IMS 2007 Workshop WMH
High Power Issues of Microwave Filter Design and Realization
Prediction Tools of Multipactor
Breakdown in Passive Components
for Space Applications
V.E. Boria, B. Gimeno, C. Vicente, A.M. Pérez,
G. Torregrosa, A. Coves, A. Álvarez, F. Quesada
(E-mail: vboria@dcom.upv.es)
Outline
• Introduction and Motivation
• Multipactor in Rectangular Waveguides
– EM-based Software Tools (complex geometries)
– Novel Topologies with Reduced Multipactor Risk
• Multipactor in Coaxial Waveguides
– Accurate Prediction (experimental results)
• Parallel-Plate Dielectric-Loaded Waveguides
• Future Directions and Conclusions
• Selected References
June 2007
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1
Introduction
• Multipactor Basics [1,2] :
– RF & Microwave Breakdown Discharge (high power)
– High-vacuum conditions (satellites, accelerators)
– Electron avalanche (secondary emission):
• Reduced output power, increased return losses
• Heating up of metal walls (losses), outgassing (corona)
r
E
r
E
r
E
[1] A. Hatch and H. Williams, IEEE Journal of Applied Physics, April 1954
[2] J. Vaughan, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, July 1988
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Motivation
• Passive Components for Space Applications [1]:
– Higher frequencies and power levels (output stage)
– Higher component integration: Intense EM field levels
– Higher risk of breakdown effects (multipactor)
AMPLIF.
fa
fd
RECEIVER
IMUX
OMUX
Input Filter
Satellite Repeater
Multiplexers
Channel Filters
Output Filter
[1] J. Uher et al., Waveguide Components for Antenna Feed Systems, 1993
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2
Motivation
• Technologies for Space Passive Components:
– Waveguide Technology (High Q, Low Losses).• Rectangular, circular and coaxial guides (Al, Invar, Ag-plated)
• Inclusion of dielectrics (thermal stability) for reducing mass/volume
– Planar Technology (Integration with SSPAs, MMICs)
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Motivation
• Novel Software Tools for Predicting Multipactor:
– Space Agencies requirements are very restrictive [1]
– Present tools are based on simple parallel-plate models [2]
– Reduction of extensive test campaigns and design cycles
Courtesy
of
Waveguide Filter
Comb-line Filter
[1] ESA-ESTEC, Requirements and Standards, ECSS-E-20-01A, May 2003
[2] S. Strijk (ESTEC-ESA), Multipactor Calculator (issue 1.5), Aug. 2005
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Rectangular Waveguides
• Field-Based Multipaction Prediction Tool [1,2]:
– Efficient modal and integral equation analysis techniques
• H-plane structures with arbitrary geometry and dielectrics
– Accurate computation of Voltage Magnification Factor (VMF)
• VMF and multipactor analysis plane solved for each frequency
V = b ?E y ( x = a 2 )
V (ω )
VMF (ω ) = t
Vin (ω )
Equivalent Voltage
Vin2
Vt 2
1
P=
=
2Z 0 (VMF )2 2 Z 0
[1] H. Esteban et al., IEEE AP-S Digest, June 2004
[2] F. Quesada et al., IEEE MTT-S Digest, June 2006
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Rectangular Waveguides
• Susceptibility Voltage Limit (Vdis) Calculation [1,2]:
Vt ≤ Vdis
P ≤ Pmax =
1
(VMF )
2
Vdis2
2Z0
Maximum Power Level
without multipactor:
- Minimum value of P
in the whole
frequency band
[1] S. Strijk (ESTEC-ESA), Multipactor Calculator (issue 1.5), Aug. 2005
[2] A. Woode and J. Petit, ESTEC Working Paper No. 1556, Nov. 1989
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Rectangular Waveguides
