Specifications for a Predictive Ecosystem
Mapping Standard
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. OBJECTIVE
The ob jectives of the PEM Stand ard ar e:
1. To en sur e that PEM data ar e deliver ed in a stand ard TEM- like fo rm that allo ws fo r
mer gin g, integration, or co mpar iso n of multiple data sets .
2. To en sur e su fficient do cumen tatio n (QC /QA) to ev alu ate the accur acy of the pr oduct.
3. To pr ovide stability in the stand ard . To achieve stability , ch anges to the stand ard will be
su bject to a ch ange man agement pr ocedur e that incor por ates an impact an aly sis of
pr opos ed ch anges.
1.2. BACKGROUND
The sp ecificatio n fo r a Pr edictive Eco sys tem Mapp ing (P EM) stand ard ar is es fr om fo ur
pr ecedin g wor ks co mmiss ion ed by the Terrestrial Eco sys tem Mapp ing Alter nativ es Task
For ce Res our ce In ven tor y Committee (R IC). These wer e:
1. Towards the Estab lishmen t of Pr edictive Eco sys tem Mapp ing Stand ard s: A White
Paper , Keith Jo nes , R. Keith Jo nes & Ass ociates, Del Meidin ger , BC Min istry of
For es ts, Res ear ch Br anch , Dav e Clark , BC Min istry of Env ir onmen t Lands & Parks ,
Res our ces In ven tor y Br anch , an d Fern Schultz, BC Min istry of For es ts, Res our ces
In ven tor y Br anch ”
2. Pr oblem Analys is on Data Quality Ass ess ment Is sues by Dr. Dav id Moon ,
CDT– Core Decis ion Techno log ies In c.,
3. Situation Analys is fo r Kno wled ge- Based Sys tems by Dr. Dav id Moon , CDT– Core
Decis ion Techno log ies In c., an d
4. Pr oblem Analys is on Reliability, Quality Con tr ol an d Valid ation of Pr edictive
Eco sys tem Mapp ing (P EM) by Dr. Richard Sims, an d Jeff Mathes on, R. A. Sims &
Ass ociates.
The white paper integrated elements of the su ppor ting studies to develop the ov erarch ing
fr amewo rk pr esented in Figur e 1. The PEM Fr amewor k co mprises five main co mponents ,
each of which co ntain imp ortant elemen ts , features an d other related items .
1
The five main co mponents ar e —
1. Clien t Requ irement Ass ess ment
2. In put Data Quality Ass ess ment
3. Kno wled ge Bas e Ass ess ment
4. Output an d Reliability Ass ess ment, an d
5. QC / QA Pr ocedures an d Stand ard s
• Figure 1 PEM Framework
CLIENT REQUIREMENTS ASSESSMENT COMPONENT
• Provincial Level Priorities • Regional-District Level
• Project Level Requirements and
& Integration Element
Priorities & Integration Element
Reliability Analysis & Planning Element
INPUT DATA
QUALITY
ASSESSMENT
COMPONENT
KNOWLEDGE
BASE
ASSESSMENT
COMPONENT
OUTPUT &
RELIABILITY
ASSESSMENT
COMPONENT
• Thematic Elements
• Spatial Elements
• Procedural Elements
• Meta Data Features
• Evaluation Framework*
• Documentation Element
• KB Structure Element
• Automated Inferencing
Element
• Field Checking Element
• KB Validation Accuracy
Element
• Features: transparent,
exportable, logic trace
• Thematic Elements
• Topological Elements
• Positional Elements
• Precision Elements
• Evaluation Framework*
• Sampling Element
• Analysis Element
• QC Linkage/Feedback
QC / QA PROCEDURES & STANDARDS COMPONENT
• PEM project planning
• Evaluation Framework
criteria, measures, thresholds
• Map entity appropriateness
• Input data quality catalogue
• Options & protocols for input
data quality improvement or
alternate inventory approach
• Training
• Mandatory & preferred KB
system elements & features
• Documentation: KB & data
structures, inferencing & PEM
analysis procedures
• Map unit rules & conventions
• Recommended field checking
protocol & KB validation
accuracy thresholds
• Training
• Map-cartographic & legend
conventions
• Database & meta data
requirements
• Knowledge management
• Reliability assessment
protocols: sampling,
analysis, reporting
• Reliability thresholds, QC
linkage
• Training
Comp onen ts 1- 4 have a nu mb er of definin g elemen ts an d features, which together
ch aracterize their scope an d fu nctio n. The QC / QA Pro ced ures an d Stand ards co mponent
2
co ntains items that larg ely co rrespo nd vertically, fr om left to right, to the co re In put Data
Qua lity As ses sment, Kno wledge Bas e As ses sment an d Output an d Relia bility As ses sment
co mponents of the PEM fr amewo rk. The PEM co mponents closely parallel co mponents of
the cu rrent TEM RI C stand ard s an d pr ocedur es. With PEM ho wever , the In put Data
Quality an d Kno wled ge Bas e Ass ess ment co mponents ar e diff erent, bu t ar e so mewhat
an alo gous to “Map pin g an d Field Sur vey Pr ocedures” section of the TEM RI C stand ard .
