INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS (ISP)
COURSE STRUCTURE AND SYLLABI OF
M.Tech (Optoelectronics & Laser Technology)
M.Phil ( Photonics)
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COCHIN - 682 022
2008
Contact Address
Director
International School of Photonics
Cochin University of Science and Technology
Cochin-682 022
Phone: 0484 - 2575848
PHOTONICS
Photonics is the technology of generating and harnessing light and other forms of radiant
energy whose quantum unit is a photon. In addition to a good theoretical foundation of optical
phenomena, the subject includes the technology related to emission, transmission, detection,
amplification and other forms of manipulation of light using optical components, systems and devices.
Lasers, fibre otpics and related optoelectronic systems form an integral part of Photonics. In short
Photonics is the science and technology for harnessing light for various beneficial human activities.
Numerous consumer items using Photonics technology have already started to enter our daily lives
as in a CD player or TV remote control.
The era of Photonics began with the invention of laser in 1960. It made a direct impact on
telecommunications with the perfection in the late 1970's of low loss optical fibers for long haul
under sea and terrestrial communications. Photonics technology steadily penetrated into other
industrial as well as military applications. Theoretically, almost any physical or environmental
parameter can be measured using light, and consequently quantities like temperature, strain, electric
current, vibration, chemical and biological pollutants can be accurately measured using a wide range
of ultra sensitive optical sensors which have evolved in recent times. Another growing area is
biophotonics, where Photonics technology is used to develop new procedures and techniques in
biotechnology, microbiology, medicine, surgery and other life sciences. Photonics has a strong
reputation of solving research problems through advanced spectroscopy, lasers, microscopy and fiber
optic imaging. The use of light in meeting the demands of society's growing needs is just beginning.
The use of light will most certainly and dramatically change the quality of almost every aspect of our
daily lives.
CUSAT is one of the few universities/institutions in India that have facilities for R&D activities
and manpower training in Photonics and related fields. The integrated M.Sc. degree course in
Photonics conducted by Center of Excellence in Lasers and Optoelectronic Sciences (CELOS), M.Tech
in Optoelectronics and Laser Technology, M.Phil and Ph.D programme in Photonics offered by
International School of Photonics (ISP) of CUSAT are designed specifically for the purpose of
manpower training and R&D activities in the area of Photonics.
CONTENTS
Page No.
M.Tech Course Structure
5
M.Tech. Semester I
7
M.Tech. Semester II
12
Courses to be offered by ISP
for other Departments
24
M. Phil (Photonics Course Structure & Syllabus)
29
M.Tech
Course Structure
Semester I
Core/Elective
Credits
Marks
Modern Optics
C
4
100
ISP 3102
Laser Technology
C
4
100
ISP 3103
Optoelectronics
C
4
100
ISP 3104
Industrial Management
C
1
50
ISP 3105
Lab course I
C
3
100
ISP 3106
Optical Communication Technology
E
3
100
19
550
Core/Elective
Credits
Marks
Course code
Paper
ISP 3101
Total for Semester I
Semester II
Course code
Paper
ISP 3201
Fibre Optics & Applications
C
4
100
ISP 3202
Lab course II
C
3
100
ISP 3203
Mini project, seminar
E
1
50
ISP 3204
Laser Applications
E
3
100
ISP 3205
Non liner Optics OSP & OC.
E
3
100
ISP 3206
Digital Communication
E
3
100
ISP 3207
Industrial Photonics
E
3
100
ISP 3208
Advanced laser systems
E
3
100
ISP 3209
Biophotonics
E
3
100
ISP 3210
Nanophotonics
E
3
100
ISP 3211
Digital Signal Processing
E
3
100
ISP 3212
Laser Spectroscopy
E
3
100
ISP 3213
Photonics materials and devices
E
3
100
ISP 3214
Science and Technology of Plasma
E
3
100
ISP 3215
Integrated Optics
E
3
100
17
550
Any 3 electives
Total for Semester II
5
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS
Semester III
Course code
Paper
Core/Elective
Credits
Marks
ISP 3301
Project
C
18
400
Core/Elective
Credits
Marks
400
Semester IV
Course code
Paper
ISP 3401
Project
C
18
Total credits
8
72
1900
Courses for outside departments ( 2-credit courses)
ISP 501 Lasers and Applications
ISP 502 Fibre Optics and Applications
ISP 503 Nonlinear Optics and Optical Computing
ISP 504 Biophotonics
ISP 505 Quantum Mechanics for Engineers.
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS
6
M.Tech. (0 E & L T)
Detailed Syllabus
SEMESTER I
ISP — 3101 MODERN OPTICS
MODULE I
Electromagnetic theory: Maxwell's equations, Energy density and momentum of the
electromagnetic field, Poynting's theorem, Boundary conditions on an interface. Reflection,
refraction and total internal reflection. Reflection and refraction of polarized waves on an
interface. Electromagnetic waves in a conducting medium.
Polarisation: Polarisation ellipse, Different polarization states, Stokes parameters and their
measurements. Jone's vectors and matrices.
MODULE II
Coherence: Young's double slit, double slit with an extended source, Michelson's interferometer,
Mach-Zehnder interferometer, Multiple beam interference, Fabry- Perot interferometer, Resolving
power, Free spectral range and Finesse of Fabry- Perot interferometer. Interference filters. Sagnac
effect, Sagnac interferometer.
Theory of Partial coherence: Spatial and temporal coherence. Coherence length and coherence
time. Degree of coherence, Fourier transform spectroscopy. Intensity interferometry, Hanbury
Brown — Twiss interferometer.
MODULE III
Ray propagation: Rays in a medium. Matrix methods in ray propagation.Ray path in an
inhomogeneous medium. Ray vector and ray matrices. Lens wave guide. Rays in a lens-like
medium. Propagation of beams, Gaussian beam propagation. ABCD law. Focussing of Gaussian
beams.
