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LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
1. LAruI, Dr.M.Karthikeyan, Dr.N.Krishnan, S.Muthukumar "A Design and
Modeling Techniques for Maximum Power Optimization on Wind
Electrical Power System with Variable Speed Generation Using Neuro
Fuzzy " in the International Journal of Emerging Technology and
Advanced Engineeriiig(IJETAE), ISSN 2250-2459, Vol. 2, Issue 9, pp.
272 -277, September 2012.
2. I.Arul, Dr.M.Karthikeyan, Dr.krishnan, Dr.N.Albert Singh "Neuro Fuzzy based
Maximum Power Tracking Control Algorithm in Wind Energy
Conversion Systems" in the International Journal of Electrical
Engineering and Technology (IJEET), Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 285 -293,
July- September 2012.
3. I.Arul, Dr.M.Karthikeyan, Dr.N.Krishnan, K.Maniraj "Extracting Maximum
Power Optimization in Wind Turbine Using Neuro Fuzzy Logic
Control 'In IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Vol. 1, Issue 6, pp. 29-34 July-Aug.20 12.
4. I.AruI, Dr.M.Karthikeyan, Dr.N.Krishnan, S.Muthukumar "A Survey of Various
Wind Electrical Energy Generation and Converter Topologies" 2011
IEEE International conference on Computational Intelligence and
Computing Research, Cape Institute of Technology, Kanyakumari
IEEE Podhigai, ISBN 978-1-61284-766-5, 15-18 December 2011.
190
5. LArul, Dr.M.Karthikeyan. Dr.N.Krishnan, S.Muttiukumar, "Estimator based
Neuro-Fuzzy Control for maximum Power Extraction From Wind
Electrical Power Generation System", 2010 IEEE International
conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research,
Tamilnadu College of Engineering, Coimbatore, ISBN: 978-1-42445966-7, December 28-29, 2010.
6. 1.AruI, Dr.M.Karthikeyan, Dr.N.Krishnan, S.Muthukumar , "Maximum Power
Extraction From Wind Power Generation System Using Neuro Fuzzy
Control", International conference on Power, Control and Embedded
Systems(ICPCES-2010), Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy campus, Anna
University, Chennai, December 8-10, 2010.
191
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY (IJEET)
ISSN 09 7 6 65-t5( Print)
ISSN 096 (53(Online)
Volume 3, Issue 2. Jul - September (2012), pp. 285-293
© IAEME:,A,,A--*i,.Oaenie.com/*Oeet.htmI
--
-
- -
NEURO FUZZY BASED MAXIMUM POWER TRACKING CONTROL
ALGORITHM IN WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS
I. ARUL', DR.M.KARTHIKEVAN 2 DR.N.KRISHNAN , DR N.ALBERT SINGH4
Research Scholar. Centre for Information Technology and Engineering, M.S University,
Tirunelveli, India
Prof& Head, Department of ECE, Tamilnadu College of Engineering, Coimbatore ,India.
Prof. & Head , Centre for Information Technology and Engineering, M.S University, Tirunelveli, India
Sub-Divisional Engineer, BSNL, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari (DT), India.
(arul 15 11966@vahoo.com , karthikn mhotmail.corn ,Krishnan@icee.org .
rnailalbertsingh(2
agmail.com )
ABSTRACT
In this paper, a method of extracting the maximum power in a wind energy conversion
system (WECS) is proposed, which adjusts the pitch angle of the wind turbine as well as control
the grid side converter to attain maximum efficiency. The proposed neuro-fuzzy algorithm
searches for the maximum power by varying the blade pitch angle in the desired direction and
enhancement control of the system. The generator is operated in the speed control mode with the
speed reference being dynamically modified in accordance with the magnitude and direction of
change of active power. Wind turbines with double output induction generators can operate at
variable speed permitting conversion efficiency maximization over a wide range of wind
velocities. In order to maximize energy extraction from the wind, wind energy conversion
systems (WECS) should be able to operate at variable rotational speed. The paper describes a
variable speed wind generation system where neuro-fuzzy logic principles are used for efficiency
optimizaticn and performance enhancement control. A neuro-fuzzy controller tracks the
generator speed with the wind velocity and adjust the pitch angle to extract the maximum power.
