table 3.3.1 summarizes these
formulae by order of preference:
Orifice
4
5
Manning (slopearea method)
Simplified
Manning
Stage-discharge
Needed
Data
Q = c d Ao 2 gH
2
Q=
1
AR 3 S 0.5
n
5
3
Q = kh ( L1 − L2 ) 0.5
It takes different forms:
Power Q = a hb
polynomial
Q = c1+c2 h+c3h2
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
upstream water level
upstream and
downstream levels of the
of gate, gate opening Ao
Usual
Values
2
Q = c x Hn
Constants
to be
Calibrated
Weir
Detailed
Order
1
3
Summary of Common Hydraulic Formulae
Type of
Formula
Table 3.3.1
c, n
n around 1.5
cd
c around 0.60.8
1
n
Reach length, water
levels at head and tail of
the reach, cross section
data; bed level, side
slopes, bed width
1
n
Reach length, water
levels at head, L1,and at
tail of the reach, L2, bed
level, F
h=L1-F
K
water level (or water
depth), h
≡ 20 - 40
for alluvial
canals
1
n
≅ 60 for
lined canals
a,b for power
formula and, c1,
c2, c3 for
polynomial
localized
b around 1.31.8 when
water depth
is used
125
Linear stagedischarge (for
small range of
water levels)
6
Note:
Q=a+bh
water level, or water
depth h
a,b
Usual
Values
Constants
to be
Calibrated
Needed
Data
Detailed
Order
Type of
Formula
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
localized
The usual value of cd is 0.6, but due to water leakage around the gate, it can be higher than
0.6 depending on the volume of leakage.
The value of
1
n
depends on the canal conditions. It decreases when the canal is infested with weeds
1. Weir Equation
Weirs are the most commonly used structures used to measure water discharge in the open
channel. Different types of weirs are used. These structures are usually called overflow structures.
Water is passed over the top of the weir (weir crest) and consequently a general equation is used for
all weirs:
(1)
Q = cH n
Figure 3.3.2
Free Flow Weir
H
where:
H is water head on weir crest
Q
c and n are the calibration constants
One important governing factor in the weir equation is the submergence ratio. The weir is called
submerged when the downstream water level rises higher than the crest of the weir. Then the flow
passing over the weir is affected by the downstream water level. Hence, equation (1) is no longer
used. There are several trials to find a relationship that can be used for the submerged weir, but they
are not very accurate. The submergence ratio is defined as:
H
h
Q
(2)
126
Sub =
h
× 100
H
Figure 3.3.3
Submerged Weir
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
Thus, the submergence ratio needs to be calculated first. When the submergence ratio is less
than 70 percent, the flow over the weir is called free flow and equation (1) can be used.
2. Orifice Equation
An orifice is any type of opening in which the upstream water level is higher than the top of the
opening. Flow through the opening can be classified into two types:
1.
(3)
Free flow conditions—This occurs when the jet of the water emanating from the orifice
discharges freely into the air or the downstream channel without backwater or tail water
effect. In this case the discharge equation is written as follows:
Q = Cd Ag 2 gH
Figure 3.3.4
uswl
Free Orifice Flow
gate
H
dswl
do
Q
Figure (4) Free Orifice Flow
Where:
2.
Cd : Discharge Coefficient
Ag : Area of the gate opening = do × gate width
H: Water head on the gate and measured vertically from the upstream water level
(uswl) to the centroid of the gate opening
Submerged Flow Conditions— This occurs when the downstream water level (dswl) is
above the top of the opening. In this case equation (3) is used, but: H = uswl – dswl
Figure 3.3.5
Submerged Orifice Flow
uswl
H
dswl
do
Q
Submerged conditions will affect estimating the discharge coefficient (Cd), i.e. Cd depends on, in
addition to the shape of the gate and the opening, the flow conditions; submerged or free. Usually Cd
ranges from 0.6 to 0.8. A linearized equation of the orifice is commonly used in Egypt.
Linearization of the orifice flow equation—Suppose that a head intake consists of one gate
of width b. If the gate is raised so that the height of the gate opening is equal to do, then equation (3)
can be rewritten as follows:
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
127
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
Q = C d (b d o ) 2 g H
Q = C do H
Q
= C do
H
(4)
Q
Equation (4) shows a linear relation between the two quantities; ( H ) and (do). If the two
Q
quantities are plotted so that (do) is abscissa and (
) is ordinate, the line passes through the
H
origin and the slope of the line is the value of the constant (C). This may happen for a perfect head
gate. In fact, the performance of the gate is affected by other conditions such as water leakage around
the gate. Therefore, the line may intercept the Y-axis, and hence, the linearized orifice equation can
be rewritten as follows:
Q
= C1 d o + C2
H
(5)
This equation is a commonly used one for Egyptian canals. The calibration of this equation
involves finding the two constants C1 and C2 through regression analysis.
3. Slope–Area Method
In the Slope–Area method, discharge is computed on the basis of a uniform flow equation
involving channel characteristics, water surface profile, and a roughness or retardation coefficient. The
change in water surface profile for a uniform reach of channel represents losses caused by bed
roughness. The most commonly used Slope-Area method is the Manning equation. It is written as:
Q =
Where:
And:
1
AR
n
2
3
S
(6)
0 .5
S: slope of water surface
A: cross section area
R: hydraulic radius, where R
=
A
P
P = wetted perimeter
n: is the Manning coefficient that depends on the roughness of the canal sides.
Usually “1/n” values ranges from 20 to 40 for alluvial canals depending on the
channel roughness and weed growth. For design purposes according to the Egyptian
Code for Irrigation and Drainage, “1/n” is taken as 40 for alluvial canals, 30 for
drains, and 60 for lined canals.
Simplification of Manning Equation—For a wide, rectangular cross-section where water
width “B” is much greater than water depth “d”” then,
P= B + 2d ≅ B and A = B × d , so: R = A/p ≅ d
Then, Equation (6) can be rewritten as:
128
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
Q = ( B/n)d5/3S0.5
(7)
But knowing that d = DS – F and S = (DS – FG)/L , (see figure 3.3.6) then equation (7) can be written
as:
5
3
Q = K ( DS − F ) ( DS − FG ) 0 .5
(8)
Where
K=
B
nL0.5
DS: water level downstream the gate (at head of the canal reach)
FG: water level at the tail of the reach
F: canal bed level (or invert level)
L: length of the canal reach
Calibration of this equation involves finding the average value of the constant K, and 1/n can be then
determined.
Main Canal
Figure 3.3.6
US
Definition Schematic of Water Surface Profile
DS
d
L
P la n V ie w
US
DS
FG
B
Average X-Section
Q
P ro file
The canal reach is usually taken so that the water surface slope is significant. Since the water
slope in an Egyptian canal is around 5 cm/km, it is preferable that the selected canal reach, L, is
greater than a single km. along this reach, there should not be off takes that affect the uniformity of
the flow.
4. Stage–Discharge Relation
There are several equations that describe the relationship between water level and the
corresponding discharge at a certain location on the waterway. The most common is written in the
following format:
(9)
Where:
Q = a (h − ho ) b
Q = Water discharge flowing in the open channel
h = water level at measuring location corresponding to Q
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
129
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
ho = a constant usually known as water shift and defined as the water level in the canal
at which the discharge is zero (the water level of zero-discharge)
a and b = the calibration constants.
In many cases ho is usually omitted from equation (9) and the following formula is used:
Q = ahb
(10)
Sometimes, a polynomial equation is used in the stage-relation discharge. Values of h are plotted
on the ordinate and corresponding discharges on the abscissa on arithmetic graph paper. The general
polynomial expression is:
Q = c1+c2 h+c3h2 + ……….+ cnhn-1
(11)
2
The common used formula is Q = c1+c2 h+c3 h
However, in most of branch canals in Egypt where water level range is quite small (70 – 100 cm),
a linear form of the equation can be used. It is written as follows:
Q=a+bh
(12)
For more accurate calibration of stage-discharge relationships, the data can be classified into
different time series groups where each group can have different relationship constants. For example,
there can be a formula for summer season (high water supply period) and one for winter season (low
water supply period)
Calibrations of Pumps
Determination of the water volume passing through a pumping station requires recording
operating hours for each pump, supply water level (upstream of the pump), outlet water level
(delivery side), and pump efficiency. These parameters can be used together with the pump
characteristic curve. Figure 3.3.7 shows the relationship between pump discharge and other
parameters such as brake horse power, lifting head, and efficiency.
Figure 3.3.7
130
Pump Characteristic Curve
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
It can be noted from this figure that the pump discharge can exceed 100 percent of the nominal
discharge if lifting head is reduced to be less than designed (the 100 percent lifting head). The
Mechanical and Electrical Department (MED) of the MWRI is responsible for operating and
maintaining pump stations. Usually, there is a characteristic curve for each pump used to calculate the
pump discharge. However, it is found that each pump has an estimate of its flow capacity based on a
certain efficiency that is not known for the existing estimate in some cases. Therefore, measurement
of the flow at the pump outlet in the canal is important to check the actual capacity of the pump.
Because of the complexity of pump calibration, a simplified method can be used. A correction factor
can be developed, through flow measurements, and used to modify the pump discharges made by the
MED.
The correction factor can be written as:
(13)
Correction factor =
Measured Disch arg e
MED Re ported Disch arg e
This factor can be one value for the whole season or for a certain range of water levels. If the
correction value (average value) is 0.7, it means that all MED-reported discharges (nominal discharges)
need to be reduced by 30 percent to correct the existing pump efficiency numbers. This correction
factor can be an important indicator for the MED to start evaluating the pump and determine
appropriate rehabilitation and renovation activities.
Accuracy of Calibration
The question now is, “How accurate is the developed relationship”? To answer this, the
regression concept and some statistical measurements need to be investigated. Simply, when one
parameter (constant) is calibrated, the average value, standard deviation of the average, and the
coefficient of variance need to be determined. Suppose that values of X are known as X 1, X 2, X 3,
and X n. Then:
i=n
∑ xi
(14)
Average, X
=
i =1
n
∑ ( xi − X )
(15)
Standard Deviation, σ =
(16)
Coefficient of Variance,
Cv =
2
n −1
σ
X
× 100
In order to use the calibrated constant with average equals X , the coefficient of variance should
not exceed 5 percent.
In case of calibrating two constants in the regression analysis, the coefficient of determination is
used as a statistical measure to judge the accuracy of the relationship. The coefficient of
determination is equal to the square of the correlation coefficient (R). The formula for the correlation
coefficient can be written as:
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
131
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
(17)
R=
∑ ( X − X )(Y − Y )
∑ ( X − X ) ∑ (Y − Y )
i
i
2
i
2
i
The Coefficient of Determination is equal to R2.
The higher value of R2 is, the more accurate the relationship is. Water managers in Egypt
recommend a value of 95 percent or more for R2. This may apply to primary and main canals.
However, for branch canals, a value of 85 percent or more could be used. In either case, the value of
the R2, to accept the relationship, depends on the importance of the site in terms of water
distribution and management. The decision maker can decide on the level of R2 to accept the
calibrated relationship. It should be noted that R2 is not the sole measure of accuracy. There are
other important statistical measures that can be used such as the standard error.
Implementation of Calibrated Rating Curves
In this step, the calibrated equation can be applied to estimate the discharge (water volume)
passing through the canal intake over a certain period of time: t (hours).
Annex 3.3.1 shows an example of calibrating canal flow for the Nekla Canal in Beheira
Directorate. Three equations were developed: Orifice, Manning, and Stage–Discharge relationship.
To find the canal flow, the Orifice equation will be used, since it showed high correlation.
However, this may not work when head on the gate is very small (tends to be zero), particularly
when the gate is fully open.
The flow in this case becomes a canal free flow (not regulated by the gate) that can be
determined by Manning or Stage–Discharge relationship. Manning is recommended; however, if
Manning is not well calibrated, then Stage–Discharge can be used.
For Nekla Canal, the Stage–Discharge relationship did not show good correlation. Therefore it
could not be used and Manning was substituted. This demonstrates the importance of using more
than one method so that the most reliable estimate of canal flow is achieved.
Tables 3.3.2 and 3.3.3 are useful for data collection for general calibration and calibration of
pumps.
132
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
Table 3.3.2
Directorate
IWMD
Data Collection Format for Calibration
…………..
…………..
Canal name
…………..
Site name &location …………..
Area Served ds site ……….
Flow (Continous, Rotation) C/R:
Invert Level (F)
Weir Crest (top) Level ( C )
Width of weir
Next Guage name
Distance from measuring site
to next guage
Date
feddan
………….