The Output an d Reliability Ass ess ment co mponent of the fr amewo rk can be the same fo r
bo th PEM an d co nven tional TEM. Pr esently this co mponent has no t been developed fu lly
fo r TEM.
The PEM stand ard will ad dress co mponents 2 – 5 an d will pr ovide bo th stand ard s an d
recommendatio ns fo r each elemen t. It will also es tablish min imum levels of do cumen tatio n
an d meta- data stand ard s to su ppor t ev alu ation of the accur acy an d utility of the PEM
pr oduct.
2. ISSUES IDENTIFIED
A two-day wor ksh op (J uly 6– 7, 19 99) identif ied a nu mb er of imp ortant PEM related
issues. These issues related to required infr astructu re (I ), co ntr act sp ecificatio ns (C ),
stand ard s (S ) an d gu idelines (G) . While all ar e imp ortant an d ar e identif ied in the table
below, the stand ard will ad dress on ly those issues related to stand ard s an d gu idelines . Table
1 co mpiles the results of a wor ksh op session that identif ied issues related to PEM stand ard s
an d identif ied fu nctio ns ad dressing the identif ied issues. The issues have been gr ouped into
the fo llowin g categories : Mapp ing Entities, In for mation Management, Pr ocedures,
Kno wled ge Management, an d Imp ortant issues beyond the scope of the stand ard . Each
issue is flag ged with I, C, S, or G to indicate In fr astructur e, Con tr act, Stand ard , or
Guidelin e.
• Table 1 Issues and Functions Relevant to PEM Standards
Issue
Product definition
Non-forested units
Site-series
generalization
Information delivery
Versioning
Change management
Function
Mapping Entities
Product definition provides documentation on the nature of the
PEM being produced and should include:
- Definition of the PEM or TEM classes used
- Definition of the attributes used to define or characterize them
- Rationale underlying choice of mapping and map entities
- Relation to TEM classes
“domain values” (explain)
Establishment of standard classes (other classifications) for nonforested unit nomenclature
Creation of more generalized TEM classes to accommodate
areas recognizable as belonging to a group of more detailed
classes but not recognizable as to specific class.
Information management
Specification of the form in which the data are delivered to the
BC corporate data base (logical data model)
Enhancement of the database to capture user-defined attributes
Identification, labeling, tracking, reconciliation, distribution,
documentation
Establishment and implementation of change management
procedures
3
S
S
S
S
S
S
-
Projec t definition
Attributes
Data independence
Accuracy Assessment
Biogeoclimatic
boundaries
Cartographic output
Software independence
Knowledge base
Input data
Input data quality
Knowledge base
applicability
Screening of proposed changes
impact assessment
notification of changes including what changed
grandfathering projects and contracts
timing for upcoming field season, project in
progress
Establishment of standards to define the geographic extent,
resource discipline supported, strata used (TEM analogue),
classes and attributes et cetera for the project.
Develop and maintain a project management system to track
ongoing and completed projects
Documentation (rationale, definition, domain)
- Core attributes
- Interpretation specific attributes
- User defined attributes
- PEMplate of core attributes
- See TEM table 4.1 and 4.2
Programs, validations, interpretations et cetera should be
independent of hard coded parameters, parameter files, or other
non-data base structures requiring specific non-domain expertise
for maintenance.
