Species at Risk Act
Management Plan Series
Management Plan for the Blackstripe
Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow, Spotted
Sucker and Warmouth in Canada
Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
Fisheries and Oceans
Canada
Pêches et Oceans
Canada
About the Species at Risk Act Management Plan Series
What is the Species at Risk Act (SARA)?
SARA is the Act developed by the federal government as a key contribution to the common
national effort to protect and conserve species at risk in Canada. SARA came into force in 2003,
and one of its purposes is “to manage species of special concern to prevent them from
becoming endangered or threatened.”
What is a species of special concern?
Under SARA, a species of special concern is a wildlife species that could become threatened or
endangered because of a combination of biological characteristics and identified threats.
Species of special concern are included in the SARA List of Wildlife Species at Risk.
What is a management plan?
Under SARA, a management plan is an action-oriented planning document that identifies the
conservation activities and land use measures needed to ensure, at a minimum, that a species
of special concern does not become threatened or endangered. For many species, the ultimate
aim of the management plan will be to alleviate human threats and remove the species from the
List of Wildlife Species at Risk. The plan sets goals and objectives, identifies threats, and
indicates the main areas of activities to be undertaken to address those threats.
Management plan development is mandated under Sections 65–72 of SARA
(http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/approach/act/default_e.cfm).
A management plan has to be developed within three years after the species is added to the
List of Wildlife Species at Risk. A period of five years is allowed for those species that were
initially listed when SARA came into force.
What’s next?
Directions set in the management plan will enable jurisdictions, communities, land users, and
conservationists to implement conservation activities that will have preventative or restorative
benefits. Cost-effective measures to prevent the species from becoming further at risk should
not be postponed for lack of full scientific certainty and may, in fact, result in significant cost
savings in the future.
The series
This series presents the management plans prepared or adopted by the federal government
under SARA. New documents will be added regularly as species get listed and as plans are
updated.
To learn more
To learn more about the Species at Risk Act and conservation initiatives, please consult the
Species at Risk Public Registry (www.sararegistry.gc.ca).
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth in Canada
October 2009
Recommended citation:
Edwards, A.L. and S.K. Staton. 2009. Management plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow,
Pugnose Minnow, Spotted Sucker and Warmouth in Canada. Species at Risk Act Management
Plan Series. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa. viii + 43 pp.
Additional copies:
Additional copies can be downloaded from the SARA Public Registry
(http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/).
Cover photographs: Clockwise from upper left: Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker, Warmouth. Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow and Spotted Sucker ©
Konrad Schmidt.
Également disponible en français sous le titre
«Plan de gestion pour le fondule rayé, le petit-bec, le meunier tacheté et le crapet sac-à-lait au
Canada [proposition]»
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment,
2009. All rights reserved.
ISBN 978-1-100-12129-1
Catalogue no. En3-5/5-2009E-PDF
Content (excluding the illustrations) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to
the source.
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
PREFACE
Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow, Spotted Sucker and Warmouth are freshwater fishes
and are under the responsibility of the federal government. The Minister of Fisheries and
Oceans is a “competent minister” for aquatic species under the Species at Risk Act (SARA).
Since Warmouth is located in Point Pelee National Park of Canada administered by the Parks
Canada Agency (Parks Canada), the Minister of the Environment is also a “competent minister”
under SARA for this species only. The Species at Risk Act (SARA, Section 65) requires the
competent ministers to prepare management plans for species listed as special concern. The
Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow, Spotted Sucker and Warmouth were listed as
species of special concern under SARA in 2003. The development of this management plan
was led by Fisheries and Oceans Canada – Central and Arctic Region, in cooperation and
consultation with many individuals, organizations and government agencies, including the
Government of Ontario, the Parks Canada Agency, the University of Windsor and the Upper
Thames Rivers Conservation Authority. The plan meets SARA requirements in terms of content
and process (SARA sections 65-68).
Success in the conservation of these species depends on the commitment and cooperation of
many different constituencies that will be involved in implementing the directions set out in this
plan and will not be achieved by Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Parks Canada or any other
party alone. This plan provides advice to jurisdictions and organizations that may be involved or
wish to become involved in activities to conserve this species. In the spirit of the Accord for the
Protection of Species at Risk, the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans and the Minister of the
Environment invite all responsible jurisdictions and Canadians to join Fisheries and Oceans
Canada and Parks Canada in supporting and implementing this plan for the benefit of the
Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow, Spotted Sucker and Warmouth, and Canadian
society as a whole. The competent ministers will report on progress within five years.
RESPONSIBLE JURISDICTIONS
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Government of Ontario
Parks Canada Agency
AUTHORS
This document was prepared by Amy L. Edwards and Shawn K. Staton on behalf of Fisheries
and Oceans Canada and Parks Canada.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Fisheries and Oceans Canada would like to thank the following organizations for their support in
the development of this management plan: the Ontario Freshwater Fish Recovery Team, Parks
Canada Agency, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario Ministry of the Environment,
i
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
University of Windsor and the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority. Mapping was
produced by Carolyn Bakelaar (DFO).
ii
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
A strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is conducted on all SARA recovery planning
documents, in accordance with the Cabinet Directive on the Environmental Assessment of
Policy, Plan and Program Proposals. The purpose of a SEA is to incorporate environmental
considerations into the development of public policies, plans, and program proposals to support
environmentally-sound decision making.
Management planning is intended to benefit species at risk and biodiversity in general.
However, it is recognized that plans may also inadvertently lead to environmental effects
beyond the intended benefits. The planning process based on national guidelines directly
incorporates consideration of all environmental effects, with a particular focus on possible
impacts on non-target species or habitats. The results of the SEA are incorporated directly into
the plan itself, but are also summarized below.
This management plan will clearly benefit the environment by promoting the conservation of the
Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow, Spotted Sucker and Warmouth. The potential for the
plan to inadvertently lead to adverse effects on other species was considered. The SEA
concluded that this plan will clearly benefit the environment and will not entail any significant
adverse effects. The reader should refer to the following sections of the document in particular:
description of the species’ habitat and biological needs, ecological role, and limiting factors;
effects on other species; and, the management implementation actions.
iii
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In Canada, the Blackstripe Topminnow (Fundulus notatus), Pugnose Minnow (Opsopoeodus
emiliae), Spotted Sucker (Minytrema melanops) and Warmouth (Lepomis gulosus) all occur in
southwestern Ontario. The Blackstripe Topminnow is found only in the Sydenham River and
Lake St. Clair drainages and the Warmouth is found only in four areas of Lake Erie (Long Point
Bay, Big Creek National Wildlife Area [Long Point region], Rondeau Bay and Point Pelee
National Park). The Pugnose Minnow and Spotted Sucker are found in Lake St. Clair and its
smaller tributaries, Lake Erie, the Detroit River, the Sydenham River and the Thames River. In
addition, the Spotted Sucker is also found in the St. Clair River.
All four species are listed as Special Concern and are on Schedule 1 of the federal Species at
Risk Act. As such, the Act requires that management plans be developed that identify
management approaches for each species. Fisheries and Oceans Canada and the Parks
Canada Agency, in cooperation with the government of Ontario, have developed a single
management plan to aid in the conservation and management of these four species. In
recognition of the degree of overlap between these species in their distribution, as well as the
commonality of threats, a multi-species approach was adopted for the management of these
species.
Little data are available regarding population sizes and trends, biology or ecology of these four
species. All face similar known and suspected threats, which include: habitat loss and
degradation; sediment and nutrient loading; toxic compounds; exotic species; altered coastal
processes; climate change; incidental harvest; and, barriers to movement.
This management plan defines the goal, objectives and recommended approaches believed to
be necessary for the conservation and management of these four species in Canada.
The long-term goal of this management plan is to maintain, or enhance, existing populations of
the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow, Spotted Sucker and Warmouth in Canada, and
to improve the quality and quantity of their associated habitats. This will be accomplished
primarily through the implementation of ecosystem recovery/management approaches, in
cooperation with relevant single/multi-species and ecosystem-based recovery programs, to
mitigate identified threats.
The following short-term objectives (over the next 5-10 years) have been identified to assist in
achieving the management goal:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
To understand the health and extent of existing populations;
To improve our knowledge of the species’ biology, ecology and habitat requirements;
To understand trends in populations and habitat;
To maintain and improve existing populations;
To ensure the efficient use of resources in the management of these species; and,
To improve awareness of these species and engage the public in conservation of these
species.
Some measures have already been implemented for the management of these species. In
Ontario, three ecosystem-based recovery strategies address two or more of the species (EssexErie region, Sydenham River, Thames River). Stewardship and awareness initiatives have
been developed by the ecosystem-based recovery teams and are ongoing throughout the
iv
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
species’ ranges. The development and implementation of management actions is being
coordinated with species at risk recovery teams throughout the species’ ranges to facilitate
information sharing. Coordination with other recovery teams will help to ensure that proposed
management actions do not negatively impact upon other co-occurring species at risk;
management actions may, in fact, enhance or facilitate recovery of other species at risk.
v
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ........................................................................................................................ I
RESPONSIBLE JURISDICTIONS ................................................................................... I
AUTHORS........................................................................................................................ I
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................... I
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ......................................................... III
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................IV
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1
1.0
SPECIES INFORMATION – BLACKSTRIPE TOPMINNOW................................ 2
1.1
Species Assessment Information from COSEWIC............................................ 2
1.2
Description ........................................................................................................ 2
1.3
Populations and Distribution ............................................................................. 2
1.4
Needs of the Blackstripe Topminnow................................................................ 5
1.4.1
Habitat and biological needs...................................................................... 5
1.4.2
Ecological role ........................................................................................... 6
1.4.3
Limiting factors........................................................................................... 6
2.0
SPECIES INFORMATION – PUGNOSE MINNOW.............................................. 7
2.1
Species Assessment Information from COSEWIC............................................ 7
2.2
Description ........................................................................................................ 7
2.3
Populations and Distribution ............................................................................. 8
2.4
Needs of the Pugnose Minnow ....................................................................... 11
2.4.1
Habitat and biological needs.................................................................... 11
2.4.2
Ecological role ......................................................................................... 12
2.4.3
Limiting factors......................................................................................... 12
3.0
SPECIES INFORMATION – SPOTTED SUCKER ............................................. 13
3.1
Species Assessment Information from COSEWIC.......................................... 13
3.2
Description ...................................................................................................... 13
3.3
Populations and Distribution ........................................................................... 14
3.4
Needs of the Spotted Sucker .......................................................................... 17
3.4.1
Habitat and biological needs.................................................................... 17
3.4.2
Ecological role ......................................................................................... 17
3.4.3
Limiting factors......................................................................................... 17
4.0
SPECIES INFORMATION – WARMOUTH ........................................................ 18
4.1
Species Assessment Information from COSEWIC.......................................... 18
4.2
Description ...................................................................................................... 18
4.3
Populations and Distribution ........................................................................... 19
4.4
Needs of the Warmouth .................................................................................. 22
4.4.1
Habitat and biological needs.................................................................... 22
4.4.2
Ecological role ......................................................................................... 22
4.4.3
Limiting factors......................................................................................... 22
5.0
THREATS........................................................................................................... 22
5.1
Threat classification ........................................................................................ 23
5.2
Description of threats ...................................................................................... 25
5.2.1
Habitat Loss and Degradation ................................................................. 25
5.2.2
Sediment Loading.................................................................................... 25
vi
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
5.2.3
Nutrient Loading ...................................................................................... 25
5.2.4
Exotic Species ......................................................................................... 25
5.2.5
Altered Coastal Processes....................................................................... 26
5.2.6
Climate Change ....................................................................................... 26
5.2.7
Toxic Compounds .................................................................................... 27
5.2.8
Incidental Harvest .................................................................................... 27
5.2.9
Barriers to Movement............................................................................... 27
5.2.10 Changes to Trophic Dynamics................................................................. 28
5.3
Actions Already Completed or Underway ....................................................... 28
5.4
Knowledge Gaps............................................................................................. 31
6.0
MANAGEMENT.................................................................................................. 32
6.1
Goal ................................................................................................................ 32
6.2
Objectives ....................................................................................................... 32
6.3
Actions ............................................................................................................ 32
6.3.1
Background surveys ................................................................................ 32
6.3.2
Monitoring ................................................................................................ 33
6.3.3
Research ................................................................................................. 34
6.3.4
Coordination with recovery teams and other complimentary initiatives.... 35
6.3.5
Outreach and communication .................................................................. 35
6.3.6
Stewardship and habitat improvement (threat mitigation) ........................ 35
6.4
Effects on Other Species ................................................................................ 35
7.0
IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ....................................................................... 36
8.0
ASSOCIATED PLANS........................................................................................ 37
9.0
REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 37
10.0 CONTACTS........................................................................................................ 42
APPENDIX 1. RECORD OF COOPERATION AND CONSULTATION......................... 43
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Canadian and U.S. national and sub-national ranks for Blackstripe Topminnow
(NatureServe 2008)...............................................................................................................5
Table 2. Canadian and U.S. national and sub-national ranks for Pugnose Minnow (NatureServe
2008). ..................................................................................................................................11
Table 3. Canadian and U.S. national and sub-national ranks for Spotted Sucker (NatureServe
2008). ..................................................................................................................................16
Table 4. Canadian and U.S. national and sub-national ranks for Warmouth (NatureServe 2008).