MODULE IV
Theory of Diffraction: Kirchoff's theorem. Fresnel- Kirchoff integral formula and its application
to diffraction problems. Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction. Fraunhofer diffraction by single slit,
double slit , multiple slits, diffraction grating, circular aperature. Fresnel diffraction, Fresnel zones,
Fresnel integrals./ Spatial filters.
MODULE V
Elements of Fourier optics: Concept of spatial frequencies, Effect of lens on a wave front, Lens
as a Fourier transform element. Theory of Imaging.
Elements of Adaptive optics: Principles of Adaptive optics, Wave front distortion, wave front
sensors, wave front reconstruction ( qualitative treatment only)
REFERENCES
Optics E.Hecht Pearson Edn (4th Ed) 2004 (Text)
Modern Optics — R.D,Guenther , John Wiley (1990) (Text)
Quantum Electronics — Amnon Yariv, Academic Press (1998)
Principles of optics — Born and Wolf, Cambridge University Pres (1981)
Fundamentals of Photonics — Saleh and Teich Wiley Intsc (2007)
Adaptive optics in Astronomy — Francois Roddier (Ed). Cambridge Univ (1999)
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INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS
ISP 3102 LASER TECHNOLOGY
MODULE I
Radiative transitions and emission line widths, Radiative decay of excited states of atoms,
spontaneous emission, collisional depopulation in. atomic and molecular gases, emission
broadenings, homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadenings, radiation and Thermal equilibrium,
Plank's law for cavity radiation, absorption and stimulated emission. Einstein's A and B coefficients,
Conditions for producing laser action, absorption and gain of a homogeneously broadened radiative
transition, gain coefficient and stimulated emission cross section for homogeneous and
inhomogeneous broadening.
MODULE II
Necessary and sufficient conditions for laser action (population inversion and saturation intensity),
growth of gain medium with homogeneous broadening and inhomogeneous broadening, threshold
requirements for a laser with and without cavity, laser oscillation above threshold and saturation
of laser gain, Principle of laser amplifiers. Requirements to obtain population inversion, rate
equation for three and four level systems, three level system with upper laser level as the highest
level, transient population inversion, pumping threshold requirements, pumping parameters
associated with optical and particle pumping.
MODULE III
Laser cavity modes: Fabry Perot cavity modes, longtitudinal and transverse modes, mode
characteristics, spectral and spatial hole burning, stability of laser resonator, stability diagram,
optimisation of output coupling, unstable resonators, ring cavity.
MODULE IV
Q switching general theory, active and passive Q-switching techniques, Mode locking, general
theory, active and passive mode locking, mode locking by pulse shortening, tunable cavities,
properties of laser beam, experimental techniques to characterize laser beam
SECTION V
Laser systems, General description, laser structure, excitation mechanism and applications of
following lasers. He-Ne, Argon ion, CO2, excimer, nitrogen, X-ray, Free electron, dye, Nd: Yag,
Nd: Glass, Alexanderite and Ti: Sapphire lasers, diode pumped solid state laser, OPO laser.
REFERENCES:
. Laser Fundmentals - Willaim T Selfvast, Cambridge Univ-Press (1996). (Text)
Laser Electronics - J T Vardeyan, Prentice Hall India, PHI (2 nd Ed) 1989.
Lasers-Theory & Applications-Ghatak & Thyagarajan (McMillan, India 1991) (Text)
Optical Electronics - A Yariv (4th Ed. Saunders College Pub. 1991).
Principles of lasers — Svelto, Plenum Press (1984)
Solid State Laser Engineering - Koechonar(Springer Verlag. 1991
Laser Physics - Tarasov (MIR Pub) (1985)
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS
8
ISP 3103 OPTO ELECTRONICS
MODULE I
Nature of light, light sources, black body, colour temperature, units of light, radio metric and
photometric units, basic semi conductors, PN junction, carrier recombination and diffusion,'
injection efficiency, heterojunction, internal quantum efficiency, External quantum efficiency,
double hetero junction, fabrication of heterojunction, quantum wells and super lattices.
MODULE II
Opto electronic devices, Optical modulators, modulation methods and modulators, transmitters,
optical transmitter circuits, LED and laser drive circuits, LED-Power and efficiency, double
hereostructure LED, LED structures, LED characteristics, laser modes, strip geometry, gain guided
lasers, index guided lasers.
MODULE III
Modulation of light, birefringence, electrooptic effect, EO materials, Kerr modulators, scanning
and switching, self electro optic devices, MO devices, AO devices, AO modulators.
MODULE IV
Display devices, Photoluminescence, cathodo luminescence, EL display, LED display, drive
circuitary, plasma panel display, liquid crystals, properties, LCD displays, numeric displays.
MODULE V
Photo detectors, thermal detectors, photoconductors, detectors, photon devices, PMT, photodiodes,
photo transistors, noise characteristics of photo-detectors, PIN diode, APD characteristics, APD
Design of detector arrays, CCD, Solar cells. .
REFERENCES:
•/1. Opto electronics - An introduction - J Wilson and J F B J iS Hawkers.
(Prentics-Hall India, 1996)
( Text)
Optical fibre communication - J M Senior (Prentice Hall India ( 1985)
Optical fibre communication systems - J Gowar (Prentice Hall 1995).
Introduction to optical electronics - J Palais (Prentice Hall, 1988)
Semiconductor opto electronics - Jasprit Singh (McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1995)
Semiconductor optoelectronic devices - P Bhattacharya
(Prentice Hall of India, 1995) ( Text)
Fibre Optics and Opto-electronics, R P Khare (Oxford University Press, 2004)
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INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS
ISP 3104 INDUSTRIAL 1MANAGEMENT
MODULE I
Definition of management, what is management, how managers carry out their functions,
characteristics of management, levels of management, management skills. Evoluation of
management theory, scientific management, principles of scientific management, administrative
management, modern management theories. Functions of management, planning, forecasting,
organising, staffing, directing, motivating, controlling, coordinating, communicating, decision
making.
MODULE II
Quality management, definition, QC function, qualify systems, quality control, quality cost,
accounting for quality cost, and less- quality audit.