…………..
…………..
…………..
…………..
…………..
m
m
USWL (L1) DSWL (L2)
WL ds
upstream downstream
Weir (L3)
the gate
the gate
Gate width (m)
Gtae No.
G1
width (m)
Gate Op
(m)
G2
G3
G4
G5
WL at the
Q
next
3
guage
(m /s)
(L4)
1. average data are used for water levels (before and after measurements)
2. Next guage is the water level guage that is not less than one kilometer far from the measuring site.
3. There should not be any major offtakes in the reach from measuring site to the next guage
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
133
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
Table 3.3.3
Directorate
IWMD
Data Collection Format for Calibration of Pump
…………..
…………..
Canal name
…………..
Site name &location …………..
Area Served ds site ……….
Flow (Continous, Rotation) C/R:
canal bed level(F)
Weir Crest (top) Level ( C )
Width of weir
Next Guage name
Distance from measuring site
to next guage
Date
PS name………………….
unit 1 unit 2 unit 3 unit 4 unit 5
feddan
………….
…………..
…………..
…………..
…………..
…………..
max. uswl
min. uswl
level of upper rim of delivery pipe
diameter of delivery pipe
3
Pump capacity (m /s)
date of construction
date of recent rehabilitation
date of last calibration
existing pump characterstics curve ( y/n)
m
m
USWL (L1)
WL at the
DSWL (L2)ds WL ds
upstream
next guage Q (m3/s)
the PS Weir (L3)
the PS
(L4)
operating units
unite 1, unite 2, unite 5
unite 3, unite 4
1. average data are used for water levels (before and after measurements)
2. Next guage is the water level guage that is not less than one kilometer far from the measuring site.
3. There should not be any major offtakes in the reach from measuring site to the next guage
References
Egyptian Irrigation and Drainage Code, MWRI
Flow Measurement and Calibration, M. Bahaa Saad, 1995
Flow Measurement Guidelines, APRP, 1999
Flow Measurement and Calibration Procedures, Hydraulic Research Institute, NWRC
Nile Water Management, Mott Macdonald, 1991
134
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
Annex 3.3.1 – Examples of Field Calibration
Table (I-1) shows a summary of measurements and data collected for a canal in Beheira
Governorate called Nekla Canal, which serves a command area of about 3,000 feddans. Its length is
about 9.8 km and it takes its water from the Mahmoudia Canal through a one-gate head regulator.
Trials are made to calibrate the water discharge entering the canal. The three rating methods were
developed: Stage–Discharge Relationship, Orifice Flow equation, and Slope–Area Method equation.
Calibration of the weir is made for another site (downstream of the Saidia Canal intake that draws
from the Ismailia Canal).
I.1 Calibration of Head Gate of the Nekla Canal
There are two ways of calibrating the gate:
Calibration of the discharge coefficient, Cd
Based on Equation (3), that is written as:
Q = Cd Ag 2 gH
Where Ag = b × do,
Then, Cd =
Figure I-1
Q
(b × d o ) 2 gH
Submerged Orifice Flow
b
uswl
H
dswl
do
Q
Figure (4 ) Submerged Orifice Flow
Table I-2 shows a tabulation of measurement data that includes uswl, dswl, gate opening, do, and
measured discharge, Q. The gate width, b =2.5 m, the gravitational acceleration g = 9.81 m/s2.
Calculations are made on the same sheet that shows H = uswl-dswl, and Cd.
The calculated values of Cd were then averaged and showed that Cd = 0.59
The standard deviation, and hence the coefficient, of variance were also calculated. They were
0,056 and 9 percent respectively. The coefficient of variance (9 percent) seems to be good. However
a value of 5 percent or less is recommended. For small canals (branch canals) a value of 10 percent or
less might be acceptable.
Now, the calibrated formula for the canal intake can be written as follows:
Q = 0.59 Ag 2 gH
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
135
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
Table (I-1) Water Measurement on Nekla Canal
Area Served (feddans)
Canal Length (m)
Reach Lenth (m)
Average Canal Width (m)
3000
9800
9800
5.00
number og gates
gate width (m)
invert level (F)
1
2.5
1.15
gate
Next
opening
Guage
Q (m3/sec)
(do) (m)
Level
05/06/1999
3.85
2.05
0.15
0.85
1.585
05/07/1999
3.95
1.90
0.12
1.08
1.374
05/08/1999
3.90
1.80
0.08
1.05
0.906
05/11/1999
3.85
1.85
0.13
0.90
1.188
05/12/1999
3.85
1.90
0.15
1.05
1.579
13/05/1999
3.85
1.70
0.10
0.95
1.176
15/05/1999
3.85
1.72
0.10
0.77
1.203
20/05/1999
3.87
1.90
0.25
0.55
2.32
21/05/1999
3.85
2.00
0.27
0.93
2.42
22/05/1999
3.84
1.92
0.25
0.90
2.27
23/05/1999
3.95
1.95
0.25
0.92
2.3
24/05/1999
3.75
1.71
0.15
0.80
1.66
30/05/1999
4.05
1.97
0.28
0.38
2.54
31/05/1999
4.05
2.04
0.28
0.45
2.82
06/01/1999
4.04
2.06
0.28
0.75
2.39
06/02/1999
4.05
1.92
0.20
0.90
2.01
06/03/1999
4.05
1.88
0.20
0.83
1.998
06/08/1999
4.04
1.96
0.25
0.55
2.44
06/09/1999
4.04
2.03
0.25
1.07
2.35
06/11/1999
4.04
1.85
0.20
0.95
1.73
06/12/1999
4.04
1.85
0.20
0.95
2.047
13/06/1999
4.05
1.88
0.20
0.95
2.081
07/01/1999
4.20
2.04
0.30
0.87
2.64
07/02/1999
4.20
1.90
0.26
0.94
2.33
07/03/1999
4.12
1.87
0.23
1.03
2.16
07/04/1999
4.18
1.93
0.23
0.87
2.35
07/10/1999
4.19
1.95
0.32
0.43
3.08
07/12/1999
4.20
2.04
0.33
0.96
3.14
13/07/1999
4.20
2.03
0.33
1.09
3.09
20/07/1999
4.20
2.01
0.30
0.55
2.78
21/07/1999
4.19
2.14
0.33
1.13
3.01
22/07/1999
4.20
2.00
0.30
1.07
2.68
23/07/1999
4.20
2.06
0.30
1.06
2.6
29/07/1999
4.18
1.83
0.33
0.68
3.06
08/01/1999
4.20
1.78
0.28
1.17
2.847
08/02/1999
4.20
1.58
0.25
1.09
2.292
08/03/1999
4.20
1.73
0.25
1.09
2.350
08/09/1999
4.18
1.92
0.30
0.82
2.740
08/10/1999
4.20
1.90
0.30
1.09
2.790
08/12/1999
4.20
2.00
0.30
1.30
2.620
17/08/1999
4.20
2.00
0.28
1.10
2.510
21/08/1999
4.20
1.80
0.23
1.15
2.330
22/08/1999
4.20
1.82
0.23
1.15
2.470
27/08/1999
4.18
1.85
0.30
0.94
2.780
29/08/1999
4.20
1.80
0.22
1.23
2.250
30/08/1999
4.20
1.70
0.20
1.20
2.120
31/08/1999
4.20
1.75
0.20
1.22
1.990
Note: location of the next guage is at canal end. I.e the canal is one reach
136
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Date
uswl
dswl
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
Table (I-2) Calibration of Cd coefficient in Orifice Flow Equation
1
Area Served (feddans) 3000
number og gates
9800
2.5
Canal Length (m)
gate width (m)
9800
1.15
Reach Lenth (m)
invert level (F)
5.00
Average Canal Width (
measurements
calculation
uswl
dswl
Q (m3/s)
do (m)
H
3.95
3.90
3.85
3.85
3.85
3.85
3.87
3.85
3.84
3.95
3.75
4.05
4.05
4.04
4.05
4.05
4.04
4.04
4.04
4.04
4.05
4.20
4.20
4.12
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.19
4.20
4.20
4.18
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.18
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.18
4.20
4.20
4.20
1.90
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.70
1.72
1.90
2.00
1.92
1.95
1.71
1.97
2.04
2.06
1.92
1.88
1.96
2.03
1.85
1.85
1.88
2.04
1.90
1.87
1.93
1.95
2.04
2.03
2.01
2.14
2.00
2.06
1.83
1.78
1.58
1.73
1.92
1.90
2.00
2.00
1.80
1.82
1.85
1.80
1.70
1.75
1.374
0.906
1.188
1.579
1.176
1.203
2.320
2.420
2.270
2.300
1.660
2.540
2.820
2.390
2.010
1.998
2.440
2.350
1.730
2.047
2.081
2.640
2.330
2.160
2.350
3.080
3.140
3.090
2.780
3.010
2.680
2.600
3.060
2.847
2.292
2.350
2.740
2.790
2.620
2.510
2.330
2.470
2.780
2.250
2.120
1.990
0.12
0.08
0.13
0.15
0.10
0.10
0.25
0.27
0.25
0.25
0.15
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.20
0.20
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.30
0.26
0.23
0.23
0.32
0.33
0.33
0.30
0.33
0.30
0.30
0.33
0.28
0.25
0.25
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.28
0.23
0.23
0.30
0.22
0.20
0.20
2.05
2.10
2.00
1.95
2.15
2.13
1.97
1.85
1.92
2.00
2.04
2.08
2.01
1.98
2.13
2.17
2.08
2.01
2.19
2.19
2.17
2.16
2.30
2.25
2.25
2.24
2.16
2.17
2.19
2.05
2.20
2.14
2.35
2.42
2.62
2.47
2.26
2.30
2.20
2.20
2.40
2.38
2.33
2.40
2.50
2.45
Average Cd
ST dev
Coefficient of Variance
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Cd
0.722
0.706
0.584
0.681
0.724
0.744
0.597
0.595
0.592
0.587
0.700
0.568
0.642
0.548
0.622
0.612
0.611
0.599
0.528
0.625
0.638
0.541
0.534
0.565
0.615
0.581
0.585
0.574
0.565
0.575
0.544
0.535
0.546
0.590
0.511
0.540
0.549
0.554
0.532
0.546
0.591
0.629
0.548
0.596
0.605
0.574
0.59
0.056
9%
137
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
1.2 Calibration of the Linearized Orifice Flow Equation
In this case equation (5) is used. It is written as:
Q
H
= C1 d o + C2
Table (I-3) shows data tabulation and calculation of
plot between
Q
. Then a graph is made to show the
H
Q
H and gate opening, do. Then the best-fit line is deduced. Using Excel software, the
line can be drawn and the equation as well as Coefficient of Determination, R2, can be shown on the
graph.
Figure (I-2) shows such relation, the calibrated constants C1 and C2 and the R2
The Coefficient of Determination, R2, for the head gate of Nekla is 95 percent after deleting the
points that appear to be incorrect (outliers).