• Mechanization Effects (Rounded Corners) [1,2]:
Power Level (kW)
2
Rc = 0mm, Rw = 0mm
Rc = 3mm, Rw = 0mm
Rc = 0mm, Rw = 1mm
1.5
1
Maximum Power Level
without multipactor
0.5
13.7 13.75 13.8 13.85 13.9 13.95
f (GHz)
14
14.05
Mechanization effects DO NOT affect the multipactor free power threshold
[1] H. Esteban et al., ESA Workshop MULCOPIM, Sept. 2003
[2] F. Quesada et al., ESA Workshop MULCOPIM, Sept. 2005
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Rectangular Waveguides
• Bandwidth and Order of Band-Pass Filters [1]:
2-pole filters of 3.6% and 6% BW
5-pole filter of 7.5% BW
Narrow band-pass filters DO HAVE a reduced power threshold
Higher-order filters DO HAVE a lower multipaction threshold
[1] F. Quesada et al., IEEE MTT-S Digest, June 2006
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Rectangular Waveguides
• Reduction of Multipaction with Dielectrics [1]:
Off-centered dielectric posts
Triangular dielectric posts
Dielectrics posts DO HAVE a pulling effect on the E-field (25% reduced risk)
Triangular-shaped posts DO SMOOTH the pulling effect (30% reduced risk)
[1] F. Quesada et al., IEEE MTT-S Digest, June 2006
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Rectangular Waveguides
• Wedge-Shape Waveguide Filter [1,2]:
f0 = 9.5 GHz
BW = 100 MHz
Non-parallel plates pull the electrons out of high E-field region
Improvement of 1 dB (w.r.t. parallel-plate case) in the power threshold
[1] J. Hueso et al., ESA Workshop MULCOPIM, Sept. 2005
[2] F. Quesada et al., IEEE-MTT-S Digest, June 2006
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Rectangular Waveguides
• Electromagnetic Field-based Multipactor Tool [1,2]:
– Accurate computation of spatial electromagnetic field distribution
• More complex geometries, Complete waveguide devices
• Efficient full-wave methods: modal methods, integral equation technique
– Precise calculation of the resonant trajectories of the electrons
• 3D Lorentz force differential equation: Velocity-Verlet algorithm
– Generation of secondary electrons in waveguide walls
• Secondary Electron Emission Coefficient (SEEC), real secondaries
• Multipaction discharge when population of electrons grow
[1] C. Vicente et al., IEEE MTT-S Digest, June 2005
[2] C. Vicente et al., ESA Workshop MULCOPIM, Sept. 2005
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Rectangular Waveguides
• Computation of EM Fields with FEST3D [1]:
Cascaded connection of rect. wg.:
• Integral Equation Technique
• Generalized Impedance Matrices (Z)
+
Axial
Components
Ez , Hz
[1] M. Mattes et al., ESA-ESTEC Contract Ref. 16827/02/NL/EC, March 2006
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Rectangular Waveguides
•
: Multipactor Prediction Tool for Space Industry [1]
Funded by::
[1] ESA-ESTEC Contract Ref. 16827/02/NL/EC, March 2006
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Rectangular Waveguides
• Waveguide Gap Transformer [1] using
4 alodine X-band samples:
different heights for critical gap
Electric Field Density:
Critical element: inner gap
[1] C. Vicente et al., IEEE MTT-S Digest, June 2005
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Rectangular Waveguides
• Comparison of
with experiments [1]
Courtesy of:
ESTEC/ESA
TESAT
[1] C. Vicente et al., IEEE Power Modulator Symposium Digest , May 2006
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Coaxial Waveguides
• MULTICOAX: Multipactor Prediction Tool [1,2]:
– Accurate prediction of multipactor threshold in coaxial waveguides
under TEM mode excitation (traveling and standing waves):
V2
  z