Procedures
Specification of minimum requirements and characteristics of
procedures to assess accuracy (procedure neutral)
- Thematic
- Spatial
Specification of procedures to refine small scale lines for
application at larger scales
Specification of minimum requirements and characteristics
- Guideline on applicability of TEM Standard
- minimum set (e.g. polygon id, schema for attribution)
Creation of standard requirements for edge matching
- When appropriate / mandatory
- Within/Between projects PEM<-->TEM and PEM<-->PEM
Development of specifications for exchange formats or standards
Define minimum content and elements for knowledge base
documentation
Define entities and relationships
Specification of thematic data requirements
- Mandatory themes (e.g. TRIM, BEC lines)
Mandatory IDQ report as early contract deliverable?
- Appropriate thematic input
- Rationale for non-mandatory thematic selection
- Create an input database catalogue
- Develop procedures to evaluate spatial congruence
- Guidelines for the evaluation of thematic content and format
Knowledge Management
- Guidelines for determining the applicability of existing KBs to
new areas
- Guidelines for the specification of boundary conditions for a
KB when created - project boundary or selected strata within
4
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
G
G
Validation
Custodianship
Responsibilities
Contracting
Confirmation of scientific soundness or to corroborate results
against a standard
- Knowledge base
- Corporate validation routines
- Input data
- Define appropriate validation procedures
Document the degree of validation effort
- TEM validation rules should show strong relationship with PEM
knowledge base
Important Issues beyond the scope of PEM Standards
Mandate, responsibilities (as contract specifications), roles (as
standards), resources, intellectual equity
Roles and functions (e.g., correlation, validation, certification)
Templates
- Schedules A and B
- RFP contents
Evaluation criteria for Responses to RFP
- Implications on scheduling and turn around of enforced PEM
standards (including limitations on government QC/QA
resources, task dependencies)
- Expected efforts/costs associated with normal PEM tasks as a
guide to proponents and contract administrators
Conflict of interest with QC/QA contracts
Full costing of the PEM process to support benefit/cost analysis
Documentation of time associated with steps in PEM, including
unbilled time for public service employees
G
I
I
C
S = standard, G = guideline, I = infrastructure, C = contract
3. PRINCIPLES
The wor ksh op identif ied the fo llowin g pr incip les that the stand ard will attempt to fo llow.
3.1. CONFORMANCE TO EXISTING STANDARDS
Wher ever po ssible, the PEM stand ard will co nfo rm to an d utilize ex istin g RI C stand ard s by
referen ce or attachment to ex istin g stand ard s rath er than by cr eatin g new stand ard s requiring
co rrelation or recon ciliation.
The PEM stand ard will fo llow the gener al pr oto col es tablished by the Res our ces In ven tor y
Committee fo r pu blished stand ard s. RI C recog nizes five co mponents of a stand ard . These
ar e:
1. A discipline stand ard related to clas sif ications , co ncepts , an d en tities in es tablished
disciplines su ch as For es t In ven tor y, Soil Sur vey , or Terrain Mapp ing which sh ould be
fo llowed when co llectin g or us ing data to su ppor t other inven tor ies. For ex ample, the
Terrain Class if ication stand ard “Terr ain Class if ication Sys tem fo r Br itish Columbia,
Ver sion 2. (1 997) . D. Howes an d E. Ken k” sh ou ld be fo llowed when co llectin g or
us ing terr ain data elemen ts in su ppor t of a TEM.
2. A data co llectio n stand ard related to the method of sp atial an d thematic data captu re.
These may be field, of fice, or co mputer- bas ed method s. For ex ample, “Field Manu al
5
fo r Des cribing Terrestrial Eco sys tems ” is the stand ard fo r site data co llectio n when
us ed as a co mponent of ecosy stem map pin g.
3. A digital data captu re stand ard sp ecifying en tities, attr ib utes, data stru ctu res an d fo rmats
fo r the su bmis sio n of digital data to the go ver nment repos itory .
4. A stand ard fo r interpr etations an d interpr etive method s ap pro priate to the data so urce to
which the stand ard ap plies .
5. Stand ard s fo r co mmo n ou tpu t pr oducts . Gen erally, these ar e sp ecificatio ns fo r stand ard
an alo gue map or repor t pr oducts gener ated fr om the digital data.