............................................................................................................................................21
Table 5. Threat classification table .............................................................................................24
Table 6. Existing ecosystem-based recovery strategies that include two or more of the four
Special Concern species.....................................................................................................29
Table 7. Summary of recent fish surveys throughout the range of the Blackstripe Topminnow,
Pugnose Minnow, Spotted Sucker and Warmouth. ............................................................31
Table 8. Implementation schedule. .............................................................................................36
vii
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Blackstripe Topminnow (Fundulus notatus, male). ........................................................2
Figure 2. North American distribution of the Blackstripe Topminnow ...........................................3
Figure 3. Canadian distribution of the Blackstripe Topminnow....................................................4
Figure 4. Pugnose Minnow (Opsopoeodus emiliae). ....................................................................7
Figure 5. North American distribution of the Pugnose Minnow .....................................................8
(Cudmore and Holm 2000). ..........................................................................................................8
Figure 6. Canadian distribution of the Pugnose Minnow. ...........................................................10
Figure 7. Spotted Sucker (Minytrema melanops; male)..............................................................13
Figure 8. Global range of the Spotted Sucker (COSEWIC 2005a). ............................................14
Figure 9. Canadian range of the Spotted Sucker........................................................................15
Figure 10. Warmouth (Lepomis gulosus)....................................................................................18
Figure 11. Global distribution of Warmouth (COSEWIC 2005b). ................................................19
Figure 12. Canadian distribution of the Warmouth. ....................................................................20
Figure 13. Location of watershed-based species at risk recovery programs ..............................29
viii
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
INTRODUCTION
The watersheds of southern Ontario support some of the richest communities of fishes in the
country. More than half of the 230 species of fishes known to exist in Canada are found in the
region. A high proportion of Canada’s fish species at risk are also found in southwestern
Ontario and 34 species have been assigned a conservation status (OMNR 2006). Staton and
Mandrak (2006) identified priority watersheds for protecting freshwater species at risk in
Canada, which included ‘conservation hot spots’ within Carolinian Canada watersheds of
southwestern Ontario.
The Ontario Freshwater Fish Recovery Team (OFFRT) was formed to address the recovery
planning obligations for freshwater fishes listed under Canada’s Species at Risk Act (SARA).
The national management plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow, Spotted
Sucker and Warmouth was developed by the OFFRT using the best available information in an
effort to conserve the species and reduce the threats to their populations. These four species
are at the northern extent of their ranges and all have been impacted, to some extent, by habitat
degradation. They have all been listed as Special Concern under SARA. In recognition of the
degree of overlap between these species in their distribution, as well as the commonality of
threats, the OFFRT has adopted a multi-species approach to the management of these species.
1
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
1.0
SPECIES INFORMATION – BLACKSTRIPE TOPMINNOW
1.1
Species Assessment Information from COSEWIC
October 2009
Date of Assessment: May 2001
Common Name (population): Blackstripe Topminnow
Scientific Name: Fundulus notatus (Rafinesque, 1820)
COSEWIC Status: Special Concern
Reason for Designation: This species has a limited distribution in southwestern Ontario where
it is impacted by habitat degradation and loss from industrial, urban and agricultural
development.
Canadian Occurrence: Ontario
COSEWIC Status History: Designated Special Concern in April 1985. Status re-examined and
confirmed in May 2001. Last assessment based on an update status report.
1.2
Description
The following description has been adapted from Mandrak and Holm (2001). The Blackstripe
Topminnow (Fundulus notatus Rafinesque, 1820) (Figure 1) is a small fish with a maximum total
length (TL) of 74 mm. This species has a protractile upper jaw (adapted for feeding at the
water’s surface), partially scaled head, spineless fins, rounded caudal fin, single dorsal fin at or
behind the middle of the body, flattened area anterior to the dorsal fin and abdominal pelvic fins.
It can be distinguished from the banded killifish (F. diaphanus) and mummichog (F. heteroclitus)
by the prominent black lateral stripe and the origin of the dorsal fin behind the origin of the anal
fin. Male Blackstripe Topminnow have crossbars on the lateral stripe, a deepened body, and
elongated dorsal and anal fins that are bright yellow in colour. Females lack crossbars on the
lateral stripe, have white fins, rounded dorsal and anal fins, and a distinctly fleshy sheath at the
origin of the anal fin.
Figure 1. Blackstripe Topminnow (Fundulus notatus, male). © Joseph R. Tomelleri (1998).
1.3
Populations and Distribution
Distribution:
Global Range (Figure 2): The Blackstripe Topminnow is found in lowland areas of the southern
Great Lakes drainages (lakes Erie and Michigan), in the Mississippi basin from Illinois to the
Gulf of Mexico, and along the lower coastal plain from Texas to Alabama. It occurs in 16 states
and southern Ontario (Mandrak and Holm 2001).
2
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
Figure 2. North American distribution of the Blackstripe Topminnow. Adapted from Page
and Burr (1991) and Shute (1980).
Canadian Range (Figure 3): The Canadian range of the Blackstripe Topminnow is primarily
restricted to an area of approximately 60 km² in the Sydenham River watershed where it is
found in the North Sydenham River basin (including Bear, Black, Booth, Crooked, East Otter,
Fox, Ryan’s and West Otter creeks) as well as the lower East Sydenham River, including
Molly’s Creek (Mandrak and Holm 2001, Dextrase et al. 2003). It was also recently found in
Little Bear Creek, Maxwell Creek and Whitebread Drain (Lake St. Clair drainage; Mandrak et al.
2006).
3
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
Figure 3. Canadian distribution of the Blackstripe Topminnow.
4
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
Percent of Global Distribution in Canada: Less than 5% of the species’ global distribution is
currently found in Canada.
Population Size and Status:
Global Population Size and Status: Although there are no population estimates for the
Blackstripe Topminnow in the United States, it is possible to make inferences from available
information. This species is common to abundant in most parts of its range in the United States,
and has expanded its range in some areas. In Ohio, recent surveys indicate a range expansion
in the Portage River basin, and in Wisconsin, populations have expanded in the last 50 years,
despite inhabiting heavily disturbed waters (Becker 1983, Mandrak and Holm 2001). The
species is ranked as secure (N5) in the United States, imperilled (S2/S3) in Michigan, and
vulnerable (S3) in Alabama and Iowa (NatureServe 2008). Complete national and sub-national
ranks are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Canadian and U.S. national and sub-national ranks for Blackstripe Topminnow
(NatureServe 2008).
Canada and U.S. National Rank (NX) and Provincial/State Rank (SX)
Canada (N2)
Ontario (S2)
United States (N5)
Alabama (S3), Arkansas (S4), Illinois (S5),
Indiana (S4), Iowa (S3), Kansas (S5),
Kentucky (S4S5), Louisiana (S5), Michigan
(S2S3), Mississippi (S5), Missouri (SNR),
Ohio (SNR), Oklahoma (S5), Tennessee
(S5), Texas (S5), Wisconsin (S4)
Canadian Population Size and Status: The Blackstripe Topminnow is ranked as imperilled
(N2) in Canada (NatureServe 2008), and has been listed as Special Concern by the Ontario
Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) (NHIC 2008) and the Committee on the Status of
Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) (COSEWIC 2001). The species is also listed as
Special Concern under the SARA and is included on Schedule 1 of the Act. There are little data
on population size or trends for Blackstripe Topminnow in Canada. Sampling conducted in
September of 2003 in the Lake St. Clair drainage yielded 593 Blackstripe Topminnow from
seven locations: East Otter Creek (83 specimens); East Sydenham River (221); Little Bear
Creek (24); Maxwell Creek (4); North Sydenham River (207); West Otter Creek (33); and,
Whitebread Drain (21) (Mandrak et al. 2006). A comparison of sampling conducted in the
1970s and late 1990s indicates that a comparable number of specimens were captured at most
sites and, although Blackstripe Topminnow were not detected at several sites where they were
previously found, the species was found at several new sites (Mandrak and Holm 2001).
Overall, Blackstripe Topminnow populations in Canada are believed to be stable.
Nationally Significant Populations: The Sydenham River watershed, Little Bear Creek and
Whitebread Drain support the only known populations of Blackstripe Topminnow in Canada and
are, therefore, nationally significant.
1.4
Needs of the Blackstripe Topminnow
1.4.1 Habitat and biological needs
The Blackstripe Topminnow prefers small to large, low-gradient streams, sloughs and pools of
intermittent tributaries, with moderate to high turbidity, and is apparently tolerant of a wide range
in water quality (McAllister 1987, Dextrase et al. 2003). Substrates at capture sites include silt,
sand, clay, rubble and boulder (Becker 1983, Mandrak and Holm 2001), and water clarity
5
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
ranged from 5 – 40 cm (Mandrak and Holm 2001). In Canada, McAllister (1987) found the
species to be particularly abundant in pools of intermittent tributaries of Black Creek, where
aquatic vegetation and riparian areas had not been destroyed by livestock. The species is
highly associated with areas containing abundant riparian and aquatic vegetation that offer a
source of food as well as cover. In Michigan, spawning occurred from May to the third week of
August while in Wisconsin, spawning occurred from June to July (Mandrak and Holm 2001).
Eggs are laid on filamentous algae or other types of aquatic vegetation (Becker 1983). In the
absence of aquatic vegetation, the species will spawn over detritus and leaf litter (Smith 1979).
Blackstripe Topminnow occupy deeper waters during the winter and migrate to shallow water in
late March or early April where they are typically found in the top 2.5 cm of water (Carranza and
Winn 1954).
The diet of the Blackstripe Topminnow includes a large proportion of terrestrial insects but the
species has also been known to consume aquatic insect larvae, molluscs, spiders and
microcrustaceans (Mandrak and Holm 2001). The species also consumes filamentous algae,
which some authors consider to be only incidentally ingested, while other authors consider it to
be an important food item (Mandrak and Holm 2001).
1.4.2 Ecological role
The Blackstripe Topminnow plays an important role in the ecosystem in terms of the exclusivity
with which it feeds on terrestrial insects in the summer (McAllister 1987); aside from the
Redside Dace (Clinostomus elongatus), few other Canadian fish species feed on terrestrial
insects to this extent. The Blackstripe Topminnow may also be an important prey fish where it
is abundant (Dextrase et al. 2003).
1.4.3 Limiting factors
Population sizes of the Blackstripe Topminnow are limited by the amount of riparian vegetation,
aquatic vegetation and riparian terrestrial insect fauna (Dextrase et al. 2003).
6
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
2.0
SPECIES INFORMATION – PUGNOSE MINNOW
2.1
Species Assessment Information from COSEWIC
October 2009
Date of Assessment: May 2000
Common Name (population): Pugnose Minnow
Scientific Name: Opsopoeodus emiliae (Hay, 1881)
COSEWIC Status: Special Concern
Reason for Designation: This species is limited to a small area of southwestern Ontario and is
susceptible to aquatic plant removal and siltation.
Canadian Occurrence: Ontario
COSEWIC Status History: Designated as Special Concern in April 1985. Status re-examined
and confirmed in May 2000. Last assessment based on an update status report.
2.2
Description
The following description has been adapted from Cudmore and Holm (2000). The Pugnose
Minnow (Opsopoeodus emiliae Hay, 1881) (Figure 4) is a small cyprinid with a maximum length
of 64 mm TL. It has a small upturned mouth, a black lateral band extending from the tail to the
snout, and a criss-cross pattern of scaling particularly evident on the upper body. Adult males
have a dusky or black dorsal fin with a white bar in the middle that intensifies during the
spawning season. The Pugnose Minnow usually has nine principal dorsal rays, unlike any other
Canadian minnow. This species has five, ridged pharyngeal teeth in one row on each side.
There may occasionally be a fleshy barbel at the posterior end of one or both sides of the lower
lip. Spawning males develop patches of small tubercles on the snout and chin. The Pugnose
Minnow can be distinguished from similar species such as the Pugnose Shiner (Notropis
anogenus), and other blackline shiners (e.g., Blackchin Shiner [N. heterodon], Blacknose Shiner
[N. heterolepis]), primarily by its nine principal dorsal rays; the Pugnose Shiner and other
blackline shiners have eight. Additionally, the Pugnose Minnow can be differentiated from the
Pugnose Shiner by the dark lateral band that extends onto the nose, but not the chin, as is seen
in the Pugnose Shiner.
Figure 4. Pugnose Minnow (Opsopoeodus emiliae). From Scott and Crossman (1998), with
permission.