Marketing management, market, market research 4Ps of marketing, sales forecasting, materials
management, purchasing, stores and store keeping, inventory control (ABC, VED, JIT).
Programme evaluation and review techniques (PERT), Critical path method (CPM), introduction
to MS projects.
MODULE III
Introduction, definition, functions of financial management, cost accounting and control
fundamentals of accounting. Balance sheet, sources of finance, financial institutions, Profits /
loss account, cost of sales - taxes.
Financial ratio, capital, classification of capital, working capital, need for working capital,
assessment of working capital factors, affecting working capitals. Break even analysis, depreciation,
equipment replacement policy.
REFERENCES:
Industrial organisation and Management - Bethel to (McGraw Hill).
Principles of Industrial management - Koonz nad Doel
Financial Management: Prasanna Chandra (Tata McGraw Hill)
Operating management - Fabrichy et al (Tata McGraw Hill)
Handbook of Mbo: Reddin & Rayan (Tata McGraw Hill)
Projects - Prasanna Chandra (Tata McGraw Hill)
Industrial Finance India - S.K. Basu
First Steps in Book Keeping - J.B. Batliboi
9. Management accounting : Hingrani & Bemnath
10.Production & Operations Management, Manufacturing & service - Chase, Aquilano, Jacobs
Irwin (Me Graw Hill)
11.Project Management -A Management approach-J.R. Meridith S.J. Manel Jr (John Wely)
12.The essentials of Project Mafmejife Dennis Lock; (GoverPub)
13.0rganization Theory-Mary Jo Hatch
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS
10
ISP 3106 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
MODULE I
Unguided optical communication system, transmission parameters, beam divergence, atmospheric
attenuation, guided wave communication, merits of optical fibre communication systems ,basic
network information rates, time evolution of fibre optic systems, elements of optical fiber
transmission link/ repeaters, integrated optics,active andpassiyesompQnents, opto-mechanical
switches, all optical switches
MODULE II
Optical receiver operation, Error sources, Receiver configuration, Fourier transform representation.
Digital receiver performance calculations. Preamplifier types, High impedance bipolar transistor
amplifiers, trans-impedance amplifier, analog receivers.
MODULE III
Digital transmission systems. Point to point links, system considerations, link power budget, rise
time budget, first window transmission distance, transmission distance for single mode link line
coding, NRZ codes, RZ codes, block codes. Coherent systems, homodyne and heterodyne detection.
Multiplexing schemes, TDM, WDM concepts and components, operational principles of WDM,
passive components, 2 x 2 fibre coupler, fiber grating filters, Tunable filters, system consideration
and tunable filter types.
MODULE IV
Optical amplifiers, general applications and amplifier types, semiconductor optical amplifiers,
external pumping, amplifier gain, erbium doped fiber amplifiers, amplification mechanism, EDFA
architecture, EDFA power conversion efficiency and gain, amplifier noise.
MODULE V
Optical networks, network topologies, performance of passive linear buses, performance of star
architectures, SONET/SDH, transmission formats and speeds, optical interfaces, SONET/SDH
rings, SONET/SDH networks. Nonlinear effects on network performance. Solitons, Optical CDMA,
Ultrahigh capacity networks.
REFERENCES
Optical Fibre Communications — J M Senior (Prentice Hall India 1994) (Text)
Fibre Optic Communication — C Agarwal (Wheeler, 1993)
Optical Fibre Communication Systems — J Gowar (Prentice Hall, 1995).
Introduction to Optical Fibre Communication — Suematsu and Iga (John Wiley, 1982).
5. Fibre Optic Communication —J Palais (Prentice Hall International 1988).
'6. Optical Fibre Communication — G Keiser (3rd Ed), 2000 (Text)
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INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS
SEMESTER II
ISP 3201 FIBRE OPTICS AND APPLICATIONS
MODULE I
Optical wave guides: Ray theory of propagation. Electromagnetic theory of wave propagation.
Characteristics of planar wave guides, TE and TM modes in planar wave guide.Number of guided
modes. Optical fibre, Types of fibres, Step index and graded index fibres. Characteristics of optical
fibre.Mode analysis. Weakly guiding fibre approximation. LP modes. Single mode fibre, cut- off
wave lengths, spot size. Mode coupling. Elements of coupled mode analysis.i/p, o/p couplers.
MODULE H
Optical fibres and cables: Fabrication of optical fibre. Fibre drawing. Vapour phase deposition
techniques. Cable design
Optical fibre connection: joints and couplers Fibre splices, fusion splices, mechanical splices.
Fibre connectors, Expanded beam connectors. Fibre couplers. Source to fibre and fibre to fibre
coupling. Coupling losses.
MODULE III
Transmission characteristics of optical fibres: Attenuation, absorption losses, linear scattering
losses, nonlinear scattering losses, Stimulated Raman and stimulated Brillouin scattering. Fibre
bend losses.
Dispersion: Phase and group velocities. Material dispersion, intramodal dispersion and wave
guide dispersion. Overall fibre dispersion. Dispersion modified fibres.Polarisation maintaining
fibres.
MODULE IV
Optical fibre measurements: Attenuation measurements, Dispersion measurements( time domain
and frequency domain) Measurements of NA,Diameter and refractive index profile.
Integrated optics: Periodic interaction in wave guides, Coupled mode equations, Power coupling
between modes, directional couplers. Contradirectional coupling.
MODULE V
Fibre Bragg Grating, Long- period fibre Bragg Grating. Fabrication of Fibre Gratings.
Optical Fibre sensors: Intensity modulation sensors. Phase modulation sensors, Temperature,
pressure, chemical and rotation sensors. Fibre optic gyroscopes. Evanescent wave sensors.
REFERENCES
Introduction to fiber optics — Ajoy Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge Univ
Press, 1999 ( Text)
Optical Fiber communication — John M Senior, PHI 1994 (Text)
Fundamentals of Opto electronics — Clifford R. Pollock and Iswing (1008)
Fiber optic communication — J. Palais.PHI, (1998)
5. Fundamentals of fibre optics in communication — B.P.Pal( ed) Wiley Eastern (1994)
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS
12
ISP 3204 LASER APPLICATIONS
MODULE I
Nonlinear optics, nonlinear optical coefficient, second order Non linear effects, electromagnetic
formulation of 2nd order -nonlinear interaction, optical parametric oscillator.