Q
The equation of the orifice becomes:
H
= 5.32 d o + 0.28
Q = (5.32 d o + 0.28) H
Or:
This equation shows that even if the gate is totally closed, there is a flow in the canal. This flow is
called leakage. The leakage can be calculated as:
Q = 0.28 H
Figure I-2
Orifice Flow Equation for Nekla Intake
Figh (I-1) Orifice Flow Equation for
Nekla Intake
2.500
2.000
0.5
Q/H
1.500
1.000
0.5
Q/H
0.500
0.000
0.00
= 5.32 do + 0.28
2
R = 0.95
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
do (m)
138
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
Table (I-3) Linearized Orifice Flow Equation for Nekla Canal Intake
measurements
calculation
uswl
dswl
Q (m3/s)
do (m)
H = US - DS
3.85
3.95
3.90
3.85
3.85
3.85
3.85
3.87
3.85
3.84
3.95
3.75
4.05
4.05
4.04
4.05
4.05
4.04
4.04
4.04
4.04
4.05
4.20
4.20
4.12
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.19
4.20
4.20
4.18
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.18
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.18
4.20
4.20
4.20
2.05
1.90
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.70
1.72
1.90
2.00
1.92
1.95
1.71
1.97
2.04
2.06
1.92
1.88
1.96
2.03
1.85
1.85
1.88
2.04
1.90
1.87
1.93
1.95
2.04
2.03
2.01
2.14
2.00
2.06
1.83
1.78
1.58
1.73
1.92
1.90
2.00
2.00
1.80
1.82
1.85
1.80
1.70
1.75
1.585
1.374
0.906
1.188
1.579
1.176
1.203
2.320
2.420
2.270
2.300
1.660
2.540
2.820
2.390
2.010
1.998
2.440
2.350
1.730
2.047
2.081
2.640
2.330
2.160
2.350
3.080
3.140
3.090
2.780
3.010
2.680
2.600
3.060
2.847
2.292
2.350
2.740
2.790
2.620
2.510
2.330
2.470
2.780
2.250
2.120
1.990
0.15
0.12
0.08
0.13
0.15
0.10
0.10
0.25
0.27
0.25
0.25
0.15
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.20
0.20
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.30
0.26
0.23
0.23
0.32
0.33
0.33
0.30
0.33
0.30
0.30
0.33
0.28
0.25
0.25
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.28
0.23
0.23
0.30
0.22
0.20
0.20
1.80
2.05
2.10
2.00
1.95
2.15
2.13
1.97
1.85
1.92
2.00
2.04
2.08
2.01
1.98
2.13
2.17
2.08
2.01
2.19
2.19
2.17
2.16
2.30
2.25
2.25
2.24
2.16
2.17
2.19
2.05
2.20
2.14
2.35
2.42
2.62
2.47
2.26
2.30
2.20
2.20
2.40
2.38
2.33
2.40
2.50
2.45
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
H
0.5
1.342
1.432
1.449
1.414
1.396
1.466
1.459
1.404
1.360
1.386
1.414
1.428
1.442
1.418
1.407
1.459
1.473
1.442
1.418
1.480
1.480
1.473
1.470
1.517
1.500
1.500
1.497
1.470
1.473
1.480
1.432
1.483
1.463
1.533
1.556
1.619
1.572
1.503
1.517
1.483
1.483
1.549
1.543
1.526
1.549
1.581
1.565
Q/H
0.5
1.181
0.960
0.625
0.840
1.131
0.802
0.824
1.653
1.779
1.638
1.626
1.162
1.761
1.989
1.698
1.377
1.356
1.692
1.658
1.169
1.383
1.413
1.796
1.536
1.440
1.567
2.058
2.136
2.098
1.879
2.102
1.807
1.777
1.996
1.830
1.416
1.495
1.823
1.840
1.766
1.692
1.504
1.601
1.821
1.452
1.341
1.271
139
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
I.2 Calibration of Canal Reach of the Nekla Canal (Slope–Area Method)
The most common equation used in calibrating the canal reach is the Manning equation. We will
use Equation (8), which is a simplification of Manning.
(8)
5
3
Q = K ( DS − F ) ( DS − FG ) 0 .5
Calibration of this equation means finding the constant K. Then, the value of 1/n can be calculated
Where K =
B
nL0.5
From Equation (8), Q, DS, FG are measured and F is the canal bed level at the head of the canal.
Table (I-4) shows tabulation of these data and the calculation process to get an average value of K.
The average value of K was found to be 3.285 and hence 1/n = 32.5
The coefficient of variance was found to be 17 percent. Data needs to be checked and improved
through more measurements to get a coefficient of variance less than 10 percent.
The value of 1/n was 32.5, which would reflect that the canal is infested with weeds and that the
flow is affected. The higher the value of 1/n, the more the flow is over estimated in the canal.
I.3 Calibration of Stage–Discharge Relationship
The Power Stage–Discharge Relationship
In this case, we use equation 10, which is written as:
Q = ahb
(10)
Figure (I-3) shows the power relationship between canal discharge, Q, and water level, h, for
downstream the gate
Polynomial Relation for Stage–Discharge Relationship
In this case we use equation (11) that is written as:
Q = c1+c2 h+c3h2 + ……….+ cnhn-1
(11)
2
The commonly used formula is Q = c1+c2 h+c3 h
Figure (I-4) shows the regression analysis of the polynomial equation
Linear Stage–Discharge Relationship
This equation is written as:
Q = a DS + b
(12)
Knowing Q (discharge, m3/s) and DS (water level downstream the gate), then the constants a & b
can be found from regression analysis. A plot is made between Q as ordinate and DS as abscissa and
the best-fit line is made using Excel software. Figure (I-5) shows the results of this Calculation and
Regression analysis.
140
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
The three different equations showed a value of R2 as 94 percent for Power relationship,
94 percent for the polynomial equation, and 93 percent for the linear equation. It can be concluded
that for a small range of water level variations, there is no significant difference in R2. Therefore, the
linear equation can be used, as it is simpler.
Table (I-4) Manning Equation for Nekla Canal
Calibration of K
L
FL
B
m
m (a.m.s.l)
m
9800
1.15
10
measurements
calculation
dswl
FG
Q
DS-FL
DS-FG
(DS-FL)5/3
(DS-FG)0.5
1.9
1.8
1.85
1.9
1.7
1.72
1.9
2
1.92
1.95
1.71
1.97
2.04
2.06
1.92
1.88
1.96
2.03
1.85
1.85
1.88
2.04
1.9
1.87
1.93
1.95
2.04
2.03
2.01
2.14
2
2.06
1.92
2
2
1.08
1.05
0.9
1.05
0.95
0.77
0.55
0.93
0.9
0.92
0.8
0.38
0.45
0.75
0.9
0.83
0.55
1.07
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.87
0.94
1.03
0.87
0.43
0.96
1.09
0.55
1.13
1.07
1.06
0.82
1.3
1.1
1.374
0.906
1.188
1.579
1.176
1.203
2.320
2.420
2.270
2.300
1.660
2.540
2.820
2.390
2.010
1.998
2.440
2.350
1.730
2.047
2.081
2.640
2.330
2.160
2.350
3.080
3.140
3.090
2.780
3.010
2.680
2.600
2.740
2.620
2.510
0.75
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.55
0.57
0.75
0.85
0.77
0.8
0.56
0.82
0.89
0.91
0.77
0.73
0.81
0.88
0.7
0.7
0.73
0.89
0.75
0.72
0.78
0.8
0.89
0.88
0.86
0.99
0.85
0.91
0.77
0.85
0.85
0.82
0.75
0.95
0.85
0.75
0.95
1.35
1.07
1.02
1.03
0.91
1.59
1.59
1.31
1.02
1.05
1.41
0.96
0.9
0.9
0.93
1.17
0.96
0.84
1.06
1.52
1.08
0.94
1.46
1.01
0.93
1
1.1
0.7
0.9
0.619
0.488
0.552
0.619
0.369
0.392
0.619
0.763
0.647
0.689
0.380
0.718
0.823
0.855
0.647
0.592
0.704
0.808
0.552
0.552
0.592
0.823
0.619
0.578
0.661
0.689
0.823
0.808
0.778
0.983
0.763
0.855
0.647
0.763
0.763
0.906
0.866
0.975
0.922
0.866
0.975
1.162
1.034
1.010
1.015
0.954
1.261
1.261
1.145
1.010
1.025
1.187
0.980
0.949
0.949
0.964
1.082
0.980
0.917
1.030
1.233
1.039
0.970
1.208
1.005
0.964
1.000
1.049
0.837
0.949
Average
ST dev
Coefficient of Variance
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
K
2.451
2.145
2.209
2.766
3.678
3.150
3.225
3.067
3.475
3.287
4.574
2.804
2.716
2.444
3.077
3.295
2.919
2.968
3.304
3.910
3.646
2.964
3.841
4.075
3.453
3.624
3.669
3.944
2.958
3.046
3.644
3.043
4.039
4.106
3.469
3.285
0.563
17%
141
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
Figure (1-3) Power Relation for Stage–Discharge
Stage-Discharge Relation for Flow ds
Safra Reg
50
45
40
Discharge (m3/s)
Reg km 56 on muis (Safra Reg)
DS
Q
4.1
13.83
3.9
12.98
4.15
18.28
3.98
13.19
4.3
23.09
4.5
29.57
4.5
28.14
4.85
45.68
4.55
32.32
4.7
35.38
4.3
26.06
4.45
29.04
4.65
33.91
4.7
38.57
4.3
22.4
4.35
18.14
4.6
34.97
35
30
25
20
Q = 0.0029 h6.13
2
R = 0.94
15
10
5
0
3.8
4
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5
Water Level (m a.m.s.l)
Fig (1-3) Power Relation for Stage- Discharge Relation
Figure (1-4) Polynomial Relation for Stage–Discharge
142
Polynomial Relation for Stage-Discharge Relation
(Safra Reg)
50
45
40
Discharge (m3/s)
Reg km 56 on muis (Safra Reg)
DS
Q
4.1
13.83
3.9
12.98
4.15
18.28
3.98
13.19
4.3
23.09
4.5
29.57
4.5
28.14
4.85
45.68
4.55
32.32
4.7
35.38
4.3
26.06
4.45
29.04
4.65
33.91
4.7
38.57
4.3
22.4
4.35
18.14
4.6
34.97
35
30
25
20
15
Q = 17.71 h2 - 120.21h + 211.47
R2 = 0.95
10
5
0
3.8
4
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5
Water Level (m, a.m.s.l)
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
3.3 Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves
Figure (I-5)
Linear Equation at El-Safra Regulator
Stage-Discharge relation for
Alsafra regulator KM56 kafer Sakr
50
Q = 34.47 DS - 125.02
Q (m3/s)
40
2
R = 0.93
30
20
10
0
3.5
4
4.5
5
DS (m a.m.s.l)
I.4 Calibration of the Weir of Saidia Canal Intake
This weir is constructed just downstream from the Saidia Canal intake to regulate the flow and
can be used to measure the flow. Table (I-5) shows the measurements and a plot was made for H as
an abscissa and Q as an ordinate. H is head of water on the weir, which equals water level upstream
the weir minus the level of weir crest. The Graph shows the exponential relationship that is written
as
Q = cH n
Table (1-5) Calibration of Weir Downstream Saidia Canal Intake
Table (I-6) Calibration of Weir downstream Saidia Canal intake
Cest level
7.15
Measured Water
Head (h)
Flow (Q) Level us
in m
in m3/s
wier
a.m.s.l
0.082
7.25
0.1
0.233
7.35
0.2
0.365
7.37
0.22
0.428
7.45
0.3
0.759
7.57
0.42
1.303
7.78
0.63
1.365
7.8
0.65
1.526
7.85
0.7
1.864
7.95
0.8
2.374
8.09
0.94
Fig (I-3) Calibration of Saidia Weir
crest level = 7.15
3
1.463
Q = 2.6143H
2
R = 0.9925
2.5
Q (m3/s)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
H (head on weir, m)
The constants c and n are found from the regression analysis. They are 2.6 and 1.46 respectively.
The relation showed very high correlation. The Coefficient of Determination, R2 is 99 percent.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
143
Guidelines
3.4 Matching Irrigation Supply and Demand (MISD)
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Introduction
The Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation (MALR) policy of free cropping choice for
farmers has made determination of irrigation water demands much more difficult and has led to a
significant mismatch in supplies and demands at times. Water shortages in some areas have resulted
from the lack of information on crop selection and dates of planting and harvesting.
The MWRI and the MALR have recognized the necessity of establishing a routine, accurate, and
systematic transfer of this information from farmers or the MALR to the MWRI. This is an important
step toward an efficient, demand-driven irrigation system. In 1999, the Matching Irrigation Supply and
Demand (MISD) process was initiated and implemented in four pilot districts, followed by another 26
districts. Currently, about 100 districts (serving about half of the total command area in Egypt) are
applying the MISD process in their water management program. Facilities such as computers, maps,
databases, and training have been provided to these districts to assist in efficient implementation of
the process. In this paper, brief guidelines are presented on the MISD process.
Principles of the MISD System
The MISD system is based on:
•
Forging cooperative links between the MALR and MWRI at the district level
•
Collecting agricultural data on cropping patterns and calendars in advance of planting (twice
each month; at the beginning and middle of the month) by MALR Hood4 extension agents.
•
Collecting agricultural data for all Hoods and branch canals within the irrigation district
boundaries and delivering it to the District engineer
•
Using a computer database program that allows the processing of the agricultural data and its
translation in terms of water demands (preferably at the district level)
•
Forwarding agricultural data and water demand information from the district through the
Irrigation General Directorate to the General Directorate of Water Distribution, then to
the Central Directorate for Water Distribution (CDWD) for scheduling water releases from
the High Aswan Dam (HAD)
•
Preparing the water allocation schedule and sending it back from the CDWD to the District
engineer through the Irrigation General Directorate
•
Scheduling canal rotations based on the District engineer’s water quota and crop water
requirements determined by the MISD process
•
Communicating information on canal rotations and water availability by the District engineer
to all farmers within the district (through the BCWUAs or through the MALR agents).
