ASHRAE Guideline 12-2000
Minimizing the Risk of
Legionellosis Associated
with Building Water
Systems
Approved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee February 5, 2000;
by the ASHRAE Board of Directors February 10, 2000.
ASHRAE Guidelines are updated on a five-year cycle; the date
following the standard number is the year of ASHRAE Board of
Directors approval. The latest copies may be purchased from
ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 303292305. E-mail: orders@ashrae.org. Fax: 404-321-5478. Telephone: 404636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in U.S.
and Canada).
© 2000 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers, Inc.
ISSN 1041-2336
ASHRAE Standard Project Committee 12-2000
Cognizant TC: Environmental Health Committee
SPLS Liaison: Waller S. Clements
David F. Geary, Chair*
Paul A. Lindahl, Jr., Secretary*
Michael D. Adams*
Joseph Aiello*
Richard E. Besser
Robert F. Breiman
Clive R. Broadbent*
Karl A. Brown*
Frederick T. Byers
Jay C. Butler*
Richard A. Charles*
Daryn S. Cline*
Eric A. Delaubenfels*
Barry S. Fields
Carl B. Fliermans
John M. Hodgson*
Kevin B. McBurney
William F. McCoy*
Amanda K. Meitz
Richard D. Miller*
George K. Morris
Edwin A. Nordstrom
Daniel A. Pope
Paul R. Puckorius
James L. Raber
Godwin C. Rogerson
Dennis P. Shea*
Brian G. Shelton*
George R. Shriver
Reid A. Spence*
Laurance S. Staples
Janet E. Stout*
Patricia T. Thomas*
Richard L. Tyndall
Kazuo Watanabe
Ronald E. Wood*
Thomas L. White
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ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 1999-2000
Arthur E. McIvor, Chair
Martha J. Hewett, Vice-Chair
Dean S. Borges
Waller S. Clements
Piotr A. Domanski
Richard A. Evans
Mark C. Hegberg
John F. Hogan
David E. Knebel
Frederick H. Kohloss
William J. Landman
Neil P. Leslie
Nance C. Lovvorn
Amanda K. Meitz
Davor Novosel
Joseph A. Pietsch
James A. Ranfone
Terry E. Townsend
James K. Vallort
Thomas E. Watson
Bruce A. Wilcox
J. Richard Wright
Samuel D. Cummings, Jr., BOD ExO
Raymond E. Patenaude, CO
Claire Ramspeck, Manager of Standards
SPECIAL NOTE
This American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standard developed under the auspices of the American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Consensus is defined by the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved this standard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement reached
by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrence of more than a simple majority, but not necessarily
unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an effort be made toward their resolution.”
Compliance with this standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliance mandatory through legislation.
ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public
review.
ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The
Project Committee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE
members, all must be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests
on all Project Committees.
The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:
a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,
b. participation in the next review of the Standard,
c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard,
d. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.
DISCLAIMER
ASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information
and accepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any
products, components, or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAE’s Standards or Guidelines or that
any tests conducted under its Standards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.
ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDS
ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of
testing for rating purposes, by suggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions
of this equipment, and by providing other information that may serve to guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards
and Guidelines is determined by the need for them, and conformance to them is completely voluntary.
In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either
stated or implied, that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.
CONTENTS
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SECTION
PAGE
1 Purpose .......................................................................................................................................................... 2
2 Scope ............................................................................................................................................................. 2
3 Ecology of Legionella ..................................................................................................................................... 2
4 Potable and Emergency Water Systems ........................................................................................................ 3
5 Heated Spas................................................................................................................................................... 5
6 Architectural Fountains and Waterfall Systems .............................................................................................. 7
7 Cooling Towers Including Fluid Coolers (Closed-Circuit Cooling Towers) and Evaporative Condensers ...... 7
8 Direct Evaporative Air Coolers, Misters (Atomizers), Air Washers, and Humidifiers .................................... 10
9 Indirect Evaporative Air Coolers ................................................................................................................... 12
10 Metalworking Systems.................................................................................................................................. 13
11 Monitoring for Legionella .............................................................................................................................. 13
12 References ................................................................................................................................................... 14
Annex A:
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 15
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POLICY STATEMENT DEFINING ASHRAE’S CONCERN
FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ITS ACTIVITIES
ASHRAE is concerned with the impact of its members’ activities on both the indoor and outdoor environment. ASHRAE’s
members will strive to minimize any possible deleterious effect on the indoor and outdoor environment of the systems and
components in their responsibility while maximizing the beneficial effects these systems provide, consistent with accepted
standards and the practical state of the art.
ASHRAE’s short-range goal is to ensure that the systems and components within its scope do not impact the indoor and
outdoor environment to a greater extent than specified by the standards and guidelines as established by itself and other
responsible bodies.
As an ongoing goal, ASHRAE will, through its Standards Committee and extensive technical committee structure,
continue to generate up-to-date standards and guidelines where appropriate and adopt, recommend, and promote those new
and revised standards developed by other responsible organizations.
Through its Handbook, appropriate chapters will contain up-to-date standards and design considerations as the material is
systematically revised.
ASHRAE will take the lead with respect to dissemination of environmental information of its primary interest and will seek
out and disseminate information from other responsible organizations that is pertinent, as guides to updating standards and
guidelines.
The effects of the design and selection of equipment and systems will be considered within the scope of the system’s
intended use and expected misuse. The disposal of hazardous materials, if any, will also be considered.
ASHRAE’s primary concern for environmental impact will be at the site where equipment within ASHRAE’s scope
operates. However, energy source selection and the possible environmental impact due to the energy source and energy
transportation will be considered where possible. Recommendations concerning energy source selection should be made by
its members.