INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS (ISP) COURSE STRUCTURE AND SYLLABI OF M.Tech (Optoelectronics & Laser Technology) M.Phil ( Photonics) COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COCHIN - 682 022 2008 Contact Address Director International School of Photonics Cochin University of Science and Technology Cochin-682 022 Phone: 0484 - 2575848 PHOTONICS Photonics is the technology of generating and harnessing light and other forms of radiant energy whose quantum unit is a photon. In addition to a good theoretical foundation of optical phenomena, the subject includes the technology related to emission, transmission, detection, amplification and other forms of manipulation of light using optical components, systems and devices. Lasers, fibre otpics and related optoelectronic systems form an integral part of Photonics. In short Photonics is the science and technology for harnessing light for various beneficial human activities. Numerous consumer items using Photonics technology have already started to enter our daily lives as in a CD player or TV remote control. The era of Photonics began with the invention of laser in 1960. It made a direct impact on telecommunications with the perfection in the late 1970's of low loss optical fibers for long haul under sea and terrestrial communications. Photonics technology steadily penetrated into other industrial as well as military applications. Theoretically, almost any physical or environmental parameter can be measured using light, and consequently quantities like temperature, strain, electric current, vibration, chemical and biological pollutants can be accurately measured using a wide range of ultra sensitive optical sensors which have evolved in recent times. Another growing area is biophotonics, where Photonics technology is used to develop new procedures and techniques in biotechnology, microbiology, medicine, surgery and other life sciences. Photonics has a strong reputation of solving research problems through advanced spectroscopy, lasers, microscopy and fiber optic imaging. The use of light in meeting the demands of society's growing needs is just beginning. The use of light will most certainly and dramatically change the quality of almost every aspect of our daily lives. CUSAT is one of the few universities/institutions in India that have facilities for R&D activities and manpower training in Photonics and related fields. The integrated M.Sc. degree course in Photonics conducted by Center of Excellence in Lasers and Optoelectronic Sciences (CELOS), M.Tech in Optoelectronics and Laser Technology, M.Phil and Ph.D programme in Photonics offered by International School of Photonics (ISP) of CUSAT are designed specifically for the purpose of manpower training and R&D activities in the area of Photonics. CONTENTS Page No. M.Tech Course Structure 5 M.Tech. Semester I 7 M.Tech. Semester II 12 Courses to be offered by ISP for other Departments 24 M. Phil (Photonics Course Structure & Syllabus) 29 M.Tech Course Structure Semester I Core/Elective Credits Marks Modern Optics C 4 100 ISP 3102 Laser Technology C 4 100 ISP 3103 Optoelectronics C 4 100 ISP 3104 Industrial Management C 1 50 ISP 3105 Lab course I C 3 100 ISP 3106 Optical Communication Technology E 3 100 19 550 Core/Elective Credits Marks Course code Paper ISP 3101 Total for Semester I Semester II Course code Paper ISP 3201 Fibre Optics & Applications C 4 100 ISP 3202 Lab course II C 3 100 ISP 3203 Mini project, seminar E 1 50 ISP 3204 Laser Applications E 3 100 ISP 3205 Non liner Optics OSP & OC. E 3 100 ISP 3206 Digital Communication E 3 100 ISP 3207 Industrial Photonics E 3 100 ISP 3208 Advanced laser systems E 3 100 ISP 3209 Biophotonics E 3 100 ISP 3210 Nanophotonics E 3 100 ISP 3211 Digital Signal Processing E 3 100 ISP 3212 Laser Spectroscopy E 3 100 ISP 3213 Photonics materials and devices E 3 100 ISP 3214 Science and Technology of Plasma E 3 100 ISP 3215 Integrated Optics E 3 100 17 550 Any 3 electives Total for Semester II 5 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS Semester III Course code Paper Core/Elective Credits Marks ISP 3301 Project C 18 400 Core/Elective Credits Marks 400 Semester IV Course code Paper ISP 3401 Project C 18 Total credits 8 72 1900 Courses for outside departments ( 2-credit courses) ISP 501 Lasers and Applications ISP 502 Fibre Optics and Applications ISP 503 Nonlinear Optics and Optical Computing ISP 504 Biophotonics ISP 505 Quantum Mechanics for Engineers. INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS 6 M.Tech. (0 E & L T) Detailed Syllabus SEMESTER I ISP — 3101 MODERN OPTICS MODULE I Electromagnetic theory: Maxwell's equations, Energy density and momentum of the electromagnetic field, Poynting's theorem, Boundary conditions on an interface. Reflection, refraction and total internal reflection. Reflection and refraction of polarized waves on an interface. Electromagnetic waves in a conducting medium. Polarisation: Polarisation ellipse, Different polarization states, Stokes parameters and their measurements. Jone's vectors and matrices. MODULE II Coherence: Young's double slit, double slit with an extended source, Michelson's interferometer, Mach-Zehnder interferometer, Multiple beam interference, Fabry- Perot interferometer, Resolving power, Free spectral range and Finesse of Fabry- Perot interferometer. Interference filters. Sagnac effect, Sagnac interferometer. Theory of Partial coherence: Spatial and temporal coherence. Coherence length and coherence time. Degree of coherence, Fourier transform spectroscopy. Intensity interferometry, Hanbury Brown — Twiss interferometer. MODULE III Ray propagation: Rays in a medium. Matrix methods in ray propagation.Ray path in an inhomogeneous medium. Ray vector and ray matrices. Lens wave guide. Rays in a lens-like medium. Propagation of beams, Gaussian beam propagation. ABCD law. Focussing of Gaussian beams. MODULE IV Theory of Diffraction: Kirchoff's theorem. Fresnel- Kirchoff integral formula and its application to diffraction problems. Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction. Fraunhofer diffraction by single slit, double slit , multiple slits, diffraction grating, circular aperature. Fresnel diffraction, Fresnel zones, Fresnel integrals./ Spatial filters. MODULE V Elements of Fourier optics: Concept of spatial frequencies, Effect of lens on a wave front, Lens as a Fourier transform element. Theory of Imaging. Elements of Adaptive optics: Principles of Adaptive optics, Wave front distortion, wave front sensors, wave front reconstruction ( qualitative treatment only) REFERENCES Optics E.Hecht Pearson Edn (4th Ed) 2004 (Text) Modern Optics — R.D,Guenther , John Wiley (1990) (Text) Quantum Electronics — Amnon Yariv, Academic Press (1998) Principles of optics — Born and Wolf, Cambridge University Pres (1981) Fundamentals of Photonics — Saleh and Teich Wiley Intsc (2007) Adaptive optics in Astronomy — Francois Roddier (Ed). Cambridge Univ (1999) 7 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS ISP 3102 LASER TECHNOLOGY MODULE I Radiative transitions and emission line widths, Radiative decay of excited states of atoms, spontaneous emission, collisional depopulation in. atomic and molecular gases, emission broadenings, homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadenings, radiation and Thermal equilibrium, Plank's law for cavity radiation, absorption and stimulated emission. Einstein's A and B coefficients, Conditions for producing laser action, absorption and gain of a homogeneously broadened radiative transition, gain coefficient and stimulated emission cross section for homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening. MODULE II Necessary and sufficient conditions for laser action (population inversion and saturation intensity), growth of gain medium with homogeneous broadening and inhomogeneous broadening, threshold requirements for a laser with and without cavity, laser oscillation above threshold and saturation of laser gain, Principle of laser amplifiers. Requirements to obtain population inversion, rate equation for three and four level systems, three level system with upper laser level as the highest level, transient population inversion, pumping threshold requirements, pumping parameters associated with optical and particle pumping. MODULE III Laser cavity modes: Fabry Perot cavity modes, longtitudinal and transverse modes, mode characteristics, spectral and spatial hole burning, stability of laser resonator, stability diagram, optimisation of output coupling, unstable resonators, ring cavity. MODULE IV Q switching general theory, active and passive Q-switching techniques, Mode locking, general theory, active and passive mode locking, mode locking by pulse shortening, tunable cavities, properties of laser beam, experimental techniques to characterize laser beam SECTION V Laser systems, General description, laser structure, excitation mechanism and applications of following lasers. He-Ne, Argon ion, CO2, excimer, nitrogen, X-ray, Free electron, dye, Nd: Yag, Nd: Glass, Alexanderite and Ti: Sapphire lasers, diode pumped solid state laser, OPO laser. REFERENCES: . Laser Fundmentals - Willaim T Selfvast, Cambridge Univ-Press (1996). (Text) Laser Electronics - J T Vardeyan, Prentice Hall India, PHI (2 nd Ed) 1989. Lasers-Theory & Applications-Ghatak & Thyagarajan (McMillan, India 1991) (Text) Optical Electronics - A Yariv (4th Ed. Saunders College Pub. 1991). Principles of lasers — Svelto, Plenum Press (1984) Solid State Laser Engineering - Koechonar(Springer Verlag. 1991 Laser Physics - Tarasov (MIR Pub) (1985) INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS 8 ISP 3103 OPTO ELECTRONICS MODULE I Nature of light, light sources, black body, colour temperature, units of light, radio metric and photometric units, basic semi conductors, PN junction, carrier recombination and diffusion,' injection efficiency, heterojunction, internal quantum efficiency, External quantum efficiency, double hetero junction, fabrication of heterojunction, quantum wells and super lattices. MODULE II Opto electronic devices, Optical modulators, modulation methods and modulators, transmitters, optical transmitter circuits, LED and laser drive circuits, LED-Power and efficiency, double hereostructure LED, LED structures, LED characteristics, laser modes, strip geometry, gain guided lasers, index guided lasers. MODULE III Modulation of light, birefringence, electrooptic effect, EO materials, Kerr modulators, scanning and switching, self electro optic devices, MO devices, AO devices, AO modulators. MODULE IV Display devices, Photoluminescence, cathodo luminescence, EL display, LED display, drive circuitary, plasma panel display, liquid crystals, properties, LCD displays, numeric displays. MODULE V Photo detectors, thermal detectors, photoconductors, detectors, photon devices, PMT, photodiodes, photo transistors, noise characteristics of photo-detectors, PIN diode, APD characteristics, APD Design of detector arrays, CCD, Solar cells. . REFERENCES: •/1. Opto electronics - An introduction - J Wilson and J F B J iS Hawkers. (Prentics-Hall India, 1996) ( Text) Optical fibre communication - J M Senior (Prentice Hall India ( 1985) Optical fibre communication systems - J Gowar (Prentice Hall 1995). Introduction to optical electronics - J Palais (Prentice Hall, 1988) Semiconductor opto electronics - Jasprit Singh (McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1995) Semiconductor optoelectronic devices - P Bhattacharya (Prentice Hall of India, 1995) ( Text) Fibre Optics and Opto-electronics, R P Khare (Oxford University Press, 2004) 9 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS ISP 3104 INDUSTRIAL 1MANAGEMENT MODULE I Definition of management, what is management, how managers carry out their functions, characteristics of management, levels of management, management skills. Evoluation of management theory, scientific management, principles of scientific management, administrative