PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
Author: Antonio Corrales Domínguez
DPTO. DE INGENIERÍA AEROESPACIAL Y MECÁNICA DE FLUIDOS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
•Introduction
•Architecture and Operation of the Bleed System
•Architecture and Operation of the ECS
•Architecture and Operation of the Ice and Rain Protection System
•Architecture and Operation of the Oxygen System
Master GSC & AIO 2011-2012
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Module 2: PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION
SYSTEM TYPES
High Pressure (between 1000 and 3500psi), also known as
Power Pneumatic Systems.
Intermediate Pressure
Low Pressure
MAIN PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
ATA36: Air Bleed
ATA21: Environmental Control System
ATA30: Ice and Rain Protection
ATA35: Oxygen
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ATA 36
Air Bleed System
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE BLEED SYSTEM
Main Characteristics:
Extract hot, pressurized air from the engine (compressors) so as
to provide it to its end users:
Pressurization
Air conditioning
Brakes and Steering
Ventilation
Pumps action
Hatches
Anti-Ice system
Hyd. reservoir press.
AC generators
Engine Starting
O2 generation
Inerting (N2)
Pressure and temperature of bled air is dependant on bleed
location along the engine and on engine RPM.
Air bleed affects engine thrust.
Monitoring and control of valves is necessary for safe operation.
Master GSC & AIO 2011-2012
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE BLEED SYSTEM
A340
Master GSC & AIO 2011-2012
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE BLEED SYSTEM
A330
Master GSC & AIO 2011-2012
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE BLEED SYSTEM
A330
Master GSC & AIO 2011-2012
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Module 2: PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE BLEED SYSTEM
A330
Master GSC & AIO 2011-2012
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE BLEED SYSTEM
A330
Master GSC & AIO 2011-2012
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE BLEED SYSTEM
A330
Master GSC & AIO 2011-2012
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE BLEED SYSTEM
A330
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE BLEED SYSTEM
C295
Pre-cooler
PRSOV
Conducción
de Sangrado
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE BLEED SYSTEM
Indicating System
A330
T Sensor
P Sensor
PRSOV
SOV
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X-Bleed
Valve
ATA 21
Environmental Control System
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE ECS
Main Characteristics
Existence driven by the need to have a controlled environment in
the aircraft regarding:
Suitability of aircraft’s cabin and cockpit for holding
crew/passengers.
Protection of electric/electronic components (ventilation).
The ECS’ mission is to ensure that the aircraft is habitable to the
crew/passengers and that all electronic components from the
various systems aboard the airplane operate properly.
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE ECS
Temperature
Civilian aircraft:
• Temperature of cabin air is
controlled.
Military aircraft:
• Temperature of cabin air is
controlled.
• Special suits are used.
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE ECS
Pressure: hypoxia.
The fastest the exposure the least the time for the body to react by adapting to the
different conditions.
Phases of hypoxia/symptoms:
Indiference: up to 10.000ft there are no clear symptoms though one’s senses and
performance become affected.
Compensating phase: between 10.000 and 15.000ft one’s motor system starts
exhibiting lack of coordination where precision is required. Headaches are frequent and
eye adaptation to darkness is degraded.
Pathophysiology: between 15.000 and 20.000ft reasoning and analytical reasoning
become impeded, short-term memory is lost, logical judgment, motor coordination and
muscle activity diminish notably. Visual acuity and field become significantly impaired
above 20.000ft.
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE ECS
Pressure: hypoxia.
Critical phase: above around 20.000ft all before-mentioned symptoms intensify. The
subject may suffer involuntary convulsions, loss of consciousness and, if kept under the
same atmosphere, he may enter a coma and die.
The only treatment for preventing hypoxia is to allow for enough oxygen to reach the
lungs and blood. This is achieved by means of one of the following:
1) Giving supplemental oxygen to the crew/passengers (Oxygen System, ATA35).
2) Pressurizing the cockpit/cabin of the aircraft (Pressurization system, ECS, ATA21).
Master GSC & AIO 2011-2012
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE ECS
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE ECS
Air conditioning
pack (ACM)
C295
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE ECS
Distribution System
A340
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE ECS
Distribution System
C295
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE ECS
Pressurization System
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE ECS
Pressurization System
Safety
Valves
Air Data
Computer
Cabin
Pressure
Computers
Outflow
Valve
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE ECS
MEA Approach (More Electric Aircraft)
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ATA 30
Ice and Rain Protection System
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE ATA30 SYSTEM
Ice protection methods
Anti-icing methods:
Keeping the water in a liquid state: application of heat.
Evaporating water: continuous application of heat.
De-icing methods:
Melting of ice: intermittent application of heat.
Tearing off of ice: mechanical action on accrued ice.
Rain protection methods
Their goal is to maintain the windshields free of water and fog.
Methods employed:
Hot air defogging.
Windshield wipers.
Hydrophobic coating and/or liquid.
Master GSC & AIO 2011-2012
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE ATA30 SYSTEM
Ice Protection
Anti-icing:
Leading edge bleed-air heating
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE ATA30 SYSTEM
Ice Protection
De-icing:
Pneumatic boots
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE ATA30 SYSTEM
Ice Protection
Pneumatic boots in leading edges
C295
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE ATA30 SYSTEM
Ice Protection
Pneumatic boot
Electrical blanket
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE ATA30 SYSTEM
Ice Protection
Electrical resistors
Alpha vane
Alpha vane
Pitot
Pitot
Pitot
Ice detector
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE ATA30 SYSTEM
Rain and Fog Protection
Windshield wipers
De-fogging
Embedded electrical resistor
Hot air flow
Hydrophobic coating
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ATA 35
Oxygen System
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE OXYGEN SYSTEM
Mission
Supply enough oxygen to the flight crew/passengers, regardless
of the flight altitude, whenever the flight is performed above
8.000ft. In pressurized aircraft the oxygen system is used in the
event of smoke in the cockpit, sudden loss of pressure, in an
emergency or in specific operations.
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE OXYGEN SYSTEM
Fixed installation
Gaseous oxygen
Liquid oxygen
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE OXYGEN SYSTEM
Portable installation
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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE OXYGEN SYSTEM
Cabin
Chemical oxygen generators
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REFERENCES
• CONOCIMIENTOS DE AVIÓN (4ª Edición). Antonio Esteban Oñate.
Thomson Paraninfo. 1999
• AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (Third Edition). Ian Moir & Allan Seabridge. Wiley.
2008
• DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS, AN
INTRODUCTION. Ian Moir & Allan Seabridge. AIAA Educational Series. 2004.
• MILITARY AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS. Ian Moir & Allan Seabridge. Wiley. 2006
• MANUALES DE MANTENIMIENTO C295/CN235. Airbus Military.
• MANUALES DE OPERACIONES C295/CN235. Airbus Military
• AIBUS 340 MAINTENANCE COURSE. Airbus.
• PILOT´S HANDBOOK OF AERONAUTICAL KNOWLEDGE. FAA
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QUESTIONS
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