The hood is the smallest agricultural subdivision; it usually covers 100–300 feddans of adjacent plots irrigated
from the same branch canal (possibly through different mesqas).
4
144
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 3.4 MISD
Basic/Preliminary Arrangements for MISD Implementation
Formation of District Joint Committee
In most cases, the District irrigation command area overlaps more than one Agricultural/
Administrative District. The joint committee includes both the District Engineer and the Agriculture
Director of the main Administrative District, in addition to other supporting staff, to support and
follow-up the implementation of MISD process. This Agriculture Director also coordinates the
collection of crop information from other agricultural administrations within the boundary of the
District.
Adjustment and Verification of the Command Area
The District Engineer prepares a list of all branch and main canals in the district and related
command areas and sends it to the Agriculture Director.
Agriculture staff defines the Agricultural “Hoods” served by each canal and the related command
areas. The “Hood” area is assessed from the agricultural data that contains all landholdings. The total
canal command area can be determined as the summation of Hood areas served by that canal. If there
is some uncertainty or a difference between MALR estimates and MWRI estimates, it should be
solved through common field visits, review of cadastral maps, and the use of GPS equipment, if
available.
Define the Main Crops for Data Collection
The joint committee should agree on the two or three main crops on which to collect data every
15 days. Those crops are usually the most dominant/water-greedy crops in the district. Sugarcane in
Upper Egypt and rice in summer in the Delta are usual dominant crops. Other crops can be lumped
as one crop called “others.” There is no need to collect detailed information on these crops since
they involve small areas, and have lower water requirements.
The other important crop information to be collected is the total “non-irrigated area,” i.e. all
areas that do not require water for the period considered because these are:
•
Lands under preparation
•
Lands about to be harvested or already harvested
•
Lands being left fallow.
Crop Data Format
Four tables have to be filled in by Agricultural staff:
1.
A first Hood table prepared (once) for each Hood to include all farmers with their
landholdings and assess the total area
2.
A second Hood table to collect crop data every 2 weeks in each Hood and to be submitted
to the Agricultural Cooperative
3.
A third table is for the biweekly aggregation of crop data at Agricultural Cooperative level
4.
Finally the fourth table is used to compile, by canal, all crop information in the District
biweekly; this table is to be transmitted to the District on the 1st and 15th of every month.
Type of Data
The crop data to be collected and compiled includes:
•
Areas for each of the two or three main crops
•
Areas for other crops (lumped together)
•
Non-irrigated areas.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
145
Guideline 3.4 MISD
Crop data should include the crop areas for the coming 2 weeks (defined as ‘current period,’ and
the crop areas ‘expected’ for the 2 weeks after that.
Databases
Access and Excel databases exist and can be used if computers are available. These databases can
assist the aggregation of data at different levels (Agricultural Cooperative, canal, and District) and the
calculation of water requirements for each canal and district on a biweekly basis.
Operation of the MISD Process
Every two weeks these activities should be carried out:
146
•
MALR Extension Agents collect crop areas and calendar for each Hood through field
observations and interviews with BCWUA representatives or key farmers. This should take
a couple of days.
•
Data is sent to the Director of the Agricultural Cooperative (village level), who compiles the
crop data within the cooperative area. This should also take a couple of days.
•
Data is then sent to the Director of the Agricultural District for compilation and transmittal
to the District.
•
In the District, crop data is used to calculate the biweekly water requirements for the
district.
•
Crop data and water requirements are compiled every 2 weeks at the Irrigation General
Directorate, and sent first to the regional Water Distribution General Directorate (in Tanta
or Assuit) and eventually to the Central Directorate for Water Distribution in Cairo.
•
Based on availability and priorities, decisions are then made to release adequate amounts of
water from the HAD to meet the water requirements both in time and geographically.
•
Information regarding the volume of water allocated is then passed back to the regional
Water Distribution General Directorate, the Irrigation General Directorate, and District,
and eventually to the farmers and water users at large.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 3.4 MISD
Data Flow Diagram on Different Levels of MISD Program
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
147
Guideline 3.4 MISD
Standard Tables for Collecting Crop Information
Table 1
List of Farmers and Cultivated Areas (prepared once by extension agent)
Agricultural Administration
Hood
Date
Governorate
Agricultural Cooperative
Extension Agent Name
No.
Area
Farmer’s Name
Feddan
Kirat
1
2
3
…
Total
Table 2
Biweekly Cropping Pattern at Hood Level (prepared by extension agent)
Agricultural Administration
Hood
Extension Agent
Governorate
Agricultural Cooperative
Canal
Hood
Name
Existing Crops 1–15 December
Total
Area
Wheat
f
f
k
k
f: feddan = 24 k
Table 3
Berseem
f
k
Others
f
k
Nonirrigated
f
k
Wheat
f
k
Berseem
f
k
Others
f
k
Nonirrigated
f
k
k: Kirat
Cropping Pattern at Agricultural Cooperative Level (prepared by extension
agent)
Agricultural Administration
Governorate
Agricultural Cooperative
Hood
Name
Expected crops 15–end of December
Existing Crops 1–15 December
Total
Area
Wheat
f
f
k
k
Berseem
f
k
Others
f
k
Expected crops 15–end of December
Nonirrigated
f
k
Wheat
f
k
Berseem
f
k
Others
f
k
Nonirrigated
f
k
Hood 1
Hood 2
Hood 3
……
Total
148
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 3.4 MISD
Table 4
Cropping Pattern at District Level (prepared by agricultural district)
Agricultural Administration
Governorate
Canal
Existing Crops 1–15 December
Total
Area
Wheat
f
f
k
k
Berseem
f
k
Others
f
k
Expected crops 15–end of December
Nonirrigated
f
k
Wheat
f
k
Berseem
f
k
Others
f
k
Nonirrigated
f
k
Canal
1
Canal
2
Canal
3
……
……
Total
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
149
Guideline 3.4 MISD
Tables and Data Flow for MISD Process
Water Requirements downstream main barrages
Aswan Dam
Isna
Nagaa Hammadi
Assuit
Delta- Rosetta
Delta- Damietta
Zifta
Total
Maize
50
30
……
Crop areas
Current
Cotton Others Maize
30
70
40
60
15
50
……
……
……
Water Demand
Expected
current Expected
Cotton Others
30
80
50
55
……
……
Water Requirements on Principle Canal -1
Directorate - 1
Directorate - 2
……
……
Directorate - 11
Directorate - 21
Total
Maize
50
30
……
Crop areas
Current
Cotton Others Maize
30
70
40
60
15
50
……
……
……
Water Demand
Expected
current Expected
Cotton Others
30
80
50
55
……
……
Water Requirements on Principle Canal -2
Directorate 1
IWMD 1
IWMD 2
……
……
IWMD 7
IWMD 8
Total
Maize
50
30
……
Crop areas
Current
Cotton Others Maize
30
70
40
60
15
50
……
……
……
Water Demand
Expected
current Expected
Cotton Others
30
80
50
55
……
……
Directorate 12
Ag. District
IWMD 1
Canal 1
Canal 2
Canal 3
……….
Canal 10
Canal 11
Total
Maize
50
30
……
Crop areas
Current
Cotton Others Maize
30
70
40
60
15
50
……
……
……
Water Demand
Expected
current Expected
Cotton Others
30
80
50
55
……
……
C anal 1
C anal 2
C anal 3
……….
C anal 10
C anal 11
T o ta l
C u rre n t
C o tto n O th e rs
30
70
60
15
……
……
M a iz e
50
30
……
M a ize
40
50
……
E x p e c te d
C o tto n O th e rs
30
80
50
55
……
……
IWMD 8
Coop 1
Coop 2
Coop 3
Hood 1
Hood 2
…….
Maize
50
30
……
Current
Cotton Others Maize
30
70
40
60
15
50
……
……
……
Expected
Cotton Others
30
80
50
55
……
……
Hood 1
Hood 2
Hood 3
Current
Expected
Maize Cotton Others Maize Cotton Others
50
30
70
40
30
80
150
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guidelines
3.5 Water Resource Inventory
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
What is the Water Resource Inventory?
The Water Resource Inventory (WRI) is a process used to identify the availability of water from
different sources, the water needs of different users, and the tools (facilities) to store and/or carry
water to the users.
Purpose of the WRI
The WRI provides information for the Directorate’s annual water management plan. The
management plan tells how much water will be allocated to each IWMD on a monthly basis from
different sources to meet the water needs for the IWMD.
Output of the WRI
The WRI produces two main outputs:
1. Directorate annual water management plan on monthly basis
2. Scheduling and water distribution at the IWMD on daily basis (canal rotation).
Table 3.5.1 and figure 3.5.1 describe these outputs.
Conducting the WRI
The three parts of WRI are:
1. Water supply
2. Water demand
3. System physical facilities
Available water supply to each area (Directorate or IWMD) can be determined by the
Directorate together with the central departments such as the Irrigation and Groundwater Sectors to
cope with the MWRI policy and plans of water allocation.
The water demand plan will be prepared by the IWMD to meet all water needs within the
district such as agricultural, municipal, and industrial water needs. The IWMD will also provide
information on the system facilities such as irrigation and drainage networks, structures, and pumps.
Water Supply (Water Resources)
Available water supply to each area (Directorate or IWMD) can be determined by the
Directorate and the central departments.
Available water resources include:
•
Surface water (from canals, drainage reuse and wastewater reuse)
•
Groundwater
•
Rainfall.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
151
Guideline 3.5 Water Resource Inventory
152
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Summer
Winter
Turn D
Turn E
Turn A
Turn B
Turn C
6
7
8
Winter Closure
partial closure/oppenning
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Figure 3.5.1
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Canal Rotation for Rice Areas
1 2 3 4 5
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Guideline 3.5 Water Resource Inventory
IWMD Water Distribution and Scheduling Plan (Canal Rotation)
153
Guideline 3.5 Water Resource Inventory
Canal Water
The Central Directorate for Water Distribution will determine an annual water volume available
to the Directorate based on the operation policy of the High Aswan Dam (HAD), the allocation of
water to new areas, and the national water allocation plan. The Directorate, together with the
Central Directorate for Water Distribution will determine the monthly allocation of water to the
Directorate. Then, the Directorate, together with the IWMDs, determines the targeted water
allocation to each IWMD on a monthly basis. Table 3.5.2 can be produced:
Table 3.5.2
Targeted Water Allocation to the Directorate (million cubic meters),
Year 2007–08
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Total
Directorate
IWMD 1
IWMD 2
IWMD 3
IWMD 4
IWMD 5
Drainage and Wastewater
Reuse—Based on the national water resources plan, the Directorate will determine, with the
Irrigation Sector, the sites of water reuse (existing and proposed) according to tables 3.5.3 and 3.5.4:
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Tota
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Tota
On drain
Feb
On canal
Mar
GPS
Jan
Location
Dec
Source
Nov
Site
Existing Drainage Reuse Sites (Available for Year 2007–08)
Oct
Table 3.5.3
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Total
Feb
On drain
Mar
On canal
Jan
Location
GPS
Dec
Source
Nov
Site
Proposed (Planned by MWRI) Drainage Reuse Sites
Oct
Table 3.5.4
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Total
Groundwater
The Groundwater Sector of the MWRI is the main entity responsible for licensing groundwater
use according to the groundwater maps that show the existing and potential withdrawal from the
aquifer. Some areas have already reached the maximum withdrawal, and consequently there is no
further licensing for groundwater use in these areas.
The Directorate will work with the Groundwater Sector to develop a plan for groundwater use,
beginning by conducting a survey of existing groundwater use (private and governmental wells).
154
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 3.5 Water Resource Inventory
The Directorate may plan for increasing groundwater withdrawal. Such plans need to be
discussed with the Groundwater Sector to determine the current extent of withdrawal from the
aquifer, and the safe potential yield. Therefore, the Directorate will require this information:
•
Groundwater map and tables that show zones, existing withdrawal, and safe yield (provided
by the Groundwater Sector)
•
Directorate and IWMD groundwater well inventory
•
Directorate plans for new groundwater wells.
Using tables 3.5.5 and 3.5.6 may be useful.