management, modern management theories. Functions of management, planning, forecasting, organising, staffing, directing, motivating, controlling, coordinating, communicating, decision making. MODULE II Quality management, definition, QC function, qualify systems, quality control, quality cost, accounting for quality cost, and less- quality audit. Marketing management, market, market research 4Ps of marketing, sales forecasting, materials management, purchasing, stores and store keeping, inventory control (ABC, VED, JIT). Programme evaluation and review techniques (PERT), Critical path method (CPM), introduction to MS projects. MODULE III Introduction, definition, functions of financial management, cost accounting and control fundamentals of accounting. Balance sheet, sources of finance, financial institutions, Profits / loss account, cost of sales - taxes. Financial ratio, capital, classification of capital, working capital, need for working capital, assessment of working capital factors, affecting working capitals. Break even analysis, depreciation, equipment replacement policy. REFERENCES: Industrial organisation and Management - Bethel to (McGraw Hill). Principles of Industrial management - Koonz nad Doel Financial Management: Prasanna Chandra (Tata McGraw Hill) Operating management - Fabrichy et al (Tata McGraw Hill) Handbook of Mbo: Reddin & Rayan (Tata McGraw Hill) Projects - Prasanna Chandra (Tata McGraw Hill) Industrial Finance India - S.K. Basu First Steps in Book Keeping - J.B. Batliboi 9. Management accounting : Hingrani & Bemnath 10.Production & Operations Management, Manufacturing & service - Chase, Aquilano, Jacobs Irwin (Me Graw Hill) 11.Project Management -A Management approach-J.R. Meridith S.J. Manel Jr (John Wely) 12.The essentials of Project Mafmejife Dennis Lock; (GoverPub) 13.0rganization Theory-Mary Jo Hatch INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS 10 ISP 3106 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY MODULE I Unguided optical communication system, transmission parameters, beam divergence, atmospheric attenuation, guided wave communication, merits of optical fibre communication systems ,basic network information rates, time evolution of fibre optic systems, elements of optical fiber transmission link/ repeaters, integrated optics,active andpassiyesompQnents, opto-mechanical switches, all optical switches MODULE II Optical receiver operation, Error sources, Receiver configuration, Fourier transform representation. Digital receiver performance calculations. Preamplifier types, High impedance bipolar transistor amplifiers, trans-impedance amplifier, analog receivers. MODULE III Digital transmission systems. Point to point links, system considerations, link power budget, rise time budget, first window transmission distance, transmission distance for single mode link line coding, NRZ codes, RZ codes, block codes. Coherent systems, homodyne and heterodyne detection. Multiplexing schemes, TDM, WDM concepts and components, operational principles of WDM, passive components, 2 x 2 fibre coupler, fiber grating filters, Tunable filters, system consideration and tunable filter types. MODULE IV Optical amplifiers, general applications and amplifier types, semiconductor optical amplifiers, external pumping, amplifier gain, erbium doped fiber amplifiers, amplification mechanism, EDFA architecture, EDFA power conversion efficiency and gain, amplifier noise. MODULE V Optical networks, network topologies, performance of passive linear buses, performance of star architectures, SONET/SDH, transmission formats and speeds, optical interfaces, SONET/SDH rings, SONET/SDH networks. Nonlinear effects on network performance. Solitons, Optical CDMA, Ultrahigh capacity networks. REFERENCES Optical Fibre Communications — J M Senior (Prentice Hall India 1994) (Text) Fibre Optic Communication — C Agarwal (Wheeler, 1993) Optical Fibre Communication Systems — J Gowar (Prentice Hall, 1995). Introduction to Optical Fibre Communication — Suematsu and Iga (John Wiley, 1982). 5. Fibre Optic Communication —J Palais (Prentice Hall International 1988). '6. Optical Fibre Communication — G Keiser (3rd Ed), 2000 (Text) 11 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS SEMESTER II ISP 3201 FIBRE OPTICS AND APPLICATIONS MODULE I Optical wave guides: Ray theory of propagation. Electromagnetic theory of wave propagation. Characteristics of planar wave guides, TE and TM modes in planar wave guide.Number of guided modes. Optical fibre, Types of fibres, Step index and graded index fibres. Characteristics of optical fibre.Mode analysis. Weakly guiding fibre approximation. LP modes. Single mode fibre, cut- off wave lengths, spot size. Mode coupling. Elements of coupled mode analysis.i/p, o/p couplers. MODULE H Optical fibres and cables: Fabrication of optical fibre. Fibre drawing. Vapour phase deposition techniques. Cable design Optical fibre connection: joints and couplers Fibre splices, fusion splices, mechanical splices. Fibre connectors, Expanded beam connectors. Fibre couplers. Source to fibre and fibre to fibre coupling. Coupling losses. MODULE III Transmission characteristics of optical fibres: Attenuation, absorption losses, linear scattering losses, nonlinear scattering losses, Stimulated Raman and stimulated Brillouin scattering. Fibre bend losses. Dispersion: Phase and group velocities. Material dispersion, intramodal dispersion and wave guide dispersion. Overall fibre dispersion. Dispersion modified fibres.Polarisation maintaining fibres. MODULE IV Optical fibre measurements: Attenuation measurements, Dispersion measurements( time domain and frequency domain) Measurements of NA,Diameter and refractive index profile. Integrated optics: Periodic interaction in wave guides, Coupled mode equations, Power coupling between modes, directional couplers. Contradirectional coupling. MODULE V Fibre Bragg Grating, Long- period fibre Bragg Grating. Fabrication of Fibre Gratings. Optical Fibre sensors: Intensity modulation sensors. Phase modulation sensors, Temperature, pressure, chemical and rotation sensors. Fibre optic gyroscopes. Evanescent wave sensors. REFERENCES Introduction to fiber optics — Ajoy Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge Univ Press, 1999 ( Text) Optical Fiber communication — John M Senior, PHI 1994 (Text) Fundamentals of Opto electronics — Clifford R. Pollock and Iswing (1008) Fiber optic communication — J. Palais.PHI, (1998) 5. Fundamentals of fibre optics in communication — B.P.Pal( ed) Wiley Eastern (1994) INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS 12 ISP 3204 LASER APPLICATIONS MODULE I Nonlinear optics, nonlinear optical coefficient, second order Non linear effects, electromagnetic formulation of 2nd order -nonlinear interaction, optical parametric oscillator. MODULE II - Industrial applications: Absorption of laser radiation by metals, semi conductors and insulators, laser drilling, welding, cutting and surface cleaning, optical fibre splicing, laser deposition of thin films. MODULE III Lasers in chemistry: schemes of laser isotope separation, laser induced chemical reactions, infrared photo chemistry, ultra fast processes. MODULE IV Holography and speckle interferometry: Theory of hologram recording and reconstruction, thin and thick holograms, application of holography to character recognition and NDT, theory and applications of speckle interferometry. MODULE V Lasers in medicine: Photodynamic therapy, laser angioplasty, Lasers in surgery. Other applications of lasers: Laser pollution monitoring, LIDAR laser gyros, laser induced fusion, laser energy requirements, laser induced fusion reactor, CD and CD ROM, laser cooling trapping REFERENCES Optical electronics - A Yariv (4th Ed. Saunders College Pub. 1991) Lasers and nonlinear optics - B B Laud (2nd Ed. Wiley Eastern 1993) Laser processing and analysis of materials - W W Duley. Plenum Press (1983) Laser Handbook Vol II and III - Arechi (Ed) (North Holland) Nd YAG laser surgery - Joffy S N and Y Ogurov (Springer Verlag) Fundamentals of Photonics - B E A Salel Wiley Int Sc, 2007 Text book of modern optics - R S Sirohi, Orient Longmann, 1993 ry Lasers in Medicine - H K Kobener (Wiley) 9. Laser cooling and Trapping - H J Metcalf. P. Vander, Springer Verlag, 1999 13 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS ISP 3205 NONLINEAR OPTICS, OPTICAL SINGNAL PROCESSING AND OPTICAL COMPUTING MODULE I Nonlinear optical coefficients, second order and third order susceptibility tensors. Third order optical nonlinear phenomena -FWM OPC - stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering, CARS, intensity dependent refractive index, self focussing, SIT, nonlinear F-P etalon, Optical bistablity, Optical transistor, SEED, optical logic gates, implementation and their application in optical computers (optical computing by Feitelson). MODULE II Mathematical transforms in signal processing, Fresnel transform, Hilbert transform, Radon transform, Mellin transform,Two dimensional Fourier transforms and their properties, convoulution and correlation. Effect of lens on wavefront, FT properties of single lens, optical transform function. (Signal processing using optics by Boone). MODULE III Time and space integrating architecture, spectrum analysis, Vanderlugt filter, image spatial filtering, SLMS - AO, MO, EO and ; LC based SLMs (Boone). MODULE IV Optical numerical processing - Simple arithmetic, evaluation of polynomials, optical implementation of Matrix vector multiplication, Matrix-matrix multipliers, differentiation, integration and solutions of partial differential equations (Optical computing by Feitelson). MODULE V Optical neural network - characteristics of ANN, use of optics in ANN, neuron as nonlinear element, Associative memory using pattern matching by vector-matrix multiplication, double and multilayer NN structure, training a NN, Hopfild net, optical implementation of NN. REFERENCES: Signal Processing using optics B G Boone (Oxford Univ Presses, 1998) Optical Computing D G Feitelson (MIT Press) 2001 3. Optical Electronics A Yariv (Academic Press) 1998 4. Nonlinear optics Shen (Jonn WeilY & Sons, 1991 Fourier Optics Joseph Goodman 2nd Ed, McGraw Hill, 1996 Digital image processing B Jahne, Springer Verlag Textbook of Optical phase conjuaction Fisher, Academic Press, 1982 7. INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS 14 ISP 3206 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION MODULE I Digital signals and systems, digital PAM signals, transmission limitations, Power spectra of PAM, binary error probabilities, regernenative repeaters, Nyquist pulse shaping, equalisation, synchronization techniques, bit and frame synchronization. MODULE II Pulse code modulation, PCM generation and reconstruction of multiplexing PCM signals, DPCM, DM, adaptive delta modulation. r MODULE III Information Theory, concept of amount of information, average information, entropy, coding to increase average information per bit, Shannon's Theorem, Channel Capacity, Band Width, S/N tradeoff. MODULE IV Error detection and correction, repetition and parity of cheeky codes, convolutional codes, performance of ARQ systems. MODULE V Digital CW modulation, spectral analysis of band pass digital signals, amplitude-phase and frequency modulation methods. REFERENCES: Communication systems A B Carlson (McGraw Hill) Principles of Communication systems - Taub and Schilling Principles of Digital Communication-J Das, S.K. Mullik RK. Chatterjee (Wiley Eastern) Digital Communication - S. Hayken (John Wiley'95) ISP 3207 INDUSTRIAL PHOTONICS MODULE I Photonics Technology: Passive Components- couplers, isolators, circulators, terminators, attenuators, multiplexers and filters, Fused fibre components based on Biconical TaperTechnology, Star and Tree couplers. Fibre delay lines, Clip-on couplers, Fibre gratings. Mode conditioning Patchcords, Optical switches, WDMs, arrayed waveguide gratings, lensed fibres, thermally expanded core fibres, polarization maintaining components. r. MODULE II Active Components: Media converters, Mode converters, Transponders, Optical Nodes, Regenerators, Modulators, Optical Cross Connects, EDFA, Raman Amplifiers. 