  z

VDC
cos ω t −  + θ1  r̂ +
cos ω t +  + θ 2  r̂ +
r̂
b
c
c
b







 r Ln  

 r Ln  b 
r Ln  
a
a
a
V1
V2
  z

  z

B(r, t) =
cos ω t −  + θ1 ϕˆ −
cos ω t +  + θ 2 ϕˆ
b
b
c
c
 
 


 

 

c r Ln  
c r Ln  
a
a
E (r, t) =
V1
– Individual effective electron model: one electron tracked
[1] A.M. Pérez et al., ESA Workshop MULCOPIM, Sept. 2005
[2] A.M. Pérez et al., IEEE MTT-S Digest, June 2006
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Coaxial Waveguides
• Algorithm of MULTICOAX Tool [1]:
– Computation of individual effective electron trajectory:
• Initial angle and energy (velocity) are taken randomly
• Numerical integration (velocity Verlet) of the Lorentz equation:
F L =q (E + v × B)
uur
r
FL = m0 a
q=-e
: electron charge
• Checking of collision with the metallic surface:
– Secondary true (SEEC).- random output energy and angle
– Elastic collision.- Linear moment and energy conservation principles
• A multiplicity function is generated for indicating multipaction:
N
eN = ∏ δ i
If eN > 1 Multipaction occurs
i =1
[1] A.M. Pérez et al., IEEE MTT-S Digest, June 2006
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Coaxial Waveguides
• Secondary Electrons Emission Model [1,2]:
E0 varied until SEEC=1 @ E1
SEEC ≤ 1 for E<E0 according
to experimental data
[1] J. Vaughan, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, Sept. 1989
[2] C. Vicente et al., IEEE MTT-S Digest, June 2005
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Coaxial Waveguides
• Coaxial Gap Transformer using MULTICOAX [1]:
Return Losses (dB)
2b
λg/4
λ g/4
2a
Copper
sample
λg/4
Critical element (inner gap):
b=5.65 mm a=4.65 mm
Z0=11.67 Ω f0=1.35 GHz
Experimental results:
19 dB (≈20 dB) @ f0=1.35 GHz
[1] A.M. Pérez et al., IEEE MTT-S Digest, June 2006
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Coaxial Waveguides
• Predicted Results for Coaxial Gap Transformer [1]:
360 electrons
with different
phases launched
Multipaction
occurs if eN > 1
After 30
impacts
June 2007
Applicable Notes
Multipactor Threshold: VT=72 V (P = 209.9 W)
[1] A.M. Pérez et al., IEEE MTT-S Digest, June 2006
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Coaxial Waveguides
• Experimental Results of Coaxial Gap Transformer [1]:
Copper sample
Performed @
ESTEC-ESA
Radioactive
Source
Prediction
threshold
“Multipactor
Calculator”
(ESTEC-ESA)
Electron
Probe
Prediction
threshold
MULTICOAX
(In-Home)
Sample
Experiment
at ESTEC-ESA
311.23 W
209.94 W
204.6 W
[1] A.M. Pérez et al., Proc. IEEE MELECON, May 2006
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Coaxial Waveguides
• Comparative Study of MULTICOAX [1,2]:
Theoretical results (Arter)
Experimental data from NASA (Woo)
[1] R. Woo, IEEE Journal of Applied Physics, Feb. 1968
[2] W. Arter et al., Tech. Rep. AEA/TYKB/28046/RP/1, May 1997
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Dielectric-Loaded Waveguides
• Parallel Plate Dielectric-Loaded Waveguide [1]:
– Trajectory of an individual effective electron is computed
Metal
V(t)
h
ε0
A
εr⋅ε0
E
V (t ) = V0 cos(ωt + α )
EDC
E(t ) = E0 cos(ωt + α )xˆ
d
Dielectric
Metal
x
E0 =
z
y
V0ε r
h + ε r (d − h )
E
E
E


2
x (t ) = x0 + v0 + e 0 sin (ωt 0 + α ) (t − t0 ) + e 0 2 [cos (ωt + α ) − cos (ωt 0 + α )] − e dc (t − t 0 )
ω
ω
m
m
2m