A second neuro-fuzzy controller gives robust speed control against wind gust and turbine
oscillatory torque. The complete control system has been developed, analyzed, and validated by
simulation study using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
INTRODUCTION
Wind energy has steadily established itself as one of the most reliable and affordable
renewable energy resources. The aim is to ensure that by 2030, wind energy will be the most
cost-efficient energy source on the market. However, with the growing demand for green
1.
285
International Journal of I lectrical F ngiiieeriug and 1echnolog (I.JEET), ISSN 0976 - 6545(l'rint),
ISSN 0976 6553(Online) \ ulunie 3, Issue 2, .Jul• September (2012), ' IAF\IF
electricit y worldwide, rising turbine costs and increased competition to supply green electricity
to the grid, wind farm operators must improve their existing power output. In India, the total
installed capacity of wind power generation is 8754 MW in the year 2008.By the end of 2012,
the total installed capacity is going to be reached to 12000 MW according to ministry of new and
renewable energy, India and total installed capacity of wind energy is estimated to be more than
160 G [WWEA] all around the world [I].
Wind energy has been the subject of much recent research and development. In-order to
overcome the problems associated with fixed speed wind turbine system and to maximize the
wind energy capture, many new wind farms will employ variable speed wind turbine. Double
Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is one of the components of Variable speed wind turbine
system. A DFIG is a special type of induction generator with a wound rotor. DFIG offers several
advantages when compared with fixed speed generators including speed control. This analysis
highlights two of the DFIG's main advantages. First, a small amount of reactive power from the
rotor becomes a large amount of reactive power in the stator. Second, the rotor power rating is
required to he only a fraction of the entire generator rating. DFIG's can achieve reactive power
control and a wider speed range than for a cage-type induction generator. Variable speed
operation allows the DFIG to capture a greater amount of power in the wind for a given wind
speed.
The mechanical output power at a given wind speed is affected by the turbine's speed. At
a given wind speed, the maximum turbine energy conversion efficiency occurs at an optimal
pitch angle of the blade. Therefore, as wind speed changes, the turbine's rotor speed needs to
change accordingly in order to extract the maximum power from the available wind resources.
Recently, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controls have been reported in [2]—[4],
in which the wind speed is estimated for MPPT or the maximum power point is determined
without the need of the wind speed information. Quincy Wang [5], proposes a paper which
focuses on the development of maximum wind power extraction using hill climbing algorithms
for inverter-based variable speed wind power generation systems. This algorithm has the
capability of providing initial power demand based on error driven control, searching for the
maximum wind turbine power at variable wind speeds, constructing an intelligent memory, and
applying the intelligent memory data to control the inverter for maximum wind power extraction,
without the need for either knowledge of wind turbine characteristics or the measurements of
mechanical quantities such as wind speed and turbine rotor speed. Whei-Min Lin [6], proposes a
paper in which a solar and diesel—wind hybrid generation system was proposed and
implemented. An efficient maximum power sharing and extraction technique among energy
sources using neural network are successfully demonstrated with more efficiency, a better
transient and more stability, even under disturbance.
Yu-Lin Juan [7], proposed an interface mainly composed of a dynamic maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) control of wind conversion system and a half-controlled single-stage
rectifier with an integrated control. In [8], the MPPT is achieved by a fuzzy-logic-based control.
For a particular wind speed, the fuzzy control adaptively performs an incremental/decremental
search for the WTG shaft speed along the direct to increase the output wind power, until the
system settles down at the maximum output power condition. However, if the wind speed
changes significantly from moment to moment, this method may requires a long searching time
to locate the maximum power point.
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are well known as a tool to implement nonlinear timevarying input-output mapping. To overcome the drawbacks of the methods in [3]—[4], Li el al.
286
Internati)nal Journal of I:lecirical Engineering and Teehno(og (IJFFT). ISSN 0976 - 6545(I'rint).
OQTh (3()n line ulurnt 3. Issue 2. .Jul- epternher (2012). lF\1F
I S SN
[2] propose a multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) based wind speed estimation
method for a direct-drive small WTG system. This method provides a fast and smooth wind
speed estimation from the measured generator electrical power but suffers from the drawback of
being black box property of ANN.
This paper proposes a new wind speed estimation based output maximization control based
on Neuro-Fuzzy Logic for variable-speed DFIG based wind generation system. The wind speed
is estimated from the measured generator electrical power while taking into account the power
losses in the Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) and the dynamics of the WTG shaft system. The
optimal pitch angle of the blade is found out using the control logic and the DFIG rotor speed
command is then determined from the estimated wind speed. Other control issues, such as the
reactive power and voltage control over the grid are also investigated in the entire control system
design. The resulting WTG system delivers maximum electrical power to the grid with high
efficiency and high reliability.