MODULE II
-
Industrial applications: Absorption of laser radiation by metals, semi conductors and insulators,
laser drilling, welding, cutting and surface cleaning, optical fibre splicing, laser deposition of thin
films.
MODULE III
Lasers in chemistry: schemes of laser isotope separation, laser induced chemical reactions, infrared
photo chemistry, ultra fast processes.
MODULE IV
Holography and speckle interferometry: Theory of hologram recording and reconstruction, thin
and thick holograms, application of holography to character recognition and NDT, theory and
applications of speckle interferometry.
MODULE V
Lasers in medicine: Photodynamic therapy, laser angioplasty, Lasers in surgery.
Other applications of lasers: Laser pollution monitoring, LIDAR laser gyros, laser induced fusion,
laser energy requirements, laser induced fusion reactor, CD and CD ROM, laser cooling trapping
REFERENCES
Optical electronics - A Yariv (4th Ed. Saunders College Pub. 1991)
Lasers and nonlinear optics - B B Laud (2nd Ed. Wiley Eastern 1993)
Laser processing and analysis of materials - W W Duley. Plenum Press (1983)
Laser Handbook Vol II and III - Arechi (Ed) (North Holland)
Nd YAG laser surgery - Joffy S N and Y Ogurov (Springer Verlag)
Fundamentals of Photonics - B E A Salel Wiley Int Sc, 2007
Text book of modern optics - R S Sirohi, Orient Longmann, 1993
ry
Lasers in Medicine - H K Kobener (Wiley)
9. Laser cooling and Trapping - H J Metcalf. P. Vander, Springer Verlag, 1999
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INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS
ISP 3205 NONLINEAR OPTICS, OPTICAL SINGNAL
PROCESSING AND OPTICAL COMPUTING
MODULE I
Nonlinear optical coefficients, second order and third order susceptibility tensors. Third order
optical nonlinear phenomena -FWM OPC - stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering, CARS,
intensity dependent refractive index, self focussing, SIT, nonlinear F-P etalon, Optical bistablity,
Optical transistor, SEED, optical logic gates, implementation and their application in optical
computers (optical computing by Feitelson).
MODULE II
Mathematical transforms in signal processing, Fresnel transform, Hilbert transform, Radon
transform, Mellin transform,Two dimensional Fourier transforms and their properties,
convoulution and correlation. Effect of lens on wavefront, FT properties of single lens, optical
transform function. (Signal processing using optics by Boone).
MODULE III
Time and space integrating architecture, spectrum analysis, Vanderlugt filter, image spatial filtering,
SLMS - AO, MO, EO and ; LC based SLMs (Boone).
MODULE IV
Optical numerical processing - Simple arithmetic, evaluation of polynomials, optical
implementation of Matrix vector multiplication, Matrix-matrix multipliers, differentiation,
integration and solutions of partial differential equations (Optical computing by Feitelson).
MODULE V
Optical neural network - characteristics of ANN, use of optics in ANN, neuron as nonlinear
element, Associative memory using pattern matching by vector-matrix multiplication, double
and multilayer NN structure, training a NN, Hopfild net, optical implementation of NN.
REFERENCES:
Signal Processing using optics
B G Boone (Oxford Univ Presses, 1998)
Optical Computing
D G Feitelson (MIT Press) 2001
3.
Optical Electronics
A Yariv (Academic Press) 1998
4.
Nonlinear optics
Shen (Jonn WeilY & Sons, 1991
Fourier Optics
Joseph Goodman 2nd Ed, McGraw Hill, 1996
Digital image processing
B Jahne, Springer Verlag
Textbook of Optical phase
conjuaction
Fisher, Academic Press, 1982
7.
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS
14
ISP 3206 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
MODULE I
Digital signals and systems, digital PAM signals, transmission limitations, Power spectra of PAM,
binary error probabilities, regernenative repeaters, Nyquist pulse shaping, equalisation,
synchronization techniques, bit and frame synchronization.
MODULE II
Pulse code modulation, PCM generation and reconstruction of multiplexing PCM signals, DPCM,
DM, adaptive delta modulation.
r
MODULE III
Information Theory, concept of amount of information, average information, entropy, coding to
increase average information per bit, Shannon's Theorem, Channel Capacity, Band Width, S/N
tradeoff.
MODULE IV
Error detection and correction, repetition and parity of cheeky codes, convolutional codes,
performance of ARQ systems.
MODULE V
Digital CW modulation, spectral analysis of band pass digital signals, amplitude-phase and
frequency modulation methods.
REFERENCES:
Communication systems A B Carlson (McGraw Hill)
Principles of Communication systems - Taub and Schilling
Principles of Digital Communication-J Das, S.K. Mullik RK. Chatterjee (Wiley Eastern)
Digital Communication - S. Hayken (John Wiley'95)
ISP 3207 INDUSTRIAL PHOTONICS
MODULE I
Photonics Technology: Passive Components- couplers, isolators, circulators, terminators,
attenuators, multiplexers and filters, Fused fibre components based on Biconical
TaperTechnology, Star and Tree couplers. Fibre delay lines, Clip-on couplers, Fibre gratings.
Mode conditioning Patchcords, Optical switches, WDMs, arrayed waveguide gratings, lensed
fibres, thermally expanded core fibres, polarization maintaining components.
r.
MODULE II
Active Components: Media converters, Mode converters, Transponders, Optical Nodes,
Regenerators, Modulators, Optical Cross Connects, EDFA, Raman Amplifiers.
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INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS
MODULE III
Modulation and demodulation: Signal formats, direct detection, receivers. coherent detection,
test beds-Lambdanets, STARNET, Rainbow, wavelength routing network. Optical layer in
Network, Node design. Networking design and operation, Routing wavelength assignment.
Wavelength routing test beds AON, NT1R,ONTC, MONET.