7
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
2.3
October 2009
Populations and Distribution
Distribution:
Global Range (Figure 5): The Pugnose Minnow is relatively common and widespread in the
southern United States where it is found from South Carolina and Florida, west to Texas. It is
found in the Mississippi River drainage north to southeastern Wisconsin, and west to
southwestern Ontario. It is less frequently encountered and possibly disappearing from the
more northern areas of its range (Cudmore and Holm 2000).
Figure 5. North American distribution of the Pugnose Minnow
(Cudmore and Holm 2000).
Canadian Range (Figure 6): In Canada, the Pugnose Minnow is known only from a small area
in southwestern Ontario where it was first recorded in 1935 from Mitchell’s Bay in Lake St. Clair.
It has also been collected from several small tributaries of Lake St. Clair since 1980 (Channel
Ecarte, East Otter Creek, Maxwell Creek, Little Bear Creek, McDougall Drain and an un-named
agricultural ditch north of Walpole island), as well as the Detroit River (first recorded in 1940),
western Lake Erie (1994), Sydenham River (1972 – North Sydenham; 1979 – lower East
Sydenham) and Thames River (1968) (Cudmore and Holm 2000, Dextrase et al. 2003, EERT
2008). In 2003, the species was captured for the first time in Whitebread Drain (Lake St. Clair
drainage) (Mandrak et al. 2006). Additionally, a single specimen was purportedly collected from
Long Point Bay in 2003 (EERT 2008), representing the most easterly location for this species;
however, the voucher specimen for this record cannot be located and verification is not currently
possible. In 2007, a single specimen was captured on the south shore of Lake St. Clair by the
8
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
OMNR (G. Yunker, OMNR, pers. comm. 2008), representing a new location for the species in
the lake.
9
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
Figure 6. Canadian distribution of the Pugnose Minnow.
10
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
Percent of Global Distribution in Canada: Less than 5% of the species’ global range occurs
in Canada.
Population Size and Status:
Global Population Size and Status: There are an estimated 10 000 to more than 1 million
Pugnose Minnow globally (NatureServe 2008) and the species is considered to be globally
secure (G5) (NatureServe 2008). However, it is rare and may be declining in the northern part
of its range (Cudmore and Holm 2000). It is ranked as presumed extirpated (SX) in West
Virginia and critically imperilled (S1) in Michigan and Ohio (NatureServe 2008). Complete
national and sub-national ranks for the species are listed in Table 2.
Table 2. Canadian and U.S. national and sub-national ranks for Pugnose Minnow (NatureServe
2008).
Canada and U.S. National Rank (NX) and Provincial/State Rank (SX)
Canada (N2)
Ontario (S2)
United States (N5)
Alabama (S5), Arkansas (S3S4), Florida
(SNR), Georgia (S3), Illinois (S2S3),
Indiana (S2), Iowa (S3), Kentucky (S4S5),
Louisiana (S5), Michigan (S1), Minnesota
(S4), Mississippi (S5), Missouri (S4), Ohio
(S1), Oklahoma (S3), Pennsylvania (SNA),
Tennessee (S5), Texas (S4), West Virginia
(SX), Wisconsin (S3)
Canadian Population Size and Status: The Pugnose Minnow is ranked as imperilled (N2) in
Canada (NatureServe 2008), and is listed as Special Concern by the OMNR (NHIC 2008) and
COSEWIC (COSEWIC 2000). It is also listed as Special Concern under the SARA and is on
Schedule 1 of the Act. The number of Pugnose Minnow in Canada is unknown and there are
insufficient data available to determine population trends (Cudmore and Holm 2000). The
species is not common in collections, which suggests that numbers are relatively low; however,
population sizes likely fluctuate from year to year. Recent captures of the Pugnose Minnow at
most sites where it was captured previously, and at new sites, indicate that the species is
maintaining itself in Canada (Cudmore and Holm 2000). Twenty-eight Pugnose Minnow were
captured from six locations throughout the Lake St. Clair drainage in 2003 (Mandrak et al.
2006): East Otter Creek (1 specimen); East Sydenham River (3); Little Bear Creek (3); Maxwell
Creek (2); North Sydenham River (1); and, Whitebread Drain (18). In 2007, one specimen was
caught along the south shore of Lake St. Clair by the OMNR during a seine survey. Overall,
Pugnose Minnow populations in Canada are believed to be stable.
Nationally Significant Populations: None have been identified.
2.4
Needs of the Pugnose Minnow
2.4.1 Habitat and biological needs
It is believed that the Pugnose Minnow prefers clear, slow-moving waters with abundant
vegetation (Scott and Crossman 1998). However, in Canada, this species has been collected
from turbid environments with small amounts of aquatic vegetation. Other physical
characteristics of capture sites included substrates of silt, muck and detritus, and the presence
of other cover such as boulders and woody debris (Cudmore and Holm 2000). Therefore, it
would seem that, in Canada, the species is found in turbid, slow-moving or still waters with or
11
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
without vegetation over clay, silt or sand substrates (Cudmore and Holm 2000). The spawning
season for the Pugnose Minnow occurs in late May to mid-June (Cudmore and Holm 2000).
Spawning is believed to take place at depths of 0 – 2 m in areas with submergent and emergent
aquatic vegetation over substrates of silt, clay or sand (Lane et al. 1996c). However, Cudmore
and Holm (2000) stated that males select and defend a flat surface, such as the underside of a
rock, as a spawning site. Eggs are laid in clusters on the underside of the flat surface over a
period of 6 – 7 days and are defended by the male (Cudmore and Holm 2000). Nursery habitat
for the Pugnose Minnow is thought to occur in areas containing abundant aquatic vegetation
and substrates of silt and sand, at depths of 0 – 2 m (Lane et al. 1996b).
The Pugnose Minnow feeds on a variety of small insects (e.g., Diptera and larval Trichoptera),
crustaceans, filamentous algae, and occasionally on larval fishes and fish eggs (Parker et al.
1987).
2.4.2 Ecological role
The species’ upturned mouth may be an adaptation to mid-water or surface feeding habits
(Scott and Crossman 1998). Apparent low population levels likely reduce its value as a forage
species (Cudmore and Holm 2000). The egg clustering and parental care behaviour of the
Pugnose Minnow is a complex breeding strategy and, along with that of species in the
Pimephales and Cyprinella genera, is unique to North American cyprinids (Cudmore and Holm
2000).
2.4.3 Limiting factors
Factors that limit the survival and health of the Pugnose Minnow in Canada are unknown
(Cudmore and Holm 2000). During the spawning season, the male Pugnose Minnow has an
elaborate courtship display, which may require clear water to be effective (Cudmore and Holm
2000).
12
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
3.0
SPECIES INFORMATION – SPOTTED SUCKER
3.1
Species Assessment Information from COSEWIC
October 2009
Date of Assessment: May 2005
Common Name (population): Spotted Sucker
Scientific Name: Minytrema melanops (Rafinesque, 1820)
COSEWIC Status: Special Concern
Reason for Designation: This species is restricted to southwestern Ontario. The greatest
threat to it is habitat degradation through increased erosion and turbidity. The Spotted Sucker
is also at risk in Pennsylvania but not at risk in Michigan (where it is S3-vulnerable), making
rescue effect moderate at best.
Canadian Occurrence: Ontario
COSEWIC Status History: Designated Special Concern in April 1983. Status re-examined and
confirmed in April 1994, November 2001 and May 2005. Last assessment based on an update
status report.
3.2
Description
The following description was adapted from COSEWIC (2005a). The Spotted Sucker
(Minytrema melanops Rafinesque, 1820) (Figure 7) is a medium-sized sucker that ranges
between 230 and 380 mm TL as adults. Specimens as large as 500 mm TL have been
captured in the Canadian waters of the Detroit River (S. Staton, DFO, pers. obs.). Most
individuals weigh less than 1000 g, although specimens over 1300 g have been reported. This
species is distinguished from other catostomid species by the presence of 8-12 parallel rows of
dark spots on the base of the scales. Juvenile Spotted Sucker are torpedo-shaped and
resemble the White Sucker (Catostomus commersonii). Adult Spotted Sucker resemble
redhorse suckers (Moxostoma spp.). The dorsal surface is brown to dark green, the sides silver
to bronze and the ventral surface is white and silvery. Breeding males have two dark lateral
bands separated by a pinkish band along the midside. Tubercles are present on the snout, anal
fin and both lobes of the caudal fin of males. Fewer tubercles are present around the lower
cheek and eye, and on the underside of the head.
Figure 7. Spotted Sucker (Minytrema melanops; male). © Joseph R. Tomelleri.
13
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
3.3
October 2009
Populations and Distribution
Distribution:
Global Range (Figure 8): The Spotted Sucker is widely distributed in central and eastern North
America (COSEWIC 2005a). It occurs in the drainages of lakes Huron, Michigan, Erie and St.
Clair, as well as throughout much of the Mississippi River basin and along the coastal plain from
Texas to North Carolina. It is known from 23 states and the province of Ontario (COSEWIC
2005a).
Figure 8. Global range of the Spotted Sucker (COSEWIC 2005a).
Canadian Range (Figure 9): In Canada, the Spotted Sucker is rare and found only in the
extreme southwestern region of Ontario. Its first recorded capture was from Lake St. Clair in
1962 (Campbell 1994; cited in COSEWIC 2005a). Since then, the species has been recorded
from Lake Erie, the Detroit River, the St. Clair River, the Sydenham River watershed and
several associated tributaries, and the lower Thames River (COSEWIC 2005a). In 1996, a
single specimen was caught in Maxwell Creek (Lake St. Clair drainage), which represented a
new occurrence for the Spotted Sucker. Similarly, a new record for the species occurred when
a single juvenile was captured from Bear Creek (North Sydenham River drainage) in 1997
(COSEWIC 2005a). In 2003, the species was caught for the first time in Whitebread Drain, a
tributary of the St. Clair River (Mandrak et al. 2006). Collections in Lake Erie are restricted to
the western basin, from the mouth of the Detroit River to Rondeau Bay (EERT 2008)
.
14
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
Figure 9. Canadian range of the Spotted Sucker.
15
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
Percent of Global Distribution in Canada: Less than 5% of the species’ global distribution is
currently found in Canada (Dextrase et al. 2003).
Population Size and Status:
Global Population Size and Status: The Spotted Sucker is globally Secure (G5) (NatureServe
2008) but declines have been reported in the northern part of its range (Becker 1983). It is
ranked as critically imperilled (S1) in Pennsylvania and vulnerable (S3) in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas,
Michigan and Texas (NatureServe 2008). Complete national and sub-national ranks for the
Spotted Sucker are listed in Table 3.
Table 3. Canadian and U.S. national and sub-national ranks for Spotted Sucker (NatureServe
2008).
Canada and U.S. National Rank (NX) and Provincial/State Rank (SX)
Canada (N2)
Ontario (S2)
United States (N5)
Alabama (S5), Arkansas (S4), Florida
(SNR), Georgia (S5), Illinois (S3), Indiana
(S4), Iowa (S3), Kansas (S3), Kentucky
(S4S5), Louisiana (S5), Michigan (S3),
Minnesota (SNR), Mississippi (S5),
Missouri (SNR), North Carolina (S4), Ohio
(SNR), Oklahoma (S4), Pennsylvania (S1),
South Carolina (SNR), Tennessee (S5),
Texas (S3), West Virginia (S4), Wisconsin
(S5)
Canadian Population Size and Status: The Spotted Sucker is ranked as imperilled (N2) in
Canada (NatureServe 2008) and listed as Special Concern by the OMNR (NHIC 2008) and
COSEWIC (COSEWIC 2005a). The species is also listed on Schedule 1 of the SARA as a
species of Special Concern. Available information regarding population size or trends for the
Spotted Sucker in Canada is limited. In 2002 and 2003, 27 Spotted Sucker were captured from
14 sites throughout the Sydenham River and nine were captured from six sites along the Detroit
River (COSEWIC 2005a, Mandrak et al. 2006, Edwards et al. in press). One specimen was
caught in Turkey Creek (tributary of the Detroit River) in 2003, and three specimens were
caught in the Detroit River in 2004 (Edwards et al. in press). Seventeen Spotted Sucker were
captured from five sites on the St. Clair River in 2004 (Edwards et al. 2006a). In 2002, nine
specimens were collected from two locations along the Canard River (COSEWIC 2005a). A
total of 51 Spotted Sucker have been caught in Lake St. Clair during annual OMNR trap-net
surveys (surveys began in 1974), with the most recent records occurring in 2007 (three
specimens caught) (M. Belore, OMNR, pers. comm. 2008). In the Thames River, Spotted
Sucker was caught in 2003 at three sites located approximately 75 km upstream of historical
records (COSEWIC 2005a). A single individual was caught in 2000 from western Lake Erie; it
was the only record from over 187 000 fish sampled during an 11-year sampling period
(COSEWIC 2005a). Between 1962 and 1992, approximately 24 Spotted Sucker were captured
from Canadian waters. Since 1992, approximately 67 individuals have been caught. Fifty-four
of the 67 Spotted Sucker collected since 1992 were collected in 2002 and 2003. Almost all
individuals collected have been adults (COSEWIC 2005a). Although Spotted Sucker captures
have increased in recent years, this is believed to be a result of increased sampling effort using
more efficient methods as well as improved species identification, rather than an actual increase
16
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
in species abundance. Overall, Spotted Sucker populations are believed to be stable in
Canada.