II. WIND TURBINE MODEL
The basic configuration of a DFIG driven by a wind turbine is shown in Fig. I. The wind
turbine is connected to the DFIG through a mechanical shaft system, which consists of a lowspeed shaft and a high-speed shaft and a gearbox in between. The wound-rotor induction
machine in this configuration is fed from both stator and rotor sides.
Utility
Grid
I- - --------------------- - - - - - - IVariable
Speed
I
Wind
Turbine
I
Power Electronic Converter i
,
3—phase
Generator
I
r
____
r0'
_________
I Maower
Control systerni
I
I
L
Wind Power Generation System
Electrical
Loads
I
I
Fig.1 Configuration of Wind Energy Conversion System
The generator considered is a wound rotor induction machine whose stator is connected
directly to the grid and the rotor is fed through back-to-back PWM converters (Fig. I). Stator
flux-oriented vector control is applied to control the active and reactive current loops
independently. The operating region of the system in the power-speed plane is indicated in
Fig. 2.
287
International Journal of F.lectrical F ngineering and Technolog (lJEFT), ISSN 0976 6545(I'rint),
ISSN 090 03t( )nline) % ulume 3. lsue 2. Jul %- September (2012).
I AFNIE
30U
-
1dm
40U
OV
t)
0
- -- - Ifl%
21W
-R
F—
IOU
0
•ii:o
2tM3
.PJ1I
t,UIP
I1XI
loUt'
I200
34IAJ
Generator Shaft Speed (rpm)
Fig. 2 Operating region of WECS with wound rotor induction machine in the P--(o plane.
III. NEURO FUZZY CONTROLLER DESIGN
In recent years, fuzzy logic control has played an increasing and significant role in the
development and design of real-time control applications. However, membership function type,
number of rules and correct selection of parameters of fuzzy controller are very important to
obtain desired performance in the system. Determination of membership function type and rule
number of fuzzy controller and selection of parameters is made by means of trial and error
method and by using the specialization knowledge. The main purpose of using the Neuro-Fuzzy
approach is to automatically realize the fuzzy system by using the neural network methods. A
combination of neural networks and fuzzy logic offers the possibility of solving tuning problems
and design difficulties of fuzzy logic.
Variable-speed WECS control system generally includes three main control subsystems:
• aerodynamic power control, through pitch control;
• variable-speed operation and energy capture maximization, by means of
• generator control:
• grid power transfer control, through the power electronics converter. Variable-speed
WECS control system generally includes three main control
• subsystems:
288
International Journal f F:Iectrical Fngineering and Technology (MEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print),
ISSN 0976 653t0nline
olumc 3. ksue 2. .Jul . September (2012). (1 IAF.1F
When the wind speed is between the cut-in and the rated speed (partial load regime), the
pitch control system is typically inactive, with two exceptions: when the pitch system is used to
assist the start-up process, as the two- or three-bladed wind turbines have a relatively low starting
torque, and when the rotational speed is limited by pitch control as the wind speed approaches
the rated value. The pitch control system is active when the wind speed exceeds the rated wind
speed. Its objective is to limit the aerodynamic power to the rated one and, when the wind speed
reaches the cut-out value, to stop the wind turbine. Thus, the pitch control system deals mainly
with alleviating the mechanical loads on the wind turbine structure.
During the partial load regime, the generator control is the only active control and aims at
maximizing the energy captured from the wind and/or at limiting the rotational speed at rated.
This is possible by continuously accelerating or decelerating the generator speed in such a way
that the optimum tip speed ratio is tracked. At rated wind speed, the generator control limits the
generator speed.
Thus, the generator control deals mainly with the power conversion efficiency optimization.
Sometimes this means that the generator torque varies along with the wind speed and, in some
conditions, can induce supplementary mechanical stress to the drive train. Consequently,
maximizing the power conversion efficiency through generator control should be done, bearing
in mind the possibility that supplementary loads are induced to the mechanical structure.
In this paper, a neuro-fuzzy controller architecture is proposed, which is an improvement
over the existing fuzzy controllers to control the pitch angle of the DFIG and the grid side
voltage converter controller.