Total
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
BC
Feb
GPS
Jan
Use (Irrig/M/I)
Dec
Location
Type
(gov/priv)
Nov
GW
Well
Groundwater Wells Inventory and Monthly Water Pumping (m3)
Oct
Table 3.5.5
1
2
3
4
Total
Total
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
BC
Feb
GPS
Jan
Location
Use (Irrig/M/I)
Dec
Type
(gov/priv)
Nov
GW
Well
Proposed Groundwater Wells and Expected Monthly Water Pumping (m3)
Oct
Table 3.5.6
1
2
3
4
Total
Total withdrawal (existing + Proposed)
Potential withdrawal (safe yield)
Note: This table should be updated every year to be used as an input to the water management plan
Rainfall
Egypt is an arid country where rainfall is not a dependable resource. However, in the northern
area (North of the Delta), rainfall in January can be effective. This will be known through collecting
climatic information from meteorological stations in each Directorate. Table 3.5.7 can be used:
Water Demand
These include:
•
Agricultural
•
Municipal (drinking and domestic uses)
•
Industrial
•
Other—environmental, navigation, fishing and ecological, hydropower generation, and
recreational uses.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
155
Guideline 3.5 Water Resource Inventory
Table 3.5.7
Data from Meteorological Station
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Total
Rainfall (mm)
Effective rainfall
(mm)
Temp
Max
Min
Avg. sunshine hours
Avg wind speed
Humidity %
ETo (mm/day)
All records are averaged over the month and over years (last 5 years)
Agricultural Water Demand
The following information needs to be collected to determine agricultural water demand:
•
Area
•
Crops and cropping pattern (indicative/targeted cropping pattern + actual cropping pattern
from last year’s records at the MISD)
•
Crop water requirements (ETc)
•
Irrigation efficiency
•
Soil leaching water requirements
•
Phreatophytes requirements (natural vegetation such as trees and hedges along canals).
Every year, each District receives an indicative/targeted cropping pattern from the MALR
administration at the District for the coming year. The IWMD will use these data, together with MISD
data (data collected in the previous year), to plan for agricultural water demands. Tables 3.5.8 and
3.5.9 can be used:
Table 3.5.8
Canal
Area
MISD Actual Cropping Pattern for Year 2006–07 for Branch Canals at
IWMD
Crops
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Total
Wheat
Berseem
Other
winter
Cotton
Rice
Others
summer
Fallow
Total
156
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 3.5 Water Resource Inventory
Table 3.5.9
Canal
Indicative/targeted Cropping Pattern for the IWMD for the Year 2007–08
Area
Crops
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Total
Wheat
Berseem
Other
winter
Cotton
Rice
Others
summer
Fallow
Total
Through consultation with MALR districts/directorate and MWRI Directorate, these tables can
be merged into one table showing the targeted (expected) cropping pattern for the next year. Water
demand will be determined for each branch canal and for each summation (inflow) point.
Crop Water Requirements
The MWRI has figures on crop water requirements. These represent the crop consumption of
water, and can be presented in a standard table to be used for planning (see sample table 3.5.10).
Table 3.5.10
Crop
Oct
Crop Water Consumption (ETc) for South Delta (m3/feddan)
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Total
Wheat
Berseem
Vegetables
..
..
Rice
Cotton
….
Note: This table will be delivered to the Directorate and IWMD by Irrigation Sector
Irrigation Efficiency
Irrigation efficiency is a key factor in determining water needs. It depends on the crop type, soil,
and plant growth stage. The Irrigation Sector and NWRC use a figure of 50 percent for rice crops
and 70 percent for other crops. This seems to be high efficiency, but can be used for stressed water
allocation when water resources are scarce. Water demand needs for crops are calculated through
the formula:
Water demand for crops = Crop Area × ETc ÷ Efficiency
Soil Leaching Water Requirements
Additional water is given to areas that suffer from salinity. This usually happens during
reclamation of new areas. The following table can be used to show the quantity of water needed for
soil leaching on monthly basis:
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Total
157
Guideline 3.5 Water Resource Inventory
Phreatophyte Water Requirements
This includes the trees and other natural vegetation on canal banks. The area can be determined
as: canal length × bank width × 2.
Based on the above information, the IWMD will prepare a table similar to table 3.5.11 for
agricultural water requirements per canal and per summation point:
Table 3.5.11 Canal/summation Point Water Demand for Agriculture for Year 2007–08
(million cubic meters)
Canal
Demand
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Total
Water demand
for crops
Canal
1
Leaching
Phreatophytes
Total
Canal
2
Canal
3
Municipal Water Requirements
To calculate the water requirements for municipal uses, the following information is needed:
•
Population (per village)
•
Population growth
•
Per capita use (from ministry of housing).
Data can be presented using table 3.5.12.
Table 3.5.12 Municipal WRI
Branch Canal
Village
Population
Growth Rate
Per Capita
Use (l/d)
Demand
(m3/d)
Source of water
(Canal/Groundwater)
1
2
..
Total
Note: The population can be taken from the last census. Next year’s population can be calculated using
population growth rates.
Industrial Water Requirements
Information needed is:
•
Type of industry
•
Location
•
Water requirements.
Data can be presented using table 3.5.13.
158
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 3.5 Water Resource Inventory
Table 3.5.13 Industrial WRI
Branch Canal
Factory
Source of water
(Canal/Groundwater)
Water Requirements
(m3/d)
Type of Industry
1
2
..
Total
Other Water Requirements
This includes additional water needed to maintain the environment and ecological systems. Some
canals may be used for navigation and consequently maintaining a water depth for navigation is
needed. The term “minimum flow” of the canal can be used. The minimum flow is to meet all water
requirements for agriculture, navigation, the environment, and others uses. Table 3.5.14 is useful.
Table 3.5.14 Minimum Flow for each Branch Canal at Inflow Point (m3/d)
BC
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Total
BC 1
BC 2
…
The total Water Demand for the IWMD can be figured, using table 3.5.15, on a monthly basis for
each Branch Canal and inflow point:
Table 3.5.15 Water Demand for IWMD for Year 2007–08 (million cubic meters)
Canal
Demand
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Total
Agriculture
Canal
1
Municipal
Industry
Others
Total
Canal
2
Canal
3
Total
Note: If the total water demand for a certain canal is less than minimum flow, then minimum flow will be
used instead.
System Physical Facilities
In order to meet the water requirements, there should be infrastructure with suitable capacity to
carry water to the users and/or to store it. Physical facilities can be classified as:
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
159
Guideline 3.5 Water Resource Inventory
1. Irrigation
1.1 canals
1.2 water structures (regulators, barrages, tail escapes, aqueducts, and weirs)
1.3 pumps
1.4 groundwater wells
2. Drainage
2.1 tile drains
2.2 open drains
2.3 water structures
2.4 pumps
3. Drainage Reuse Sites
3.1 pumps
4. Municipal
4.1 water supply
4.1.1 pump stations on canals
4.1.2 pumps on groundwater wells
4.2 Wastewater
4.1.1 treatment plant
4.1.2 untreated outlet (source point)
The inventory should describe each facility, its capacity, and its condition (state of repair) and any
deficiencies that prevent it from operating as designed. Descriptions of canals and drains should
include length, cross-sections, and capacities at the head, at the tail, and at selected points along the
length, and a description of condition and any limitations on their capacity to convey water. It should
include a table showing the length, area served, and capacity, and rotational schedule of all branch
canals served by the higher level canals.
The description of surface water pumping plants should include the size and capacity of pumps
and motors and the approximate head they must pump against.
The description of large public wells should include the size and capacity of the pump and the
diameter and depth of the well. The description of private wells, as a first approximation, could be an
estimate of the number and average capacity of all of the private wells in the district. If possible, the
number should be broken down by branch canal or other sub-unit of the district.
Tables 3.5.16–3.5.20 can be used as input to water management plan and/or scheduling:
Table 3.5.16 Canal Network and Water Structures
Area (feddans)
Canal
Name
Canal
Feeder
Length
(m)
Irrigable
Nonirrigable
*Max.
Discharge
(m3/s)
Existing
Canal
Width
(m)
Design data for the Cross-section
Bed
width
(m)
Side
slopes
Longitudinal
slope
Max
water
level
* at intake
160
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 3.5 Water Resource Inventory
Table 3.5.17 Drain Network and Water Structures
Drain
Name
Spills into
Max.
Discharge
(m3/s)
Area
Served
(feddans)
Length (m)
Drain
Width
Design data of Cross-section
Bed
width
(m)
Side
slopes
Longitu
dinal
slope
Table 3.5.18 Irrigation/ Drainage Pump Stations
Pump Name
Area Served
Spills into
Type
(Irr./Drainage/
GW/reuse)
Capacity, m3/s
Location
Pump
Efficiency
For groundwater pumps only governmental pumps will be considered
Table 3.5.19 Water Supply Pumps for Municipal & Industry
Canal
Pump Name
Location
Capacity,
m3/s
Used for
Municipal
Industry
Source
(GW/canal)
The “canal” column describes that the pump is located in the command area; either taking water from the
canal or from groundwater
Table 3.5.20 Wastewater Physical Facilities
Canal
Name of
Wastewater
Outlet
Spills into
Location
Type (Treated/
Untreated)
Discharge, m3/s
The “canal” column describes that the wastewater outlet is located in the command area. It may spill into a
drain or irrigate directly a certain area.
The IWMD and Directorate will use physical facility information to make sure that these facilities
have a capacity to meet all demands.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
161
Guidelines
3.6 Water Budget/Water Balance
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Purpose
The purpose of calculating the water balance and water budget is to help the Directorate to
answer three questions:
3. How equally is water being allocated among districts?
4. How efficiently is water being used within the district?
5. Is the district receiving its target allocation of water from the branch canal?
To answer these questions, data must to be collected for a certain period (seasonally and/or
annually) and some indicators need to be determined.
IWMD Water Budget Analysis
This approach looks for how much water has actually been delivered to each IWMD compared
with its water needs (target allocation). The process should answer the questions, “Is the district
receiving it’s target allocation of water from the branch canal” and “How equally is water being
allocated among the districts?” Table 3.6.1 shows the sample breakdown of the water delivery and
diversion from different sources and types and the quantity of water needs for a district. This table
should be made for the summer season (1 May–30 April), for the winter season (1 October–
30 September), and annually.
Water Diversion (Supply) Sources
•
Nile and Canal—Water diverted or pumped from the Nile and canals needs to be
calculated for the season based on the daily measurements of water levels and flow rating
curves. Calculation of the flow of canals and pumps are explained in Guideline 3.2, “Flow
Measurement,” and 3.3, “Calibration of Canal Flow Rating Curves.”
•
Drainage Reuse
•
Official Drainage Reuse—This includes the agricultural drainage water diverted into
the canal, mixed with canal water, through a pump or a pipe intake. This type of reuse is
usually constructed or authorized by the government. When it is constructed and
operated by the government, the quantity of drainage reuse can be measured. The
pumped drainage water (Q) can be calculated from the operating hours of the pump (t),
pump capacity (q), and pump efficiency (eff).
Q = q × t × 60 × 60 × eff
(1)
Where Q is measured in cubic meters (over a period of time, t), t in hours, and q in m3/s.
For pipe intakes, the head over the pipe intake needs to be measured. Other data such as
pipe diameter, length of the pipe, and pipe slope also need to be measured. Calculation of
flow through such a pipe is rather complicated, since it depends on many parameters. To
162
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 3.6 Water Budget/Water Balance
simplify it, we can consider here the following two cases: full pipe flow and partial full pipe
(open channel)
For pipe flow, the key factor for calculation of the flow is water head on the pipe intake.
Figure 3.6.1
Drainage Pipe Flow
• uswl
•
Drain H
uswl
H
Drain
dswl
To canal
To canal
Q p = C d A p 2 gH
dswl
(2)
3
Where: Qp: the pipe flow m /s
Cd: discharge coefficient can be calibrated or roughly taken as 0.6
Ap =
π D2
where D is the pipe diameter in meters
4
H: the head on the pipe intake; it equals the difference between the upstream and
downstream water levels when the downstream end of the pipe is submerged. It
equals the water depth between the upstream water level and the center of the
pipe when dswl is lower than the upper rim of the pipe.
If more than one pipe is used, n pipes, then the total flow of drainage water equals:
QT = n × Qp
(3)
Then, the daily flow (cubic meters) can be calculated through measuring the uswl and
dswl and consequently the seasonal drainage reuse can be calculated.
QT = n × Qp × 24 ×60 × 60
•
•
m3/d
(4)
Unofficial Drainage Reuse—Unofficial drainage reuse is made by farmers on their
own, without permission from the government. Farmers, particularly those at the tail
end of the canal sometimes pump drainage water from a nearby drain to their field
directly to compensate for lack of irrigation water in the canal. This type of reuse is
usually done during the summer season. It is difficult to measure the quantity of unofficial
drainage reuse; however, by making an inventory of farmers’ pumps along the drains,
pump capacity, and operating hours, a reasonable estimate of the quantity of drainage
reuse can be calculated using equation (1)
Groundwater
•
Government Groundwater Wells—This type of groundwater use is supported by
the government, which digs wells to pump groundwater into a canal. Calculation of the
quantity of groundwater pump flow can be calculated using equation (1).