Nationally Significant Populations: None have been identified.
3.4
Needs of the Spotted Sucker
3.4.1 Habitat and biological needs
The Spotted Sucker typically inhabits long, deep pools of small- to medium-sized rivers over
substrates of clay, gravel or sand. They have also been collected from a variety of other
habitats including large rivers, oxbows and backwater areas, impoundments and small turbid
creeks (COSEWIC 2005a). In Canada, Spotted Sucker has been collected from small- to
medium-sized rivers such as the Thames and Sydenham rivers, large riverine habitats in the St.
Clair and Detroit rivers, and along the shores of lakes Erie and St. Clair (COSEWIC 2005a).
Substrates at capture sites in Ontario range from hard clays to sand, gravel and rubble (Parker
and McKee 1984). Specimens have also been reported from areas with abundant aquatic
macrophytes (COSEWIC 2005a) and almost all Spotted Sucker capture locations in the Detroit
and St. Clair rivers in 2003 and 2004 had abundant macrophytes (Edwards et al. 2006a,
Edwards et al. in press). It is believed that the species prefers clear, warm waters with low
turbidity levels (Trautman 1981); however, in Canada, Spotted Sucker has been collected from
rivers with moderate to high turbidity (COSEWIC 2005a). It is considered to be more tolerant of
siltation than other sucker species, especially if the siltation is only intermittently heavy (Parker
and McKee 1984). Spawning occurs in spring to early summer when water temperatures are
between 12 and 19°C (McSwain and Gennings 1972). Spawning habitat of the Spotted Sucker
is typically located in clean riffle areas (McSwain and Gennings 1972) at depths of 0 – 1 m over
hard substrates such as rubble, gravel, sand and hard pan clay (Lane et al. 1996c). Nursery
habitat is believed to be depths of 0 – 2 m in areas containing aquatic vegetation (Lane et al.
1996b).
Juvenile and adult Spotted Sucker feed on a variety of benthic organisms such as molluscs,
chironomids and small crustaceans (White and Haag 1977, COSEWIC 2005a). Larval Spotted
Sucker (12 – 15 mm TL) feed at the surface and at mid-water on zooplankton and diatoms, and
at 25 – 30 mm TL, individuals feed over patches of sand and in the shallow backwater of creeks
(White and Haag 1977).
3.4.2 Ecological role
The Spotted Sucker plays an important role in nutrient cycling – it transfers energy from the
benthic food web, where it feeds, to the pelagic food web, where it is preyed upon (COSEWIC
2005a). Juvenile Spotted Sucker are probably preyed upon by piscivorous birds and fishes
(Parker and McKee 1984).
3.4.3 Limiting factors
As most of the range of the species is located in the United States, water temperature may be
limiting its northern extent of distribution (COSEWIC 2005a). Dissolved oxygen and water
temperatures may act as limiting factors to the Spotted Sucker but this has not been verified.
17
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
4.0
SPECIES INFORMATION – WARMOUTH
4.1
Species Assessment Information from COSEWIC
October 2009
Date of Assessment: May 2005
Common Name (population): Warmouth
Scientific Name: Lepomis gulosus (Cuvier, 1829)
COSEWIC Status: Special Concern
Reason for Designation: This species has a very restricted Canadian distribution, existing at
only 4 locations along the Lake Erie shore between Point Pelee and Long Point. It is sensitive
to habitat change which results in loss of aquatic vegetation.
Canadian Occurrence: Ontario
COSEWIC Status History: Designated Special Concern in April 1994. Status re-examined and
confirmed in November 2001 and in May 2005. Last assessment based on an update status
report.
4.2
Description
The following description has been adapted from Trautman (1981) unless otherwise noted. The
Warmouth (Lepomis gulosus Cuvier, 1829) (Figure 10) is a small to medium- sized fish that
ranges from 100 to 240 mm TL (Eakins 2007). It is characterized by having a large mouth, with
the posterior end of the upper jaw extending well beyond the anterior margin of the eye, usually
to the centre, or beyond, in adults. Three to five dark grey or lavender bands radiate back from
the snout and eye, the opercle flap is black with a red spot (adults only) on a yellow edge (Page
and Burr 1991) and the pectoral fin is short, with a rounded tip. Tiny teeth are present on the
tongue. Colouration is light yellow-olive to dark olive-green, with lighter vermiculations and dull
bluish, purplish and golden reflections. Six to 11 chain-like, double bands of dark olive are
present on the back and sides. The anal, caudal and dorsal fins are boldly vermiculated and the
paired fins are unspotted and transparent or olive. A brilliant orange spot is present at the base
of the posterior three dorsal rays in breeding males.
The Warmouth can be distinguished from other sunfish species (Lepomis spp.) found in the
Great Lakes basin by its large mouth and dark bands radiating backward from the eye. It is the
only species in the genus Lepomis that has teeth on its tongue (Page and Burr 1991). The
Warmouth has fewer anal fin spines (3) than crappies (Pomoxis spp., 5-7) and Rock Bass
(Ambloplites rupestris, 5-7) (Trautman 1981).
Figure 10. Warmouth (Lepomis gulosus). © Joseph R. Tomelleri.
18
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
4.3
October 2009
Populations and Distribution
Distribution:
Global Range (Figure 11): The Warmouth is widely distributed in the Mississippi, Atlantic and
Great Lakes drainages of eastern North America. In the Mississippi drainage, it is found from
the Gulf of Mexico north to Wisconsin, and from western New York in the east to New Mexico in
the southwest. In the Atlantic drainage, it is found from Alabama and Florida north to North
Carolina. Within the Great Lakes basin, disjunct populations are found in Illinois, Indiana,
Michigan, New York, Ohio, Ontario and Wisconsin (COSEWIC 2005b).
Figure 11. Global distribution of Warmouth (COSEWIC 2005b).
Canadian Range (Figure 12): In Canada, Warmouth has been captured at only four main
localities, all within the Lake Erie drainage. The species was first recorded in Canada in 1966
from Rondeau Provincial Park. It has subsequently been captured from Point Pelee National
Park (first recorded in 1983), Long Point Bay (2004) and Big Creek National Wildlife Area
(NWA; Long Point region) (2004) (Crossman and Simpson 1984, COSEWIC 2005b). In 2007,
Warmouth was also detected for the first time at Turkey Point (Long Point region) (S. Staton,
pers. obs.). Warmouth was also reported from Duck Creek (tributary of Lake St. Clair) (Leslie
and Timmins 1998); however, the voucher specimen for this record has been lost and cannot be
verified (COSEWIC 2005b).
19
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
Figure 12. Canadian distribution of Warmouth.
20
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
Percent of Global Distribution in Canada: Less than 5% of the species’ global distribution is
currently found in Canada.
Population Size and Status:
Global Population Size and Status: Population estimates for Warmouth in the United States
are unavailable but the species is considered globally secure (G5) (NatureServe 2008). It is
ranked as imperilled (S2) in Pennsylvania and West Virginia and as vulnerable (S3) in Illinois
(NatureServe 2008). Complete national and sub-national ranks for Warmouth are listed in
Table 4.
Table 4. Canadian and U.S. national and sub-national ranks for Warmouth (NatureServe 2008).
Canada and U.S. National Rank (NX) and Provincial/State Rank (SX)
Canada (N1)
Ontario (S1)
United States (N5)
Alabama (S5), Arizona (SNA), Arkansas
(S4), Delaware (SNA), District of Columbia
(SNA), Florida (SNR), Georgia (S4S5),
Idaho (SNA), Illinois (S3S4), Indiana (S4),
Iowa (SNR), Kansas (S4S5), Kentucky
(S4S5), Louisiana (S5), Maryland (S3?),
Michigan (S5), Mississippi (S5), Missouri
(SNR), Nevada (SNA), New Jersey (SNA),
New Mexico (SNA), New York (SNA),
North Carolina (S5), Ohio (SNR),
Oklahoma (S5), Oregon (SNA),
Pennsylvania (S2), South Carolina (SNR),
Tennessee (S5), Texas (S5), Virginia (S5),
Washington (SNA), West Virginia (S2),
Wisconsin (S4)
Canadian Population Size and Status: Warmouth is ranked as critically imperilled in Canada
(N1) and Ontario (S1) (NatureServe 2008) and is listed as Special Concern by the OMNR
(NHIC 2008) and COSEWIC (COSEWIC 2005b). It is also on Schedule 1 and listed as a
species of Special Concern under the SARA. There are few data available regarding the size of
Warmouth populations in Canada. A fish community survey of Point Pelee National Park in
2002 and 2003 captured 657 Warmouth from 87 of 117 sites (Surette 2006). Most of the
specimens were juveniles and many were likely recaptures. Larger individuals were PIT-tagged
(93 specimens); however, too few fish were recaptured (three specimens) to estimate the
population size (Surette 2006). Since it was first captured from Rondeau Bay in 1966, only 15
specimens have been caught, eight of them in the late 1960s, two in 1999, two in 2005 and
three in 2007 (COSEWIC 2005b, Edwards et al. 2006b, A. Dextrase, unpubl. data). Until 2005,
only four specimens had been caught from Long Point Bay (one juvenile in 2003, and three
adults at the mouth of Big Creek NWA in 2004), making it difficult to determine if an established
population exists (COSEWIC 2005b). However, in 2005, 11 specimens were caught within Big
Creek NWA (Marson et al. in press), providing further support for the presence of an established
population. A single specimen was also caught by the OMNR in 2007 (M. Belore, pers. comm.
2008); however, a voucher specimen is not available and the record cannot be verified. In
2007, a new Warmouth record was collected at Turkey Point (Long Point region). It is possible
21
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
that this record represents a stray from Long Point Bay, as only one specimen was captured,
despite intensive sampling effort.
Nationally Significant Populations: Long Point Bay, Big Creek NWA, Point Pelee National
Park and Rondeau Bay support the only known populations of Warmouth in Canada and should
therefore be considered nationally significant.
4.4
Needs of the Warmouth
4.4.1 Habitat and biological needs
The habitat requirements of the Warmouth appear to be similar to other members of the sunfish
family. It is a warmwater species that prefers vegetated habitats in lakes, streams and wetlands
(Crossman et al. 1996, Scott and Crossman 1998, Coker et al. 2001, COSEWIC 2005b). In
Ontario, it is found only in three coastal wetlands of Lake Erie. Adults are found in areas having
depths of 0.1 – 5 m, with submergent and emergent vegetation over sand or silt substrates
(Page and Burr 1991, Lane et al. 1996a), which was characteristic of Canadian Warmouth
capture sites (e.g., Edwards et al. 2006b). Spawning occurs in the spring or summer, when
water temperatures range between 18 - 32°C, at depths of 0 – 2 m (Lane et al. 1996c,
NatureServe 2008). Spawning habitat is characterized as having both submergent and
emergent vegetation, along with stumps, rocks or clumps of vegetation. Nests are constructed
on a soft, muddy bottom, often among algae or exposed roots of vascular plants. Eggs are
guarded and fanned by the male (Lane et al. 1996c, Coker et al. 2001). Nursery habitat is
typically found at depths of 0 – 2 m and is characterized by submergent vegetation over
substrates of sand, silt or gravel (Lane et al. 1996b).
The Warmouth feeds in both the pelagic and benthic zones, on crustaceans and aquatic insect
larvae when small, and on fishes, crayfishes and molluscs when larger (COSEWIC 2005b).
4.4.2 Ecological role
Unlike most sunfish species, Warmouth exhibits a high degree of piscivory as adults (Coker et
al. 2001) and may be an important mid-level predator as an adult.
Warmouth is a naturalized Canadian species, having naturally colonized Canadian waters
relatively recently (Crossman et al. 1996), and its presence here may be indicative of the effects
of global warming and/or a continuing range expansion following the last period of glaciation
(COSEWIC 2005b).
4.4.3 Limiting factors
The current distribution of Warmouth in Canada is limited by temperature (Crossman et al.
1996). Projected future climate warming scenarios may lead to an expansion in range
(Mandrak 1989).