The pitch angle control is made to control the wind flow around the turbine blades by
controlling the moment spent on the turbine shaft. If the wind speed is lower than the rated speed
of wind turbine, pitch angle is constant in its optimum value. It must be considered that the pitch
angle can be changed in limited rate. This rate may be completely low because of rotor blade
dimension. The maximum change rate for blade gap angle is about 10 degree/s. By means of
blade pitch angle control, in speeds of rotor above slow and nominal values, no problem may
occur with respect to the structure of the wind turbine. As long as the wind turbine output power
is lower than that for the rated speed of wind turbine, the error signal will have a negative value
and gap angle will be have optimum value. But, if the turbine output power is above the
reference value, the error signal will be positive and gap angle will be replaced with a new value
in limited rate.
289
International Journal of F ketrical I n u ineerin o and I echnoIog (Ii F:FT), ISSN 0976 - 6545( I'rint).
ISS\ 0976 6 ,553(()n I ine) olume 3. Issue 2. Jul - September (2012). ' IAFT\IFT
ingis
di
_vror
rod
tack on each node to use ded iion,on i*oej [ He
j
Oosej
Fig.3 Structure of Neuro-Fuzzy Controller
Neuro fuzzy controller can basically learn any static input-output characteristics if the
training data is available. This means that the learning algorithm can produce a neuro fuzzy
controller which can copy the control surface of an existing controller if the input-output data
from the controller is known. The Simulation model of Neuro-Fuzzy Controller designed for
pitch-angle control is shown in Fig.3.
IV. SIMULATION STUDY
The intelligent neuro-fuzzy algorithm for maximizing the performance of the wind
energy conversion system has been simulated using SimPowersystems in MATLAB 7.10
software. The test environment is shown as Fig. 4, where a wind turbine simulator system is used
as the prime mover to drive a asynchronous generator in replacement of a real wind turbine. The
max-power algorithm is implemented using neuro-fuzzy logic based controller which effectively
controls the pitch angle of the system.
290
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (l.JF;F: I ), ISSN 0976 6545(I'rint),
ISSN 0976 653(Online) \ olunie 3, kue 2, .Jul- September (2012), I AF\1E
Fig.4 Simulink Model of Wind Turbine Control System
Various simulation studies have been conducted based on the developed algorithm.
Fig. 5&6 shows the test results of the WTG system, under a constant wind speed set at 10 m/s.
11
09080.706
05-----------------------0--.4
035
0.3
025
02
015
01
005
0
Time(s)
Fig.5 Rotor Speed of the DFIG
291
International Journal of! lectrical F ngineering and FechnoIog (WEFT), ISSN 0976 6545(Print),
ISSN 0976 - 6553(Onhine) N olunie 3. Issue 2. Jul- Septeniber (2012), IAF1F
2
I.-)
rt
0
>
-2
0.2
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
Time(s)
4—
2
0.
.
a)
0
-2-4
0.2
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
Time(s)
Fig. 6 Simulation results for DFIG wind turbine with proposed control strategy
CONCLUSION
The Neuro-Fuzzy control system for searching the optimum operating point for a WECS in
speed control mode is proposed. This technique makes peak power tracking independent of the
turbine characteristics and the air density. The criteria for selecting the critical control parameters
are described. Simulation results show that the performance of the control algorithm compares
well with the conventional methods.
REFERENCES
[1]. http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/win/win.html
[2] H. Li, K. L. Shi, and P. G. McLaren, "Neural-network-based sensorless maximum wind
energy capture with compensated power coefficient", IEEE Tran. Ind App!., vol. 41, no. 6, pp.
1548-1556, Nov./Dec. 2005.
[3] S. Bhowmik, R. Spec, and J. H. R. Enslin, "Performance optimization for doubly fed wind
power generation systems," IEEE Trans. Ind App!., vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 949-95 8, Jul./Aug. 1999.
[4] K. Tan and S. Islam, "Optimal control strategies in energy conversion of PMSG wind turbine
system without mechanical sensors," IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 392399, Jun. 2004.
292
International Journal of Flectrical 1 ngineering and I echnuIog (LIEF I). I SSN 0976 6545(Print),
I SSN 09 7 6 653(Onhine) olunie 3. 1sue 2. .lul 'eptetiiher (2012). ( I kF\1F
[5]. Quincy Wang, "An Intelligent Maximum Power Extraction Algorithm for Inverter-Based
Variable Speed Wind Turbine Systems", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER
ELECTRONICS, VOL. 19, NO. 5. SEPTEMBER 2004, pp: 1242-1249.
