Chapter 10: Symmetrical Components and Unbalanced Faults, Part III 10.8 Unbalanced Fault Analysis Using Bus Impedance Matrix We showed that the symmetrical components are independent, and for each component 0 1 2 there is an impedance matrix Z bus . Thus we can find Z bus , Z bus and Z bus in order to deal with each component separately. If the fault is at bus k , then we know that the k-th diagonal element of the bus is the Thevenin impedance of the network viewed from that bus. This then allows us to find the sequence networks, which we connect according to the fault, and then go on to solve for the fault currents and voltages. The impedances obtained from the Z bus matrices are called Z kk0 , Z 1kk and Z kk2 which are connected according to figures 10.11, 10.13, and 10.15 in the book. In the material to follow, the subscript "a" is implied, but it is left out. It is understood that the symmetrical components refer to phase a. 10.8.1 Single Line-To-Ground Fault Using Zbus Consider the single line to ground fault on line "a" through impedance Z f to ground on bus k as shown in the figure. This fault requires the zero- positive- and negative-sequence networks for phase "a" be placed in series in addition to 3Z f in order to compute the sequence currents for phase "a", thus: Vk ( 0 ) I k0 = I k1 = Ik2 = 0 Z kk + Z kk1 + Z kk2 + 3Z f a b c Zf 1 Where Z kk0 , Z kk ,and Z kk2 are the diagonal elements in the k axis of the corresponding impedance matrix, and Vk ( 0) is the pre-fault voltage at bus k. The fault phase current is: I kabc = AI k012 10.8.2 Line-To-Line Fault Using Zbus Consider a fault between phases b and c through an impedance Z f at bus k as shown in the figure. Connecting the sequence networks for phase "a" as found earlier (positive- and negative-sequence networks in opposition,) the symmetrical components of the fault current are: a b Zf c I k0 = 0 I 1k = − I k2 = Vk ( 0 ) Z + Z kk2 + Z f 1 kk Where Z 1kk , and Z kk2 are on the diagonal elements in the k-axis of the corresponding bus impedance matrix. The fault phase current is then obtained using the A matrix as usual. 10.8.3 Double Line-To-Line Fault Using Zbus Here phases b and c are shorted and connected to ground through a fault impedance Z f . From before, the equations for the sequence currents of phase a at bus k are given by: Vk ( 0 ) I 1k = Z kk2 ( Z kk0 + 3Z f ) 1 Z kk + 2 Z kk + Z kk0 + 3Z f a b c Zf Vk ( 0) − Z kk1 I k1 I =− Z kk2 2 k I k0 = − 1 1 Vk ( 0 ) − Z kk Ik 0 Z kk + 3Z f 1 ,and Z kk2 are the diagonal elements in the k axis of the As usual, the Z kk0 , Z kk corresponding impedance matrix, and Vk ( 0) is the pre-fault voltage at bus k. The phase currents are obtained using the A matrix, and the fault current is I k ( F ) = I kb + I kc . 10.8.4 Bus Voltages and Line Currents During Fault Knowing the fault currents at bus k, the symmetrical components of the i-th bus voltage during fault are obtained using the equation (++): Vi 0 ( F ) = 0 − Zik0 I k0 Vi 1 ( F ) = Vi1 ( 0 ) − Z ik1 I 1k Vi 2 ( F ) = 0 − Z ik2 Ik2 Where Vi 1 (0 ) = Vi (0 ) is the pre-fault phase voltage at bus i and Z ik is the ik-th element of the proper Z matrix. The phase voltages during the fault are found using the A matrix thus: Vi abc = AVi 012 The symmetrical components of fault current in line i to j are given by: 2 I = 0 ij Vi 0 ( F ) −V j0 (F ) zij0 Vi1 ( F ) − V j1 ( F ) I = z1ij 1 ij I = 2 ij Vi 2 ( F ) − V j2 ( F ) zij2 Where zij0 , z1ij ,and zij2 are the zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence components of the actual line impedance between buses i and j. Using the A matrix the phase fault currents in line i to j are: I ijabc = AI ij012 Example 10.6 Solve Example 10.5 using the bus impedance matrix. In addition, for each type of fault determine the bus voltages and line currents during the fault. Go over the example in detail, page 435. 10.9 Unbalanced Fault Programs Go over the various programs for unbalanced fault analysis. 3