Role of Educational and R&D Institutions in City Clusters: An Exploratory Study of
Bangalore and Pune Regions in India
Rakesh Basant
Pankaj Chandra
Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, India
Corresponding e-mail: rakesh@iimahd.ernet.in
Abstract
This paper explores the role played by academic institutions in Bangalore and Pune cities of
India. It shows that there exists a large variety of linkages between industry and academia in
the two Indian cities; a hierarchy of institutions satisfies a hierarchy of local demands ranging
from skills to new technologies. While labor market linkages continue to dominate, global and
local changes are creating opportunities for knowledge based linkages. With enhanced
competition and privatization of research and education, these linkages are bound to undergo
significant change in the future and policy should facilitate this transition.
Key words: India, South Asia, spatial clusters, academia-industry linkages
Acknowledgment
Comments provided by Eric Hershberg, Kaoru Nabeshima, Gayatri Saberwal and Shahid Yusuf
were extremely useful. Authors are also thankful to Radhika, Rajesh and Debaroti for research
support. The usual disclaimers apply.
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1.
INTRODUCTION
Studies on University-Industry Linkages (UILs) in the US and European clusters1 bring out that a
variety of linkages exist between R&D institutions/universities and firms in the proximity in high
tech city clusters, although non-local linkages are often equally large. Besides, the size,
innovativeness and strategies of local firms influence the nature and extent of UILs in a
geographically bound cluster. As the characteristics of city clusters change, existing linkages may
deepen and new ones may get formed. Very little, however, is known about the role played by
academic institutions in city clusters of developing countries. Bangalore and Pune have emerged
as dynamic city clusters in India. A large number of academic institutions are also located in
these cities. This paper explores the role played by academic institutions in these cities. It shows
that the variety of UILs in the two Indian cities is large. While labor market linkages continue to
dominate, global and local changes are creating opportunities for knowledge based linkages.
With enhanced competition and privatization of research and education, these linkages are bound
to undergo significant change in the future and policy should facilitate this transition.
The rest of the paper is organized in four sections. Section 2 develops a framework to analyze
the role of academic institutions in a city cluster. It delineates the variety of linkages that an
institution can potentially have in a cluster and how these linkages may change with different
developments in the cluster, in the rest of the economy and in the world as a whole. Section 3
briefly analyses the survey data of electronics and IT firms in three city clusters (Bangalore, Pune
and the National Capital Region (NCR)) and in non-cluster regions to understand the perception
of firms about the role played by academic institutions and their importance. The data collected
from some academic institutions in Pune and Bangalore is analyzed in section 4 to bring out the
variety of roles different types of institutions play in these regions. This section also explores the
roles played by two well-known academic institutions in the region, namely Indian Institute of
Science (IISc), Bangalore and National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune. The final section makes
some concluding remarks.
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2.
PLACING ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS IN A CITY CLUSTER: A FRAMEWORK
Academic institutions interact with a city cluster in a variety of ways (Figure 1). These
interactions can be defined at two levels – linkages with other entities in the city cluster and the
strength of activities that characterize these linkages. These may include:
1. Labor market related linkages
2. Linkages for demand & supply of goods & services
3. Linkages to create New Enterprises
4. Linkages for creation, acquisition & dissemination of knowledge
Availability of certain capabilities in the institution may lead to building of some of these linkages
in the city cluster and exploitation of available opportunities. Specific needs of the city cluster can
also result in the building of required capabilities at the institution level. In a dynamic sense,
therefore, the city cluster and the institutions may co-evolve. Moreover, an Institution can also
have similar linkages with entities outside the city cluster. The co-existence of “external” and
“internal” linkages may create spillover benefits for the city cluster.
Capabilities of both the institution and the city cluster evolve differentially based on the strengths
of these linkages. These linkages are characterized by a hierarchy of activities that vary by the
extent of capabilities required to deliver them. The location of a linkage in this hierarchy defines
the strength of this linkage. For example, an undergraduate engineering school which is not
research oriented caters primarily to provide basic talent to the local market. A research-based
engineering school may interact with local organizations, in addition to providing basic talent, on
R&D projects. At the same time the ability of local entities to acquire and absorb knowledge
from academic institutions may be critical for these linkages to build.
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Labor Market Related Linkages
Academic institutions seek students and professionals for managing their operations, many of
whom come from local communities (e.g., visiting faculty from industry). Similarly, students
trained at these institutions become part of the regional labor pool. As city clusters become major
academic centers, they attract better students and professionals from outside the cluster. In
doing so, they expand the labor supply and bring new skills to organizations operating in the city.
Availability of such a large labor pool can potentially attract enterprises to the city. There can also
be cases where academic institutions do not interact much with the local economy. This can
partly be attributed to the state of the local economy in terms of the level of economic
development and the structure of local industry.
Academic institutions also respond to emerging skill needs of existing organizations by
establishing new programs and courses. New institutions focusing on these needs also emerge
over a period of time. Different academic institutions typically cater to different kinds of skill
demands. As cities evolve and develop, the mix of skill requirements from academic institutions
undergoes a change. Given the complementarities between research and teaching, a research
oriented academic institution is likely to provide a higher value of skill input. In other words,
there exists a hierarchy of academic institutions that participate in the labor market of the city
cluster.
Linkages for Demand & Supply of Goods & Services
Academic institutions create a demand for variety of goods and services which are required to
run the institution. These may range from infrastructure to consumables to equipments. At the
same time they may provide a variety of services to the city cluster like testing, training,
certification, consulting, prototype development etc. Establishment of an institution also leads to
demand for infrastructure to support the student population. City clusters that become
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educational hubs can have a significant impact on the local market for infrastructure like housing,
transport, water, sanitation etc. as well as commodities for local consumption.