[6]. Whei-Min Lin, "Neural-Network-Based MPPT Control of a Stand-Alone Hybrid Power
Generation System", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 26, NO. 12,
DECEMBER 2011, pp: 3571-3581.
[7]. Yu-Lin Juan, "An Integrated-Controlled AC/DC Interface for Microscale Wind Power
Generation Systems", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 26, NO. 5,
MAY 2011. pp: 1377-1384.
[8] M. G. Simoes, B. K. Bose, and R. J. Spiegel, "Fuzzy logic based intelligent control of a
variable speed cage machine wind generation system", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 12, no.
1, pp. 87-95, Jan. 1997.
293
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Ph.D thesis entitled, "MAXIMUM POWER
EXTRACTION FROM WIND POWER GENERATION SYSTEM USING
INTELLIGENT CONTROLLERS" submitted b y I.ARUL.,M.Tech., (Reg No:5734)
has carried out all the corrections as suggested by the Examiner before Viva Voce
Examination.
Place: Tirunelveli.
Date: -^)- -2^,
t- t-3) ^ 2,
/
Signature of Co-Guide
^ W^ 13 -
M.Sc.,M.Tech.,.D.. SMfl'
professor
4entre tor information TthnoIOgY & Eigineerlfl
Manonmafflam Sundalaflar UniverSt
TtruflBWell627 0124TamifladU,fla.
Signature of Guide
r. M. KARTHIKEYAN ,B.E. 1 M.Tech,, Ph.D.1
sor1 Head of ECE Department & Vice PrincipaI
-Indu College of Engineering
:ircaoo-641 659, INDIA.
COMPLIANCE REPORT
Name of the Candidate
:
ARUL I
Ph.D., Reg.No
:
5734
Title of the Thesis
:
MAXIM UM POWER EXTRACTION FROM
WIND POWER GENERATION SYSTEM
USING INTELLIGENT CONTROLLERS
The details about the minor correction carried out in the Ph.D., thesis based on
comments I suggestion of the examiner are tabulated below.
SI.No
Examiner Comments
Response / changes made
Page No.]: The Sentence starting with "So our
The statement is corrected and cited
---Russian experienced-----Endeavour ----", is
accordingly.
not grammatically correct. To be corrected and
Please refer page no.1
properly referenced
Page No.2: A figure
8754
MW is appearing and The data are referred according to the
it is not clear, to which country the data is world wind energy report 2008 and
2
referring to. The ambiguity has to be cleared wind power in India report. Please
and referenced properly
refer page no.2
Page No.2: Second paragraph: title case has to
be used for the Ministry and the reference has The title case has been modified and
3
to be given. A website address given in the the reference is cited. Website link is
paragraph, Which is not at all a standard removed. .Please refer page no.2
Practice. To be modified.
Page No.3: First paragraph: There is some The ambiguity is cleared by changing
ambiguity in the first sentence and it is to be the statement and referred in article
4
cleared. No reference given on the data of renewable energy in India. Please
Tamilnadu. To be Corrected.
refer page no.2
(i.e.,) that an increase in the active-
Page No.6: Last sentence a term "That means
power is corrected. Please refer page
5
that ---" is appearing Which has to be corrected.
no.6
Page No. 8: Second paragraph: Check the The term Insulator Gate is corrected
6
correctness of "Insulator Gate ". Also correct to Insulated -Gate ... Cased term is
the term "cased".
removed ... Please refer page no.8
Page No. 12: under Motivation, a term "flex" is The term flex is corrected to
appearing - to be corrected. The sentence "To flux... .The sentence -- To promote
7
promote wind energy ---" Has to be wind energy, --is restructured.
restructured to make it meaningful
Please refer page no.12
Grammatical error corrected in
Page No. 14: Second paragraph: Check sentence
8
second paragraph. Please refer page
for grammatical correctness.
no.14
Page No.19: the sentence "Yu-Lin ------ is not Grammatical correction has been
9
grammatically correctness To be modified, made. Please refer page no.19
Page No.25: Second paragraph: in the first
Explanation for the acronyms is
sentence, Vdc2 and idc are appearing
JO
given. Subscript is given properly.
Acronyms cannot be used like this in the text
Please refer page no.25
without given proper explanation Moreover the
symbols which are used with subscript have to
be reproduced correctly.