•
Individual Groundwater Wells—This type of groundwater use is made by farmers
digging wells in their fields and pumping groundwater to their fields when canal water is
insufficient. This type of groundwater use includes official and unofficial use. The official
one is licensed by the government for those who don’t have access to canal water. The
unofficial groundwater use is not licensed and farmers use it when water is insufficient or
not available. Measurement of quantity of individual groundwater use is difficult and
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
163
Guideline 3.6 Water Budget/Water Balance
needs an extensive inventory. Information about pump capacity, pump operating hours,
and efficiency are needed to calculate the groundwater use as explained before.
Water Needs
•
Water Needs for Agriculture—this information needs to be collected seasonally
•
Irrigated area
•
Rice area—decreed and actual area
•
Sugarcane area
•
Water demand from MISD database.
•
Municipal Water Demand
•
Industrial Water Demand
•
Other Water Demand.
Indicators
After collecting data on water supply and demand for a certain season, it needs to be entered
into table 3.6.1. Then indicators need to be determined for each IWMD. These indicators include:
•
Water surplus or deficit (m3) = total water supplied less total water demand: If the result
of this indicator is positive it means there was a surplus of water and vice-versa.
•
Water use index = water supply divided by water demand: For best water management,
this index should equal 1.0. If it is higher than one, it means that the IWMD received more
water than the demand and vice-versa.
•
Percentage of non-conventional water = Summation of drainage reuse plus
groundwater use divided by total water supply: This indicator shows how much nonconventional water is used within each IWMD. The higher the non-conventional water, the
less the canal water is allocated.
•
Per feddan water delivery (m3) = total water supplied to irrigated area divided by
irrigated area. Total Water supplied to irrigated area = total water supply minus municipal and
industrial water withdrawals
•
Percent of rice (official and unofficial) = rice area divided by irrigated area.
•
Percent of sugar cane = sugar cane area divided by irrigated area.
These indicators will help the directorate to differentiate among IWMDs. For example, the
Water use index can be used to check the equality of water allocation among IWMDs. The
percentage of non-conventional water can also show which IWMDs suffer from lack of canal water
and then the directorate can decide on procedures for improving water allocation to such IWMDs.
Table 3.6.1
Water Budget and Allocation at District, Summer Season
Water Demand
(million m3)
1. Agriculture
1-1 Area Served (f)
1-2 Rice Area (f)
1-3 Sugar Cane Area (f)
1-3 Water Req. (MISD data)
2. Municipal
3. Industry
4. Other
164
Water Supply
(million m3)
1, Canal
2. Drainage Reuse
230
40,000
10,000
0
240
1.8
1.8
2-1 Official
2-2 Unofficial
3. Groundwater
3-1 Governmental
3-2 Individual
2
10
Total Non-conventional Water
14
1.5
0.5
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 3.6 Water Budget/Water Balance
Water Supply
(million m3)
Water Demand
(million m3)
Total Water Demand
243.6
Total Water Supply
Indicators
1. Water surplus(+) or deficit (-) in million m3
2. Water use index
3. Percent of non-conventional water
4. Per feddan water delivery, m3
5. Percent of rice
6. Percent of sugar cane
244
+ 0.4
1.002
6
6,100
25
0
Indicative Balance of the IWMD Water Allocation
Concept
Preparing an indicative water balance exercise for the IWMD supply helps to understand how
efficiently water is used within the district. The recommended approach is a simple comparison of
District supply to the amount of the District supply that flows out of the District as drainage (District
supply that is applied to the land but is not utilized within the District). This is illustrated in Figure
3.6.2.
Figure 3.6.2
Schematic Diagram of Water Balance for a Command Area
CANAL INFLOW
Water Consumption
• Crops
• Municipal
• Industrial
• Other
CANAL OUTFLOW
The water balance calculation can be made using the following factors:
1. Water inflow – canal water supplied at the gate of the IWMD (or command area),
disregarding other internal supplies such as drainage reuse or conjunctive groundwater use
that is made available within the district boundaries. If drainage water from outside of the
district boundaries is mixed with the canal water, it is considered as water inflow.
2. Water outflow – canal water exiting the district measured, at the downstream boundary of
the district
3. Generated drain flow—the drainage water that is generated within the IWMD boundaries and
flows out of the IWMD boundary to sinks or drains. To determine the amount of generated
drain flow, measure the drainage flow at the upstream IWMD boundary and at the
downstream IWMD boundary. Then;
Generated drain flow = drainage outflow – drainage inflow
4. Water depletion—this item accounts for water consumption by crops, municipal, and
industrial uses, evaporation, canal losses, and other miscellaneous consumptive uses. Water
depletion can be calculated from:
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
165
Guideline 3.6 Water Budget/Water Balance
Water Depletion = Water inflow – (Water outflow plus Generated drain flow).
Data Needed
The key information and data are canal water inflow and outflow and drainage inflow and outflow
for a certain command area (IWMD, in this case). The IWMDs presently have a monitoring program
to measure these parameters on a biweekly basis.
Indicators
From these data, we can calculate the following indicators:
1. System efficiency = Water depletion ÷ District allocation
This indicator shows how efficiently water is allocated and how the canal system operates. If the
efficiency is low, the directorate should work with the IWMD to improve water management and
allocation and to improve system performance through weed removal, and rehabilitation of gates and
water structures.
2. Drainage ratio = Drain outflow ÷ Drain inflow
This indicator shows how much water is lost from the IWMD or a command area. The drainage
ratio of the irrigation system in Egypt is usually considered as 1:3 for design purposes.
The drainage rate (m3/feddan) = (Generated drainage – M&I depletion)
÷ Irrigated area
3.
This indicator shows how much water is drained from a feddan. It can be used to compare
among different IWMDs. The higher the drainage rate, the lower the system and management
performance. Low drainage ratio may mean that the tile drainage system is insufficient or that
maintenance and/or rehabilitation of the drainage system is needed.
Related Guidelines
3.2
3.3
166
Flow Measurement
Calibration
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guidelines
3.7 Computer and Networks Maintenance
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Systems and Networks Maintenance Guidelines
•
It is essential for safety and disk management to partition the PC’s hard disk(s) into more
than one partition. One of the partitions should be dedicated for the operating system (OS
.system files) with a free space of not less than 2 Giga Byte (1 GB = 1024 MB). It is not
allowed to save any other data on this partition.
•
One other partition should be dedicated for data and information and historic databases.
Data on this partition should be archived on Compact Disks (CDs) or any other archiving
media on a weekly basis.
•
Another partition should be dedicated for backups of the operating system.
•
After installing the OS, the computer system manager should update the operating system
dynamically, whenever new Service packs and/or patches from windows updates become
available.
•
Follow up on OS updates through www.Microsoft.com on a weekly basis.
•
Install an Antivirus program and update its data file at least twice a week.
•
Issue routine backups of the operating system after installation and installation of other
software using “Norton Ghost” or “Drive Images,” to be used in case of emergency
maintenance.
•
The previous operation should be repeated every time a new software is installed on
the computer system.
•
In order to manage computer accounts, there should be two types of accounts:
•
User accounts, with limited privileges, to be used by normal users to accomplish daily
regular operations.
•
Administrative accounts, for systems management activities and installation of new
hardware and issuing system updates, antivirus data file updates, and system images and
database backup procedures.
•
Do not install any unauthorized software, since this can have Spyware and viruses, which will
reduce the computer system’s performance.
•
Copies of Hardware and PC card drivers should be done through the OS utilities. Those
drivers can be used later, whenever required.
•
Local Area Network “file sharing” should be done only when needed and cancelled
immediately after the operation for which it is done is accomplished.
•
Internet activities should not be done before the system manager makes sure that the last
antivirus update is installed with the new virus definition.
•
Do not enter unknown advertising and/or commercial sites on the internet since they are
often used as a tool for propagating viruses and/or PC spyware.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
167
Guideline 3.7 Computer and Networks Maintenance
•
168
Do not open any e-mail from unknown senders or with an unknown subject, since e-mails
are also vulnerable to viruses and PC spyware.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guidelines
3.8 Mapping Branch Canal Areas
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Objective
Accurate maps of the branch canal (BC) areas assists in evaluating aspects of the agricultural area
served by the BC. This will help improve the calculation of water needs, and the allocation of water
resources. Ultimately, this will improve matching irrigation supply and demand (MISD).
Tools
•
GPS device
•
Computer with Autodesk Map and DNR Garmin5 software
•
Cadastral maps or satellite imagery
•
Digitized base map of the district.
Method
For each BC, the area served is defined as the total irrigable land that is usually supplied with
water from the BC for crop production. Fallow lands—lands not irrigated this year or this season but
irrigated the year before—should be included.
This BC served area may differ:
•
Significantly from the total area within the boundaries of the BC, which may include urban,
industrial, and other non-agricultural areas.
•
Slightly from the net agricultural area, because of the way it is measured (BCs, mesqas, minor
drains, and roads may be included).
•
Significantly—especially in Upper Egypt—from the legal area, as new lands are developed and
irrigated informally on the desert fringes.
1.
Before starting field work: Using the cadastral map, if available (or satellite photos),
district digital maps, and district schematics, draw the boundaries of the BC served area on
the cadastral map. Identify landmarks along that boundary (such as roads, canals, and drains)
to prepare for the field work. Also identify nonagricultural areas (urban, industrial, and other
areas). Because the available cadastral maps are quite old, expect that nonagricultural areas
will have significantly expanded.
2. Field work: Go into the field and check the boundaries of the served areas. Use landmarks
to compare with the boundaries initially drawn on the map. Ask farmers from which BC a
plot is irrigated when there is a doubt. Correct the boundaries on the map.
DNR Garmin software was designed to provide users the ability to directly transfer data between Garmin GPS
handheld receivers and various GIS software packages. It can be downloaded at no cost at:
http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/mis/gis/tools/arcview/extensions/DNRGarmin/DNRGarmin.html
5
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
169
Guideline 3.8 Mapping Branch Canal Areas
Once sure of the boundaries, use your GPS track function and circle (by car or on foot) the
area. Go back to your starting point to close the boundary line, and save the track on your
GPS device. At this point you can use the Area Calculator function of the GPS to give a first
estimate of the area.
Investigate the non-agricultural areas and repeat the process: circle these areas by car or on
foot and save the track. Again using the Area Calculator function of the GPS can give you a
first estimate.
3. Computer work: Connect the GPS device to your computer. Make sure you set the map
projection correctly. Then import the tracks to Autodesk Map from the GPS using DNR
Garmin software and save these tracks as shapefiles.
Overlay the tracks on the 1/25,000 base map. On the screen, check that the tracks are
correctly aligned on the map— i.e. that they match known landmarks. Then use the ‘list’
command to evaluate the boundary area.
Proceed similarly to evaluate and deduct the non-agricultural areas and to get the branch
canal served area.
Results can be presented in a table:
Feeder
Canal
Branch
Canal
Main
Boundaries
Gross Area
(feddans)
Non-agricultural
Areas
(feddans)
Net Irrigable Area
(feddans)
Comments:
170
•
Focus on one BC at a time.
•
Do not consider small urban areas (a few isolated houses, small villages of a dozen houses).
Only consider villages or parts of towns that cover more than 5 feddans (5 feddans is about
100 m × 200 m, or 4 football fields).
•
When circling an area, try to exclude the large canals and drains that may be the boundaries.
•
Be clear and consistent in the units you use: square kilometers, hectares, or feddans.
•
Be consistent in the map projection you use: GCS, WGS1984, Degree (lat and long) or WGS
1984, UTM 36N, Meter.
•
If you have a planimeter, you should use it with the cadastral map to check that the area
measurement is correct.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guidelines
3.9 Integrated Water Resources Management Plan
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Introduction
An Integrated Water Resources Management Plan (IWRMP) is an annual plan to be implemented
over the agricultural year starting from 1st October till end of September. The IWRMP is an output
of the Water Resources Inventory prepared by both the Integrated Water Management Districts
(IWMDs) and Directorates (see guidelines 3.5). The Directorate plan is a consolidation of IWMD
plans. Once completed; the Directorate IWRMP is sent to the General Directorate of Water
Distribution then to Irrigation Sector (Central Level) for checking and approval. The approved plan is
sent back to the Directorate and IWMDs for implementation. The approved plan should be made
available at IWMDs and Directorate before October 1 (preferably in mid-September).