Linkages to Create New Enterprises
Spin-offs from academic institutions have received a lot of attention in recent times especially in
hi-tech city clusters. Technologies developed in the institutions (especially research oriented) are
commercialized through new enterprises wherein students and faculty may participate. Many
cities around the world have created facilities like science parks and incubators around research
based academic institutions to create economic wealth in the region.
Linkages for Creation, Acquisition & Dissemination of Knowledge
Linkages between academic institutions and industry in this domain can take a variety of forms –
student projects, technology licensing, consulting, industry-institution R&D projects, seminars &
workshops, guest lectures, specialized training programs, internships, etc. These linkages are
very sensitive to the nature of academic institution and local organizations, including the sectoral
and structural features of local industry. Typically, R&D oriented organizations are more likely to
have such linkages. This is so because the absorptive capacity of the local organizations is critical
for any knowledge based linkages. For example, estimates from Japan suggest that for many
years large organizations dominated the linkages between industry and academia. This is
changing as more and more research oriented SMEs seek more academic interaction to
complement their limited in-house R&D capabilities (Motohashi, K, 2004). There is also some
evidence to suggest that certain sectors (especially science based) are more amenable to the
building of such linkages (Mowery and Sampat, Undated; Graff et. al., 2002). A corollary of this
can be that the sectoral profile of the cities’ industrial sector would affect the incidence and
intensity of such linkages. Changes in sectoral profile will not only impinge on the formation of
knowledge networks but also affect the other three linkages. In other words, characteristics of
the city cluster can impinge on the nature of UILs. Moreover, other exogenous changes like
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shifts in technology and/or the nature of global industrial structures can also affect these
linkages. Nature of linkages external to the cluster can affect linkages that are internal to the
city. We shall revert to these issues in a subsequent section.
Many of these linkages can be informal in nature. For example, most academic institutions in
developing countries do not have formal “technology transfer/consulting” offices. There is also
evidence to show that till very recently even in developed countries like Japan, the UILs were
informal in large measure to avoid the cumbersome official procedures for handling patentable
inventions (Geiger, R L, 2001. Also see Branscomb et al. 1999).
Finally, while Federal and State policies (including those related to trade, investment and
education) may affect the formation of all four types of linkages, city specific initiatives as
facilitators have received major attention in recent years. Efforts of cities like Bangalore and Pune
in India have led to both becoming educational and industrial hubs in the country. For example,
land at concessional rates for educational institutions, setting up of science parks, improvement
of city infrastructure, attracting foreign and local investments in education and industry, etc. have
played a critical role in promoting their cities as important hubs for educational and industrial
activity.
To conclude this section a few things need to be re-emphasized. The nature and strength of all
the four linkages in a city cluster are a function of the level of economic development of the
location and the structure of the urban economy. As the urban economy diversifies and/or
matures, one may expect larger role of educational institutions in new enterprise creation, R&D
and technology transfer; else labor market links may dominate. Similarly, the potential of UILs
would be influenced by the sectoral profile of local industry. For example, existence of science
based manufacturing sector in the vicinity may create more opportunities for local UILs than in
situations where institutions are located in the proximity of traditional or artisan sector firms. In
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the same vein, the nature of linkages would be different in city clusters dominated by the
services sector from those where the manufacturing sector is strong.
3.
ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS AND CITY CLUSTERS: PERCEPTIONS OF FIRMS
In a recent survey2, firms in the Bangalore, Pune, the NCR clusters and some non-cluster areas
were asked about the advantages they get by locating in the city where they operate. The data
show that firms in both cluster and non-cluster areas perceive basic educational facilities, centers
for technical education, consultancy services and technology development centers to be quite
important.3 Do firms see academic institutions as a significant advantage in a city cluster? Firms
in both Bangalore and Pune clusters, rate access to skilled labor as the most important advantage
(with a rating of 3.99 and 3.98 respectively on a five point scale) of locating in these cities (Table
1). This strongly recognizes the role of academic institutions as key suppliers of labor in the
market especially in the knowledge sectors of IT and Electronics. Besides, cluster firms found the
advantage of having access to specialized services like training, R&D services and facilities etc. to
be quite high. Interestingly, here on average the Bangalore firms found this advantage to be
slightly better than the Pune firms. Another interesting result is that firms in Bangalore and Pune
seem to be better placed in terms of access to skilled labor and R&D institutions than the NCR
region. As expected, firms located in cities where IT and electronics cluster do not exist (noncluster firms) are not as well placed in terms of all the three areas (access to skills, training and
R&D facilities) as the cluster firms; their average score is significantly lower than those of the
cluster firms.
Overall, the survey results suggest that as compared to other regions, Pune and Bangalore cities
are better equipped to provide services that are typically provided by academic institutions.
While the role of institutions as a key source of labor is widely recognized, other linkages are
formed as firms in a city cluster go up on the capability ladder or start to service complex order
requirements of advanced customers. Therefore, higher perceived advantages of academic
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institutions among Bangalore and Pune firms could also be reflective of how the city clusters
have evolved to date and may be indicative of the demand (and likely supply) for the nature of
institutions and the accompanying capabilities.
4.
CITY CLUSTER AND ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS: CASES OF PUNE AND
BANGALORE
As mentioned, changes in the composition of the city cluster can have a significant impact on the
UILs. While no systematic documentation of the processes could be done, a few inter-related
developments seem to be affecting the nature of the Bangalore and Pune clusters, which in turn
are creating new impulses for UILs. These are: continuing globalization of IT markets, changes in
the composition of the Indian IT sector, emerging globalization of drug development processes
and significant changes in drug discovery and IT technologies.
Globalization and Deepening of Labor Markets
Changes in the structural characteristics of the market in a city can have a significant impact on
the characteristics of local labor market. For example, "globalization" of IT markets can
potentially lead to significant deepening of labor markets. Market deepening usually refers to the
process where the market increasingly extends itself to new areas of human activity. Extending
this idea, one can argue that as transactions in a specific market become more frequent, complex
and diverse, one would say that market deepening is taking place. In a sense market deepening
can be seen as a result of two simultaneously occurring phenomena. As market grows
specialization takes place and diversity in the demand and supply of skills gets enhanced. We
refer to this as the deepening process. But as demand for specialized skills grows, the market
segment for each set of skills becomes large. The increase in scale for each skill segment makes
its market “thick" as more and more entities demand and supply these skills frequently. Thus,
thickening and deepening of markets can be seen as two interdependent dimensions of the
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market expansion process and in some sense market deepening encompasses the thickening of
the market as well.4 Academic institutions and city clusters need to be placed in the evolving
process of labor market deepening as they can facilitate such deepening by satisfying emerging
skill requirements and also supplying skills that would generate demand for specific skills in the
future. Such market deepening processes can be quite important for the role played by academic
institutions especially in IT and other science based sectors.5
So far, the development of the IT labor market in India has been essentially driven by the
integration of IT related activities globally. Over reliance on the export markets for growth in the
last decade has meant that growth in demand for low-end skills has dominated.6 There has been
a rapid increase in the offshore segment of the Indian software and services exports.7 The
transition from the onshore to the offshore model deepened the IT labor market in India as
Indian firms could now utilize the segmentation in the labor market to their advantage; workers
with different skills can now be used for different tasks all of which were earlier done by high
skilled workers onsite. The IT sector in India is also getting diversified in terms of domains
(telecom, banking etc.) and slowly moving up the value chain.8 Changes in composition of the IT
sector combined with the offshore model can potentially create larger opportunities of
employment for workers with different characteristics. Consequently, more people with different
skill-sets and educational backgrounds can now participate in the IT labour markets.
Changes in IT and Drug Development Technologies and Emerging Collaboration Opportunities
Similarly, changes in IT and drug discovery technologies are changing global production and R&D
structures creating opportunities for firms in India to participate in these emerging networks. This
in turn can have an impact on UILs. For example, new technologies (especially the SOC based
ones)9 and convergence of different disciplines in drug discovery are creating opportunities in
specialized high-tech areas10 that many Indian firms have started to exploit, often with the help
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of academic institutions.11 Since intellectual property would be important in such initiatives, an
appropriate IPR regime and well defined rules regarding sharing of IP in academic institutions
may increasingly become important. An appropriate IPR regime12 combined with the above
mentioned technological developments may also lead to creation of networks and alliances
between firms having diverse capabilities on the one hand and educational institutions & public
sector entities on the other.
Broadly then, technological change and globalization processes affect UILs as the skill profile of
IT workers demanded undergoes a change with such developments. The important thing to note
is that such transitions enlarge the skill requirements in the labor market and skill needs both at
the low and high ends of the spectrum are expected to rise.
Emergence of Biotech and Diversification of Bangalore and Pune Clusters
Bangalore is the top ranking IT cluster in the country but Pune has picked up in recent years.
Some believe that it will soon become number two in the IT sector (De, 2004). Both cities have a
plethora of good engineering and other professional colleges. These educational institutions
attract students from all over the country creating a vibrant student community and a talented
labor pool (De, 2004).13 In recent years, these cities have emerged as premier bio-tech clusters
in the country. The growth of bio-tech segment of the Bangalore cluster, which has about 80
firms, has been facilitated by the presence of many prestigious research-cum-teaching
institutions in the city. While IISc has existed for several years, most of others have been set up
in recent years, partly in response to emerging technological opportunities and industry needs.
These include, National Center for Biological Science set up in 1991 to pursue R&D in
biochemistry, biophysics, bio-informatics, neurobiology, cellular organization & signaling and
genetics. In addition, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research established in
1980, has increasingly focused on (apart from other things) human genetics. The state
government of Karnataka had set up a Vision Group on Bio-technology as a public-private
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partnership to evolve a Biotechnology Policy for the State. On the recommendation of the Vision
Group, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB) was set up to train bioinformaticians for the industry. In addition, a Bio-tech park is being set up to house an incubator
facility, a common facility for shared instrumentation and a patent cell.
While IISc contributed significantly to the growth of the bio-cluster in Bangalore, NCL has
provided a major advantage to the Pune cluster. In addition, the Pune University, with one of the
best bio-informatics programmes in the country, has also played an important role. A bio-tech
park is being set up in Pune as well and will house a pilot plant facility for start up firms to lease.
Both Pune and Bangalore clusters have diversified over the years. Pune region is emerging as a
center that has firms in IT, bio-technology, pharmaceuticals, and auto-components. Bangalore
covers IT and biotechnology, but also includes several other segments like telecom, machine
tools, etc. There is evidence to show that diversity is on the rise even within sectors in both
Pune14and Bangalore.15 The presence of the large pharma sector in Pune is expected to further
facilitate emergence of new firms in the areas of bio-therapeutics, diagnostics, and veterinary
products. On both locations the interface between IT and bio-technology would further enhance
the diversity. The educational institutions would play a significant role in the process.
Academia-Industry Linkages and the Hierarchy of Institutions in Bangalore and Pune
Given the discussion so far, it is obvious that different types of academic institutions have
different roles to play in a city. The nature of linkages that they can potentially have is dependent
on their own profile and the features of the city. It is difficult to fully characterize the hierarchy of
academic institutions but we looked closely at 14 (7 each in Bangalore and Pune) to explore the
dimensions that can define the elements of this hierarchy. Research versus teaching orientation
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can be an important dimension of this hierarchy. Institutions with very heavy teaching loads
might not be able to devote resources for knowledge based linkages. It can be expected that
institutions with similar profile (or at same level of hierarchy) are more likely to interact with each
other. In order to facilitate the discussion of the linkages these institutions have in the city
clusters, we follow the four-fold classification of linkages described in section 2.
Labor Market Linkages: The role of an academic institution in the local labor market is a function
of its size and the kind of education it imparts. The skills imparted may be in any discipline like
engineering, medicine, pharmacy etc. The level of education may be at the undergraduate, postgraduate or doctoral level; it can also offer diploma courses. Moreover, an institution may be
specialized (e.g., bio-informatics, specific courses in IT) or general, offering a variety of courses
(e.g., an engineering school offering courses in different branches of engineering). In addition to
its regular courses, the institutions can also provide short-term training programs that are often
specific to local industry needs. There can also be institutions which do not offer any teaching
programs and only undertake research.
Table 2 shows that among our sample institutions one does not offer any teaching program,
while others offer a variety of courses, some only at a very high level (doctoral, as in Agharkar
Institute, Pune) while others offer a range of courses (e.g., IIIT, Bangalore offering IT courses at
all levels). Although it is difficult to categorize the levels of skills provided, one can say that
institutions that offer doctoral programs are offering higher end skills than those which offer
other programs. Similarly, an institution offering post-graduate courses can be put higher up in
the hierarchy than those which are offering only under-graduate programs. However, some
specialized diploma and other courses may also be of a very high level. Interestingly,
irrespective of the nature of education imparted, most of the institutions cater to the local labor
market as bulk of their students work with city based domestic and multinational firms. However,
a fair share of the students in many institutions also works outside the city (Table 3). Thus, the
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participation of all these institutions in the local market is quite significant. The fact that a large
proportion of students with relatively high skills (with post-graduate and doctoral education) are
absorbed in the cities suggests that the absorptive capacity of the regions for such skills is high.
Demand for Goods and Services: The data on these linkages16 shows that all institutions interact
intensively for their equipment and other purchases with the city entities. Many of them buy
things from outside the city while a few buy things from outside the country. Typically,
institutions that are at the higher end of research activity also tend to procure their equipment
and services globally.
Spin-off Activity: Only two of the sample institutions (IIIT, Bangalore and Agharkar Institute
Pune) reported that a firm each has been spun out of the campus. But most institutions
interviewed were aware of the possibility and looking for opportunities. In India, spin-offs from
academic institutions are still a nascent phenomenon. The respondents were asked about the
reasons why faculty and students from their institutions are not able to set up enterprises. Three
reasons stand out: lack of seed funding, in-appropriateness of research for commercialization and
absence of institutional regulations to set-up firms. These responses are consistent with some
available evidence that venture capital industry in India is still in its infancy and start-up funding
is not easily available (Morris and Basant, 2005). Research oriented institutions are trying to
cope with the IP and other issues (e.g., owning equity in spin-offs) that are very important to set
up new enterprises. It is important to note that almost all public funded institutions in India, have
traditionally not been allowed to hold equity in ventures. This is being changed through the
creation of separate entities within these organizations along with the creation of incubators.
Other Knowledge Based Linkages: As mentioned, the ability of institutions to build knowledge
based linkages is a function of the knowledge creating activities undertaken by them. Only 3 of
the 14 institutions reported any research or commercialization output in the last five years.17
13
Thus, not all institutions seem to have an adequate knowledge base to participate in knowledge
based networking activity. Moreover, only a few of these institutions have systems in place to
undertake formal knowledge transfer. None of the institutions surveyed had a separate
technology transfer office. As of now, the three institutions having significant research output
(IIIT, Bangalore, Agharkar and Tata Center in Pune) have informally identified individuals in the
organizations who help in patent filing and licensing activities. They also have arrangements with
law firms to help these individuals. Interestingly, apart from these three institutions, three more
in the sample have put in place some rules for commercialization of technologies developed in
the organization. They seem to be anticipating the need of such norms as more interaction with
industry takes place. The rules are similar across institutions: Inventor gets a reward, licensing
rights are held either by the institution, sponsor or both and the first right of commercialization is
with the sponsor. Only one institution explicitly mentioned that they plan to hold equity in the
venture. Another mentioned that they would prefer non-exclusive licenses. Most respondents felt
that this activity is likely to rise in the near future and some of them are seeking outside help to
facilitate this transition.
Another way of capturing research linkages in a city is to find out if researchers of one
educational institution are collaborating with researchers in other local institutions. It is difficult to
get detailed information on such linkages. As a proxy, we analyzed the research papers published
by the researchers located in Bangalore and Pune and in the two main research institutions of
each city - namely IISc and NC (Table 4). Both IISc and NCL had a very large share of all the
publications having authors from local academic institutions (universities, colleges etc.) and
public research institutes. A few interesting insights stand out. Researchers in these institutions
publish very few papers with researchers from local industry. In fact, even if one looks at all
types of linkages, international and national co-authorship linkages are much stronger than the
city-cluster specific linkages. One of the major reasons for the lack of local research linkages can
be the absence of institutions of same stature as IISC and NCL in both Bangalore and Pune. With
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high teaching loads (e.g., UGC specifies a teaching load of 18 hours per week), local teaching
institutions are unable to devote time required for research.
Despite limited research output and limited preparedness in terms of systems, the sample
institutions in both Pune and Bangalore seem to have a variety of linkages with industry (Table
5). Most of these linkages are localized to the city. The linkages captured in the survey seem to
differ in following ways:
•
Not all institutions are able to raise funding for the activities that they do with industry but
some raise resources for virtually all such activities.
•
For some, the linkages in the city cluster dominate, while for others both city and non-city
based linkages are important. Very few have international linkages.
•
While some institutions have high-end linkages for basic and applied research, others
primarily undertake training, testing and proto-type development activities along with student
projects.
Absence of institutional and policy incentives for researchers/institutions to build linkages, lack of
research orientation among local firms and inappropriateness of research undertaken for the
industry in the region were cited as the three most important reasons for lack of local linkages.