5.0
THREATS
Blackstripe Topminnow – The Blackstripe Topminnow is threatened by habitat destruction,
including the damage or removal of riparian vegetation (e.g., damage to the riparian vegetation
by livestock access has been noted in the Sydenham watershed) and the loss or disturbance of
emergent and floating aquatic macrophytes (Dextrase et al. 2003). Channelization and wetland
drainage will likely have a negative impact on the Blackstripe Topminnow, and seepage from oil
wells in Black Creek has also been identified as a threat to this surface-feeding species
(Mandrak and Holm 2001, Dextrase et al. 2003). Although the species can be caught at the
22
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
surface using dip nets and makes a hardy aquarium fish (Mandrak and Holm 2001), there is no
evidence that the pet trade in Canada is a threat to the Blackstripe Topminnow.
Pugnose Minnow – Erosion and associated turbidity negatively affect the densely vegetated
habitats that the Pugnose Minnow prefers, and filling or drainage of riparian wetland habitats
would further limit the species. Cudmore and Holm (2000) suggest that turbid water would likely
reduce the effectiveness of the male’s courtship display. Other potential threats have been
identified by the Essex-Erie recovery team and include nutrient loading, exotic species, climate
change, altered coastal processes, harvesting pressure (incidental harvest by baitfishers) and
barriers to movement (EERT 2008).
Spotted Sucker – Habitat degradation, pollution, siltation and dams are identified as the main
threats to the Spotted Sucker (COSEWIC 2005a). The degree to which turbidity limits its
distribution is uncertain as well – the Spotted Sucker has been collected in Canada from waters
with moderate to high turbidity, but the species is generally believed to prefer clear, warm
waters with low turbidity (COSEWIC 2005a). Additional potential threats to the species have
been identified in the Essex-Erie Recovery Strategy and include nutrient loading, exotic species,
climate change, altered coastal process and harvesting pressure (incidental harvest in the
commercial fishing industry) (EERT 2008).
Warmouth – The Warmouth is likely threatened by the loss of its preferred habitat – calm,
vegetated, shallow waters (COSEWIC 2005b). Any declines in water quality, due to siltation,
turbidity and other factors, would likely have a negative effect on the species. Trautman (1981)
indicated that the Warmouth appears to be less tolerant than the Green Sunfish (Lepomis
cyanellus) to siltation and turbidity where their ranges overlap. The Warmouth is abundant at
Point Pelee National Park but is absent from Hillman Marsh (adjacent to Point Pelee National
Park), while the Green Sunfish is present at Hillman Marsh and absent from Point Pelee
National Park. It is not clear if this is a result of interspecific competition (both species exhibit a
high degree of piscivory as adults, unlike other species in the genus Lepomis), abiotic factors
(e.g., turbidity levels) or different colonization histories (COSEWIC 2005b). Additional potential
threats to the species have been identified in the Essex-Erie Recovery Strategy and include
nutrient loading, toxic compounds, exotic species, climate change, altered coastal processes
and barriers to movement (EERT 2008).
As the Warmouth is found only in wetland habitats in Ontario, this has implications for the
management of the nearshore areas of Lake Erie. Any management activities that result in the
degradation of wetland habitats may have a negative impact on the Warmouth.
5.1
Threat classification
Table 5 summarizes all known and suspected threats to the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose
Minnow, Spotted Sucker and Warmouth in Canada. The threat classification parameters are
defined as follows:
Extent – spatial extent of the threat in the waterbody (widespread/localized)
Frequency – the frequency with which the threat occurs in the waterbody
(seasonal/continuous)
Causal Certainty – the level of certainty that it is a threat to the species (High – H, Medium –
M, Low - L)
Severity – the severity of the threat in the waterbody (H/M/L)
23
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
Overall Level of Concern – composite level of concern regarding the threat to the species
(H/M/L)
Habitat Loss and Degradation
Sediment Loadings
Nutrient Loadings
Exotic Species
Altered Coastal Processes
Climate Change
Toxic Compounds
Barriers to Movement
Changes to Trophic Dynamics
24
Overall Level of
Concern
(high, medium, low)
Habitat Loss and Degradation
Sediment Loadings
Nutrient Loadings
Exotic Species
Barriers to Movement
Altered Coastal Processes
Toxic Compounds
Climate Change
Incidental Harvest
Severity
(high, medium, low)
Habitat Loss and Degradation
Sediment Loadings
Nutrient Loadings
Exotic Species
Altered Coastal Processes
Climate Change
Incidental Harvest
Barriers to Movement
Blackstripe Topminnow
Widespread
Continuous
Localized
Seasonal
Unknown
Unknown
Pugnose Minnow
Widespread
Continuous
Widespread
Continuous
Widespread
Seasonal
Widespread
Continuous
Widespread
Continuous
Widespread
Continuous
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Spotted Sucker
Widespread
Continuous
Widespread
Continuous
Widespread
Continuous
Widespread
Continuous
Localized
Continuous
Widespread
Continuous
Widespread
Continuous
Widespread
Continuous
Localized
Seasonal
Warmouth
Widespread
Continuous
Widespread
Continuous
Widespread
Continuous
Widespread
Continuous
Widespread
Continuous
Widespread
Continuous
Unknown
Seasonal
Localized
Continuous
Localized
Unknown
Causal Certainty
(high, medium, low)
Habitat Loss and Degradation
Oil seepage
Channelization
Frequency
(seasonal/continuous)
Specific Threat
Extent
(widespread/localized)
Table 5. Threat classification table (threat information comes from species-specific COSEWIC
reports; additional information adapted from Dextrase et al. [2003] for the Blackstripe
Topminnow, and the Essex-Erie Recovery Team [2008] for the remaining species).
High
Low
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Medium
Low
Unknown
High
High
High
Low
Unknown
Low
Unknown
Unknown
High
High
High
High
Unknown
Medium
Unknown
Unknown
High
High
High
Medium
Unknown
Medium
Unknown
Unknown
High
Medium
High
Low
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Low
Low
High
High
High
High
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Medium
Low
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Low
Low
High
High
High
Low
Unknown
Low
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Medium
Medium
High
Unknown
Medium
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Unknown
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
5.2
October 2009
Description of threats
The following descriptions have been adapted primarily from the Essex-Erie Recovery Strategy
(EERT 2008).
5.2.1 Habitat Loss and Degradation
The loss of wetland and riparian forest habitats across southern Ontario has been dramatic
since the late 1800s. Continued development of wetlands is a concern, primarily for those
wetlands without protection from development pressures. Habitat loss in the form of lake and
river shoreline modifications (e.g., shoreline stabilization projects, docks, marinas) along Lake
St. Clair, the Detroit River and Lake Erie are also a significant and ongoing concern.
Modification of inland watercourses through subsurface and surface drainage activities has also
negatively affected hydrological networks, and reduced the extent and quality of aquatic habitat.
Livestock access to watercourses in both the Sydenham and Thames watersheds has resulted
in the destruction of important riparian habitats that provide cover and a source of food for many
fish species, in particular the Blackstripe Topminnow (in the Sydenham River). Riparian strips
have also been destroyed in recreational or urban areas, more so in the Thames River
watershed, where the grass is often mowed to the edge of the waterway (TRRT 2005).
5.2.2 Sediment Loading
Sediment loading affects aquatic habitats through decreasing water clarity, increasing siltation
of substrates, and may have a role in the selective transport of pollutants, including phosphorus.
Increasing turbidity, as a result of sediment loading, can reduce the amount of aquatic
vegetation present, as sunlight cannot penetrate far into the water. This can have detrimental
impacts on species that rely on dense growths of submerged macrophytes, such as the
Pugnose Minnow and the Warmouth. Sediment loading, and resulting turbidity and siltation,
can impact species by affecting their respiration, vision and prey abundance, and smothering
eggs deposited on the substrate.
5.2.3 Nutrient Loading
Nutrients (nitrates and phosphates) enter waterbodies through a variety of pathways, including
manure and fertilizer applications to farmland; manure spills; sewage treatment plants; and,
faulty domestic septic systems. Nutrient enrichment of waterways can negatively influence
aquatic health through algal blooms and associated reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations.
Elevated nutrient concentrations may be contributing to the decline of aquatic species at risk,
reductions in their distribution, or may be preventing them from expanding their distribution. The
persistent, elevated concentrations of total phosphorus and apparent trend of increasing nitrate
ion concentrations in waterbodies such as the Sydenham and Thames rivers suggest that this is
an ongoing problem.
5.2.4 Exotic Species
Exotic species may affect the four species through several different pathways, including: direct
competition for space and habitat; competition for food; and, restructuring of aquatic food webs.
There are now at least 182 exotic species that have invaded the Great Lakes basin since 1840
(Ricciardi 2006), and at least some of these species will affect populations of these four species
at risk to some extent. Dextrase and Mandrak (2006) indicate that while habitat loss and
degradation is the predominant threat affecting aquatic species at risk, exotic species are the
second most prevalent threat, affecting 26 of 41 federally-listed species across Canada. The
Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio), Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus) and Zebra Mussel
(Dreissena polymorpha) are three exotic species that have had a dramatic effect on many
aquatic species at risk, and will continue to alter ecosystems and ecosystem processes. Exotic
25
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
species are also a concern for coastal wetlands in that they can significantly change marsh
vegetation communities. Two species of particular concern include common reed grass
(Phragmites australis) and purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria).
5.2.5 Altered Coastal Processes
Natural coastal processes that occur near the shorelines, along lakes and large rivers, include
sediment erosion and deposition that provide and maintain habitat for fishes. Much of the
shoreline habitat along Lake St. Clair and the Detroit River has been artificially hardened, filled,
dredged and modified for human use. In addition, the Detroit River itself has been significantly
altered through the creation of shipping lanes, which resulted in the deepening of the channel,
the creation of artificially hardened shoreline walls, and the modification of flow patterns in the
river. As a result, the natural processes of erosion and deposition along the St. Clair River Detroit River corridor have been altered. The Pugnose Minnow (found in the Detroit River) and
Spotted Sucker (Detroit and St. Clair rivers) could be negatively impacted by these alterations.
Similarly, along the Lake Erie coastline, hardening of shorelines, the creation of artificial dykes
for coastal wetlands, and the creation of marinas and infill developments have affected natural
shoreline processes. This may have more of a negative impact on species that are found in
coastal wetlands such as the Warmouth.
Historical sand and gravel mining operations at various locations offshore in Lake Erie began
over a century ago and may have affected coastal processes necessary for maintaining
suitable, nearshore habitat conditions. Based on an extensive review of documents and
permits, it was estimated that 3.9 million m3 of sand and gravel was extracted between 1910
and 1984 in the immediate vicinity of Point Pelee National Park (Baird & Associates 2007). A
review of the operations in this area was conducted to assess their significance to the stability of
the shoreline of the Park and the nearshore and shoreline areas to the north (Baird &
Associates 2005, 2007). The areas most affected by the sand mining have been the shoreline
of the National Park and the historical sand spit. The mining of the historical sand spit, and, to a
lesser degree the mining on the shoal have removed the underwater foundation for the beaches
of Point Pelee National Park. The tip of the park is now surrounded by deep water, which
allows large waves to erode the shoreline during storm events (Baird & Associates 2007).
Little is known about the impacts of shoreline alteration on natural coastal processes in the
Great Lakes basin (Goforth and Carman 2003) and, thus, additional research is required to
clarify this threat.
5.2.6 Climate Change
Climate change is expected to have significant effects on aquatic communities of the Great
Lakes basin through several mechanisms, including increases in water and air temperatures;
lowering of water levels; shortening of the duration of ice cover; increases in the frequency of
extreme weather events; emergence of diseases; and, shifts in predator-prey dynamics
(Lemmen and Warren 2004). Additionally, warming trends, as a result of climate change, may
favour the establishment of potentially harmful exotic species that may currently be limited by
cooler water temperatures. It is anticipated that the effects of climate change will be
widespread and should be considered a contributing impact to species at risk and all habitats.
In a recent assessment of the projected impacts of climate change on coastal wetland fish
assemblages in the Lower Great Lakes, Doka et al. (2006) predicted that several fishes at risk
would be the most vulnerable. The results indicated that two of the four Special Concern
species ranked as highly vulnerable to climate-induced changes in coastal wetlands and
nearshore temperatures: Pugnose Minnow (1st out of 99 fishes assessed) and Warmouth (2nd);
26
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
the Spotted Sucker ranked 42nd (medium vulnerability). In this study, vulnerabilities were based
on an assessment of climate change risk associated with coastal wetland and thermal
preferences for different life-stages as well as species distributions.
Not all of the effects of climate change will negatively affect species at risk. As all four species
may be limited in their range by cool water temperatures (particularly Warmouth), it is possible
that climate change may allow them to expand their distributions. The Blackstripe Topminnow
may benefit the most as a result of warming trends as it is not a wetland species and it has a
relatively high tolerance to impaired habitat conditions (e.g., low dissolved oxygen, high
turbidity). However, a suite of reactions related to expected changes in evaporation patterns,
vegetation communities, lower lake levels, increased intensity and frequency of storms, and
decreases in summer stream water levels may offset the direct benefits of increased
temperatures. Climate change will have wide reaching effects both directly to fishes and other
aquatic and semi-aquatic species that depend on wetlands. Identifying mitigation measures to
adapt to and prevent negative implications as a result of climate change will require
coordination with other agencies for research, implementation of recommended mitigation
measures, and monitoring.