MODULE IV
Optical Networks: Network architecture, HFC, FTTC, Optical Access Network Architecture,
deployment considerations - upgrading the transmission capacity, SDM, TDM, WDM, OTDM,
Multiplexing and demultiplexing, Synchronization, broadcast OTDM Network, OTDM
testbeds, Application areas - interexchange, undersea, local exchange networks.
MODULE V
Control and Management: Network management function, configuration, performance and
fault managements, Channel Health Monitoring, Dark and Active fibre monitoring, Optical
Protection - Effect of PDL and PMD on high speed optical networks, Attacks on fibre networks,
Intrusion detection and prevention techniques. Network Test Equipments - OTDR
measurements.
MODULE VI
Reliability Concepts: Concepts on product reliability, Reliability of Optical Components,
Thermal stability, Factors affecting the reliability of fused fibre components, reliability tests
and test setups, High power optical requirements, Effects of dirt on fibre endfaces, Reliability
and Test Standards in Fibre optics.
Packaging and Cabling Concepts: Basics of Optical alignments,alignment stations, algorithms,
epoxy bonding, epoxy dispensing systems, soldering, laser welding, glass soldering, packaging
of fused fibre devices, micro optic based components, laser diode packaging. Integrated Optic
components.
TEXTS:
Optical Networks-A practical Applications,R.Ramaswami & K.N.Sivarajan Marcourt Asia
2000.
Optoelectronic Packaging, Nagesh R. Bassavanhally.
REFERENCES
Photonics Switching Technology, H T Mouftah, JMH Elmirghani, IEEE Press (1999)
Deploying Optical Networking components, Gil Held, McGraw Hill (2001)
Optical Interconnection, C Tocci, H J Caulfield, Artech House (1999)
Optical Fiber Communication(3rd Ed) G Keiser ( 2000)
5. Reliability of passive optical components: Telcordia GR -1209
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS
16
ISP 3208 ADVANCED LASER SYSTEMS
MODULE I
Gas lasers: General principle of population inversion in gas laser excitation and depopulation
mechanisms-pulsed and continuous wave lasers-collision lasers. Helium Neon gas laser-energy
levels-energy transfer-excitation methods- fabrication details-operating characteristics. He-Cd
lasers-laser structure-excitation mechanism.
Molocular gas lasers: Discharge in molecular CO2 - inversion mechanisms- CO2 laser modesCW and pulsed CO2 lasers-power supply of CO2 lasers-laser amplifier-TEA CO2 lasers-Nitrogen
laser-pumping method-emission characteristics-pulsed N2 laser design. Far IR gas lasers-laser
structure and excitation mechanisms.
MODULE II
Ion laser: Argon ion energy levels - excitation mechanisms-fabrication of argon ion lasers-uv
emission-Excimer and metal vapour rare gas dimers-electronic structure-rare gas excimer-energy
level diagram - excimer decay mechanism - xenon halide and krypton halide lasers-excitation
mechanisms - efficiency — physics of metal vapour laser-copper vapour laser-fabrication details.
MODULE III
Solid state lasers: properties of solid state laser materials — fluorescence emission in solids - Ruby
Nd. YAG, Nd: Glass lasers - laser energy levels — pumping sources and cavity configurations power supply - CW and pulsed operation - General ideas of the following: Tunable solid state
lasers-Ti-sapphire and Alexandrite lasers-fiber lasers-diode pumped solid state lasers-color center
lasers.
MODULE IV
Semiconductor lasers: Population inversion-threshold condition-Ga As diode laser-emission
characteristics-hetero junction laser-tunable diode lasers- tuning methods-quantum well structurehigh power semiconductor diode lasers- frequency control of laser output-distributed feed back
lasers-cleaved coupled cavity laser, surface emitting lasers, mode locking of semiconductor lasers,
large wavelength semiconductor lasers.
MODULE V
Dye laser: Spectroscopy of organic dyes-fluorescence and phosphorescence- optical pumpingincoherent and coherent pumping-threshold condition-rate equation-cw and pulsed dye lasersturning mechanism-dye laser line width-ring dye laser-General ideas of the following lasers: Spin
flip Raman laser-Free electron laser, plasma recombination laser-OPO based laser system-X-ray
lasers and chemical lasers.
REFERENCES
Solid State Laser Engineering - W. Koechener (Springer Verlag) 3rd Edn 1992
2nd ed., 1977
Dye Laser - Schaffer (Springer Verlag) Quantum Electronics - A. Yariv (John Wiley) 4th edn 1991
Laser Physics - Tarasov (Mir Publishers)1995
Semiconductor optoelectronic Devices-Pallab Bhattacharya, (Prentice Hall India).1995
Lasers: Principles and Applications-J.F.B.Hawkes, Wilson. (Prentice Hall)
Lasers-Peter-W Miloni and Joseph H Eberly
Laser Fundamentals-William T.Silfast (Cambridge University Press)
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INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS
ISP 3209 BIO-PHOTONICS
Topics for initial reading: Fundamentals of light as matter, basics of biology, fundamentals of light
matter interactions, lasers, laser technology, nonlinear optics (introduction to Bio-photonics by
PN Prasad, Chapter 1 — 6).
MODULE I
Photobiology; interaction of light with cells with cells and tissues, Photo-process in B iopolymershuman eve and vision, Photosynthesis; Photo-excitation — free space propagation, optical fibre
delivery system, articulated arm delivery, hollow tube wave-guides.
Optical coherence Tomogaphy, Spectral and time-resolved imaging. Fluorescence, resonance
energy transfer imaging, nonlinear optical imaging.
MODULE II
Bio-imaging: Transmission microscopy, Kohler illumination, microscopy based on phase contrast,
dark-field and differential interference contrast microscopy, Florescence, confocal and multiphoton microscopy.
Applications of bio-imaging; Bio-imaging probes and fluoropores, imaging of microbes, cellular
imaging and tissue imaging.
