Tore Undeland, professor in
Trondheim, Norway. Exhausted but
happy after climbed the 80 m tower
of a 2.3 MW wind turbine. Blade
length is 54 m, root cord is 3.4 m.
Swept area is 9144 sqm.
250 W per sqm is rated power.
68 WTs harvest 356 GWh per y.
Equivalent to the full day work of
men in 356 million days.
Power Electronics
Is an enabling Technology making
renewable energy affordable
Tore Undeland
PhD on Application of
Power Transistors, in 1977.
Professor in Power
Electronics since 1984.
My first visit to UMN was
7 months in 1982,
since then I have
visited UMN
almost every year.
The thyristor was invented in the
GE lab in Schenectady in 1957
Control MW by mW. Gain of 1000 M.
1960’s USA and Germany were the
first to develop applications for
Thyristor based power electronics.
1970’s Si based Power Transistors
made a revolution in power
electronics.
2010’s SiC and GaN power transistors
represent å new paradigm shift.
Renewable Energy Basics and
Lessons from Norway
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Basics
Energy from hard working men
Energy use in Norway and USA
CO2, we need it
but not too much, then we get
the Global Warming
Photosynthesis
and CO2 from burning COAL
Energy in fossil fuel
We use more oil than is
discovered.
Lessons from Norway
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Some about Norway
Hydro Power
Wind Power
Offshore wind power
Reduce energy in houses by law
Toll roads >> $ for new roads
Electric vehicles heavily subsidized
Electric buses
Electric bikes
Electric ships and ferries
Electric fishing boats
Teaching Energy and Climate
• Understanding by calculating. What to learn from Norway.
• What is energy? Our dependence of energy. 1 kWh = man in a day.
• In Norway energy use per capita is like 50,000 kWh/year
= approx 200 kWh every day
(MN 100,000 kWh/year)
• Burning oil, gas and coal emits CO2, a greenhouse gas,
man made temp increase..
• Climate change due to CO2,
UN: Predicts 50 mill. climate refugees in 2050.
• Outside a plane it is -58 F, still we can live on our planet.
We are protected by the Greenhouse gas (CO2)
which has increased by 40 %.since 1940.
Like sitting in a car in the sun and crank the windows slowly up.
Burning Coal contra Photosynthesis
By burning one kg C, 3.6 kg CO2 is emitted to the air
C + O2 = Energy + CO2
12+32 = 44 or 1+2.6 = 3.6
Burning COAL reacts with O2 in the air
Photosynthesis: By energy from the sun, CO2 from
the air splits to O2 to the air and C for growing trees.
Energy + CO2 = C + O2
1 kg C removes 3.6 kg CO2
(50 % of wood is C, one kg wood removes 1.8 kg CO2)
1 Relative Atomic Weight
12
16
Periodic table
Energy content of some fuels
1 kg of dry wood 5.3 kWh
1 kg of coal 10 kWh
1 cubic meter of natural gas 8.8 kWh
1 liter of petrol 9.1 kWh
1 US gallon = 3.78 liter
1 liter of diesel-oil 10.2 kWh
1 kilogram of hydrogen 33.6 kWh
http://www.homoludens.no/2015/07/26/energi-bensin-kcal-watt/comment-page-1/
Charcoal 8.6 kWh per kg, Butter: 8.5 kWh per kg
These numbers you will find on the packages.
A standard gasoline car emits 2 tons CO2 every year
Norway emits per capita 10 tons CO2 per year
USA emits per capita 17 tons CO2 per year
The concern surrounding Peak Oil is not about “running out of oil”. Most models show oil still being produced for at least another hundred years. In fact, when we reach Peak Oil we
From 1982 we use more oil than
discovered
https://sustainabilityissues.wordpress.com/peak-oil/
80 – 85 % of energy used in the world is fossil, OIL, GAS and COAL
Bush: 'America is addicted to oil‘ 'The world is addicted to oil‘
CO2 emissions must down by 80-90 % for a sustainable world
About Norway
• Norway has 5 million inhabitants, same as
Minnesota. Land area is also about the same.
• Inhabitants is less than 1/1000 of the world
• All electricity is generated from Hydro and Wind
• Electricity is 60 % of the energy consumption
• Only 1/3 of energy used is from oil.
• 2 % of the oil export in the world.
We are the oil sheiks of Europe.
• Now we have problems due to the low price on oil.
100 mi border to Russia
1000 mi border to Sweden
Rain
Wind
From
GB
Fairbanks
Rome
Oil and gas is 40 % of
Norway’s export.
5.2 million
inhabitants
5.3 mill
148 sq mi Long and windy coast
87 sq mi
Perfect for hydro power, plateaus of rainy mountains
El=60 % of energy, 100 % of el is renewable, 97 % hydro and 3 % wind
Norway has
half of energy
stored in
dams in Europe
Most of the
inflow into dams
is when the
snow melts
in June – July.
Dams are high up,
Turbines are close
to the fjords
Head
New wind farm along the windy cost of Norway, West of Trondheim.
278 turbines, each 3.6 MW, that is 1000 MW rated (peak) power.
Yearly 3,400 GWh are harvested. 3400/8760 = 0.39 average utilization.
11 billon NOK = 1.4 billion $ or 1.4 million $ per MW.
This is enough energy for charging 2.3 million EVs.
Cost of wind farms is reduced by 90 % during the last 32 years.
Cost of PV or solar panels is reduced by 99 % during the last 35 years.
Europe’s largest wind farm on land.