3.2. SOFTWARE INDEPENDENCE
Wher ever po ssible, the stand ard will be indep endent of pr opr ietar y so ftware or pr opr ietar y
so ftware co nstructs . Wher e the min is try respo nsible requires data in a vendor depend ent
fo rmat or co nstruct the stand ard will en deavor to pr ovide stand ard co nver sion pr ocedur es or
vendor indep endent fo rmats which can be imp orted into the min is try sy stem.
3.3. PROCEDURE INDEPENDENCE
Wher ever po ssible the stand ard will be pr ocedur e indep en dent. For ex ample, the stand ard
may require es timated accur acy pr ovided as the attr ib ute(s) being es timated, the es timated
value, an d statis tically defined co nfiden ce limits rath er than requiring that a sp ecific
pr ocedur e be fo llowed . In other cases it may pr ovide a min imum accep tab le pr ocedur e bu t
allo w fo r other mor e so phisticated pr ocedur es that pr ovide ad ditio nal infor mation .
4. FRAMEWORK FOR THE PEM STANDARD
In keeping with the white paper fr amewo rk, the PEM stand ard fr amewo rk will co nsist of
the fo llowin g elemen ts .
4.1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PEM AND TEM STANDARDS
The stand ard will identif y ar eas of ex act co rrespo nden ce, similar ity with, an d diver gen ce
fr om ex istin g TEM an d, where relevant, other RI C stand ard s. This will include discipline
stand ard s, map pin g stand ard s, digital captu re stand ard s, an d repor ting stand ard s.
4.2. MAPPING CONCEPTS
The stand ard will identif y an d sp ecify stand ard s fo r the identif ication, do cumen tatio n, an d
rationalizatio n of map pin g en tities an d map en tities. Mapp ing en tities ar e the basic
ecosy stem elemen t being map ped e.g., Biogeo climatic zo ne, su b-zone, su b-zone ph ase,
su b-zone variant, or site series, site series stru ctu ral stage, site modifier , site series seral
stage. Map en tities ar e the labeled po lyg ons on the map an d may represen t diff erent
co mpositions of map pin g en tities. The stand ard will also mak e recommendatio ns or set
stand ard s fo r do cumen ting the relationsh ip between TEM an d PEM map pin g an d map
en tities.
6
4.3. MAPPING CONVENTIONS
The stand ard will identif y an d mak e recommendatio ns on the desig n an d imp lementation of
co nven tions fo r the display of PEM infor mation in map fo rm. This may co nsist of sy mbol,
label, an d line co nven tions . It will also mak e recommendatio ns or set stand ard s fo r the
do cumen tatio n of the relations hip between PEM co nven tions an d TEM co nven tions .
4.4. QUALITY CONTROL / QUALITY ASSURANCE
4.4.1. Quality Control
Quality co ntr ol stand ard s will co nsist of three co mponents . The firs t is a rigor ous , welldo cumen ted pr ocedur e that if fo llowed will pr od uce co nsistent results . The secon d is
as sur ance that the pr ocedur e has been fo llowed . Notif ication is required if significan t
deviation is co ntemplated. The thir d is the deter min ation an d monito ring of qu ality resulting
fr om the ap plied pr ocedur e. The stan dar d will develop do cumen tatio n requirements fo r
PEM pr ocedur es. The do cumen tatio n will pr ovide su fficient detail fo r the pr ocedur e to be
co nsistently replicated an d monito red . Quality co ntr ol pr ocedur es sh ould be developed fo r
ap plication to the deter mination of :
1. In put data qu ality . This will be ap plicable on ly if new input data ar e being pr oduced fo r
the PEM pr oject. Wher e ex istin g thematic map s ar e being us ed, qu ality as sur ance
pr ocedur es will be ap plied to deter min e the qu ality of the input map s.
2. Pr eparatio n an d co mpilation of the input data base.
3. The validity of the kn owledge base.
4. The imp lementation of the kn owledge base ag ain st the input data.
4.4.2. Quality Assurance
Quality as sur ance tests the final pr oduct to en sur e that a sp ecified stand ard of qu ality has
been achieved . The test is indep endent of the method s us ed to pr oduce the pr oduct bu t it
may be ph ased to test diff erent stages of pr oduct co mpletion. Pr ocedures will be developed
an d do cumen ted to ev alu ate input data qu ality (thematic an d sp atial) , the kn owledge base
us ed to pr edict PEM un its, an d the imp lementation of the kn owledge base ag ain st the input
data to pr edict PEM un its. Thematic input qu ality on ex istin g thematic map s will of
neces sity be qu alitative since field-tes ting will be pr oblematic.