eN j −1 (δ j − 1)
DC field
Edc = Edc , j = Edc , j −1 +
2 Aε 0
considered
[1] G. Torregrosa et al., IEEE Electron Device Letters, July 2006
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Dielectric-Loaded Waveguides
• Alumina-loaded Silver-Plate Waveguide [1]:
SEY
2
First Order Multipactor
Different SEY values
3
Alumina
Silver
Position (mm)
2.5
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
50
100
Primary electron impact energy (eV)
After each impact:
N i = δ i N i −1
V0=110 V
2
f=0.5 GHz
d=3.0 mm
1
h=0.3 µm
A=10 cm2
0
0
20
40
RF cycles
60
Single surface multipactor
[1] G. Torregrosa et al., IEEE Electron Device Letters, July 2006
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Dielectric-Loaded Waveguides
• Time evolution of the electron discharge [1]:
10
10
Population of electrons
DC field
-4
-10
-2
E
DC
(V)
-10
0
-10
2
-10
8
10
6
10
4
10
2
10
0
10
0
20
40
RF cycles
4
-10
2.5
0
20
40
RF cycles
60
2
1.5
δ
A negative DC field is generated:
1
Electrons are absorbed at dielectric layer
0.5
Electron discharge is finally shut down
[1] G. Torregrosa et al., IEEE Electron Device Letters, July 2006
June 2007
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0
0
20
40
RF cycles
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Future Directions
• Multipactor in Multicarrier Systems [1]:
Funded by:
Performed by:
Investigation of the 20-gap crossing rule
[1] ESA-ESTEC Contract Ref. AO/14978/05/NL/GLC, 2006-2008
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Future Directions
• Multipactor in Planar Transmission Lines [1]:
Coaxial to Microstrip
Transition
Funded by:
Ribbon
Connection
Encapsulated
Microstrip Line
Performed by:
[1] ESA-ESTEC Contract Ref. AO/1-5086/06/NL/GLC, 2007-2009
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Future Directions
• Experimental Facility for Multipactor:
Cooperation between:
UPVA, UVEG & AURORASAT
Expected operation: 2008
Clean room:
100,000 class
vacuum system
power amplifiers
detection systems
June 2007
Applicable Notes
Measurements at:
L, S, C, X, Ku, K bands
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Conclusions
• Software tools for predicting multipactor in:
– Rectangular waveguide passive devices
– Coaxial waveguide technology components
– Parallel-plate dielectric loaded waveguides
• A prediction tool for space industry applications
– FEST3D: passive waveguide components
• Validation with experimental results:
– Rectangular waveguide gaps and filters
– Coaxial waveguide gaps and transformers
June 2007
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Selected References (I)
W. Arter, M. Hook, Multipaction
AEA/TYKB/28046/RP/1, May 1997.
Threshold
Curves
for
Coaxial
Geometries,
Technical
Report
No.
E. Chojnacki, “Simulations of a multipactor-inhibited waveguide geometry”, Physical Review (Special Topics
“Accelerators and beams”), vol. 3, pp. 032001-(1-5), 2000.
ECSS Secretariat, ESA-ESTEC, Space Engineering: Multipaction Design and Test, ECSS-E-20-01A, May 2003.
ESA-ESTEC, RF Breakdown in Multicarrier Systems, Contract No. AO/14978/05/NL/GLC, 2006-2008.
ESA-ESTEC, New investigations in RF Breakdown in Microwave Transmission Lines, Contract No. AO/15086/06/NL/GLC, 2007-2009.
H. Esteban, J.V. Morro, V.E. Boria, C. Bachiller, B. Gimeno, L. Conde, “Hybrid full-wave simulator for the multipaction
modelling of low-cost H-plane filters”, Proc. MULCOPIM 2003, ESTEC-ESA, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2003, 8 pp.
H. Esteban, J.V. Morro, V.E. Boria, C. Bachiller, A.A. San Blas, J. Gil, “Multipaction modeling of low-cost H-plane filters
using an electromagnetic field analysis tool”, IEEE AP-S Digest, Monterey, CA, 2004, pp. 2155-2158.
G. Gerini, M. Guglielmi, G. Lastoria, “Efficient integral equation formulations for admittance or impedance
representation of planar waveguide junctions”, IEEE MTT-S Digest, Baltimore, MD, 1998, pp. 1747-1750.
A. Hatch, H. Williams, “The secondary electron resonance mechanism of low-pressure high-frequency gas breakdown”,
IEEE Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 25, pp. 417-423, April 1954.
June 2007
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Selected References (II)
A. Hatch, H. Williams, “Multipacting modes of high-frequency gaseous breakdown”, Physical Review, vol. 112, pp. 681685, Nov. 1958.
J. Hueso, D. Schmitt, D. Raboso, I. Hidalgo, V.E. Boria, B. Gimeno, “Design of a novel inductive band-pass waveguide
filter to reduce the risk of multipactor breakdown”, Proc. MULCOPIM 2005, ESTEC-ESA, Noordwijk, The Netherlands,