15 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS MODULE III Modulation and demodulation: Signal formats, direct detection, receivers. coherent detection, test beds-Lambdanets, STARNET, Rainbow, wavelength routing network. Optical layer in Network, Node design. Networking design and operation, Routing wavelength assignment. Wavelength routing test beds AON, NT1R,ONTC, MONET. MODULE IV Optical Networks: Network architecture, HFC, FTTC, Optical Access Network Architecture, deployment considerations - upgrading the transmission capacity, SDM, TDM, WDM, OTDM, Multiplexing and demultiplexing, Synchronization, broadcast OTDM Network, OTDM testbeds, Application areas - interexchange, undersea, local exchange networks. MODULE V Control and Management: Network management function, configuration, performance and fault managements, Channel Health Monitoring, Dark and Active fibre monitoring, Optical Protection - Effect of PDL and PMD on high speed optical networks, Attacks on fibre networks, Intrusion detection and prevention techniques. Network Test Equipments - OTDR measurements. MODULE VI Reliability Concepts: Concepts on product reliability, Reliability of Optical Components, Thermal stability, Factors affecting the reliability of fused fibre components, reliability tests and test setups, High power optical requirements, Effects of dirt on fibre endfaces, Reliability and Test Standards in Fibre optics. Packaging and Cabling Concepts: Basics of Optical alignments,alignment stations, algorithms, epoxy bonding, epoxy dispensing systems, soldering, laser welding, glass soldering, packaging of fused fibre devices, micro optic based components, laser diode packaging. Integrated Optic components. TEXTS: Optical Networks-A practical Applications,R.Ramaswami & K.N.Sivarajan Marcourt Asia 2000. Optoelectronic Packaging, Nagesh R. Bassavanhally. REFERENCES Photonics Switching Technology, H T Mouftah, JMH Elmirghani, IEEE Press (1999) Deploying Optical Networking components, Gil Held, McGraw Hill (2001) Optical Interconnection, C Tocci, H J Caulfield, Artech House (1999) Optical Fiber Communication(3rd Ed) G Keiser ( 2000) 5. Reliability of passive optical components: Telcordia GR -1209 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS 16 ISP 3208 ADVANCED LASER SYSTEMS MODULE I Gas lasers: General principle of population inversion in gas laser excitation and depopulation mechanisms-pulsed and continuous wave lasers-collision lasers. Helium Neon gas laser-energy levels-energy transfer-excitation methods- fabrication details-operating characteristics. He-Cd lasers-laser structure-excitation mechanism. Molocular gas lasers: Discharge in molecular CO2 - inversion mechanisms- CO2 laser modesCW and pulsed CO2 lasers-power supply of CO2 lasers-laser amplifier-TEA CO2 lasers-Nitrogen laser-pumping method-emission characteristics-pulsed N2 laser design. Far IR gas lasers-laser structure and excitation mechanisms. MODULE II Ion laser: Argon ion energy levels - excitation mechanisms-fabrication of argon ion lasers-uv emission-Excimer and metal vapour rare gas dimers-electronic structure-rare gas excimer-energy level diagram - excimer decay mechanism - xenon halide and krypton halide lasers-excitation mechanisms - efficiency — physics of metal vapour laser-copper vapour laser-fabrication details. MODULE III Solid state lasers: properties of solid state laser materials — fluorescence emission in solids - Ruby Nd. YAG, Nd: Glass lasers - laser energy levels — pumping sources and cavity configurations power supply - CW and pulsed operation - General ideas of the following: Tunable solid state lasers-Ti-sapphire and Alexandrite lasers-fiber lasers-diode pumped solid state lasers-color center lasers. MODULE IV Semiconductor lasers: Population inversion-threshold condition-Ga As diode laser-emission characteristics-hetero junction laser-tunable diode lasers- tuning methods-quantum well structurehigh power semiconductor diode lasers- frequency control of laser output-distributed feed back lasers-cleaved coupled cavity laser, surface emitting lasers, mode locking of semiconductor lasers, large wavelength semiconductor lasers. MODULE V Dye laser: Spectroscopy of organic dyes-fluorescence and phosphorescence- optical pumpingincoherent and coherent pumping-threshold condition-rate equation-cw and pulsed dye lasersturning mechanism-dye laser line width-ring dye laser-General ideas of the following lasers: Spin flip Raman laser-Free electron laser, plasma recombination laser-OPO based laser system-X-ray lasers and chemical lasers. REFERENCES Solid State Laser Engineering - W. Koechener (Springer Verlag) 3rd Edn 1992 2nd ed., 1977 Dye Laser - Schaffer (Springer Verlag) Quantum Electronics - A. Yariv (John Wiley) 4th edn 1991 Laser Physics - Tarasov (Mir Publishers)1995 Semiconductor optoelectronic Devices-Pallab Bhattacharya, (Prentice Hall India).1995 Lasers: Principles and Applications-J.F.B.Hawkes, Wilson. (Prentice Hall) Lasers-Peter-W Miloni and Joseph H Eberly Laser Fundamentals-William T.Silfast (Cambridge University Press) 17 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS ISP 3209 BIO-PHOTONICS Topics for initial reading: Fundamentals of light as matter, basics of biology, fundamentals of light matter interactions, lasers, laser technology, nonlinear optics (introduction to Bio-photonics by PN Prasad, Chapter 1 — 6). MODULE I Photobiology; interaction of light with cells with cells and tissues, Photo-process in B iopolymershuman eve and vision, Photosynthesis; Photo-excitation — free space propagation, optical fibre delivery system, articulated arm delivery, hollow tube wave-guides. Optical coherence Tomogaphy, Spectral and time-resolved imaging. Fluorescence, resonance energy transfer imaging, nonlinear optical imaging. MODULE