Rule of thumb:
Full production in 2500
to 3000 hours/year:
1 MW WT generates
2500 - 3000 MWh/year
A new 400 kV
Power transmission
line
DENMARK: For two hours on Friday July 10, 2015 wind power generated the equivalent
of 140% of national electricity consumption, surpassing the previous record of 135%.
MWh
3500
13 h
2500
On the day of the record,
Denmark's surplus was
Exported to Sweden,
Norway and Germany
— a net exchange of 6,010 MWh.
http://www.windpowermonthly.com/article/1358497/
analysis-danish-surplus-exposes-grid-challenges
2h
Sway, 10 MW offshore wind turbine
Modular permanent magnet ring generator, higher speed in
the airgap and better mechanical support of the blades.
Output voltage of 100 kV
POTENTIAL – OCEAN BASED WIND
 - 50 x 80 km
 - is like the yearly hydro power energy of
Norway
Source - Map: Hydro
125 TWh
Floating wind turbines
The 30 MW pilot project will consist of five,
6 MW floating turbines operating in waters
exceeding 100 m of depth. The Pilot Park
objectives is to demonstrate cost efficient and
low risk solutions for commercial scale parks.
http://www.statoil.com/no/TechnologyInnovation/NewEnergy/RenewablePowerProduction/Offshore/HywindScotland/Pages/default.aspx
Norway
Denmark
UK
Germany
Offshore wind
is a great
energy source.
Wind energy from the North
Sea can provide all energy
needed in Europe.
Then we need a common
electric grid.
UK, Germany, Netherlands,
Denmark and Norway have
already offshore wind farms.
In sea the grid must be cables.
Long distance cables must be
supplied by Direct Current.
Energy conservation:
Energy savings are subsidized in Norway, by Enova
Improve buildings
1. Insulation (ceiling 14 inches, outside wall 8 inches by law)
2. heat pumps
3. heat exchanger in ventilation air
4. windows
5. house is air tight (must use electric control of shades,
no holes in the wall is allowed)
House warmed by hot water from
district heating which burns waste.
Road for
bikes
Communication
unit inside my
Prius, identifies
the car.
10 kr = 1.25 $
I pass 3 toll
gates on my
way to the U.
Toll gates around all cities in Norway. 24/7 - a large income
50 % is used for new roads and tunnels
25 % is used for bus transport
25 % is used for bike and pedestrian roads
The Parliament of Norway set the
goal to reach 50,000 zero emission
vehicles by 2018. Now it is 80,000.
Among the incentives, electric cars
are exempt from taxes.
Also free parking, free charging,
drive in bus lanes are provided.
The largest EV producers
in the world.
The in December 2013, became the all-time top selling passenger new energy vehicle in China in 2014. Cumulative sales totaled 46,787 units through December 2015.
[164]
[31][165][166]
All together this make electric car
purchase price lowerthan
conventional cars.
10 Years ago all business buildings
had to include parking
Now they are not allowed.
Now I cannot park at the U campus.
Also Norway: 25 788 new EVs in 2015, increase of 42,5 % relative to 2014
In addition many HEVs are sold
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car_use_by_country
Mercedes B 160
Information in this
slide is found in
a few minutes from
the web.
We only need to know:
8 kWh/liter gasoline
Gas 0.56 l/10 km, standard cycle CO2 emission is 130 g/km
Energy measured in kWh pr 10 km: 0,56 * 8.0 = 4,48 kWh
This is from Gas Pump to Wheel, what about from Well to
Wheel?
0.56 l = 0.148 gallon > 67 kmpg = 42 mpg
Exact same model as electric car: kWh per 10 km: 1.4 kWh
From Charging to Wheel: Energy of el consumption is only
30 % of energy consumed in a gasoline B 160.
First electric battery operated bus in Oslo
In 10 years, at least 1/3 of buses in Oslo will be electric
It is much easier to make a system for el buses than from EVs
Fra 2018 skal tre førerløse elektriske busser betjene en 1,6 kilometer lang strekning i Aalb
Aalborg får førerløs elbuss
Skal kjøre en 1,6 kilometer lang rute.
3 autonomous electric buses will run on a 1 mi route from 2018 in Aalborg, Denmark.
The buses are made by the French Navya Technology.
http://www.tu.no/artikler/aalborg-far-forerlos-elbuss/320961#cxrecs_s
Biking and walking are supported a lot in Norway.
Also for adult, business men and women.
For all weather and also ice/snow conditions.
Bikes have studded tires in winter.
Sales of Electric bikes have increased a lot. We get more
exercise when we have an electric bike, we use it more.
Ampere, the first battery operated ferry in Norway
Runs on renewable el. Huge batteries from Canada
Can carry 120 cars and 360 passengers.
Low power grids.
Fjord crossing in 20 minutesNeeds high power - fast charging.
Batteries energy storage on land, charged during round trip.
As silently as a crocodile, the white giant approaches the shore
First battery/electric fishing vessel in Norway.
Fuel cost is reduced by 70 %.
This is an ad from the
agency Enova which
supports Energy Saving.
They use the battery
operated fishing wessel
they have supported
as an example.
There is no PLANET B
Renewable Energy Basics and
Lessons from Norway
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Basics
Energy from hard working men
Energy use in Norway and USA
CO2, we need it
but not too much, then we get
the Global Warming
Photosynthesis
and CO2 from burning COAL
Energy in fossil fuel
We use more oil than is
discovered.
Lessons from Norway
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Some about Norway
Hydro Power
Wind Power
Offshore wind power
Reduce energy in houses by law
Electric vehicles heavily subsidized
Electric buses
Electric bikes
Electric ships and ferries
Electric fishing boats