4.5. DOCUMENTATION STANDARDS
The PEM stand ard will es tablish min imum levels of do cumen tatio n an d meta- data
pr ovided to ev alu ate the qu ality fo r the input data, pr edictive pr ocedur es, an d ou tpu t pr oducts
of PEM. In the initial version of the stand ard s the ev alu ation may have to be qu alitative bu t
the do cumen tatio n sh ould be su fficient to begin refinin g pr ocedur es an d to ap ply mor e
qu antitative ratings to input an d ou tpu t data qu ality .
7
4.5.1. Data input
The stand ard will identif y meta- data that sh ould be as sociated with input data su ch as fo res t
co ver , terr ain, so il, an d biogeoclimate. The meta- data will ch aracterize co ntent, qu ality , an d
fo rmat of bo th the thematic an d sp atial data.
4.5.2. Data input quality
The stand ard will sp ecify meta- data relatin g to the deter min ation of thematic an d sp atial
qu ality an d of the ap plicability of the input data to PEM. The stand ard will also referen ce
qu ality as sur ance pr ocedur es developed fo r utilizing su rro gate infor mation to pr ovide
qu alitative es timates of data qu ality in the ab sen ce of ap pro priate meta- data.
4.5.3. PEM process
The stand ard will sp ecify the mater ials neces sar y to do cumen t the PEM pr ocess in
su fficient detail fo r the pr ocess to be ev alu ated fo r su itability an d ap plicability. The stand ard
will also sp ecify do cumen tatio n of the pr ocess in su fficient detail fo r it to be replicated,
monito red , an d validated.
4.5.4. Analytical procedures
The stand ard will sp ecify requirements fo r do cumen tatio n of an d the rationale fo r the
an aly tical pr ocedur es us ed in the PEM. It will require su fficient detail to ev alu ate the
ap plicability of the pr ocedur e an d to replicate an d validate the results .
4.5.5. Knowledge base and algorithms
The stand ard will sp ecify do cumen tatio n requirements fo r the kn owledge base us ed in
kn owledge- based pr edictive ecosy stem map pin g. The do cumen tatio n will include the logic,
pr ocedur es an d as sumptio ns to facilitate meanin gfu l Q/C, as well as the sp ecificatio n of
en tities, attr ib utes, ru le bases , belief co eff icien ts , an d algor ithms us ed in the pr edictive
pr ocess. . The do cumen tatio n sh ould also include the pedig ree of the KB - the ex istin g KBs
that fo rmed the basis of the su bject KB, the natur e of su ccessive iter ation s, co rrelation
pr ocedur es to which it was su bject ...
5. PRIORITY ASSIGNMENTS
Teams have been cr eated to pr epare an d distribute fo r discu ssion the fo llowin g items by
Aug ust 15 , 19 99:
5.1. MAPPING CONCEPTS
A on e-d ay wor ksh op was held to es tablish stand ard s fo r the definitio n, rationale, an d
do cumen tatio n of PEM map pin g en tities an d map en tities. Pr ovisio nal map pin g an d map
un its will be pr opos ed fo r discu ssion. Asp ects of section 5.2 will be influen ced by this
wor ksh op.
8
5.2. RELATIONSHIP TO TEM STANDARDS
5.2.1. PEM Data Architecture
The ex istin g TEM data ar chitecture an d TEM stan dar d fo r digital data captu re will be
reviewed fo r ap plicability to PEM ap plications. The sp ecific issues of min imum co re data,
the ab ility to ad dress no n-s tan dar d data, an d no n-f orested ecosy stem data will be ev alu ated
an d recommendatio ns su bmitted. (Darr en McKellar et al., Jo hn Jo hnso n, Car men Cad rin,
Dav e Clark .)