II Bio-imaging: Transmission microscopy, Kohler illumination, microscopy based on phase contrast, dark-field and differential interference contrast microscopy, Florescence, confocal and multiphoton microscopy. Applications of bio-imaging; Bio-imaging probes and fluoropores, imaging of microbes, cellular imaging and tissue imaging. MODULE III Optical Biosensors: Florescence and energy transfer sensing, molecular beacons and optical geometries of bio-sensing, Biosensors based on fibre optics, planer waveguides, evanescent waves, interferometric and surface plasmon resonance. Flow Cytometry: basis, flurochromes for flow cytometry, DNA analysis. MODULE IV Laser activated therapy; Photodynamic therapy, photo-sensitizers for photodynamic therapy, applications of photodynamic therapy, two photon photodynamic therapy. Tissue engineering using light; contouring and restructuring of tissues using laser, laser tissue regeneration, femtosecond laser surgery. MODULE V Laser tweezers and laser scissors: design of Laser tweezers and laser scissors, optical trapping using non Guassian optical beam, manipulation of single DNA molecules, molecular motors, laser for Genomics and Proteomics, semi conductor Quantum dots for bio imaging, Metallic nano-particles and nano-rods for bio-sensing, Photonics and biomaterials: bacteria as bio-synthezers for photonics polymers. REFERENCES Introduction to bio-photonics — P.N. Prasad Wiley Interscience (2003) (Text) Biomedical Photonics — A handbook — T.Vo Dinh (CRC Press) (2002) INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS 18 ISP 3210 NANOPHOTONICS MODULE I Foundations for Nanophotonics Confinement of Photons and Electrons, Propagation Through a Classically Forbidden Zone: Tunneling, Localization Under a' Periodic Potential: Bandgap, Cooperative Effects for Photons and Electrons, Nanoscale Optical Interactions, Axial and Lateral Nanoscopic Localization, Nanoscale Confinement of Electronic Interactions, Quantum Confinement Effects, Nanoscopic Interaction Dynamics, Nanoscale Electronic Energy Transfer. Near-Field Interaction and Microscopy : Near-Field Optics, Modeling of Near-Field Nanoscopic Interactions, Near-Field Microscopy, Apertureless Near-Field Spectroscopy and Microscopy, Nanoscale Enhancement of Optical Interactions, Time- and Space-Resolved Studies of Nanoscale Dynamics. MODULE II 4. Quantum-Confined Materials : Quantum Wells, Quantum Wires, Quantum Dots Quantum Rings, Manifestations of Quantum Confinement, Optical Properties, Quantum-Confined Stark Effect, Dielectric Confinement Effect, Single-Molecule Spectroscopy, Quantum-Confined Structures as Lasing Media, Metallic Nanoparticles and Nanorods, Metallic Nanoshells Applications of Metallic Nano structures. GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOMATERIALS Growth Methods for Nanomaterials , Epitaxial Growth , Laser-Assisted Vapor Deposition (LAND) Nanochemistry , Characterization of Nanomaterials , X-Ray Characterization ,Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) , Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM). MODULE III Nanostructured Molecular Architectures :Noncovalent Interactions , Nanostructured Polymeric Media , Molecular Machines, Dendrimers , Supramolecular Structures, Monolayer and Multilayer Molecular Assemblies. Photonic Crystals : Basics Concepts, Theoretical Modeling of Photonic Crystals, Features of Photonic Crystals, Methods of Fabrication, Photonic Crystal Optical Circuitry Nonlinear Photonic Crystals, Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCF), Photonic Crystals and Optical Communications, Photonic Crystal Sensors. MODULE IV Nanocomposites : Nanocomposites as Photonic Media, Nanocomposite Waveguides, Random Lasers: Laser Paints, Local Field Enhancement, Multiphasic Nanocomposites, Nanocomposites for Optoelectronics. Industrial nanophotonics: Nanolithography, Nanosphere Lithography, Dip-Pen Nanolithography, Nanoimprint Lithography, Nanoparticle Coatings, Sunscreen Nanoparticles, Self-Cleaning Glass Fluorescent Quantum Dots, Nanobarcodes. 19 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS MODULE V Bio Nanophotonicsand nanomedicine : Bioderived Materials , Bioinspired Materials Biotemplates, Bacteria as Biosynthesizers, Near-Field Bioimaging , Nanoparticles for Optical Diagnostics and Targeted Therapy, Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Bioimaging Biosensing, Nanoclinics for Optical Diagnostics and Targeted Therapy, Nanoclinic Gene Delivery Nanoclinics for Photodynamic Therapy. REFERENCES Nanophotonics : P N Prasad, Wiley Interscience ( 2003) ( TEXT) Biophotonics: P N Prasad, Wiley Publications ( 2004) ISP 3211 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING MODULE I Discrete time signals and systems domain representation, transform, discrete Fourier transform, Discrete convolution and correlation. MODULE II Two dimensional signals and systems, frequency domain representation, discrete Hilbert transform, Fast Fourier Transform algorithms, computational considerations. MODULE III Nonlinear time series analysis - Grassberger and Procaccia technique, correlation dimension and entropy and their evaluation from time series. Broomhead and King's algorithm for Noise filtering, application to chaotic signals. MODULE IV Digital filters, representations, forms of realization and design, specification and design techniques, MR and FIR filters. MODULE V Finite word length effect in digital signal procatekig, signal processing chips LES - TMS 320 and AM 2900. REFERENCES Discrete time signal processing - A V Oppenheim & R W Schaffer (Prentice Hall, 1989) Discrete time signals & systems - N Ahamed & T R Natarajan (Reston Pub. Co. 1983) Theory and applications of digital signal processing - L R Rabiner and B Gold (Prentice Hall, India '88) Electronic Filter design Hand Book - A B Williams & F J Tayler (McGraw Hill, 1988) Electronic Filter design hardware - A Wilheim & F.J. tauler Time series analysis - H. Kanty &T. Schrieber. INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS 20 ISP 3212 LASER SPECTROSCOPY MODULE I Spectroscopy technique, General ideas of spectroscopic studies and their importance - conventional spectroscopic recording in UV - Vis-IR region using dispersing spectrographs, Photoacoustic spectroscopy - PA effect in gases, liquids and solids, RG theory - design of PA spectrometer, applications of PAS - evaluation of optical and thermal parameters, imaging and microscopy. MODULE II Thermal Lens Spectroscopy, Focal Length of TL, single and double beam configurations. Applications of TLS - overtone spectroscopy, evaluation of thermal and optical arameters. Optogalvanic spectrometry, basic theory, experimental setup, applications of OGS. MODULE III High resolution spectroscopy; saturation spectroscopy, Doppler free spectroscopy, single atom spectroscopy, Rydberg atoms and their spectra. Application of laser Spectroscopy in pollution monitoring, trace analysis, Laser Raman spectroscopy, SRS, CARS, PARS. MODULE IV Fluorescence spectroscopy, spectra of rare earth ions and atoms, spectra of RE ions in sulphide and fluoride crystals, Phosphoresence, colour centres, flourescence of dyes, evaluation of quantum efficiency. MODULE V Plasma spectroscopy, evaluation of plasma parameters from plasma spectra. Nonlinear optical spectroscopy. REFERENCES Photoacoustic spectroscopy - Rosenewaig (Wiley, NY) Thermo optic spectroscopy - J Sell (Academic Press Laser spectroscopy - Chebatyes (Springer Verlag) Luminescence spectra of rare earth ions - Maufraunin (Springer Varlag) Plasma spectroscopy - H R Greim (McGraw Hill) NonlinearOptics-ZRSaen (JohnWiely) 21 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS ISP 3213 PHOTONICS MATERIALS AND DEVICES MODULE I Materials for nonlinear optics, preparation and characterisation, evaluations of second order and third order nonlinear coefficients, 3 wave and 4 wave mixing in uniaxial and biaxial crystals. MODULE II Frequency up and Frequency down conversions, Photorefractive materials, phase conjugation and its applications. MODULE III AO Phenomenon, Raman-Nath and Bragg modulators, deflectors, spectrum analyser devices based on EO and MO effects. MODULE IV EL and POS devices, flouride glass based fibres and their applications, optical fibre based signal processing. MODULE V Optical Integrated Circuits, architecture fabrication and applications, CD read/write mechanism, memory storage, information storage and retrivel using holography. REFERENCES Handbook of Nonlinear optical crystals - Dmtriev et al, (Springer Verlag) Photorefractive materials I and II - Gunter et al (Springer Verlag) Optical phase conjugation - Fisher (Academic Press Optical Electronics - Thyagarajan and Ghatak W (Cambridge University). Optical fibre sensors - Hunsperger (Spriger Verlag) Flouride Glass Fibre Optics - Agarwal and Lu (Academic Press) ISP 3214 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF PLASMA MODULE I Motion of charged particles in EF and MF, particles in oscillating EF and Constant MF - over all charge neutrality, plasma state. MODULE II Small amplitude oscillations in plasma, Vlasov equations, relaxation towards steady state Plasoids, collision in weakly ionized plasma, phase space distribution function. Boltzmann equation, Saha equation, Boltzmann's H Theorem. Maxwell velocity distribution, conducting fluids, MHD equations, magnetic Reynolds number. MODULE III Nonlinear processes in plasma, feed back mechanism,instabilities in plasma waves, radiation from plasma, ionospheric plasma. MODULE IV Generation of electron beams, plasma torch, laser produced lasma, diagnostics of plasma, evolution of plasma parameters, characterisation using spectroscopy, Langmuir probes. INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS 22 MODULE V Energy generation: Pinch effect, MHD generator, Tokomak,Linear accelerators, free electron lasers, Flat panel displaysystems, laser fusion. REFERENCES Principles of plasma mechanisms - Chakraborty (Wiley Eastern). Plasmas and laser light - T P Hughes (Adam Hilger, England) Gas discharge Physics - Z P Razer (Springer Verlag) Plasma spectroscopy - H R Griem (McGraw Hill) Plasma Physics - S N Sen (Pragati Prakashan Meerut) Principles of laser plasma - George Bakefi (John Wiley) ISP 3215 INTEGRATED OPTICS MODULE I Advantages of Integrated optics - Comparison of optical integrated circuits (OIC) with electronic integrated circuits Substrate materials for OIC - Modes in planar waveguide structure — Channel waveguides, strip loaded wave guides. MODULE II Wave guide fabrication techniques - electro optic waveguides Losses in optical waveguides measurements of wave guide losses waveguide input/ output couplers, coupling between waveguides. MODULE III Electro optic and acousto optic modulators Direct modulation of semiconductor lasers - Integrated optical detectors — Depletion layer photodiodes APD, Pin and MSM photo diodes — modification of spectral response of detectors. MODULE IV Quantum well modulators, Quantum well detectors, SEED, Applications of integrated optics - RF spectrum analyser, ADC. MODULE V 10 optical Disk Readhead OIC Temperature and voltage sensor, optoelectronic fC Transmitter and receiver, Devices and systems for Telecommunications, Opto - microwave applications. REFERENCES Integrated optics - Theory &Technology R — G. Hunsperger (Springer Verlag, 4" Ed 1995) Electro optic Hand book (Ch 26,27 R Way nant, M.Ediger) (McGraw Hill, 1993) Elements of opto electronics and Fibre optics (ch 7) Chin-Lin Chen (Irwin, 1966) Handbook of Optics Vol. II Micheal Bau Ed (McGraw Hill, 1995) 5. Guided wave opto electronics (ch 6) T Tamir (Ed) (Springer Verlag 1990) 23 II INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS COURSES TO BE OFFERED BY ISP FOR OTHER DEPARTMENTS (2-CREDIT COURSES) ISP 501 LASERS AND APPLICATIONS MODULE 1 Properties of laser beam, Stimulated emission and Eistein's treatment, necessary and sufficient conditions for laser action, three and four level lasers. Line