5.2.7 Toxic Compounds
Pesticides (e.g., herbicides, insecticides) associated with agricultural practices and urban areas
enter the watershed through runoff and could have significant impacts on species at risk.
Roads and urban areas can also contribute contaminants to watersheds, including oil and
grease, heavy metals and chlorides (Dextrase et al. 2003). No specific information is available
on the direct impact of any contaminants and/or pesticides on any of the four fishes at risk
discussed here. The presence of at least one of a suite of chemicals found in excess of the
provincial and/or federal guidelines for the protection of aquatic life within almost all
watercourses sampled within the Essex-Erie region (three of the four Special Concern species
are found in this region) is of concern (Nelson 2006). As well, several contaminants are widely
distributed in sediments across the region in concentrations exceeding provincial and/or federal
guidelines (Dove et al. 2002). The specific impacts of these chemicals on the life-history
processes of each species at risk may not be a direct cause of the mortality of the individual, but
cumulative impacts are of concern.
5.2.8 Incidental Harvest
Fishery activities that indirectly impact species at risk can have a negative effect on their
populations. Of concern are the incidental by-catch of fishes in recreational angling, commercial
baitfish, and commercial fishery operations. Baitfish harvesting is regulated in Ontario and a list
of legal baitfish is updated based on the current list of Schedule 1 species at risk (Cudmore and
Mandrak 2005). The Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow, Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
are not legal baitfishes in Ontario (OMNR 2008). Continued monitoring of commercial baitfish
harvesting permits and operations, and commercial fishing operations in Lake St. Clair and Lake
Erie by the OMNR is essential. Two of the four species may be impacted to some degree by
incidental harvest: Pugnose Minnow (baitfish industry) and Spotted Sucker
(commercial/recreational fishing). Additionally, the Warmouth may be mistaken for other
Lepomis spp. by recreational fishermen; however, the extent to which this may occur and the
impact on the species is not known.
5.2.9 Barriers to Movement
Three types of barriers to fish movement are found in southwestern Ontario: (1) dams and
weirs; (2) pumped watercourses; and, (3) dyked wetlands. Several watercourses that drain into
Lake St. Clair have pumps to ensure proper drainage of inland tributaries and drains. It is not
27
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
clear to what degree these pumps restrict access to fishes in these watercourses. Site-specific
conditions may afford protection for some species from competitors, exotic species and
predators; however, the barriers may prevent access to suitable habitat and lead to
fragmentation of populations. The only wetland with an artificially maintained barrier within the
range of the four species is at Big Creek NWA (Long Point region), which has a dyked cell
within the NWA. This may have a negative impact on the Warmouth, which has been caught
within this cell (Marson et al. in press), by preventing immigration and/or emigration into and
from the cell. The Blackstripe Topminnow and Pugnose Minnow have recently (2003) been
captured from a pumped watercourse, Whitebread drain, and it is possible that the maintenance
of water levels in the drain could have a negative effect on these species.
5.2.10 Changes to Trophic Dynamics
Periodic breaches of the barrier beach between Point Pelee National Park marshes and Lake
Erie may allow for the introduction of species that could lead to changes in trophic dynamics
within the protected marsh complex (Surette 2006). Breaching may be more frequent now than
in the past due to the amount and rate of erosion resulting from shoreline hardening north of the
park boundaries. This could have a negative effect on the Warmouth population at Point Pelee
National Park, which is the healthiest population in Canada.
5.3
Actions Already Completed or Underway
Ecosystem-based recovery strategies – Several ecosystem-based recovery strategies have
been developed that include at least two of the four species (Table 6, Figure 13):
Essex-Erie Recovery Strategy: The goal of the Essex-Erie Recovery Strategy is, “to
maintain and restore ecosystem quality and function in the Essex-Erie region to support
viable populations of fish species at risk, across their current and former range” (EERT
2008). Included in this strategy are recovery/management initiatives for the Pugnose
Minnow, Spotted Sucker and Warmouth as well as 11 other fish species at risk.
Through this initiative, recovery actions are directed towards five primary ‘core areas’
based on the presence of multiple, extant, populations of high priority fishes at risk.
These core areas include many populations of the four species discussed here,
including all three coastal wetlands that contain Warmouth populations.
Sydenham River Ecosystem Recovery Strategy: The primary objective of the Sydenham
River Recovery Strategy is to, “sustain and enhance the native aquatic communities of
the Sydenham River through an ecosystem approach that focuses on species at risk”
(Dextrase et al. 2003). The recovery strategy focuses on the 16 aquatic species at risk
within the basin, including the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow and Spotted
Sucker.
Thames River Ecosystem Recovery Strategy: The goal of the Thames River Recovery
Strategy is to develop, “a recovery plan that improves the status of all aquatic species at
risk in the Thames River through an ecosystem approach that sustains and enhances all
native aquatic communities” (TRRT 2005). Twenty-five aquatic species at risk are
included in this strategy, including the Pugnose Minnow and Spotted Sucker.
28
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
Table 6. Existing ecosystem-based recovery strategies that include two or more of the
four Special Concern species (check indicates species inclusion in recovery strategy).
Species
Blackstripe Topminnow
Pugnose Minnow
Spotted Sucker
Warmouth
Essex-Erie
Sydenham River
Thames River
Figure 13. Location of watershed-based species at risk recovery programs. Adapted from the
Essex-Erie Recovery Strategy (EERT 2008).
Stewardship and Awareness Initiatives: There are a number of stewardship and awareness
initiatives that are ongoing or have been completed by various ecosystem-based recovery
teams, and their partners, in southwestern Ontario. These initiatives include habitat
improvement projects and threat mitigation measures that are relevant to the conservation and
management of the four species. Conservation authorities, provincial stewardship councils,
Ontario Parks, local field naturalist and non-government groups, Environment Canada and
Parks Canada Agency are all involved in local initiatives that have an impact on species at risk.
Conservation authorities and stewardship councils have been, and continue to be, involved in a
number of habitat restoration projects. The types of projects include: tree planting; wetland
29
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
creation; shoreline stabilization; buffer strip planting; septic system upgrades; construction of
manure storage facilities; construction of fences to restrict livestock access to watercourses;
and, facilitating the development of Environmental Farm Plans and Nutrient Management Plans.
Partner agencies (e.g., conservation authorities, OMNR) have been involved in the production
of communication and outreach materials, such as posters and fact sheets, on aquatic species
at risk in southwestern Ontario watersheds. These materials have been distributed to schools,
youth groups and other public stakeholder groups.
Ontario Freshwater Mussel Recovery Strategies: There are currently three recovery
strategies for eight Endangered freshwater mussels in Canada that have overlapping
distributions with some or all of the four fishes at risk addressed here. Although these recovery
strategies do not deal specifically with these fishes, it is likely that the implementation of
suggested recovery actions, related to habitat improvements, would benefit the four fishes
where their ranges overlap with one or more of the freshwater mussels.
Rondeau Bay Aquatic Vegetation Issues Working Group: (The following information was
adapted from Staton et al. [2008]). The objectives of the group include the promotion and
protection of species at risk as well as to provide guidance and support to stewardship initiatives
within the Rondeau Bay watershed. This multi-agency working group was initially formed to
provide a forum for the discussion of issues related to aquatic vegetation in Rondeau Bay.
There has been growing concern over the past few decades by government agencies and the
public over the dramatic fluctuations in the aquatic vegetation community of Rondeau Bay. In
recent years, the overgrowth of aquatic vegetation has resulted in the issuance of permits by
regulatory agencies to approve vegetation removal projects to allow for boat access and
recreational activities in the bay. Specifically, the working group will work to ensure that
vegetation removal projects do not negatively impact fish species at risk. More broadly, the
group will seek to facilitate solutions to balance competing human interests with efforts to
protect and improve habitat conditions for fish and wildlife in the bay with a focus on fishes at
risk. Several stewardship groups aimed at improving land use practices and aquatic habitat are
currently active within the basin.
Coordination with Species at Risk Recovery Teams: (The following information has been
adapted from the Essex-Erie Recovery Strategy [EERT 2008]). The development and
implementation of management actions is being coordinated with other species at risk recovery
teams throughout the range of the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow, Spotted Sucker
and Warmouth in southwestern Ontario (see Table 6). For example, many of the members of
the OFFRT are also members of one or more other recovery teams and efforts to formalize
communication pathways with each of the other teams should be encouraged. An area where
coordination with other recovery teams would benefit greatly is during implementation of habitat
improvement activities (particularly with ecosystem-based recovery teams). By sharing
information with other recovery teams, funding can be acquired to implement projects that
provide multiple benefits. Communication and awareness programs at Point Pelee National
Park and Rondeau Provincial Park, for example, can integrate fishes at risk information into
regular programming. Coordination with other recovery teams will also help to ensure that
proposed management actions do not negatively impact upon other species at risk that are
found within the range of one or more of the four species; management actions may, in fact,
enhance the recovery of other species at risk found within the ranges of these species.
Recent Surveys: The following table summarizes recent fish surveys conducted by various
organizations throughout the range of the four species.
30
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
Table 7. Summary of recent fish surveys throughout the range of the Blackstripe Topminnow,
Pugnose Minnow, Spotted Sucker and Warmouth.
Waterbody/
General Area
Lake St. Clair
Detroit River
Survey Description (years of survey effort)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Thames River
•
•
•
Sydenham River
Essex region
•
•
Lower Thames
Valley
Lake Erie
•
•
•
Point Pelee
•
•
•
•
Rondeau Bay
Catfish Creek
•
•
•
Big Otter Creek
Big Creek (Long
Point region)
Long Point Bay
•
•
Nearshore fish community survey, OMNR† (2005, 2007)a
Fish community survey, Michigan DNR (1996-2001)b
Essex-Erie targeted sampling for fishes at risk, DFO (2007)a,e
Fall trap-net survey, OMNR (1974-2007, annual)e
Young-of-the-year index seine survey, OMNR (annual)a
Fish-habitat associations of the Detroit River, DFO and University of
Windsor (2003-2004) a, d
Coastal wetlands of Detroit River, DFO and University of Guelph (20042005)
Fish community surveys, DFO and OMNR (2003, 2004)d
Fish SAR survey and gear comparison study, upper and lower Thames
and lower Thames tributaries, DFO and UTRCA (2003 and 2004)
Fish community and habitat surveys, lower Thames River, Trent
University and DFO (2006-2007)
Two year graduate project on fish SAR, DFO (2003-2004)
Inland watercourses (2000-2001)c, targeted sampling (2004)c, surveys of
drains and inland watercourses (2004, 2007)c
Surveys of drains and inland watercourses (2004)c
Interagency trawling survey in western basin, OMNR (1987-2007,
annual)b
Nearshore beach seining surveys, OMNR and DFO (2005-2006)a (Reid
and Mandrak 2008)
Coastal wetlands along Lake Erie (2004-2005)c
Partnership gill net survey, lake-wide, OMNR (1989-2007, annual)i
Nearshore seine survey, west and west-central basins, OMNR (2007)a
Fish species composition study (Surette 2006), University of Guelph,
DFO and PPNP (2002-2003)a, e, f, g, h
Fish community surveys, OMNR and DFO (2004-2005)a, d, f
Fish community sampling, DFO and University of Guelph (2002)c
Fish Habitat Management Plan, Catfish Creek Conservation Authority
(2006)c
Targeted sampling, OMNR and DFO (2004)a
Targeted sampling, OMNR and DFO (2004)a
•
•
Index Surveys of Long Point Bay, OMNR (annually)b
Essex-Erie targeted sampling for fishes at risk (Turkey Point), DFO
(2007)a, d, e
†
Acronyms: OMNR – Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources; DNR – Department of Natural Resources;
DFO – Fisheries and Oceans Canada; PPNP – Point Pelee National Park; and, UTRCA – Upper Thames
River Conservation Authority. a – seine net; b – trawl; c – backpack electrofishing; d – boat
electrofishing; e – trap net; f – fyke net; g – minnow trap; h – Windemere trap; i – gill net.
5.4
Knowledge Gaps
In Canada, these species have not been thoroughly studied and there are many aspects of their
biology and ecology that remain unknown. This information is required to refine management
approaches. Additionally, threat clarification for all four species is required.
31
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
6.0
October 2009
MANAGEMENT
The following goal, objectives and management approaches were adapted from the Essex-Erie
Recovery Strategy (EERT 2008). The management goal will be achieved primarily through the
implementation of ecosystem recovery/management approaches, in cooperation with relevant
single/multi-species and ecosystem-based recovery programs, to mitigate identified threats.
See Section 8.0 for a list of recovery programs relevant to the management of these species.