MODULE III
Optical Biosensors: Florescence and energy transfer sensing, molecular beacons and optical
geometries of bio-sensing, Biosensors based on fibre optics, planer waveguides, evanescent waves,
interferometric and surface plasmon resonance.
Flow Cytometry: basis, flurochromes for flow cytometry, DNA analysis.
MODULE IV
Laser activated therapy; Photodynamic therapy, photo-sensitizers for photodynamic therapy,
applications of photodynamic therapy, two photon photodynamic therapy. Tissue engineering
using light; contouring and restructuring of tissues using laser, laser tissue regeneration, femtosecond laser surgery.
MODULE V
Laser tweezers and laser scissors: design of Laser tweezers and laser scissors, optical trapping
using non Guassian optical beam, manipulation of single DNA molecules, molecular motors,
laser for Genomics and Proteomics, semi conductor Quantum dots for bio imaging, Metallic
nano-particles and nano-rods for bio-sensing, Photonics and biomaterials: bacteria as bio-synthezers
for photonics polymers.
REFERENCES
Introduction to bio-photonics — P.N. Prasad Wiley Interscience (2003) (Text)
Biomedical Photonics — A handbook — T.Vo Dinh (CRC Press) (2002)
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ISP 3210 NANOPHOTONICS
MODULE I
Foundations for Nanophotonics
Confinement of Photons and Electrons, Propagation Through a Classically Forbidden Zone:
Tunneling, Localization Under a' Periodic Potential: Bandgap, Cooperative Effects for Photons
and Electrons, Nanoscale Optical Interactions, Axial and Lateral Nanoscopic Localization,
Nanoscale Confinement of Electronic Interactions, Quantum Confinement Effects, Nanoscopic
Interaction Dynamics, Nanoscale Electronic Energy Transfer.
Near-Field Interaction and Microscopy : Near-Field Optics, Modeling of Near-Field Nanoscopic
Interactions, Near-Field Microscopy, Apertureless Near-Field Spectroscopy and Microscopy,
Nanoscale Enhancement of Optical Interactions, Time- and Space-Resolved Studies of Nanoscale
Dynamics.
MODULE II
4. Quantum-Confined Materials : Quantum Wells, Quantum Wires, Quantum Dots Quantum
Rings, Manifestations of Quantum Confinement, Optical Properties, Quantum-Confined Stark
Effect, Dielectric Confinement Effect, Single-Molecule Spectroscopy, Quantum-Confined
Structures as Lasing Media, Metallic Nanoparticles and Nanorods, Metallic Nanoshells
Applications of Metallic Nano structures.
GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOMATERIALS
Growth Methods for Nanomaterials , Epitaxial Growth , Laser-Assisted Vapor Deposition (LAND)
Nanochemistry , Characterization of Nanomaterials , X-Ray Characterization ,Transmission
Electron Microscopy (TEM) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) , Scanning Probe Microscopy
(SPM).
MODULE III
Nanostructured Molecular Architectures :Noncovalent Interactions , Nanostructured Polymeric
Media , Molecular Machines, Dendrimers , Supramolecular Structures, Monolayer and Multilayer
Molecular Assemblies.
Photonic Crystals : Basics Concepts, Theoretical Modeling of Photonic Crystals, Features of
Photonic Crystals, Methods of Fabrication, Photonic Crystal Optical Circuitry
Nonlinear Photonic Crystals, Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCF), Photonic Crystals and Optical
Communications, Photonic Crystal Sensors.
MODULE IV
Nanocomposites : Nanocomposites as Photonic Media, Nanocomposite Waveguides, Random
Lasers: Laser Paints, Local Field Enhancement, Multiphasic Nanocomposites, Nanocomposites
for Optoelectronics.
Industrial nanophotonics: Nanolithography, Nanosphere Lithography, Dip-Pen Nanolithography,
Nanoimprint Lithography, Nanoparticle Coatings, Sunscreen Nanoparticles, Self-Cleaning Glass
Fluorescent Quantum Dots, Nanobarcodes.
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INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS
MODULE V
Bio Nanophotonicsand nanomedicine : Bioderived Materials , Bioinspired Materials
Biotemplates, Bacteria as Biosynthesizers, Near-Field Bioimaging , Nanoparticles for Optical
Diagnostics and Targeted Therapy, Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Bioimaging
Biosensing, Nanoclinics for Optical Diagnostics and Targeted Therapy, Nanoclinic Gene Delivery
Nanoclinics for Photodynamic Therapy.
REFERENCES
Nanophotonics : P N Prasad, Wiley Interscience ( 2003) ( TEXT)
Biophotonics: P N Prasad, Wiley Publications ( 2004)
ISP 3211 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
MODULE I
Discrete time signals and systems domain representation, transform, discrete Fourier transform,
Discrete convolution and correlation.
MODULE II
Two dimensional signals and systems, frequency domain representation, discrete Hilbert transform,
Fast Fourier Transform algorithms, computational considerations.
MODULE III
Nonlinear time series analysis - Grassberger and Procaccia technique, correlation dimension and
entropy and their evaluation from time series. Broomhead and King's algorithm for Noise filtering,
application to chaotic signals.
MODULE IV
Digital filters, representations, forms of realization and design, specification and design techniques,
MR and FIR filters.
MODULE V
Finite word length effect in digital signal procatekig, signal processing chips LES - TMS 320 and
AM 2900.
REFERENCES
Discrete time signal processing - A V Oppenheim & R W Schaffer (Prentice Hall, 1989)
Discrete time signals & systems - N Ahamed & T R Natarajan (Reston Pub. Co. 1983)
Theory and applications of digital signal processing - L R Rabiner and B Gold (Prentice
Hall, India '88)
Electronic Filter design Hand Book - A B Williams & F J Tayler (McGraw Hill, 1988)
Electronic Filter design hardware - A Wilheim & F.J. tauler
Time series analysis - H. Kanty &T. Schrieber.
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ISP 3212 LASER SPECTROSCOPY
MODULE I
Spectroscopy technique, General ideas of spectroscopic studies and their importance - conventional
spectroscopic recording in UV - Vis-IR region using dispersing spectrographs, Photoacoustic
spectroscopy - PA effect in gases, liquids and solids, RG theory - design of PA spectrometer,
applications of PAS - evaluation of optical and thermal parameters, imaging and microscopy.
MODULE II
Thermal Lens Spectroscopy, Focal Length of TL, single and double beam configurations.
Applications of TLS - overtone spectroscopy, evaluation of thermal and optical arameters.
Optogalvanic spectrometry, basic theory, experimental setup, applications of OGS.
MODULE III
High resolution spectroscopy; saturation spectroscopy, Doppler free spectroscopy, single atom
spectroscopy, Rydberg atoms and their spectra. Application of laser Spectroscopy in pollution
monitoring, trace analysis, Laser Raman spectroscopy, SRS, CARS, PARS.
MODULE IV
Fluorescence spectroscopy, spectra of rare earth ions and atoms, spectra of RE ions in sulphide
and fluoride crystals, Phosphoresence, colour centres, flourescence of dyes, evaluation of quantum
efficiency.
MODULE V
Plasma spectroscopy, evaluation of plasma parameters from plasma spectra. Nonlinear optical
spectroscopy.
REFERENCES
Photoacoustic spectroscopy - Rosenewaig (Wiley, NY)
Thermo optic spectroscopy - J Sell (Academic Press
Laser spectroscopy - Chebatyes (Springer Verlag)
Luminescence spectra of rare earth ions - Maufraunin (Springer Varlag)
Plasma spectroscopy - H R Greim (McGraw Hill)
NonlinearOptics-ZRSaen (JohnWiely)
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ISP 3213 PHOTONICS MATERIALS AND DEVICES
MODULE I
Materials for nonlinear optics, preparation and characterisation, evaluations of second order and
third order nonlinear coefficients, 3 wave and 4 wave mixing in uniaxial and biaxial crystals.
MODULE II
Frequency up and Frequency down conversions, Photorefractive materials, phase conjugation
and its applications.
MODULE III
AO Phenomenon, Raman-Nath and Bragg modulators, deflectors, spectrum analyser devices
based on EO and MO effects.
MODULE IV
EL and POS devices, flouride glass based fibres and their applications, optical fibre based signal
processing.
MODULE V
Optical Integrated Circuits, architecture fabrication and applications, CD read/write mechanism,
memory storage, information storage and retrivel using holography.
REFERENCES
Handbook of Nonlinear optical crystals - Dmtriev et al, (Springer Verlag)
Photorefractive materials I and II - Gunter et al (Springer Verlag)
Optical phase conjugation - Fisher (Academic Press
Optical Electronics - Thyagarajan and Ghatak W (Cambridge University).
Optical fibre sensors - Hunsperger (Spriger Verlag)
Flouride Glass Fibre Optics - Agarwal and Lu (Academic Press)
ISP 3214 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF PLASMA
MODULE I
Motion of charged particles in EF and MF, particles in oscillating EF and Constant MF - over all
charge neutrality, plasma state.
MODULE II
Small amplitude oscillations in plasma, Vlasov equations, relaxation towards steady state Plasoids,
collision in weakly ionized plasma, phase space distribution function. Boltzmann equation, Saha
equation, Boltzmann's H Theorem. Maxwell velocity distribution, conducting fluids, MHD
equations, magnetic Reynolds number.
MODULE III
Nonlinear processes in plasma, feed back mechanism,instabilities in plasma waves, radiation
from plasma, ionospheric plasma.
MODULE IV
Generation of electron beams, plasma torch, laser produced lasma, diagnostics of plasma, evolution
of plasma parameters, characterisation using spectroscopy, Langmuir probes.
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MODULE V
Energy generation: Pinch effect, MHD generator, Tokomak,Linear accelerators, free electron
lasers, Flat panel displaysystems, laser fusion.
REFERENCES
Principles of plasma mechanisms - Chakraborty (Wiley Eastern).
Plasmas and laser light - T P Hughes (Adam Hilger, England)
Gas discharge Physics - Z P Razer (Springer Verlag)
Plasma spectroscopy - H R Griem (McGraw Hill)
Plasma Physics - S N Sen (Pragati Prakashan Meerut)
Principles of laser plasma - George Bakefi (John Wiley)
ISP 3215 INTEGRATED OPTICS
MODULE I
Advantages of Integrated optics - Comparison of optical integrated circuits (OIC) with electronic
integrated circuits Substrate materials for OIC - Modes in planar waveguide structure — Channel
waveguides, strip loaded wave guides.
MODULE II
Wave guide fabrication techniques - electro optic waveguides Losses in optical waveguides measurements of wave guide losses waveguide input/ output couplers, coupling between
waveguides.
MODULE III
Electro optic and acousto optic modulators Direct modulation of semiconductor lasers - Integrated
optical detectors — Depletion layer photodiodes APD, Pin and MSM photo diodes — modification
of spectral response of detectors.
MODULE IV
Quantum well modulators, Quantum well detectors, SEED, Applications of integrated optics - RF
spectrum analyser, ADC.
MODULE V
10 optical Disk Readhead OIC Temperature and voltage sensor, optoelectronic fC Transmitter
and receiver, Devices and systems for Telecommunications, Opto - microwave applications.
REFERENCES
Integrated optics - Theory &Technology R — G. Hunsperger (Springer Verlag, 4" Ed 1995)
Electro optic Hand book (Ch 26,27 R Way nant, M.Ediger) (McGraw Hill, 1993)
Elements of opto electronics and Fibre optics (ch 7) Chin-Lin Chen (Irwin, 1966)
Handbook of Optics Vol. II Micheal Bau Ed (McGraw Hill, 1995)
5. Guided wave opto electronics (ch 6) T Tamir (Ed) (Springer Verlag 1990)
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COURSES TO BE OFFERED BY ISP FOR OTHER DEPARTMENTS
(2-CREDIT COURSES)
ISP 501 LASERS AND APPLICATIONS
MODULE 1
Properties of laser beam, Stimulated emission and Eistein's treatment, necessary and sufficient
conditions for laser action, three and four level lasers.