broadening, homogeneous and inhomogeneous, laser cavity and stability of laser cavities, stability diagram, multimode and single mode lasers. MODULE II Q-switching and mode locking, experimental techniques, generation of ultra short optical pulses Laser systems: Classification, Ruby, NdYAG, He-Ne, Argon ion, Eximer, Dye, Semiconductor lasers. MODULE III Lasers for communication, external and internal Modulation schemes, Lasers in industry, Cutting, welding, drilling Lasers in Medicine, bloodless surgery, photodynamic therapy Lasers in chemistry: laser induced chemical reactions, laser induced fluorescence Laser spectroscopy: Thermal lens and photoacoustic spectroscopy MODULE IV Nonlinear optical effect of lasers, second harmonic and sum-difference frequency generation, Intensity dependent refractive index, saturable and reverse saturable absorbers, two photon absorption. MODULE V Holography and applications: recording and reconstruction, thin and thick holograms, Holography in NDE, Realization of optical logic gates. REFERENCES Laser Fundmentals - Willaim T Selfvast, Cambridge & Univ-Press. Laser Electronics - J T Vardeyan, Prentice Hall India Lasers-Theory &Applications-Ghatak & Thyagarajan (McMillan, India 1991) Optical Electronics - A Yariv (4th Ed. Saunders College Pub. 1991). Principles of lasers - Svelto. Solid State Laser Engineering - Koechonar(Springer Verlag. 1991 7. Laser Physics - Tarasov (MIR Pub) INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS 24 ISP 502 FIBRE OPTICS AND APPLICATIONS MODULE 1 Brief historical background of development of optical fibre, structure of optical fibre, neumerical aperture, step index and graded index fibre, single mode and multi mode fibres. MODULE II Fabrication of optical fibres, silica and polymer fibres, measurement of optical fibre parameters like refractive index profile, losses, dispersion effect in optical fibre. MODULE III Sources and detectors : Lasre diodes and LEDs, photodetectors: photodiodes, LDR, photo transistor, APD and PiN diodes, OTDR, Splicers, connectors, FBG. MODULE IV Optical fibre for communication, modulation, EDFA, optical repeaters, fibre optic network, Medical application: endoscopy. MODULE V Fibre optic sensors: extrinsic and intrinsic sensors, Intensity modulated sensors, interferometric sensors, evanescent field sensors, chemical sensors, temperature, pressure, displacement sensors. REFERENCES Introduction to fiber optics — Ajoy Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan Optical Fiber communication — John M Senior Fundamentals of Opto electronics — Clifford R. Pollock Fiber optic communication — J. Palais. 5. Fundamentals of fibre optics in communication — B.P.Pal( ed) ISP 503 NONLINEAR OPTICS AND OPTICAL COMPUTING MODULE I Maxwell's equations in vacuum , dielectric and conducting media, linear optics, nonlinear EMW equation. MODULE II Nonlinear optical coefficients, second order nonlineariy, OSHG, TWM, frequency down and up conversions, optical parametric oscillation. MODULE III Third order nonlinear phenomena, TPA, FWM, OPC, Stimulated Raman scattering, Intensity dependent refractive index, saturable and reverse saturable absorbers, CARS. MODULE IV Linear and nonlinear F-P etalon, Optical transistor, Optical implementation of mathematical operations, vector —matrix and matrix-matrix multiplications. 25 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS MODULE V Optical implementation of neurons, supervising and unsupervised neural network, training of neural network, modeling of association, pattern recognition. REFERENCES Signal Processing using optics B G Boone (Oxford Univ Presses Optical Computing D G Feitelson (MIT Press) 3. Optical Electronics A Yariv (Academic Press) ' 4. Nonlinear optics. Snen (Jonn WeilY & Sons Fourier Optics Joseph Goodman Digital image processing B Jahne (Springer Variag Textbook of Optical phase conjuaction Fisher 7. ISP 504 BIOPHOTONICS MODULE I Electromagnetic spectrum, coherent and incoherent light, Eistein's theory of light-matter interaction and stimulated emission, energy levels of atoms and molecules, singlet and triplet levels of dye molecules. MODULE II Classification of lasers, pulsed and CW lasers, pumping, different types of lasers- Ruby, He-Ne, CO2, Nd:YAG, Excimer, Argon ion, Nitrogen lasers. MODULE III Guiding of light , Optical fibre, basic principle of light guiding through fibre, single and multimode fibres, optical fibre for bio sensing applications, fibre endoscope and bio imaging. MODULE IV Classification of EMW in relations to biological effects, tissue-laser interactions, laser surgery, tissue engineering using lasers, optical tweezers, scissors and molecular machines. MODULE V Photodynamic therapy, singlet oxygen and its importance in PDT, photobiology of vision, applications of fluorescence in bio imaging. REFERENCES Nanophotonics : P N Prasad, Wiley Interscience ( 2003) ( TEXT) Biophotonics: P N Prasad, Wiley Publications ( 2004) INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS 26 ISP 505 QUANTUM MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS MODULE 1 Wave particle —duality, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, time independent and time dependent Schrodinger equations, particle in a box, tunneling. MODULE II Linear vector space, Dirac notations, linear operators, matrix representation, eigen values and eigen functions, Hermitian operator and its properties. MODULE III Schrodinger equation for hydrogen atom and linear harmonic oscillator, matrix formalism of harmonic oscillator. MODULE IV Perturbation theory, time independent and time dependent perturbations ( first order), semi classical theory of radiation. MODULE V EPR paradox, Bell's theorem, Experimental verifications, entangled states, qubits, principles of quantum Communications and computing. REFERENCES Quantum Mechanics Merzbacher Wiley International 3 rd Ed 1996 Modem Quantum Mechanics Sakurai Addison Wesley 1998 27 II INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS