Micro Energy Grid (MEG): Implementa7on of Smart Distributed Energy 亚洲城市智慧能源及低碳执行策略
Green Ini(a(ves : Smart Ci(es 25/06/2015 Mark Cameron – Senior Consultant – Arup HK Building Sustainability Background and Drivers 微能源网格的国际发展走向
§  Global ac(on to limit GHG emissions to avoid catastrophic climate change 全球性地限制温室气体排放，以避免灾难性的气候变化
§  Electricity genera(on responsible for a large amount of emissions 发电导致大量温室气体排放
Source: IEA, IPCC Response 微能源網格的國際發展走向
§  GHG limi(ng targets adopted interna(onally – China to limit to CO2 intensity by 40% by 2020 採用國際上限制溫室氣體排放目標 - 2020年前中國限制二氧化碳強度減少40％
§  Supply and Demand side measures required 需要供應和需求方面的措施
§  Regulatory focus promo(ng Distributed Genera(on – United States, China, Korea, Japan 重點推廣分散式發電，包括美國，中國，韓國，日本等地方
§  100+ new Smart Ci(es to be developed in China 超過100個新智能城市準備在中國開發
CO2 Discharged (China Aggregate ~0.80 kg CO2/kWh)
SUPPLY SIDE
Genera7on
Source: IEA, IPCC Transmission
Distribu7on
Retail
DEMAND SIDE
What is a Micro Energy Grid? 什么是微能源网格? What are the Benefits? 有什么优势? How to Implement? 该如何实际执行? “Microgrids are electricity distribu(on systems containing loads and distributed energy resources, (such as distributed generators, storage devices, or controllable loads) that can be operated in a controlled, coordinated way either while connected to the main power network or while islanded” (CIGRÉ C6.22 Working Group). “A Microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable en7ty with respect to the grid. A Microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-­‐connected or island-­‐mode” (U.S. DOE Microgrids Exchange Group, 2010). What is a Micro Energy Grid? 什么是微能源网格? Traditional System
Topology
MEG System
Topology
1. Improved Efficiencies 1. 率提升
§  效
Typical thermal power sta(on is only ~40% efficient – large por(on of energy lost as heat 典型的热力发电厂效率大约只有40％
– 能源大部分以热的方式丢失
§  Local Distributed Genera(on over >80% efficiency 分布式发电超过80％的效率
§  ‘Waste heat’ can be harnessed “余热”可以被利用
§  Distributed renewables incorporated and serving the grid 分布式可再生能源发电结合整个电网
§  Clean sources of fuel are simpler to implement 使用清洁的能源较容易实现目标
2. Reduce Installed Capacity 2. 负荷计算：MEG节能成效
Summer peak day loading Winter peak day loading Combined load 3. Embrace the Smart City 3. 微能源網格概念架構 §  How does MEG fit into Smart Grid? 微能源网络如何与智能电网相结合？ §  Distributed energy forms part of the Smart Grid – small districts of localized energy interac7ng with the grid – feeding and drawing from the U7lity 分布式能源是智能电网的组成部分-­‐根据实际需求获取或者供应，二者相互配合 3. Embrace the Smart City 3. 微能源网格概念架构 Data Analysis + Op(misa(on Benefits of Micro Energy Grid Approach 微能源网格之优势
§  Demand response reduces peak demand on local u(li(es & carbon emissions 为了响应需求，减少了对当地公用事业的峰值需求和碳排放
§  Real7me monitoring and response 实时监控及反应
§  U(lise energy cascade to increase efficiency & reduce carbon emissions 利用能源串级，以提高效率和减少碳排放
§  Resilience / reliability of supply to ensure no down(me 有弹性/可靠地供应，保证没有间断
§  Greater user understanding of consump(on – reduced consump(on through behavior change 对用户的消费有更多的了解-通过改变行为来降低消耗
§  Reduced u7lity infrastructure – Offset installed capacity for u(lity networks 减少公用基础设施 - 减少公用事业的装机容量
§  Export clean energy to city electricity grid 推展清洁能源至城市电网
§  Centralised monitoring & control 集中监控和控制
Hansung City, Qingdao, PRC 中国大陆 青岛釜山市 Implementa(on Case Study 实际案例 Hansung City: K-­‐MEG : Korea Micro Energy Grid 釜山市: K-MEG 韩国微能源网格
Qingdao 青島
Hansung City, Huangdao 釜山市
Project Sta7s7cs 项目信息
Loca(on – Hansung City, Qingdao, PRC Site size – 376 Ha (3.76 km2) GFA – 3.2M m2 Popula(on -­‐ 100,000 Site use – Mixed use, Healthcare, Residen7al Objec(ves 目标
§  Create an integrated approach to energy masterplanning 创建一个整合式的能源总体规划
§  Reduce carbon emissions, energy consump(on & pollu(on 减少碳排放、能源消耗和污染
§  Focus on Savings Through Efficient ‘Supply Side’ Measures 着重从”供应方”开始的节能效益与措施
§  Create a viable Business Model 开创一个可复制的商业模式
City Masterplan : City Composi(on 城市总体规划：城市组成
Qingdao Climate 青岛气候情况
Load Calcula(on : Daily Load Profiles 负荷计算：日负荷 Electrical load
Heating load
Cooling load
Developing the MEG : Technology Selec(on 发展MEG：技术选择
Technology
Trigeneration
Photovoltaics
Technical and Environmental Performance
Commercial
Viability
Energy
generation
potential
Greenhouse gas
production
Energy cascade
potential
Payback period
High (3)
Medium (2)
Waste Heat to be
reused (3)
Medium (2)
Proven
Technologies
Space Take
Reliability
Relatively new (2)
Large Plant (1)
Widely used and
matured (3)
Widely used and
matured (3)
Building
integrated (2)
Minimal Space
Required (3)
Large turbine for
reasonable
energy
generation (1)
Zero (3)
Stand alone (1)
Long (1)
Zero Emission (3)
Medium (2)
Zero (3)
Waste Heat to be
reused (3)
Short (3)
Zero Emission (3)
Wind
Turbines
Medium (2)
Zero (3)
Stand alone system
(1)
Long (1)
Possible noise &
visual impact (2)
Widely used and
matured (3)
Concentrated
Solar
Medium (2)
Zero (3)
Medium (2)
Long (1)
Zero Emission (3)
Reliable (3)
Large Area (1)
Biofuels
Low (1)
Medium (2)
Yes (3)
Medium (2)
Air pollution (1)
Widely used and
matured (3)
Fuel Cells
High (3)
Zero (3)
Medium (2)
Long (1)
Zero Emission (3)
Early adoption.
TBC (2)
Waste to
energy
High (3)
High (1)
Yes (3)
Medium (2)
Air pollution (1)
Widely used and
matured (3)
Storage space
required (2)
Sizeable
additional space
required (2)
Sizeable
additional space
required (2)
Algae Biofuel
Low (1)
Medium (2)
Yes (3)
Long (1)
Possible air pollution
(2)
Relatively new (2)
Building
integrated (2)
Medium (2)
Zero (3)
Stand alone (1)
Long (1)
Zero Emission (3)
Widely used and
matured (3)
Large area under
ground (1)
N/A
Limited (3)
N/A
Medium (2)
Indirect influence (2)
Widely used and
matured (3)
Minimal Space
Required (3)
N/A
Limited (3)
N/A
Medium (2)
Indirect influence (2)
Relatively new (2)
N/A
Indirectly reduced
(2)
N/A
Short (3)
Zero Emission (3)
Widely used and
matured (3)
Solar Hot
Water System
Geoexchange
System
Electric
Vehicles to
grid (V2G)
Vehicles
Wireless
Charging
Energy
Storage
Medium (2)
Occupant
Satisfaction
Noise Pollution, Air
Pollution, Water
Pollution, etc.
Air and noise
pollution (2)
Technology selection
matrix
Space required
along the vehicle
routes (3)
Sizeable
additional space
required (2)
Replicability
Score
Commercial and
business viability
Operational
complexity
Geography
dependencies
Weighted
Average Score
Easily replicable (3)
Medium (2)
Widely applicable (3)
23
Easily replicable (3)
Easy (3)
Depends on solar
intensity (2)
23
Easily replicable (3)
Easy (3)
Widely applicable (3)
29
Large capital
investment (2)
Easy (3)
Depends on wind power
density of the region (2)
20
Medium (2)
Depends on solar
intensity (2)
20
Medium (2)
Dependent on Biofuel
supply (1)
19
Payback to be
explored. (2)
Hard (1)
Widely applicable (3)
22
Easily replicable (3)
Hard (1)
Widely applicable (3)
22
Large capital
investment. Not
easily replicable (1)
Less commercially
viable (2)
Large capital
investment. Not
easily replicable (1)
Large capital
investment (2)
Large capital
investment. Easily
replicable (2)
Hard (1)
Depends on solar
intensity (2)
17
Medium (2)
Region Specific (2)
20
Hard (1)
Widely applicable (3)
19*
Required large
capital (1)
Easy (3)
Widely applicable (3)
19*
Large capital
investment. Easily
replicable (2)
Easy (3)
Widely applicable (3)
21
MEG Infrastructure : Integrated Energy Masterplan MEG基础设施：能源整合总体规划
Tri-­‐Genera(on – 36 MW Energy Storage – 20 MW Absorp(on Chiller – 30 MW PV – 5 MW Solar Hot Water – 5 MW Shandong Electric Carbon Intensity : 0.81 kg.CO2 / kWh Hansung City MEG Carbon Intensity : 0.64 kg.CO2 / kWh 137,334 Equivalent Trees of Carbon Saved Embracing New Technology 迎接新技术
Vehicle 2 Grid (v2g) Waste to Energy Wireless Charging Opera(on : Model Output : Flow of Energy 实际操作：模型输出及能源流动走向
Solar Hot Water
Producing Heat
Make up
from top
up boilers
Base load
by TriGeneratio
Battery
n
discharge
at peak
demand
Battery
recharge
when
demand
drops
overnight
Minimal
cooling
load over
winter
Grid purchased
power provides
peak load
Peak load by
water cooled
chillers
Base load by
absorption
chillers
Opera(on : Power Quality Modeling 实际操作：电能质量建模
Voltage: 220V (LV supply)
Devia(on: +7%, -­‐10%
Frequency: 50Hz
Devia(on: +/-­‐0.5Hz
Power Factor:
>0.9
The user provides following devices for connec(on to Grid: Reac(ve power compensa(on device Harmonic suppression devices Automa(c voltage control device Automa(c low-­‐voltage low-­‐frequency load shedding devices, Load control device
Power Quality Parameters for
Hansung City MEG
CO2 Reduc(on & Energy Reduc(on : Results 二氧化碳及能耗减量成果
Tariff Pricing Structure 资费定价结构
Ensuring the Business Case : Financial Analysis 财务分析
Discount Rate (%)
Scenario 1.1
Scenario 2.1
Scenario 3.1
Scenario 4.1
Scenario 5.1
Scenario 6.1
Scenario 1.2
Scenario 2.2
Scenario 3.2
Scenario 4.2
Scenario 5.2
Scenario 6.2
Scenario 1.3
Scenario 2.3
Scenario 3.3
Scenario 4.3
Scenario 5.3
Scenario 6.3
3%
5%
7%
10%
12%
15%
Government Subsidy (RMB/kWh)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10.1%
10.1%
10.1%
10.1%
10.1%
10.1%
Discounted payback (yrs)
17.00
21.00
25.00
35.00
>60.00
>60.00
3%
5%
7%
10%
12%
15%
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
12.6%
12.6%
12.6%
12.6%
12.6%
12.6%
14.00
15.00
18.00
22.00
>50.00
>50.00
3%
5%
7%
10%
12%
15%
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
13.8%
13.8%
13.8%
13.8%
13.8%
13.8%
11.00
13.00
16.00
20.00
>50.00
>50.00
IRR
10%
IRR
Payback Period
25 yrs
Cashflow Analysis 现金流量分析
Breakeven
Point
Initial Capital
Expenditure
(Phase 1)
Lifecycle Cash Flow Analysis
Initial Capital
Expenditure
(Phase 2)
Operation Expenditure
Positive (income) : Revenue from
sales, government subsidy
Negative (outgoing) : Purchased
power, maintenance, staff, equipment
replacement (end of life)
Hansung City KMEG : Summary 总结
§  Reduces Carbon Emissions, Peak Power demand 减少碳排放及尖峰时段的用电需求
§  Provides clean, resilient, cost effec(ve energy to the city 提供干净、弹性、高成本效益的城市能源
§  Integrates with city management – support Smart city concepts 与城市管理整合 - 支持智能城市的概念
§  Promotes truly sustainable development – Technology and Behaviour change 促进真正的永续发展 - 科技与行为改变
§  Improves maintenance – Preventa(ve maintenance and fault finding 提高维护效益 - 预防性维护和故障查明
Towards Successful Implementa(on 成功执行的基础
§  U7li7es and state grid 公营事业和国家电网
§
§
§
§
Government 政府
§
§
§
Discussions and buy-­‐in from government bodies needed Nego(a(on on contract Terms and Condi(ons Contractual 合约相关内容
§
§
§
§
§
§
Buy-­‐in from U(lity Nego(a(on of tariff for purchasing power Nego(a(on on maintenance cost of u(lity network (ren(ng of transmission) Many forms of contract can be adopted -­‐ DBOT is most common Nego(ate Terms and Condi(ons with government Sesng of energy tariffs – responding to increased fuel costs Nego(ate Government Subsidies (GS) and incen(ves Create contract for end users MEG Construc7on and opera7onal risk MEG建设及运营风险
§
§
§
Increase in fuel costs Development Phasing Quality / ability of maintenance staff The Future : Conclusion 成功执行的基础
§  Distributed Genera(on will form a part of the future energy market 分布式发电将会成为未来能源市场的一部分
§  Both Supply and Demand side measures are needed 需要供应和需求两者的措施
§  Open discussion needed on the role of DG & Tradi(onal U(li(es 需要公开讨论分布式与传统式发电之间的作用
§  Technological breakthroughs will speed up adop(on – par(cularly electricity storage 技术上的突破将加快通过策略- 特别是电力储存方面
Thank You 谢谢!
Green Ini(a(ves : Smart Ci(es 25/06/2015 Mark Cameron – Senior Consultant – Arup HK Building Sustainability