Line broadening, homogeneous and inhomogeneous, laser cavity and stability of laser cavities,
stability diagram, multimode and single mode lasers.
MODULE II
Q-switching and mode locking, experimental techniques, generation of ultra short optical pulses
Laser systems: Classification, Ruby, NdYAG, He-Ne, Argon ion, Eximer, Dye, Semiconductor
lasers.
MODULE III
Lasers for communication, external and internal Modulation schemes,
Lasers in industry, Cutting, welding, drilling
Lasers in Medicine, bloodless surgery, photodynamic therapy
Lasers in chemistry: laser induced chemical reactions, laser induced fluorescence
Laser spectroscopy: Thermal lens and photoacoustic spectroscopy
MODULE IV
Nonlinear optical effect of lasers, second harmonic and sum-difference frequency generation,
Intensity dependent refractive index, saturable and reverse saturable absorbers, two photon
absorption.
MODULE V
Holography and applications: recording and reconstruction, thin and thick holograms, Holography
in NDE, Realization of optical logic gates.
REFERENCES
Laser Fundmentals - Willaim T Selfvast, Cambridge & Univ-Press.
Laser Electronics - J T Vardeyan, Prentice Hall India
Lasers-Theory &Applications-Ghatak & Thyagarajan (McMillan, India 1991)
Optical Electronics - A Yariv (4th Ed. Saunders College Pub. 1991).
Principles of lasers - Svelto.
Solid State Laser Engineering - Koechonar(Springer Verlag. 1991
7. Laser Physics - Tarasov (MIR Pub)
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS
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ISP 502 FIBRE OPTICS AND APPLICATIONS
MODULE 1
Brief historical background of development of optical fibre, structure of optical fibre, neumerical
aperture, step index and graded index fibre, single mode and multi mode fibres.
MODULE II
Fabrication of optical fibres, silica and polymer fibres, measurement of optical fibre parameters
like refractive index profile, losses, dispersion effect in optical fibre.
MODULE III
Sources and detectors : Lasre diodes and LEDs, photodetectors: photodiodes, LDR, photo transistor,
APD and PiN diodes, OTDR, Splicers, connectors, FBG.
MODULE IV
Optical fibre for communication, modulation, EDFA, optical repeaters, fibre optic network,
Medical application: endoscopy.
MODULE V
Fibre optic sensors: extrinsic and intrinsic sensors, Intensity modulated sensors, interferometric
sensors, evanescent field sensors, chemical sensors, temperature, pressure, displacement sensors.
REFERENCES
Introduction to fiber optics — Ajoy Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan
Optical Fiber communication — John M Senior
Fundamentals of Opto electronics — Clifford R. Pollock
Fiber optic communication — J. Palais.
5. Fundamentals of fibre optics in communication — B.P.Pal( ed)
ISP 503 NONLINEAR OPTICS AND OPTICAL COMPUTING
MODULE I
Maxwell's equations in vacuum , dielectric and conducting media, linear optics, nonlinear EMW
equation.
MODULE II
Nonlinear optical coefficients, second order nonlineariy, OSHG, TWM, frequency down and up
conversions, optical parametric oscillation.
MODULE III
Third order nonlinear phenomena, TPA, FWM, OPC, Stimulated Raman scattering, Intensity
dependent refractive index, saturable and reverse saturable absorbers, CARS.
MODULE IV
Linear and nonlinear F-P etalon, Optical transistor, Optical implementation of mathematical
operations, vector —matrix and matrix-matrix multiplications.
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INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS
MODULE V
Optical implementation of neurons, supervising and unsupervised neural network, training of
neural network, modeling of association, pattern recognition.
REFERENCES
Signal Processing using optics
B G Boone (Oxford Univ Presses
Optical Computing
D G Feitelson (MIT Press)
3.
Optical Electronics
A Yariv (Academic Press) '
4.
Nonlinear optics.
Snen (Jonn WeilY & Sons
Fourier Optics
Joseph Goodman
Digital image processing
B Jahne (Springer Variag
Textbook of Optical phase conjuaction
Fisher
7.
ISP 504 BIOPHOTONICS
MODULE I
Electromagnetic spectrum, coherent and incoherent light, Eistein's theory of light-matter interaction
and stimulated emission, energy levels of atoms and molecules, singlet and triplet levels of dye
molecules.
MODULE II
Classification of lasers, pulsed and CW lasers, pumping, different types of lasers- Ruby, He-Ne,
CO2, Nd:YAG, Excimer, Argon ion, Nitrogen lasers.
MODULE III
Guiding of light , Optical fibre, basic principle of light guiding through fibre, single and multimode
fibres, optical fibre for bio sensing applications, fibre endoscope and bio imaging.
MODULE IV
Classification of EMW in relations to biological effects, tissue-laser interactions, laser surgery,
tissue engineering using lasers, optical tweezers, scissors and molecular machines.
MODULE V
Photodynamic therapy, singlet oxygen and its importance in PDT, photobiology of vision,
applications of fluorescence in bio imaging.
REFERENCES
Nanophotonics : P N Prasad, Wiley Interscience ( 2003) ( TEXT)
Biophotonics: P N Prasad, Wiley Publications ( 2004)
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ISP 505 QUANTUM MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS
MODULE 1
Wave particle —duality, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, time independent and time dependent
Schrodinger equations, particle in a box, tunneling.
MODULE II
Linear vector space, Dirac notations, linear operators, matrix representation, eigen values and
eigen functions, Hermitian operator and its properties.
MODULE III
Schrodinger equation for hydrogen atom and linear harmonic oscillator, matrix formalism of
harmonic oscillator.
MODULE IV
Perturbation theory, time independent and time dependent perturbations ( first order), semi classical
theory of radiation.
MODULE V
EPR paradox, Bell's theorem, Experimental verifications, entangled states, qubits, principles of
quantum Communications and computing.
REFERENCES
Quantum Mechanics Merzbacher Wiley International 3 rd Ed 1996
Modem Quantum Mechanics Sakurai Addison Wesley 1998
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