Page No.30: Second paragraph: In the sentence
Corrected to the term successful.
11
a term "successfully" is appearing, correct to
Please refer page no.30
"successful".
Page No.3 1: Second paragraph: the sentence The sentence Hydrogen---in the
12
"Hydrogen ----" has to be restructured to make second
it meaningful and grammatically correct.
Page No.34:
paragraph
has
been
restructured. Please refer page no.31
First paragraph: in the last
sentence, the term "talk" is appearing, the The last sentence in the first
13
relevance of which could not be understood. paragraph of page no 34 is reThe sentence needs to be restructured to make structured. Please refer page no.34
meaningfully and grammatically correct.
Page No.42: last paragraph: the first sentence
needs to be restructured to make it
The sentence in last paragraph is
meaningfully. Moreover the summary shall
14
restructured.
Summary
is
also
contain the details of that particular chapter
corrected. Please refer page no.42
rather than what is going to be presented in the
following chapter.
Page No.43: First paragraph: Terms like "every
wind energy product" and "varies like cube" The first paragraph is completely
15
are appearing. The usage is not appropriate in a revised. Please refer page no.43
Ph.,D thesis and it has to he corrected.
The term in second paragraph is
Page No.43: Second paragraph : the term "two
16
corrected.
ways steps" has to be corrected.
Please refer page no.43
Page No.43: third paragraph: the explanation
given is referring to Fig. No. 3.1 , which is a
DFIG. The explanation tells that "generator Section 3.1 in third paragraph is
17
could be a cage bar. --------" Which is not modified. Please refer page no.43
correct in that context.
To be modified
suitably.
Page No.46: Classification of wind turbines
given in the chapter is unwarranted. "Ability to
Section 3.2.1 is restructured. Please
18
turn the blades" is seen, meaning of which
refer page no.46
could not be understood. Restructuring is
needed.
Page No.50: in section 3.4 , a sentence "--almost in all industry" is appearing which is Section 3.4
is
grammatically
19
grammatically incorrect. To be modifying corrected Please refer page no.50
suitably.
Page No.5 1: the acronym PEG has to be The acronym is expanded. Please
20
21
expanded where it appears first in the text. refer page no.51
Page No.54: under advantages: Terms "phrase The terms are restructured. Please
and directive "see the machine library" is
refer page no.54
appearing, meaning of which is best known to
the author only! It has to be restructured to
make it meaningful.
Page No.55: Second bullet point: Many Grammatical mistake was corrected
22
grammatical mistakes are observed To be in the second bullet point. Please
corrected.
refer page no.54
Page No.58: Equation 3.1 has to be modifying
using suitable equation editor tools expediting Equation 3.1,3.2 Modified Please
23
the acronyms properly. Correctness of the term refer page no 53,58.
n2 has to be checked.
Page No.58: The model presented in the
chapter is already reported in the literature. The Proposed Modification are
24
Modifications proposed by the author are not Discussed.
clear from the discussions presented. To be Please refer page no.58
modified.
Page No.60: the sentence "the advanced -------- used for efficient control ----", is used to Modified and the claims are
25
make tall claims without furnishing the furnished in section 3.6. Please refer
necessary details to substantiate the claim . To page no.61
be modified.
Page No.62: The sentence "Above rated ----"
has to be restructured to make it more The sentence has been restructured.
26
meaningfully. Also correct the usage "At Please refer page no.63,64.
Lower".
Page No.64: A usage air dynamic is appearing
air dynamic modified into aero
27
More appropriate usage shall be aero dynamic
dynamic . Please refer page no.66
To be modified.
Page No.66: The eqn . 4.1 is incorrect as it
The Equ.4.2. is corrected. The term
should be V power3 not V3. a term "betz" is
28
Betz is corrected and referred.
appearing which has to be corrected to "Betz"
Please refer page no.67
and properly referenced.
Page No.67: The sentence "that basic that----" The sentence is corrected. Please
29
has to be corrected for better English usages
refer page no.68
Page No.68: The equation shows as first
The Equ. 4.4, 4.5.,4.6.,4.7,4.8
are
sentence has to be modified using an
30
modified and properly numbered.
appropriate equation editor tools Numbered and
Please refer page no.68 to 89
properly referenced.
Page No.69: In the sentence "For example , if
the rotor radius rr------ " it is not clear that to The ambiguity has removed and the
31
which equation the author is referring to. The sentence is corrected. Please refer
correctness has to be checked and the page no.70
ambiguity has to be removed.