5.2.2. PEM Mapping Conventions
The ex istin g TEM map pin g co nven tions will be reviewed fo r ap plicability to PEM
map pin g en tities, map en tities, an d map pr oducts . If ap pro priate, a PEM sp ecific stand ard
will be cr eated to be distributed indep endently or to be ap pend ed to the TEM stand ard . (B ob
Maxwell, Ted Lea)
5.3. QUALITY CONTROL / QUALITY ASSURANCE
5.3.1. Input data quality
Req uir ed elemen ts fo r do cumen ting an d ev alu ating the qu ality of thematic an d sp atial data
inputs will be pr epared an d distributed fo r discu ssion. In ad ditio n, a pr ocedur e to deter min e
the sp atial qu ality of input data map s will be pr epared an d distributed fo r discu ssion. (Dave
Moon , Mar vin Eng , Br uce Enn s, Ev Ken k)
5.3.2. Biogeoclimatic Unit scale refinement
Pr ocedures fo r localizin g Biogeo climatic bo undaries fr om smaller scale map s to the scale of
the PEM will be developed, do cumen ted , an d distributed fo r discu ssion. (Marvin Eng , Del
Meidin ger )
5.3.3. Output data quality
A pr ocedur e fo r deter min ing ov erall PEM ou tpu t qu ality fo r a map will be pr epared an d
distributed fo r discu ssion pr ior to the secon d wor ksh op. (Del Meidin ger )
5.4. DOCUMENTATION / META-DATA REQUIREMENTS
Pr oject definitio n (Darr en McKellar, Dav e Moon )
The PEM Pr ocess (Keith Jo nes )
In put Data (Dave Moon )
Kno wled ge base (Dave Moon )
Pr edictive Algorith ms an d Imp lementation (Dave Moon )
Quality Con tr ol / Quality Ass urance (Dave Moon , Del Meidin ger )
9
5.5. CHANGE MANAGEMENT
5.5.1. Versioning and version control
A pr ocedur e an d stand ard fo r version man agement, co ntr ol, release, an d distribution will be
pr epared . (S heila Jeck)
5.5.2. Change Management
A requirements an aly sis an d su gges ted pr ocedur e to screen, as ses s imp acts, track versions ,
time releases, an d co mmu nicate ch anges to the PEM co mmu nity will be pr epared an d
pr esented fo r review. This will fo llow the cu rrent RI C po licies fo r ch ange man agement.
(S heila Jeck)
5.6. CREATION OF A PROTOTYPE ARCHITECTURE TO SUPPORT THE STANDARD
A pr oto typ e ar chitecture to or gan ize, po pulate, man age, an d review the stand ard will be
cr eated fo r us e du rin g the secon d wor ksh op. The pr oto typ e will man age the co mponents of
the stand ard s, their relationsh ips to each other , an d identif y the imp licatio ns of ch anges to
on e or mor e of the co mpo nents. (S heila Jeck an d Dav e Moon )
6. APPROACH AND SCHEDULE
The developmen t of the stand ard s will pr oceed in five stages.
Stage 1 (J uly 7)
Stage 1 co nsisted of a two-day wor ksh op to define the ob jectives of the stand ard , the issues
to be ad dressed, an d the elemen ts of the stand ard needed to ad dress the issues identif ied an d
meet the defined ob jectives .
Stage 2 (J uly 20 )
The results of the wor ksh op wer e sy nth esized into a sp ecificatio n fo r a stand ard that
identif ies the ob jectives , issues ad dressed, stru ctur es an d fu nctio ns that the stand ard mus t
su ppor t. This repor t is pu blished on the web an d yo u ar e no w reading it.
Stage 3 (Au g 15 )
The team as signmen ts identif ied in Section 5 - 0 - ar e su bmitted fo r po sting to the web site.
Stage 4 (S ept 8)
Follo wing review of the team as signmen ts an d their incor por ation into the pr oto typ e
kn owledge fr amewo rk, a secon d wor ksh op will be held to review an d ap pro ve the co ntents
of the fr amewo rk fo r pr eparatio n as a 1st ap pro ximation PEM stand ard .
10
Stage 5 (Oct 1)
Decis ion s taken at the secon d wor ksh op will be incor por ated an d a dr aft stand ard cr eated fo r
web distribution to the TEM an d PEM co mmu nities fo r co mment an d review. The review
period will close October 15 .
Stage 6 (Nov 9)
Comments an d reviews received fr om the TEM an d PEM co mmu nities will be ev alu ated
an d, where ap pro priate, be incor por ated into the pr opos ed stand ard . The stand ard will then
be su bmitted to the Res our ces In ven tor y Committee fo r accep tan ce.
11