Overall, the results of the survey of 14 academic institutions suggest that these institutions
interact with the city cluster in a rich variety of ways. Some are gearing themselves up to
participate in such linkages in a more systematic manner. The hierarchy among the institutions
seems to be important for the kind of roles that they can play. It is obvious that few are likely to
have the kind of knowledge base to undertake high-end knowledge networking activities with
various entities in the city cluster. Just like there is segmentation in the needs of local industry,
there are segments among academic institutions to satisfy a variety of demands. Depending on
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the profile of the institution, it can be restricted to participate only through the labor market or
can move the value chain to create technology based new ventures or satisfy a variety of R&D
needs to the firms around the city.
Role of Research Oriented Institutions: The Case of IISc, Bangalore and NCL, Pune
As suggested earlier, the quality of research and teaching done at an academic institution would
affect the nature of linkages it has with entities in a city cluster and elsewhere. IISc, Bangalore
and NCL, Pune can be considered as representative of very high-end research oriented academic
institutions. There are, of course, several differences between the two institutions some of which
need to be mentioned here. While IISc was a creation of a private endeavor (Tata) which
subsequently got state support, NCL is part of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR) system of publicly funded research labs set up by the Federal government. The research
profile of IISc is much more diverse than that of NCL which essentially focuses on chemical and
bio-technologies. In a sense IISc is more like a research university with a wide variety of
disciplines while NCL is a top ranking center for research in a specialized field with a vibrant PhD
program. We will come back to some these and other differences later. In what follows we
discuss each of these institutions and their linkages with industry in some detail.
IISc Bangalore was established in the year 1909.18 Besides, formal education and research, the
Institute offers to the industry the know-how generated within the institute through in-house
research and industry sponsored projects. More importantly, the institute has been known
globally for its excellent quality education and high research output in basic science and allied
fields. Although, research focused, IISc was one of the first institutes in the country to have an
extension wing for industry interactions. Center for Scientific and Industrial Consultancy (CSIC)
was established in 1975 to promote the interaction and collaboration between the institute and
the industry. Society for Innovation Development was established in 1991 to extend this activity
and help enterprises to compete in the global market. IISc have been far ahead of NCL, Pune
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and other labs in terms of publication activity, but lags behind in patenting activity (Business
World, 2003).19
Table 6 summarizes the linkages that IISc has built in recent years. Admittedly, we do not have
information on all the linkages of the institution as we only had access to public sources. A few
patterns are striking:
•
IISc has a large variety of linkages in terms of technology and sectoral profile with entities
within and outside Bangalore. The local linkages are quite prominent while they also have
linkages outside the country.
•
The institution has so far spun-out seven companies mainly in the areas of IT and a few in
bio-technology.
•
A large number of alliances and almost all the new ventures created by them are in areas
that have been earlier identified as areas where the potential for collaboration is high namely
drug discovery, biotechnology, semi-conductors, other specific IT related areas and
combinations thereof (e.g., bio-informatics).
NCL20 was established in 1950 in Pune to carry out research and development in the areas of
chemical and related sciences. It is widely considered to be the most distinguished public sector
labs and currently has 364 research fellows and around 397 project staff (of which over 300 are
PhDs). NCL has many inter-disciplinary research centers with interests in polymer science,
organic chemistry, catalysis, materials chemistry, chemical engineering, biochemical sciences and
process development. The Institute publishes a large number of papers in chemical sciences
(approximately 350 per year) and files the largest number of patents from India. On average,
NCL is granted about 50 Indian and 25 foreign patents per year. In fact, much of the recent
improvement in the public sector labs’ patenting record is attributable to NCL (Mani, 2002,
Business World, 2003). The institute also produces the largest number of PhDs in chemical
sciences in India.
17
NCL also has considerable interaction with the industry through consultancy and research
projects. During 2002-04, the two year period, NCL earned Rs 1,840 lakhs through industrial
projects. About 50 per cent of these earnings were from foreign companies. Contract Research,
Consultancy and Technical Services form a large part of NCL’s business interactions with external
industries. The contract research services principally help in generation of Intellectual property,
whereas others provide either professional advice to industry or help firms in terms of testing or
other facilities available at the Labs. Besides, NCL has also conducted various training programs
for industry personnel on a range of topics. NCL's clients include Indian, foreign and multinational companies. Besides, NCL has also entered into many academic collaborations with
research institutes within India and abroad.
Table 7 summarizes the nature of linkages that NCL has with entities in and outside Pune. Once
again, the list is not exhaustive as it is based on publicly available information. The following
aspects of these linkages seem to be significant:
•
As in the case of IISc, NCL has a diverse set of linkages with entities in the city and outside,
including foreign entities.
•
As in IISc, a large number of alliances seem to be in areas of pharmaceuticals and
biotechnology that were identified as potential areas of collaboration. There are also linkages
to work on the boundaries of IT and biotechnology and chemistry, another area identified
earlier.
•
But unlike IISc, NCL seems to be working more closely with other academic institutions,
particularly with those located in the city. This can partly be a reflection of the fact that
unlike IISc, NCL does not have the diversity of disciplines under the same roof to undertake
research in the areas that combine bio-technology, IT and chemistry etc. And consequently,
they need alliances to get access to complementary capabilities for inter-disciplinary
research.
18
•
Another striking difference between IISc and NCL is the absence of spin-offs in the latter.
This is quite surprising because NCL is far ahead of IISc in terms of patenting activity, a
proxy (admittedly inadequate) of IP creation. This may partly be due to the “public sector”
legacy that NCL may have.
To the extent that joint publication activity is indicative of collaborative work, Table 4 provides
some interesting insights on these two institutions. Interestingly, while international linkages are
very strong, researchers at both NCL and IISc, the premier institutions of the two cities, seem to
collaborate fairly strongly with other local academic and public research institutions in the city;
about 24 per cent of publications of these institutions had co-authors from other local
institutions.
Overall, various entities (including firms and other research institutions) in the Pune and
Bangalore clusters (and outside) have been able to exploit the research capabilities of NCL and
IISc to tap the emerging entrepreneurial and research opportunities identified earlier. The coexistence of academic institutions and firms with requisite capabilities to tap such opportunities
has resulted in such interaction to add value to the economic activities of the city clusters.