2005, pp. 67-78.
R.A. Kishek, Y.Y. Lau, L.K. Ang, A. Valfells, R.M. Gilgenbach, “Multipactor discharge on metals and dielectrics:
Historical review and recent theories”, Physics of Plasmas, vol. 5, pp. 2120-2126, May 1998.
M. Ludovico, G. Zarba, L. Accatino, “Multipaction analysis and power handling evaluation in waveguide components for
satellite antenna applications”, IEEE AP-S Digest, Boston, MA, 2001, pp. 266-269.
M. Mattes, J.R. Mosig, Integrated CAD Tool for Waveguide Components, Final Report of ESA-ESTEC Contract No.
12465/97/NL/NB, Dec. 2001.
A.M. Pérez, C. Tienda, C.P. Vicente, J.F. Sánchez, A. Coves, G. Torregrosa, A.A. San Blas, B. Gimeno, V.E. Boria,
“MULTICOAX: A software tool for predicting multipactor RF breakdown threshold in coaxial and circular waveguides”,
Proc. MULCOPIM 2005, ESTEC-ESA, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2005, pp. 35-41.
A.M. Pérez, C. Tienda, C. Vicente, A. Coves, G. Torregrosa, B. Gimeno, R. Barco, V.E. Boria, D. Raboso, “Multipactor
analysis in coaxial waveguides for satellite applications using frequency-domain methods”, IEEE MTT-S Digest, San
Francisco, CA, 2006, pp. 1045-1048.
June 2007
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Selected References (III)
F. Quesada, V.E. Boria, B. Gimeno, D. Cañete, J. Pascual, A. Álvarez, J. Hueso, D. Schmitt, D. Raboso, C. Ernst,
I. Hidalgo, “Investigation of multipactor phenomena in inductively coupled passive waveguide components for space
applications”, IEEE MTT-S Digest, San Francisco, CA, 2006, pp. 246-249.
F. Quesada, J. Pascual, D. Cañete, J.L. Gómez, B. Gimeno, J. Pérez, A. Vidal, V.E. Boria, A. Álvarez, “Investigation of
multipaction phenomena in cavity filters loaded with dielectric posts and tuning elements”, Proc. MULCOPIM 2005,
ESTEC-ESA, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2005, pp. 109-118.
E. Somersalo, P. Ylä-Oijala, D. Porch, J. Sarvas, “Computational methods for analyzing electron multipacting in RF
structures”, Particle Accelerators, vol. 61, pp. 107-141, 1998.
S. Strijk, ESA/ESTEC Multipactor Calculator (issue 1.5) Manual, http://www.estec.esa.nl/multipac/, Aug. 2005.
C. Tienda, A.M. Pérez, C. Vicente, A. Coves, G. Torregrosa, J.F. Sánchez, R. Barco, B. Gimeno, V.E. Boria,
“Multipactor analysis in coaxial waveguides”, Proc. 13th IEEE MELECON, Málaga, Spain, 2006, pp. 195-198.
G. Torregrosa, A. Coves, A.A. San Blas, A.M. Pérez, C.P. Vicente, B. Gimeno, V.E. Boria, “Analysis of multipactor
effect in dielectric-loaded waveguides”, Proc. MULCOPIM 2005, ESTEC-ESA, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2005, pp.
27-34.
G. Torregrosa, A. Coves, C.P. Vicente, A.M. Pérez, B. Gimeno, V.E. Boria, “Time evolution of an electron discharge in
a parallel-plate dielectric-loaded waveguide”, IEEE Electron Device Letters, vol. 27, pp. 619-621, July 2006.
J. Uher, J. Bornemann, U. Rosenberg, Waveguide Components for Antenna Feed Systems: Theory and CAD,
Norwood, USA: Artech House, 1993.
June 2007
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Selected References (IV)
J. Vaughan, “Multipactor”, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 35, pp. 1172-1180, July 1988.
J. Vaughan, “A new formula for secondary emission yield”, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 36, pp. 1963-1967, Sept.
1989.
C. Vicente, M. Mattes, D. Wolk, B. Mottet, H. Hartnagel, J.R. Mosig, D. Raboso, “Multipactor breakdown prediction in
rectangular waveguide based components”, IEEE MTT-S Digest, Long Beach, CA, 2005, pp. 1055-1058.
C. Vicente, M. Mattes, D. Wolk, H. Hartnagel, J.R. Mosig, D. Raboso, “FEST 3D - A simulation tool for multipaction
procedure”, Proc. MULCOPIM 2005, ESTEC-ESA, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2005, pp. 11-17.
C. Vicente, H. Hartnagel, Multipactor and Corona Discharge: Simulation and Design in Microwave Components, Final
Report of ESA-ESTEC Contract No. 16827/02/NL/EC, March 2006.
C. Vicente, M. Mattes, D. Wolk, H. Hartnagel, J.R. Mosig, D. Raboso, “Contribution to the RF breakdown in microwave
devices and its prediction”, IEEE Power Modulator Symp. Digest, Washington D.C., 2006, 6 pp.
R. Woo, “Multipacting discharge between coaxial electrodes”, IEEE Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 39, pp. 1528-1533,
Feb. 1968.
A. Woode, J. Petit, “Diagnostic investigation into the multipactor effect, susceptibility zone measurements and
parameters affecting a discharge”, ESA Working Paper , no. 1556, Nov. 1989.
June 2007
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18