The elements of the plan include a discussion of:
•
Agricultural water requirements
•
Non-agricultural water requirements (municipal, industrial,…)
•
Targeted Water allocation to meet water requirements segregated by different sources
(Nile, drainage, groundwater, rainfall,..)
•
Canal rotation
•
A proposal for canal maintenance and structure rehabilitation so as to avoid constraints for
implementing the plan
•
A proposal for involvement of BCWUAs in removing constraints and obstacles to the water
management plan
Annex (1) shows sample IWRMP tables that include the above mentioned elements of the plans.
These tables should be filled in and completed by IWMDs and the Directorate. In this guideline we
explain how these plan elements can be calculated. Calculation of plan elements will be made for
inflow points of IWMDs and the Directorate.
Agricultural Water Requirements
To determine the agricultural water requirements, data on the following parameters need to be
collected:
•
Cropping pattern and crop calendar
•
Overall water distribution efficiency (including field and conveyance efficiencies)
•
Standard MWRI crop water requirements
•
Salt leaching requirements
•
Canal banks natural vegetation water requirements
Data on crop pattern can be collected from two sources; MISD database for the previous year
and MALR indicative cropping pattern for the coming year. Hence, the IWMDs and Directorate need
to work closely together with MALR and decide on the expected cropping pattern for the next year.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
171
Guideline 3.9 Integrated Water Resources Management Plan
Overall water use efficiency and crop water requirements can be decided by Directorate and
Irrigation Sector. Then, total crop water requirement can be calculate from:
Crop Water Requirement for crop i = ETc(i) × Ac(i) / eff
The leaching water requirement is dependent on the irrigation water quality, the volume of
irrigation water to be consumed by crops (ET) and the salt tolerance of the mix of crops being
grown. The following equation can be used:
AW =
ET
1 − LR
Where LR is leaching factor and it is calculated as follows:
LR =
ECw
5 ECe − ECw
Where:
AW: Water to be applied
ECe : the electrical conductivity of the soil, available from tables of salt tolerance
ECw : the electrical conductivity of the irrigation water
The canal bank vegetation water requirement should be estimated based on actual conditions of
vegetation type and amount.
Then, total agricultural water requirement includes leaching plus crop water requirements plus
canal bank vegetation water requirements and should be computed using Table !-1.
Non-Agricultural Water Requirements
These requirements include industrial, municipal, and other requirements. For municipal water
requirements there are two ways to calculated them; (1) using population and daily per capita
requirements and (2) using actual water abstracted from Nile, canals, and groundwater specifically for
municipal use. Industrial water requirements data are available from each district’s Water Resources
Inventory tables. Table I-2 can then be completed by calculating the municipal and industrial demands
and estimating the “others” demand based on site-specific conditions and characteristics.
Targeted Water Allocation to IWMD
Table 1-4 shows the targeted water allocation segregated by various sources (Nile, canal,
drainage reuse and groundwater) to meet the different water requirements of the IWMD. These data
are collected from Water Resources Inventory tables that contain actual canal flows, existing and
planned drainage reuse and groundwater abstraction.
Canal Rotation
Each IWMD should prepare a table showing all canals and rotation turns planned daily
throughout the year (Table I-5A & I-5B). The “on periods” are denoted by a check mark (√) and the
“off periods” are denoted by leaving the period blank. Rotation for each canal will consider the canal
conditions, canal length, canal width, command area, % of rice/sugar cane, and the conditions of water
structures.
172
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 3.9 Integrated Water Resources Management Plan
Canal and Water Structures Maintenance
Implementation of the IWRMP can be difficult if canals and water structures are not well
maintained. Therefore, the IWMD water distribution Engineer should determine the canals and water
structures maintenance requirements to be considered for the integrated maintenance plan. These
requirements may include gate rehabilitation, canal pitching, etc. (see Table I-6).
BCWUAs Plan
Participatory water management is a major part of implanting the IWRMP. Water users can play
an important role in facilitating the implementation of the IWRMP. The IWMD water distribution
Engineer in each IWMD should prepare a list of proposed activities for BCWUAs to be considered in
their BCWUA plan (see table I-7)
Water Management at Directorate Level
IWMDs plan will be sent to Directorates to be consolidated and the Directorate IWRMP can be
developed by consolidating the various District plans. The Directorate will be responsible for
reviewing IWMDs plans and calculations and developing the Directorate plan for the inflow points
(see tables II-1 to II-4). The Directorate plan should be sent to the Water Distribution Directorates
and Irrigation Sector for review and approval to be considered in preparing the High Aswan Dam
releases program. The approved plan will be sent back to Directorate for implementation.
I. Integrated Water Resources Management Plan for IWMD
1
2
3
Total
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
Dec
Canal/
Area
Inflow
Demand
(feddan)
Point
Nov
Agricultural Water Requirements for IWMD (For inflow points), 2007/2008
Oct
Table I-1
Water
demand
for crops
Leaching
Canal
banks
vegetation
Total
Water
demand
for crops
Leaching
Canal
banks
vegetation
Total
Water
demand
for crops
Leaching
Canal
banks
vegetation
Total
Total
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
173
Guideline 3.9 Integrated Water Resources Management Plan
Total
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Demand
Jan
Area
(feddan)
Dec
Inflow
point
Nov
Canal/
Non-Agricultural Water Requirements for IWMD (for inflow points),
2007/2008
Oct
Table I-2
Municipal
Industrial
others
Total
Municipal
Industrial
others
Total
Municipal
Industrial
others
Total
1
2
3
Total
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Total
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Total
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
Dec
Canal/Inflow Area
point
(feddan)
Nov
Total Water Requirements for IWMD (for inflow points), 2007/2008
Oct
Table I-3
1
2
3
Total
1
2
3
Total
174
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
Dec
Source
of
Water
Nov
Canal/
Inflow
Point
Targeted Water Allocation to IWMD, 2007/2008
Oct
Table I-4
Canal
Reuse
GW
Total
Canal
Reuse
GW
Total
Canal
Reuse
GW
Total
Canal
Reuse
GW
Total
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 3.9 Integrated Water Resources Management Plan
Table I-5A
Canal Rotation for IWMD, October 2007
% of
Total
Canal Area length rice/S 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
“on
cane
BC1
days”
√ √
√
√ √
√ √
√ √
√
√
BC2
BC3
BC4
BC5
…..
BC 40
This table will be made for each month
Table I-5B
Canal Rotation Plan, 2007/2008
Canal Rotation for Rice Areas
1 2 3 4 5
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Winter
Summer
Table 1-6
Canal
BC1
Turn A
Turn B
Turn C
Winter Closure
partial closure/oppenning
Turn D
Turn E
Planned Canal Maintenance/Rehabilitation/Construction, 2007/2008
Gate
Rehab.
4
BC2
BC3
Water
Structures
Pitching
(Regulators/Weir
s/ Pumps)
1 x-reg
3 km
GW
Wells
Reuse
Pump
1
2 aqueducts
1
2
BC4
2
BC5
1 tailscape
…..
1
BC 40
Total
6
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
3 km
4
1
175
11
Guideline 3.9 Integrated Water Resources Management Plan
Table 1-7
BCWUAs Maintenance Plan, 2007/2008
Mesqa
Removal of
Intake
Encroachm
Rehabilitaents/
tion
Violations
Canal
Pollution
Control
Control of
Illegal Rice
BC1
BC2
BC3
BC4
BC5
…..
BC 40
II. Integrated Water Resources Management Plan for Directorate
Total
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Demand
Jan
Area
(feddan)
Dec
Inflow
Point
Nov
Canal/
Agricultural Water Requirements for Directorate (for inflow points),
2007/2008
Oct
Table II-1
Water demand
for crops
Leaching
1
Canal banks
vegetation
Total
Water demand
for crops
Leaching
2
Canal banks
vegetation
Total
Total
1
2
Total
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
Demand
Dec
Canal/
Area
Inflow
(feddan)
Point
Nov
Non-Agricultural Water Requirements for Directorate (for inflow points),
2007/2008
Oct
Table II-2
Municipal
Industrial
others
Total
Municipal
Industrial
others
Total
Total
176
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 3.9 Integrated Water Resources Management Plan
Total
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
Dec
Area
(feddan)
Nov
Canal/
Inflow
Point
Total Water Requirements for Directorate (for inflow points), 2007/2008
Oct
Table II-3
1
2
Total
1
2
3
4
5
Total
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Feb
Jan
Dec
Mar
Total
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Source of
Water
Feb
IWMD
Targeted Water Allocation to Directorate (by IWMD by Source),
2007/2008
Jan
Table II-4B
Dec
Total
Nov
2
Canal
Reuse
GW
Total
Canal
Reuse
GW
Total
Canal
Reuse
GW
Total
Oct
1
Source of
Water
Nov
Canal/
Inflow
Point
Targeted Water Allocation to Directorate (by canal inflow point),
2007/2008
Oct
Table II-4A
Canal
Reuse
GW
Total
Canal
Reuse
GW
Total
Canal
Reuse
GW
Total
Canal
Reuse
GW
Total
Canal
Reuse
GW
Total
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
177
Guideline 3.9 Integrated Water Resources Management Plan
2
3
4
5
Total
10
%
10
%
10
%
Total
33
Sep
25
Aug
0
Jul
25
Jun
35
May
Mar
30
Apr
Feb
m.
m3
%
Jan
1
Dec
IWMD
Nov
Canal Targeted Water Allocation to Directorate (by volume, by IWMD),
2007/2008
Oct
Table II-4C
m3
%
m3
%
m3
%
m3
%
m3
%: the percentage of targeted canal water allocation to IWMD with respect to the total Directorate targeted
water.
This % help the Directorate reallocates water among IWMDs in case of water shortage/surplus.
Elsahel
m. m3
%
Berket Elsabaa m. m3
%
Total
m. m3
Quesna
m. m3
%
m. m3
%
m. m3
S Zifta
Total
178
Total
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
33
Apr
30 35 25 0 25
43% 43% 45% 0%
40 45 30 2 32
100
57% 57% 55%
%
70 80 55 2 57
Jan
Mar
Elatf
Feb
Quesna
Dec
Sharing
IWMDs
Oct
Canal
Nov
Table II-4D Distribution of Canal Targeted Water among IWMDs, 2007/2008
46
79
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guidelines
3.10 Water Quality Management
Foreword
These guidelines are meant to assist and guide MWRI staff in performing a specific task. These
guidelines should be followed under most circumstances.
Purpose
The process of water quality monitoring should principally be seen as a sequence of related
activities that starts with the definition of information needs, and ends with the use of the information
product. This sequence of activities is linked in a cycle, which is called the 'monitoring cycle.'
Monitoring Cycle
Water Management—The need for information should be based on the main issues or
problems in management of water, and the active use of information in the decision-making process.
Water management should consider the functions/use of a water system, the problems and threats to
the water system and the possible measures that can be taken to manage the water system.
Information Needs—The most critical step in a successful water quality monitoring program is
a clear definition and specification of the monitoring objectives and information needs for water
management. Information needs and monitoring objectives need to be specified so that the following
steps in the monitoring cycle can logically follow.
Monitoring Strategy—After the information needs have been specified, a monitoring strategy
is required to design and operate the monitoring program in such a way that the desired information
is obtained. The strategy defines the approach and the criteria needed for a proper design of the
monitoring program.
Network Design—The design of the monitoring network includes selection of sampling
locations, parameters, and frequency. These aspects of the design can and should be specified in a
short document that answers the following question:
•
•
What are the monitoring objectives and relevance to information needs?
•
to build up an overall picture of the aquatic environment, enabling pollution cause and
effect to be judged
•
to provide long-term background data against which future changes can be assessed
•
to detect trends, gradients, patterns, structure, and cohesion
•
to provide warnings of potentially deleterious changes
•
to check for compliance or for charging purposes
•
to precisely characterize an effluent or water body (possibly to enable classification)
•
to investigate pollution and pollution loads.
Where to measure Water Quality Indicators to fulfill the intended uses?
•
Irrigation canals (by far the largest consumer)
•
Drainage systems and its contribution for reuse for agriculture
•
Deep wells used for drinking and agricultural purposes.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
179
Guideline 3.10 Water Quality Management
•
What is the sampling frequency of the water quality indicators?
Sampling frequency is defined as the number of samples taken per unit time at each sampling
point. As with network density, frequency of sampling is closely linked to the monitoring
objective and other factors such as the known or suspected variability of the samples and the
cost of the sampling and analytical effort. Since monitoring is costly and undertaken for
managerial purposes, it is of paramount importance to be aware of the added value of the
incremental information obtained. If the added value is diminishing, the monitoring efforts
can become less extended (space-, time- and parameter-wise). On the other hand, there is
intrinsic value in monitoring for scientific reasons—to build up an archive about water
quality—and these efforts should not be abandoned easily.