5.
SOME CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS
It is apparent that development in sciences & technology and changes in global production and
R&D networks have created new opportunities for interaction between academic institutions and
firms in India. The evidence from our limited survey suggests that academic institutions and
other entities in Pune and Bangalore have utilized these opportunities to build linkages. However,
only research institutions like IISc and NCL that have capabilities to exploit these opportunities
fully. It is not surprising, therefore, that the two most vibrant economic centers in the country
today happen to be Bangalore and Pune.
19
Our survey reveals a hierarchy of institutions in terms of the strengths of their linkages. Three
kinds of institutions emerge: those that undertake only teaching (i.e., linkage through low-end
labor market), those that do research and teaching (i.e., having linkages through all four varieties
mentioned earlier) and those that focus on specialized research (i.e., linkages that are
predominantly driven by knowledge generation and dissemination). For example, Sri
Jayachamarajendra Educational Society and Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering would
belong to the first category; IISC and IIIT would fall in the second; while NCL and Agharkar
Research Institute would be part of the third category. There exists, however, a hierarchy of
institutions in each of these categories. Perhaps, it is the existence of this hierarchy (that may
reflect institutional capabilities) that academic institutions in these city clusters rarely come
together to advance these linkages collectively. NCL seems to have done somewhat better than
others on this count with several collaborations with other academic institutions in Pune.
Overall, academic institutions of Pune and Bangalore interact with the city clusters in a rich
variety of ways. Many are gearing themselves up to participate in such linkages in a more
systematic manner. Our analysis suggests that as compared to other regions, Pune and
Bangalore cities are better equipped to provide services that are typically provided by academic
institutions. But even in these cities, the hierarchy among the institutions seems to be important
for the kind of roles that they can play and the linkages that they can form. It is obvious that
only few have the kind of knowledge base to undertake high-end knowledge networking activities
with various entities in the city cluster. But segmentation within academic institutions is relevant
to satisfy the variety of demands that emerge over time. However, some deepening of
capabilities in different segments seems to be desirable. If knowledge based activities do pick up
in a big way, institutions like IISc and NCL will not be able to cater to all requirements.
The Bangalore and Pune experience also broadly supports the idea that institution and industry
co-evolve to take advantage of emerging opportunities that arise due to their co-location. Their
20
proximity also creates a potential for exploiting opportunities that arise out of developments
outside the city cluster. Such benefits become more pronounced when institutions start to
compete with each other to strengthen their linkages with others in the city cluster. So far,
academic institutions in India have not competed with each other in any significant manner. It
must be mentioned that, till very recently, firms have also not been pro-active in seeking out
these linkages to advance their research capabilities. Enhanced competition in recent years
seems to have led to a large number of alliances. As this competition intensifies one may see
stronger linkages between academic and industry. Therefore, as the city economy matures, one
can expect more deepening of these linkages.
Finally, at a broader level, the academia-industry linkages in India need to be analyzed in the
context of a few larger processes. Till recently, the private sector in India was not very research
oriented partly because of lack of competitive pressures and the bulk of the research was done in
public institutions. Within public institutions, barring few exceptions, research has moved out of
Indian universities and other academic institutions over the years. For many years, the public
sector research institutions have been the main centers of research activity and universities have
largely become teaching institutions. This pattern is changing in two ways. One, the private
sector has started to engage in research and the academic institutions have started to face
financial difficulties which are partly being alleviated through ‘sponsored’ research. Lack of
industry orientation among academic institutions and limited R&D orientation constrained
industry-academia linkages over the years. As both change, one would expect more academiaindustry linkages. Research in industry and university is complementary and the success of
academia-industry linkages lies in the exploitation of these complementarities. Instruments that
facilitate such exploitation should be the focus of policy action. The much larger challenge,
however, is to design appropriate work environments & compensation packages that will attract
talented young people to take up careers in academia. This will go a long way in alleviating the
21
constraints on availability of “research-inclined” faculty in academic institutions, a prerequisite for
formation of research based linkages.
22
Linkages external
to the city Cluster
•
•
•
•
•
•
Global
technological
and
structural
changes
Policy
Initiatives
Type of domestic customer
and suppliers
Type of foreign customers
and suppliers (global networks)
Competition from foreign firms
FDI flows
Cluster Characteristics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Structural features e.g., cluster
size
and size distribution of firms
High tech / low tech;
Traditional/new
Nature of industry/sectors and
level of cluster diversification
Social capital
Infrastructure
Linkages with customer/suppliers
within the cluster
Nature of competition
Industry-Academic Linkages
•
•
•
•
Labor market related
New enterprise creation
Informal/formal knowledge
linkages
Demand supply of goods
and services
Policy Initiatives
Figure 1: Industry-Academia Linkages in City Clusters
23
Table 1 : Perceived Advantages of Locating in a City Cluster – Summary of Responses from Cluster and Non-Cluster Firms in IT
and Electronics Industry (1)
Advantages of Location(2)
Bangalore
Cluster
Pune
Cluster
NCR
Cluster
Cluster Firms Non-cluster
(All)
Firms (All)
Significantly
different (3)
Proximity to customers
3.46
3.15
2.98
3.26
3.29
N
Access to information from competitors
3.08
3.30
2.85
3.04
2.68
Y
Access to information about competitors
3.17
3.24
3.06
3.15
2.63
Y
Availability of skilled labor from competitors
3.16
3.26
3.12
3.16
2.78
Y
Access to skilled labor
3.99
3.98
3.63
3.88
3.29
Y
Presence of hardware & software suppliers
3.77
3.66
3.48
3.66
3.25
Y
Better access to support services
3.89
3.40
3.70
3.75
3.08
Y
Better access to training facilities
3.94
3.41
3.51
3.73
2.91
Y
Better access to R&D institutions
3.61
3.43
3.16
3.44
2.56
Y
Better access to information on fairs & exhibitions
3.74
3.33
3.66
3.65
2.53
Y
Availability of maintenance/repair services
3.85
3.41
3.85
3.78
3.38
Y
Availability of better infrastructure
3.30
3.62
3.87
3.52
3.68
N
Source: Survey of IT and Electronics firms
Notes
1. The sample for the cluster firms is 309 (Bangalore – 166, Pune – 47 and the National Capital Region (NCR, Delhi) - 96). The sample of non-cluster firms
consists of 105 firms.