6.1
Goal
The long-term goal of this management plan (over the next 20 years) is to maintain, or enhance,
existing populations of the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow, Spotted Sucker and
Warmouth in Canada, and to improve the quality and quantity of their associated habitats.
6.2
Objectives
The following short-term objectives (over the next 5-10 years) have been identified to assist in
achieving the management goal:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
To understand the health and extent of existing populations;
To improve our knowledge of the species’ biology, ecology and habitat requirements;
To understand trends in populations and habitat;
To maintain and improve existing populations;
To ensure the efficient use of resources in the management of these species; and,
To improve awareness of these species and engage the public in conservation of these
species.
Some actions required to achieve the above objectives are currently being implemented by
existing ecosystem-based recovery programs; for further information on actions already
completed or underway, please refer to section 5.3.
6.3
Actions
Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Parks Canada1 encourage other agencies and organizations
to participate in the conservation of Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow, Spotted Sucker
and Warmouth through the implementation of this management plan. The following
summarizes those actions that are recommended to support the management goals and
objectives. The activities implemented by Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Parks Canada will
be subject to the availability of funding and other required resources. Where possible, specific
organizations and sectors have been identified as partners who will provide the necessary
expertise and capacity to carry out the listed action. However, this identification is intended to
be advice to other agencies, and carrying out these actions will be subject to each agency’s
priorities and budgetary constraints. The implementation schedule for the following
management actions is presented in Table 8.
6.3.1 Background surveys
Population and habitat surveys for the four species will be conducted at sites of known
occurrence, as well as unoccupied areas that contain potentially suitable habitat. Efforts should
be coordinated with surveys for Endangered and Threatened fishes as appropriate/feasible.
This will assist in determining the range, abundance and population demographics for these
1
All references to Parks Canada as a competent minister are only with respect to the Warmouth.
32
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
species. Sampling should be standardized and include a relevant assessment of habitat
characteristics, and should employ techniques proven effective at detecting each species (See
Portt et al. [2008] for recommended species-specific sampling method). Species-specific
survey requirements are as follows:
Blackstripe Topminnow – Surveys will be conducted at historic sites in lower Black Creek and
lower Bear Creek where the species has not been collected recently. Further surveys will be
conducted in East Otter Creek to determine population status, as only one site has been
sampled at this location (in 2003). Additionally, the species was discovered for the first time in
Whitebread Drain and Little Bear Creek (Lake St. Clair drainage) in 2003, and further sampling
will be conducted to determine the extent of the species range in these areas.
Pugnose Minnow – Surveys will be conducted in suitable vegetated habitats in the North
Sydenham River, including Bear Creek (a historic location) and Black Creek. Further sampling
will be conducted in Whitebread Drain to determine population status, extent and distribution.
Suitable habitat patches in the North Sydenham River and the lower East Sydenham River will
be identified and targeted sampling will be conducted to determine distribution (Dextrase et al.
2003). Sampling will be conducted at Long Point Bay to verify the species presence/absence.
A single individual was reported in 2003; however the voucher specimen for the record has not
been located and verified.
Spotted Sucker – Surveys of the Belle River and River Canard are required and will be
conducted to confirm Spotted Sucker records at these locations (EERT 2008). This species has
only been collected sporadically in the Thames River and surveys will be conducted to
determine the extent of its distribution and abundance in the watershed. It is possible that the
specimens captured have been transients from Lake St. Clair and, if so, it would be beneficial to
know if the lower Thames River provides spawning habitat for Lake St. Clair populations (TRRT
2005). Further sampling will be conducted in Whitebread Drain (a relatively new location for the
species) and the Sydenham River drainage. In the Sydenham River, efforts should be made to
sample deep pools in the vicinity of historic capture sites during the summer months (Dextrase
et al. 2003).
Warmouth – Surveys are required and will be conducted in Duck Creek (Essex County) to verify
an unconfirmed report. Further sampling will be conducted at Long Point Bay, Turkey Point and
Rondeau Bay to confirm the presence of established populations.
6.3.2 Monitoring
A standardized index population and habitat monitoring program is required and will be
coordinated with existing monitoring programs (e.g., OMNR Lake Erie annual trawls, surveys for
Endangered/Threatened species as part of ecosystem-based recovery programs). Although
there currently may not be existing monitoring programs in some areas where these species are
found, many of their populations are found within the Essex-Erie region (all three populations of
the Warmouth are found within the Essex-Erie region), and the Essex-Erie Recovery Team has
placed a high priority on developing an overall monitoring program. This program will integrate
the needs of Endangered and Threatened species and include Special Concern species as a
tertiary target (EERT 2008). Similar monitoring programs have been proposed for other
ecosystem-based recovery strategies. The monitoring program will be informed by background
surveys (see above). This will enable assessments of change/trends in range, population
distribution and abundance, key demographic characters and changes in habitat features,
qualities and extent.
33
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
Blackstripe Topminnow - The range and abundance of the Blackstripe Topminnow in the
Sydenham River, Whitebread Drain and Little Bear Creek, as well as the quality and quantity of
instream habitat and riparian areas throughout its range, will be monitored as part of existing
monitoring programs.
Pugnose Minnow – The Pugnose Minnow will be monitored as part of standard surveys, by
seining vegetated habitats (Dextrase et al. 2003, TRRT 2005). Long-term monitoring is required
to assess the cumulative impacts of upstream habitat improvements in the Sydenham and
Thames rivers on Pugnose Minnow populations and their habitats (Dextrase et al. 2003, TRRT
2005).
Spotted Sucker - Long-term monitoring is required to assess the cumulative impacts of
upstream habitat improvements on Spotted Sucker populations (Dextrase et al. 2003). All
captured fish should be marked so that movements within the watersheds can be monitored
(Dextrase et al. 2003).
Warmouth - The range and abundance of this species will be monitored as part of existing
monitoring programs.
6.3.3 Research
Research is required for all four species to determine age-specific seasonal habitat
requirements and population sizes. Where possible/feasible, the development of a population –
habitat supply model may be considered. Additionally, potential threat factors impacting extant
populations of Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow, Spotted Sucker and Warmouth need
to be investigated and evaluated. Additional species-specific research needs are as follows:
Blackstripe Topminnow – The importance of riparian vegetation to the Blackstripe Topminnow,
and impacts associated with its loss or degradation, should be fully evaluated. The effects of oil
seepage on populations in the north branch of the Sydenham River are not clear and should be
assessed.
Pugnose Minnow – Research on the life-history requirements and the relationship of habitat
quality (e.g., patch size, stem density and plant species composition) to occurrence and density
of Pugnose Minnow has been recommended (Dextrase et al. 2003, TRRT 2005). The
significance of incidental harvest by bait dealers and aquarists in the Essex-Erie region and its
impacts on the Pugnose Minnow need to be evaluated (EERT 2008).
Spotted Sucker – Further information on the specific habitat requirements of the Spotted Sucker
is required. Seasonal habitat use by the Spotted Sucker should be investigated, and spawning
areas should be identified. Targeted sampling is required during the spring spawning period,
and in the summer (when the species are believed to be occupying deep pool areas). To
understand the species habitat use throughout its range, the movements of the Spotted Sucker
need to be determined, either through marking or radiotelemetry. The impacts of incidental
harvest on the Spotted Sucker, particularly with regard to commercial activities, are not known
and should be investigated.
Warmouth – The significance of interspecific competition (e.g., with Green Sunfish) should be
investigated to help understand community dynamics and provide insight into species
occurrence (EERT 2008). Additionally, the significance of contaminants as a limiting factor to
34
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
Warmouth needs to be investigated, as the species is considered to be relatively sedentary
compared with other centrarchids; therefore, it could potentially come into greater contact with
contaminated sediments (EERT 2008).
6.3.4 Coordination with recovery teams and other complimentary initiatives
A coordinated approach between the OFFRT and other single-species, multi-species (see
Section 8.0 Associated Plans for related single/multi-species recovery strategies) and/or
ecosystem-based recovery teams (i.e., Essex-Erie Recovery Team, Sydenham River Recovery
Team, Thames River Recovery Team, Ontario Freshwater Mussel Recovery Team) that
maximizes opportunities to share resources, information and combine efficiencies is
recommended during the implementation of management actions for the four species.
Additionally, there are opportunities to achieve management objectives through integration with
ongoing watershed planning and/or source water protection planning.
6.3.5 Outreach and communication
The OFFRT will raise awareness regarding these four species within the scientific and
conservation communities that are involved in the management and monitoring of freshwater
fishes in Ontario. Additionally, the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow, Spotted Sucker
and Warmouth should be considered in existing communication and outreach programs for
Endangered and Threatened aquatic species, to instil the awareness of the need to protect
freshwater fishes and ensure the health of aquatic freshwater ecosystems. Species specific
requirements are as follows:
Pugnose Minnow and Warmouth – Fact sheets for the Pugnose Minnow and Warmouth that
include key identification features need to be developed in response to concerns over
misidentification. This will ensure that these species are properly identified and reported.
6.3.6 Stewardship and habitat improvement (threat mitigation)
Ongoing stewardship and habitat improvement initiatives implemented by existing ecosystembased recovery programs will mitigate threats to multiple species including these four fishes
(refer to Section 5.3 Actions Already Completed or Underway for more information). A large
proportion of these species’ ranges are on private lands; therefore, stewardship should be
promoted among landowners. Active promotion of stewardship activities will raise community
support and awareness of conservation issues and increase awareness of opportunities to
improve aquatic habitats. Habitat improvement activities for these species will be coordinated
with existing groups and initiatives. Direction, technical expertise/contacts and information on
financial incentives (i.e., existing funding opportunities for private landowners), should be
provided. In addition to ecosystem-based recovery programs, there are other initiatives such as
source water protection planning, watershed planning and Environmental Farm Plans, among
others, that could provide additional benefits to these species through large-scale habitat
improvements (e.g., riparian zone restoration, septic system upgrades, wetland creation). Refer
to Section 5.3 Actions Already Completed or Underway for more information.
6.4
Effects on Other Species
The proposed management actions will benefit the environment in general. It is likely that
implementation of the suggested management actions will benefit a wide variety of native
species, including other co-occurring species at risk. Many of the stewardship and habitat
improvement activities will be implemented through ecosystem-based recovery programs that
have already taken into account the needs of other species at risk. No negative impacts on
other species resulting from implementation of these management actions are expected.
35
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
7.0
October 2009
IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
Table 8. Implementation schedule.
Participating Agencies ††
Necessary
Necessary
Necessary
Threats
Addressed†
All
All
All
DFO, OMNR, PCA, CA, AI
DFO, OMNR, PCA, CA, AI
DFO, OMNR, PCA, CA, AI
Approximate
Timeframe1
2009-2014*
2009-2014*
2013-2016*
v
Beneficial
All
DFO, OMNR, PCA, CA, AI
Ongoing*
vi
Beneficial
All
DFO, OMNR, PCA, CA, AI
Ongoing*
iv, vi
Necessary
All
DFO, OMNR, PCA, CA, AI
Ongoing*
Action
Objectives
Priority
Background Surveys
Monitoring
Research
Coordination with Recovery
Teams
Outreach and Communication
Stewardship and Habitat
Improvement (Threat
Mitigation)
i, ii
ii, iii
ii, iii, iv
1
Timeframes are subject to change in response to demands on resources.
* In conjunction with relevant single-species and ecosystem-based recovery strategies
†See section 5.2 Description of Threats
†† Acronyms:
DFO – Fisheries and Oceans Canada
OMNR – Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
PCA – Parks Canada Agency
CA – Conservation Authorities
AI – Academic Institutions
36
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
8.0
October 2009
ASSOCIATED PLANS
The Pugnose Minnow and Spotted Sucker are included in the Essex-Erie Recovery Strategy
(EERT 2008), Sydenham River Recovery Strategy (Dextrase et al. 2003) and the Thames River
Recovery Strategy (TRRT 2005). The Blackstripe Topminnow is included in the Sydenham
River Recovery Strategy and the Warmouth is included in the Essex-Erie Recovery Strategy.
Additionally, Endangered and Threatened species that occur within the range of these four
species, and that have single-species recovery strategies include: the Spotted Gar (Lepisosteus
oculatus), Lake Chubsucker (Erimyzon sucetta), Pugnose Shiner and Northern Madtom
(Noturus stigmosus). These recovery plans may be relevant to the management of the
Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow, Spotted Sucker and Warmouth.
There are numerous watershed-based management plans and initiatives that could have a
beneficial impact on these four species, including Great Lakes Lakewide Management Plans,
Great Lakes Areas of Concern and Remedial Action Plans, Fish Habitat Management Plans and
Source Water Protection Planning.
9.0
REFERENCES
Baird, W.F. & Associates. 2005. Sustainable management strategy for south-east Leamington
– Phase 1 report. Prepared for Essex Region Conservation Authority, Project Number
10962.000.
Baird, W.F. & Associates. 2007. Sustainable management strategy for southeast Leamington
– Phase 2 report. Prepared for Essex Region Conservation Authority, Project Number
10962.01.