Page No.7 1: the sentence "the DFIM is ----------The sentence is removed Please refer
32
is totally unwarranted Has to be removed.
page no.73
In section 4.5.2. the term gide is
Page No.75: Correct the term "gide" appearing
corrected to grid. Please refer page
33
in the first paragraph under the section 4.5.2
no.77
Page No.76: Visibility of the fig. 4.11 is very Figure 4.11 is redrawn and modified
poor. A term "mechanic Power" is appearing at for visibility. The term Mechanic
34
several places here and in the following pages. power is modified. Please refer page
Modification needed.
no. 78,79.
Page No.77: Visibility of the fig 4.12 has to be Figure 4.12 is redrawn. The pitch
35
improved. The pitch angle gain is shown as Kp, angle gain is changed to K . Please
change to Kp
refer page no. 79,80.
Page No.80: Expression for the tip speed ratio
has to be properly presented using appropriate Tip speed ratio equation is properly
equation editing tool. A term "PT" is used and presented. The term "Pt" and "wind
36
it is not clear to which equation the author is speed does" has been corrected.
referring to. The term "wind speed does" has to Please refer page no.83
be corrected.
Page No.86: In the 3 paragraph, a term "gear n
The third paragraph is corrected.
37
ratio" is appearing which is meaningless To be
Please refer page no.89
corrected.
Page No.89: As stated earlier, the summary
shall contain the details of the particular
Summary details are modified.
38
chapter rather then what is going to be
Please refer page no.93
presented in the following chapter. To be
modified.
Page No. 100: in the 2 paragraph , a term The term perceptron is corrected to
39
"perceptron" is appearing To be corrected. perception Please refer page no.105
Section 5.8.1 :Equation used have to be In section 5.8.1. the Equations are
properly numbered. The Theoretical aspects properly numbered and referred
40
reproduced have to be properly referenced. To correctly. be corrected
Please
refer
page
no.104,105,106.
Page No.108: In the explanation presented
After the equ. 6.1. the term Td is
immediately after the equ .6.1 ,a term "Td" is
41
Changed to (d) Time constant.
appearing, which could not be found in the
Please refer page no.113.
equation To be corrected.
Page No.] 10: In Section 6.4 'Figure a and b
The Word Figure a and b are
42
is used. Which is not found in the chapter? To
removed Please refer page no. 115
be corrected.
Page No. 112: The equation contains a term
"nominal", some letter of which are given in
The equation is modified to standard
normal from and some other letters are in
format and it is numbered. The table
43
italics. A terms "table2" is appearing, and in
2 is corrected to table 6.2. Please
fact Table 2 could not be seen in the chapter.
refer page no. 117
Modify it to a standard format and it has to be
numbered. To be corrected.
Page No.] 13: a term "electronic output The term electronic is corrected to
Frequency " is appearing , meaning which electrical output frequency. The
44
cannot be understood. Explanation needed of figure is removed due to the
Clarity of the figure has to be improved, repetition Please refer page no.118
Page No. 114: Clarity of the figure has to be The figure is removed due to the
45
improved,
repetition.
Page No1 18: A term "---power , In the ----" is A term —power is corrected.
appearing -To be corrected. Expansion of the Expansion for the abbreviations are
46
abbreviation given is inappropriate in this given and modified. Simulation result
chapter - To be modified. Simulation result is explained. Please refer page
obtained is to be explained properly.
no.119
Page No. 123: Explain the term "Mamdani The Term Mamdani type model is
47
type Model".
explained. Please refer page no.124
Suitable modified explanation is
Page No.127: A term "mechanic angular speed"
48
furnished.
is appearing, which is to be modified suitably.
Please refer page no.128
Page No.127: The equation contains a term
"nominal", some letter of which are given in Changed to standard format Please
49
normal from and some other letter are in italics refer page no.129
Modify it to a standard format.
Page No. 127: The paragraph "the principle of
DFIG --------(DC)." is appearing in page No Paragraph is Eliminated.
50
.114 also. Copying of the text in different Please refer page no.129
chapter is to be eliminated.
Page No. 130: Same sentence "In double feed -- double feed is corrected to doubly 5 1
- _ 11
used in the Pervious chapter. To be fed induction generator Please refer
corrected.
page no. 132
Page No.132: The term uSugenosI has to be The term Sugeno's is explained.
52
Modified.