•
Which Water Quality Parameters are to be measured and monitored?
Suggested water quality parameters for each sample station are general (basic parameters,
many of which can be measured instrumentally either in the field or in the laboratory).
Sample Collection—Sample collection refers to going to the field and collecting the water
samples to be analyzed for water quality parameters. Samples are collected at the sampling locations
and with the sampling frequency as specified in the network design. Some simple 'field analyses' are
conducted at the time of sample collection.
District engineers have to be well educated and well equipped to perform the required sampling
and analysis. The education of district engineers should contain at least:
•
Basic water quality concepts
•
Basic chemistry concepts
•
Sampling techniques for surface and groundwater
•
Theoretical and practical knowledge of “field measurement” methods, including calibration of
equipment, sampling, and sample preservation
•
Basic statistics, aiming at becoming acquainted with presentation in the form of box-whisker
(percentiles, minima, mean, maxims), trend, gradient, and isopleths diagrams, enabling them
to recognize structure and cohesion in water quality parameters.
Samples are to be collected at the selected place at the intended date and time of sampling.
Usually, the samples to be collected are grab-samples.
Field Measurements—A number of water quality parameters will be measured in the field by
the district engineer. Normally, this is because these parameters are likely to change their value
before they can be analyzed in a laboratory. In the context of this program, there are four physicochemical parameters that normally need to be measured in the field. These parameters are:
1.
Dissolved oxygen
2.
Temperature
3.
pH
4.
Conductivity
Those parameters can most usefully be determined in the field by means of a small portable
instrument capable of measuring all of them. As instruments of this type require at least daily
calibration and regular maintenance a supply of distilled water, pH buffers, standard solutions,
batteries, and basic spare parts should also be carried with the instrument.
Laboratory Analysis—The majority of samples collected in the field are brought to a chemical
laboratory for analysis of various water quality parameters. The parameters to be analyzed are
according to the specifications in the network design. Laboratory analysts have to be well trained and
180
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 3.10 Water Quality Management
well equipped to perform the required analysis. The education of laboratory analysts should contain at
least:
•
Basic water quality concepts
•
Basic chemistry concepts
•
Good laboratory practices
•
Theoretical and practical knowledge of most common analysis methods
•
Basic statistics
•
Quality Assurance methods for the laboratory.
Data Handling—The results of the field and laboratory analyses are entered into a Database
Management System. The Database Management System (DBMS) was designed, built, and introduced
to districts as a water quality management tool for monitoring and surveillance purposes at the
district level. It allows for entry of results from field and laboratory tests, and for the introduction of
simplified water quality status reports for each district.
Data Analysis—In this step, the collected data are analyzed, keeping in mind the information
needs and objectives of the monitoring program (as defined in step 2). Data analysis should provide
information (i.e. transform data to information) that is relevant to the water managers. In this
context, data analysis will take place within the Database Management System.
Reporting—In this step, the results of the data analysis are reported to the water managers and
others who want and need the water quality information. Reporting is typically done via a written
report, but can also be presented by a GIS system, electronically, or as a presentation.
Information Utilization—The water managers who receive the information from the
monitoring program via the report(s) can then act. For example, measures could be taken to address
identified problems.
Checklist for Field Visit
Table 3.10.1 gives a list of items that should be checked before starting on a sampling mission. At
least a day before sampling, make sure that all the arrangements are made, as per the checklist.
Make sure that you know how to reach sampling site(s). Locate each site on a map that shows
the sample collection point with respect to prominent landmarks in the area. In case there is any
deviation in the collection point, record it on the sample identification form, giving the reason for the
deviation.
Note that, depending on the local conditions, water body, or analysis requirements, not all items
on the checklist may be necessary. Other items not listed may be required. The field operations
technician may make his or her own personal checklist based on Table 1.
Decide how many of each item might be required, depending on the number of samples to be
collected. It is always safer to carry a few extra items.
If for any reason the laboratory conducting the analyses is different from the laboratory preparing
the sample bottles, ensure that the concerned laboratory is informed of the program and ready to
receive samples, particularly those that need immediate attention.
Sample Identification Forms
The sample identification form provides a record of important information about the sample
collected. Complete the sample identification form at each monitoring site, detailing the samples that
are collected at that site. Note that if more than one bottle is filled at a site, for different types of
analyses, this is to be registered on the same form.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
181
Guideline 3.10 Water Quality Management
Table 3.10.1
Checklist for Field Visit
Item/Activity
•
Itinerary for the trip (route, stations to be covered,
start and return time)
•
Personnel and sample transport arrangement
•
Area map
•
Sampling site location map
•
Icebox filled with ice or icepacks
•
Weighted bottle sampler
•
DO sampler
•
Rope
•
BOD bottles
•
Sample containers
•
Special sample containers: bacteriological, heavy
metals, etc.
•
Gloves and eye protection
•
Sample preservatives (e.g. acid solutions)
•
Thermometer
•
Tissue paper
•
Other field measurement kit as required
•
Sample identification forms
•
Labels for sample containers
•
Field notebook
•
Pen / pencil / marker
•
Soap and towel
•
Match box
•
Spirit lamp
•
Torch
•
Drinking water
•
Knife
Quantity
Available
Local conditions, such as weather, human activity on the banks, and state of water body at the
sampling site should be recorded on the form, at the time of sampling. Such information may be useful
in analysis of data.
The form for identifying the sample and recording the field measurements and site conditions is
shown in Figure 3.10.1.
Sample identification forms should be given to the laboratory analyst together with the samples.
The forms should all be kept in a master file at the laboratory where the samples are analyzed.
182
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 3.10 Water Quality Management
Figure 3.10.1
Sample Identification Form for Surface Water Samples
Sample code
Observer
Agency
Date
Parameter
Code
Time
Station code
Container
Glas
s
PV
C
Project
Preservation
P
E
Tefl
on
No
ne
Co
ol
Aci
d
Treatment
Oth
er
No
ne
Deca
nt
Filt
er
(1) Gen
(2) Bact
(3) BOD
(4) COD,
NH3,NO3(5) H. Metals
(6)Tr. Organics
Source of sample
Water Body
Point
Approach
Medium
Matrix
o River
o Drain
o Canal
o Reservoir
o Main current
o Right bank
o Left bank
O Bridge
O Boat
O Wading
o Water
o Susp matter
o Biotap
o Sediment
o Fresh
o Brackish
o Salt
o Effluent
Sample type
o Grab o Time-comp o Flow-comp o Depth-integ o Width-integ
Sample
device
o Weighted bottle
o Pump
o Depth sampler
Field determinations
Temp
PH
o
C
Odor (1) Odor free
Code (2) Rotten eggs
(3) Burnt sugar
(4) Soapy
(5) Fishy
μmho/cm
EC
(6) Septic
(7) Aromatic
(8) Chlorinous
(9) Alcoholic
(10) Unpleasant
Color
code
DO
(1) Light
brown
(2) Brown
(3) Dark
brown
(4) Light green
(5) Green
Remarks
Weather
o Sunny o Cloudy o Rainy o Windy
Water vel. m/s
o High (> 0.5)
Water use
o None o Cultivation o Bathing & washing
o Melon/vegetable farming in river bed
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
mg/L
o Medium (0.1-0.5)
(6) Dark green
(7) Clear
(8) Other
(specify)
o Low (< 0.1)
o Standing
o Cattle washing
183
Guideline 3.10 Water Quality Management
Sample Labeling
Label the sample container properly, by attaching an appropriately inscribed tag or label.
Alternatively, the bottle could be labeled directly with a waterproof marker. Information on the
sample container or the tag should include:
•
Sample code number (identifying location)
•
Date and time of sampling
•
Source and type of sample
•
Pre-treatment or preservation carried out on the sample
•
Any special notes for the analyst
•
Sampler’s name.
Standard Analytical Procedures – Field Determinations
General
Measurements of color, odor, temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen are
classified as 'Field Determinations' and should be made as soon as possible after collecting a sample.
Measurement of these parameters can be made in the field if field meters are available. This is the
best option, as the analyses will be made immediately. Another option is to bring samples to the
nearest laboratory, where equipment for analyses is set up. If samples are brought to a laboratory, the
travel time should be short so that parameter values do not change between the time the sample is
collected and the time of analysis. Note that the DO sample must be 'fixed' immediately after
collection and that the temperature must be measured at the site.
Color
Determining the color in the field is relatively easy. Pour an aliquot of approximately 10mL of the
sample into a glass test tube and judge the color observed. Assign one of the color codes from
Table 3.10.2 to the sample. In case the color of the water does not fall under code 1 to 7, select code
8 and note the details of the color observed. Report the color code on the sample identification form.
Odor
Determining the odor should always be done in the field, as soon as possible after collecting a
sample. After collection, fill a cleaned odorless bottle half-full of the sample, insert stopper, shake
vigorously for 2–3 seconds, and then quickly smell the odor. Alternatively, pour an aliquot of
approximately 5 mL of the sample into a glass test tube and judge the odor.
Assign one of the odor codes from Table 3.10.3 to the sample. In case option 10, 'unpleasant,' is
selected please try to note down the details of the odor observed (e.g. agreeable or disagreeable).
Note: Do not select option 10 if the odor observed can be classified as one in the list from 1 to 9.
Report the odor code on the sample identification form.
Table 3.10.2
184
Color Codes for Field Determination Parameters
Code
Color
1
Light brown
2
Brown
3
Dark brown
4
Light green
5
Green
6
Dark Green
7
Clear
8
Other (specify)
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
Guideline 3.10 Water Quality Management
Table 3.10.3
Odor Codes for Field Determination Parameters
Code
Odor
1
Odor free
2
Rotten eggs
3
Burnt sugar
4
Soap
5
Fish
6
Septic
7
Aromatic
8
Chlorine
9
Alcohol
10
Unpleasant
Temperature
Water temperature should be measured in degrees Celsius, using a mercury thermometer or a
thermistor. Normally, if temperature is measured electronically using a thermistor, this device is built
into an instrument that is capable of making other water quality measurements (e.g., pH and EC).
Whenever possible, the temperature should be measured by directly dipping the thermometer in
the natural body of water being studied. In case it is not possible, collect about 500 mL sample in a
plastic or glass container and measure temperature by immersing the thermometer in the sample.
Read the temperature after equilibration (no more change in the temperature reading).
Report the temperature on the sample identification form in degrees Celsius with one figure after
the decimal point e.g. 13.2 ºC.
Electrical Conductivity
Measurement of electrical conductivity should be made in the field at the time of sampling, using a
purpose-built meter.
pH
Measurement of pH should be made in the field at the time of sampling, using a purpose-built
meter. Follow the procedure below:
1.
Prepare instrument according to manufacturer's instructions. Remove instrument electrodes
from storage solution, rinse with distilled water, blot dry with soft tissue.
2.
First standardization: Place electrode in initial buffer solution and standardize pH meter to
the known pH according to manufacturer’s instructions.
3.
Second standardization: Remove electrodes from the first buffer, rinse thoroughly with
distilled water, blot dry, and immerse in second buffer preferably of pH within 2 pH units of
the pH of the sample. Read pH of the second buffer, which should be within 0.1 unit of the
known pH of the buffer.
4.
Determine pH of the sample using the same procedure as in 3 (above) after establishing
equilibrium between electrodes and sample. For buffered samples this can be done by dipping
the electrode into a portion of the sample for 1 minute. Blot dry, immerse in a fresh portion
of the same sample, and read pH.
5.
With dilute poorly buffered solutions, equilibrate electrodes by immersing in three or four
successive portions of the sample. Take a fresh sample to measure pH.
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
185
Guideline 3.10 Water Quality Management
6.
Stir the sample gently while measuring pH to ensure homogeneity.
7.
Report the pH on the sample identification form in pH units with one figure after the decimal
point, e.g. 7.6.
Dissolved Oxygen
Report the dissolved oxygen concentration on the sample identification form in mg/l with one
figure after the decimal point, e.g. 8.2 mg/l.
Field Data Form
District:
Staff-Person:
Location #
Date
Time
Parameters
E.C.
pH
DO
T oC
Salinity
(ppm)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
186
LIFE–IWRM
International Resources Group
January 2008
International Resources Group
1211 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 700,
Washington, DC 20036, USA
Tel: 1.202.289.0100 / Fax:
1.202.289.7601
www.irgltd.com