Becker, G.C. 1983. Fishes of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 1052 pp.
Carranza, J. and H.E. Winn. 1954. Reproductive behaviour of the Blackstripe Topminnow,
Fundulus notatus. Copeia 1954: 273-278.
Coker, G.A., C.B. Lane, and C.K. Minns. 2001. Morphological and ecological characteristics of
Canadian freshwater fishes. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences 2554: iv + 86 pp.
COSEWIC (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada). 2000. COSEWIC
assessment and update status report on the Pugnose Minnow, Opsopoeodus emiliae, in
Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 16 pp.
COSEWIC (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada). 2001. COSEWIC
assessment and update status report on the Blackstripe Topminnow, Fundulus notatus,
in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 14
pp.
COSEWIC (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada). 2005a. COSEWIC
assessment and status report on the Spotted Sucker, Minytrema melanops, in Canada.
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 16 pp.
37
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
COSEWIC (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada). 2005b. COSEWIC
assessment and status report on the Warmouth, Lepomis gulosus, in Canada.
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 16 pp.
Crossman, E.J. and R.C. Simpson. 1984. Warmouth, Lepomis gulosus, a freshwater fish new
to Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 98: 496-498.
Crossman, E.J., J. Houston, and R.R. Campbell. 1996. The status of the Warmouth,
Chaenobryttus gulosus, in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 110: 495-500.
Cudmore, B.C. and E. Holm. 2000. Update COSEWIC status report on the Pugnose Minnow,
Opsopoeodus emiliae, in Canada, in COSEWIC assessment and update status report on
the Pugnose Minnow, Opsopoeodus emiliae, in Canada. Committee on the Status of
Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 16 pp.
Cudmore, B. and N.E. Mandrak. 2005. The baitfish primer: a guide to identifying and
protecting Ontario’s baitfishes. Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Bait Association of
Ontario. (http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/regions/central/pub/baitfish-appat-on/index-eng.htm.)
Dextrase, A.J. and N.E. Mandrak. 2006. Impacts of alien invasive species on freshwater fauna
at risk in Canada. Biological Invasions 18(1): 13-24.
Dextrase, A.J., S.K. Staton, and J.L. Metcalfe-Smith. 2003. National recovery strategy for
species at risk in the Sydenham River: an ecosystem approach. National Recovery Plan
No. 25. Recovery of Nationally Endangered Wildlife (RENEW). Ottawa, Ontario. 73 pp.
Doka, S., C. Bakelaar, and L. Bouvier. 2006. Chapter 6. Coastal wetland fish community
assessment of climate change in the lower Great Lakes. In L. Mortsch, J. Ingram, A.
Hebb, and S. Doka (eds.), Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Communities: Vulnerability to
Climate Change and Response to Adaptation Strategies, Environment Canada and
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Toronto, Ontario, pp. 101-128.
Dove, A., S. Painter, and J. Kraft. 2002. Sediment quality in Canadian Lake Erie tributaries: a
screening-level survey. Report No. ECB/EHD-OR/02-05/I. Ecosystem Health Division,
Ontario Region, Environmental Conservation Branch: Toronto, Ontario
Eakins, R.J. 2007. Ontario freshwater fishes life history database [web application]. Version
3.0. On-line database. (www.fishdb.ca). Accessed: November 2007.
Edwards, A., J. Barnucz, and N.E. Mandrak. 2006a. Boat electrofishing survey of the fish
assemblages in the St. Clair River, Ontario. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries
and Aquatic Sciences 2742: v + 57.
Edwards, A., J. Barnucz, and N.E. Mandrak. 2006b. Fish assemblage surveys of Rondeau
Bay, Ontario: 2004 and 2005. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences 2773: v + 43 pp.
Edwards, A., N.E. Mandrak, and J. Barnucz. In Press. Boat electrofishing survey of the fish
assemblages in the Detroit River, Ontario. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and
Aquatic Sciences 2836.
38
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
EERT (Essex-Erie Recovery Team). 2008. Recovery strategy for the fishes at risk of the
Essex-Erie region: an ecosystem approach. Prepared for the Department of Fisheries
and Oceans. Draft 4 – July, 2008.
Goforth, R.R. and S.M. Carman. 2003. Research, assessment and data needs to promote
protection of Great Lakes nearshore fisheries habitat. Michigan Natural Features
Inventory Report 2003-11.
Lane, J.A., C.B. Lane, and C.K. Minns. 1996a. Adult habitat characteristics of Great Lakes
fishes. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2358: v + 43 pp.
Lane, J.A., C.B. Lane, and C.K. Minns. 1996b. Nursery habitat characteristics of Great Lakes
fishes. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2338: v + 42 pp.
Lane, J.A., C.B. Lane, and C.K. Minns. 1996c. Spawning habitat characteristics of Great
Lakes fishes. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2368: v +
48 pp.
Lemmen, D.S. and F.J. Warren. 2004. Climate change impacts and adaptation: a Canadian
perspective. Natural Resources Canada: Ottawa, Ontario.
Leslie, J.K. and C.A. Timmins. 1998. Fish reproduction and distribution in a small tributary of
Lake St. Clair. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2253.
Mandrak, N.E. 1989. Potential invasion of the Great Lakes by fish species associated with
climatic warming. Journal of Great Lakes Research 15: 306-316.
Mandrak, N.E. and E. Holm. 2001. Update COSEWIC status report on the Blackstripe
Topminnow, Fundulus notatus, in Canada, in COSEWIC assessment and update status
report on the Blackstripe Topminnow, Fundulus notatus, in Canada. Committee on the
Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 14 pp.
Mandrak, N.E., J. Barnucz, D. Marson, and G.J. Velema. 2006. Targeted, wadeable sampling
of fish species at risk in the Lake St. Clair watershed of southwestern Ontario, 2003.
Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2779: v + 26 pp.
Marson, D., J. Barnucz, and N.E. Mandrak. In Press. Fish community sampling in national
wildlife areas in southwestern Ontario, 2002-2005. Canadian Manuscript Report of
Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2780: v + 48 pp.
McAllister, D.E. 1987. Status of the Blackstripe Topminnow, Fundulus notatus, in Canada. The
Canadian Field-Naturalist 101: 219-225.
McSwain, L.E. and R.M. Gennings. 1972. Spawning behaviour of the Spotted Sucker,
Minytrema melanops (Rafinesque). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 101:
738-740.
NatureServe. 2008. NatureServe Explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [web application].
Version 7.0 NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. (http://www.natureserve.org/explorer).
Accessed: March 2008.
39
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
Nelson, M. 2006. Towards a recovery strategy for fishes at risk of the Essex-Erie region:
synthesis of background Information. Draft synthesis report. May 2006. Essex Region
Conservation Authority and Department of Fisheries and Oceans: Essex, Ontario.
NHIC (Natural Heritage Information Centre). 2008. Available:
http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/nhic/species.cfm. Accessed: March 2008.
OMNR (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources). 2008. Species at risk in Ontario list, June 27,
2008. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resource’s Species at Risk Unit. Available:
http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/LetsFish/2ColumnSubPage/198684.html.
Accessed: June 2008.
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr. 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes, North America; North of
Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston, Massachusetts. xii + 432 pp.
Parker, B., P. McKee, and R.R. Campbell. 1987. Status of the Pugnose Minnow, Notropis
emiliae, in Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist 101(2): 208-212.
Parker, B. and P. McKee. 1984. Status of the Spotted Sucker, Minytrema melanops, in
Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 98(1): 104-109.
Portt, C.B., G.A. Coker, N.E. Mandrak, and D.L. Ming. 2008. Protocol for the detection of fish
species at risk in Ontario Great Lakes Area (OGLA). Canadian Science Advisory
Secretariat - Research Document 2008/026. v + 31 pp.
Reid, S.M. and N.E. Mandrak. 2008. Historical changes in the distribution of threatened
channel darter (Percina copelandi) in Lake Erie with general observations on the beach
fish assemblage. Journal of Great Lakes Research 34: 324-333.
Ricciardi, A. 2006. Patterns of invasion in the Laurentian Great Lakes in relation to changes in
vector activity. Diversity and Distributions 12: 425-433.
Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman. 1998. Freshwater Fishes of Canada. Galt House Publications
Ltd. Oakville, ON. 966 pp.
Shute, J.R. 1980. Fundulus notatus Rafinesque, Blackstripe Topminnow. p. 251 in D.S. Lee et
al. 1980. Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. North Carolina State Museum of
Natural History. Raleigh, North Carolina. 854 pp.
Smith, P.W. 1979. The fishes of Illinois. University of Illinois Press. Chicago, Illinois.
Staton, S.K. and N.E. Mandrak. 2006. Focusing conservation efforts for freshwater
biodiversity. Pages 197-204, in Protected Areas and Species and Ecosystems at Risk:
Research and Planning Challenges. “Proceedings of the Parks Research Forum of
Ontario (PRFO) and Carolinian Canada Coalition (CCC) Annual General Meeting May 57, 2005, University of Guelph”. Guelph, ON.
Staton, S.K., A.L. Edwards, and M. Burridge. 2008. Recovery strategy for the spotted gar,
Lepisosteus oculatus, in Canada [Proposed]. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy
Series. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa. vii + 39 pp.
40
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
Surette, H.J. 2006. Processes influencing temporal variation in fish species composition in
Point Pelee National Park. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Guelph, Guelph, ON. 105 pp.
Trautman, M.B. 1981. The fishes of Ohio with illustrated keys. Ohio State University Press,
Columbus, Ohio. Revised Edition. 782 pp.
TRRT (Thames River Recovery Team). 2005. Recovery strategy for the Thames River Aquatic
Ecosystem: 2005-2010. November 2005 Draft. 146 pp.
White, D.S. and K.H. Haag. 1977. Food and feeding habitats of the Spotted Sucker,
Minytrema melanops (Rafinesque). American Midland Naturalist 98(1): 137-146.
41
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
10.0 CONTACTS
The following members of the Ontario Freshwater Fish Recovery Team were involved in the
development of the management plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth:
Shawn Staton (Chair)
Megan Belore
Dr. Lynda Corkum
Alan Dextrase
Sandy Dobbyn
Andrea Doherty
Amy Edwards
Dr. Trevor Friesen
Dr. Nicholas Mandrak
Vicki McKay
Dr. Scott Reid
Harald Schraeder
John Schwindt
Geoff Yunker
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
University of Windsor
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Parks Canada Agency
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Ontario Ministry of the Environment
Upper Thames River Conservation Authority
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
42
Management Plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow,
Spotted Sucker and Warmouth
October 2009
APPENDIX 1. RECORD OF COOPERATION AND CONSULTATION
The management plan for the Blackstripe Topminnow, Pugnose Minnow, Spotted Sucker and
Warmouth was prepared by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) with input from
representatives of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR), Ontario Ministry of the
Environment (MOE), Parks Canada Agency, University of Windsor and Upper Thames River
Conservation Authority. All members of existing ecosystem-based recovery teams (Ausable
River, Thames River, Sydenham River, Grand River and Essex-Erie region) were invited to
participate in the development of this management plan; these included federal and provincial
governments, academic institutions, conservation authorities and First Nations groups/agencies
(including Six Nations EcoCentre, Oneida Nation of the Thames, Southern First Nations
Secretariat, Chippewas of the Thames, Delaware Nation and Munsee-Delaware First Nation).
DFO has attempted to engage all potentially affected Aboriginal communities in Southern
Ontario during the development of this proposed management plan. Information packages were
sent to Chief and council of Aamjiwnaang First Nation, Caldwell First Nation, Chippewas of
Kettle & Stony Point, Chippewas of the Thames First Nation, Mississauga of the New Credit,
Moravian of the Thames, Munsee-Delaware Nation, Oneida Nation of the Thames, Six Nations
of the Grand, Southern First Nation Secretariat and Walpole Island First Nation. Information
packages were also sent to Metis Nation of Ontario (MNO) Captain of the Hunt for Regions 7
and 9, and the MNO senior policy advisor. Members of these communities may have traveled
or harvested fish from the waters where these four fishes were historically found. Follow-up
telephone calls were made to each community office to ensure that packages were received
and to ask if they would like to schedule a meeting to learn more about Species at Risk in
general and the proposed management plan. No comments were received.
DFO prepared a list of non-government organizations and municipalities which may be
impacted by the proposed management plan. Information packages were prepared to inform
these groups that the proposed management plan was about to be approved and invited each
group to comment on the plan. No comments were received from these groups. A letter was
prepared to request further provincial comment on the proposed management plan and was
sent to the OMNR; no further comments were received. As well, an announcement was
prepared and placed in newspapers with circulation in the area where these four fishes were
historically found to inform landowners and the general public about the management plan and
to request their comments. These packages were sent and the announcements published at
the time the proposed management plan was posted on the SARA registry. Two letters in
support of the management plan were received and no changes to the plan were required.
43