Please refer page no. 134,124.
Page No. 138: Last sentence of the second Last sentence in the second paragraph
53
paragraph has to be modified to make it is corrected. Please refer page
Meaningful and grammatically corrected. no.140
Page No. 139: A term "mechanic angular speed"
is appearing, which is to be Modified suitably. Suitable modified explanation is
54
The equations contain a term nominal, some furnished.
letters of which are given it to a standard Please refer page no. 141
format.
Page No.139: Same equation (with same However, as suggested by the
55
mistakes) are used in page Nos . 112,127,139 examiner the equation is removed
and 160. This repetition has to be avoided, from pages 141, and 162.
Page No. 142: same sentence "in double feed---The term double feed is corrected to
56
----"
is used in the previous two chapters To be
doubly-fed. Please refer page no.144
Corrected.
Page No. 143: Last sentence in the first
The term students are removed.
57
paragraph, the term "students" has to be
Please refer page no.145
Removed.
Page No. 152: The term "roulette" has to be The term roulette is used in literature
58
Modified.
Please refer page no. 154-
Page No.158: First two sentences under First two sentences under section 9.5
59
Section 9.5 are repetition of Previous chapter. removed. Please refer page no.160
to be avoided.
The major focus of this thesis is
developing wind turbine blade pitch
angle algorithms for maximum
electrical power extraction. There are
three different algorithms proposed
for this purpose. Hence for easy
referencing,
the
overall
block
Figure 9.11, 9.13, 9.14 and 9.15 are copied
diagrams are repeated in different
60
from page 113,116,115 and 117 respectively. A
sections to explain three different
serious issue, to be addressed properly.
proposed algorithms. However, as
suggested by the examiner these
pictures are removed from pages
113,116,115, and 117.
Please refer sections 9.11, 9.13,
9.14, and 9.15. Page No:
161,163,164,165 respectively.
Page No. 166: first sentence under section 9.7
Under Section 9.7
says that" ---in" an advanced stage (120 kv,25
120kV, 25kV, 575V and 50Hz). kv --
6!
kv, 575 kv) "the figures given are definitely
changed to v Please refer page
not telling that it is in advanced stage ! 25 kv
no.168
systems cannot be removed as an advanced grid
scenario. The rationale has to be explained.
Page No.166: A term "ultimate main aim" is
A term ultimate main aim is
62
appearing on the page. It is modify the better
modified. Please refer page no.168
English phrase.
The particular section is completely
Page No. 166: Section
63
9.7
has to be restructured
by
furnishing the
restructured to substantiate the contributions substantiate contributions made by
made by the author.
the author.
Please refer page no.168
Page No. 167: Name of the controller given in
table 9.1 is GAPC, whereas in fig.9.20 it is
GAPC changed to GFPAC Please
64
GFPAC. Is it one and the same? If yes it cannot
refer page no.169
be represented by two different terms. To be
modified.
Page No. 168: A term "WCES" is appearing As A term WCES is corrected to as
65
not WECS? To be corrected.
WECS Please refer page no.170
Page No169: In the 3 paragraph, a term A term applied 50 Hz is corrected.
66
"applied 50 HZ" is appearing To be corrected. Please refer page no.17 1
Page No. 170: In the 2 Paragraph, a term A term condition of when is corrected
67
"condition of when" is appearing. To be to condition of where. - Please refer
corrected.
page no. 172
Page No. 170: In the second paragraph,
author says that '--- approaches will be
implemented -------- Who is going to implement Suitable explanation is furnished.
68
and what is the guarantee that it will be Please refer page no.172.
implemented? A realistic approach has to be
followed in presenting the contributions.
Page No. 187: A very misleading claim about The impact factor details are
69
the impact factor of the journal shown under [2] removed.
is unwarranted. To he removed.
Please refer page no. 190, Ref. 2
Page No. 285: Reproduction of the paper As per the University norms,
published by the author that too with a reproduction of at-least one paper
70
misleading claim by the journal about its published in a refried International
impact factor is unnecessary and totally Journal is mandatory. However, the
impact factor details are removed.
unwarranted. To be Removed. Signature ofTiandidate
¼)
oii'ide
Guide
Dr. M. KARTHIKEYAN,B.E.,M.Tech.,Ph.D.
:rofessor. Head of ECE Deparnnt& Vice Princpa
Tamilnadu College of Engineering
Coimbatore .641 659, INDIA.