2. The perceived advantage was measured on a five point scale, advantage being higher if the score was closer to five.
3. The significance of the difference in the mean responses for cluster and non-cluster firms have been tested at 5 per cent.
24
Table 2 : Participation in the Labor Market - Teaching Profile of Sample Institutions
Name of the Institution
Bangalore Cluster
Course offered
Sri Jayachamarajendra Educational
Society
•
Sri Belimatha Maha Samsthana Institute
of Technology
Indian Institute of Information
Technology
•
•
•
•
•
Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied
Biotechnology
•
•
Dr. H.L Thimmegowde College of
Pharmacy
•
•
•
P.E.S College of Pharmacy
•
•
East Point College of Engineering
•
•
Undergraduate teaching in engineering- electronics,
mechanical and IT
Training programs for firms in the city
Undergraduate and post-graduate teaching in
engineering- electronics and IT
Training programs for firms in the city
Undergraduate, post-graduate and doctoral teaching
in IT
Training programs for domestic firms with in and
outside the city and for MNCs in the city, in other
parts of the country and outside
Post-graduate (diploma) teaching relating to
biotechnology, pharmacology, biology and IT
Training programs for domestic and multinational
firms in and around the city
Undergraduate and post-graduate teaching in
biotechnology, chemistry and pharmacology
Training programs for domestic and multinational
firms in the city and in other parts of the country
Training programs for government agencies in and
outside the city
Undergraduate, post-graduate and doctoral teaching
in chemistry, pharmacology and pharmacy
Training programs for domestic firms in and around
the city
Undergraduate, post-graduate and doctoral teaching
in mathematics, electronics, mechanical and IT
Training programs for domestic firms in and around
the city
Pune Cluster
Indian Drugs Research
•
Modern Education Society’s college of
Engineering
•
•
•
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Tata Research Development and Design
Center
Agharkar Research Institute
Maharashtra Institute of Pharmacy
•
•
•
•
•
Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering
•
Undergraduate, post-graduate and doctoral teaching
in biology, pharmacology and pharmacy
Undergraduate teaching in engineering - electronics,
mechanical and IT
Training programs for domestic and multinational
firms in the city
Training programs for government agencies in the
region
Undergraduate, post-graduate and doctoral teaching
No teaching or training undertaken
Doctoral teaching in biotechnology
Undergraduate and post-graduate teaching in biology,
chemistry and pharmacology and pharma technology
Training programs for domestic and multinational
firms in and outside the city
Undergraduate teaching in engineering- electronics,
mechanical, computers and IT
Source: Survey of academic institutions in Bangalore and Pune.
25
Table 3: Absorption of Students of Surveyed Institutions by Location
Institution
Domestic
MNCs in the
firms in the
city
city
Domestic firms
in elsewhere in
the country
MNCs
elsewhere in
the country
MNCs
outside the
country
Government
in the city
Government
outside the
city
Bangalore Cluster
Sri Jayachamarajendra Educational Society
Sri Belimatha Maha Samsthana Institute of
Technology (*)
Indian Institute of Information Technology
Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied
Biotechnology
Dr. H.L Thimmegowde College of Pharmacy (*)
P.E.S College of Pharmacy (*)
East Point College of Engineering (*)
50
77
30
13
20
6
-
1
3
-
20
52
50
36
10
12
20
-
-
-
-
41
67
16
7
20
48
27
13
16
7
16
3
-
3
3
13
-
50
25
NR
NA
25
30
70
NR
35
NR
NA
30
15
NR
5
NR
NA
25
10
5
NR
25
NR
NA
10
5
NR
10
NR
NA
10
2
NR
NR
NA
25
10
3
NR
NR
NA
25
Pune Cluster
Indian Drugs Research
Modern Education Society’s college of Engineering
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Tata Research Development and Design Center
Agharkar Research Institute
Maharashtra Institute of Pharmacy
Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering
-
Source: Survey of academic institutions in Bangalore and Pune.
Notes: 1. NR – Not reported; NA- Not applicable.
2. These institutions had computed percentages or reported numbers of only those students whose information was available. We have assumed that
the distribution of jobs by location for students whose information is not available is the same as of those whose information is available.
26
Table 4: Location of Research Linkages: Some Estimates from Citation (Publications) Data, Bangalore & Pune,
Publications involving
Total Number of
Total number of Inter-national
National
Local NonPublications
linkages
Linkages
Linkages
Academic/ Non(%)
(%)
PRI Linkages
(%)
Bangalore Academic
2812
2065
45.9
32.1
19.0
Institutions (AI)
Bangalore Public Research
1879
2160
52.3
27.7
16.5
Institutes (PRI)
Indian Institute of Science,
2339
1770
43.0
30.9
24.4
Bangalore
Pune Academic Institutions
594
2160
58.0
26.4
17.6
(AI)
Pune Public Research
2012
1432
61.0
34.2
5.1
Institutes (PRI)
National Chemical
942
439
40.5
30.0
23.9
Laboratory, Pune
2003-2005
Local Linkages
within PRIs
and AIs (%)
Local
Industry
Linkages (%)
18.4
2.5
8.9
3.7
NA
4.0
6.1
0.1
17.7
2.5
NA
1.1
Source: Ajai Bhaskarbhatla.
27
Table 5: Nature of Knowledge Linkages Reported by Sample Institutions
Institution
Funding
Linkages
Linkages with firms within the city
Linkages with firms outside the city
Linkages with
firms outside the
country
Sri Jayachamarajendra Educational
Society
Sri Belimatha Maha Samsthana
Institute of Technology
None
Visiting faculty, student projects
None
None
Local funding for
one research
project and a
research grant
not specific to
projects
Three research projects with firms in the city, visiting
faculty, student projects. Prominent links in ITencryption, Communication electronics, Medical
imaging/ instrumentation, Mobile
communication/antennas, Application software
None
None
Indian Institute of Information
Technology
For most
linkages
Applied research, building of labs, licensing of
technologies, start-up creation, curriculum
development for industry specific programs, internship
programs, conferences/symposia, mentoring by
faculty, mentoring by industry persons, visiting
faculty, student projects
Applied research, building of labs, licensing of
technologies, start-up creation, curriculum
development for industry specific programs,
internship programs, conferences/symposia,
mentoring by faculty, mentoring by industry
persons, visiting faculty, student projects
None
Institute of Bioinformatics and
Applied Biotechnology
For conferences,
scholarships and
basic research
Curriculum development for industry specific
programs & for regular institutional courses,
Internship program, Publications,
Conferences/symposia, Visiting Faculty, Student
Projects
Internship program, Visiting Faculty.
None
Dr. H.L Thimmegowde College of
Pharmacy
P.E.S College of Pharmacy
None
None
None
None
None
Basic Research, Applied Research, Contract Research,
Curriculum Dev. for industry, specific programs,
Curriculum Dev. for regular institutional courses,
Internship program, Publications, Mentoring by
faculty, Student Projects, Visiting Faculty
East Point College of Engineering
For research
projects from
DST
None
Basic Research, student projects, visiting faculty
None
Product /process development, testing services,
student projects
Prototype development, student projects, internship
program, publications, visiting faculty
Product /process development, testing services
None
Prototype development, student projects,
internship program, publications, visiting faculty
None
Indian Drugs Research
Modern Education Society’s college
of Engineering
Indian Institute of Tropical
Yes, for most of
the linkages
listed
NR
28
Meteorology
Tata Research Development and
Design Center
Part of Tata
Consultancy
Basic research mainly in IT and material science
Basic research mainly in IT and material science
Agharkar Research Institute
Yes, for all the
linkages listed
Applied Research, contract research,
product/process development and testing services
Maharashtra Institute of Pharmacy
Pimpri Chinchwad College of
Engineering
None
None
In the field of pharmaceuticals (no details)
Placement, training, project work
Applied Research, contract research,
product/process development, testing services and
prototype development
In the field of pharmaceuticals (no details)
None
Basic research
mainly in IT and
material science
Same as with noncity based firms
None
Source: Survey of academic institutions in Bangalore and Pune.
29
Table 6: A Summary of Linkages of Institute of Science, Bangalore
A. Spin-off Activity in the City
1. Strand Genomics. Spin off by 4 IISc scientists in the area of biotechnology. Within the campus.
2. Encore. Spin off by IISc scientists in the area of open source software and hardware. Within he city.
3. Pico Peta. Spin off based in Bangalore. Low cost computers –Simputer. Within city (2 local distributors).
4. MetaString Pvt. Limited. Spin off based in within the city
5. Esqube. Spin off based in the city in the area of DSP/Communications (Wi-Fi).
6. 3-D Solid Compression Pvt. Ltd. Spin off based in Bangalore. Collaboration between IISc, Stanford and
CMU. Alliance with local software company. Patented a data format.
7. Metahelix. Spin off from IISc. Contract research in genomics and bioinformatics. Within the city.
B. Alliances with Entities (Firms, institutions) within Bangalore
1. Cranes Software. IT company. Design and Testing/Micro & Nanotechnology in acoustics + research
center. On campus. Outside city alliances with a Chandigarh fab) and participation of US faculty. Lab seed
funded by UGC. Both will equally share IPR that are directly funded by Cranes and IISc.
2. Ncore Pvt. Limited. Bangalore based. Design automation. Work within the campus. Funding by DoE (GOI)
and Ncore
3. Texas Instruments. Bangalore subsidiary. Low power VSLI design + object oriented database+ monthly
student stipend. Work within campus.
4. Digital Equipment. Bangalore based firm. IISc consultancy in setting up lab + training on high
performance computing. Within campus
5. Wipro. Bangalore based firm. Training in switching techniques.
6. Index computing. Bangalore based firm. Tech advice and help in neural networks. Within city.
7. BHEL. Bangalore based firm. Consultancy on multibus micro-processor system. Within city
8. Tata ELXSI. Bangalore. Training in artificial intelligence. Within city.
9. LG group. Bangalore. LG merit and best project award.
10. Jindal Vijaynagar. Bangalore based steel firm. COREX technology, and metallurgy related project.
11. Motorola India. Bangalore subsidiary. Develop software, training and consult on DSP compilers/donation
of DSP hardware and software.
12. BPL. Bangalore based subsidiary. Speech processing/ECE.
13. Govt. of Karnataka. Non conventional energy. Within campus and outside the city. Participation of Govt.
of India.
14. Xserve. Bangalore based. Component supplier. Within city.
15. Microsoft. Bangalore (details not available).
16. All India Council for Technical Education. Bangalore. Telematics. Within campus (Joint research). Some
IITs are also involved and some work gets outside the city.
C. Alliances with Entities outside Bangalore but within the Country
1. Cadila Pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutical firm based in Ahmedabad. Drug discovery + sponsored research
+research center. Within campus. Funded by Cadila. IISc transferred two proteins found to Cadila.
2. Monsanto. Plant genomics. Sponsored research. Within campus.
3. Phillips. CPU/multi DSP systems/architecture for multimedia. Within campus.
4. Nicholas Piramal India Ltd (NPIL). Based in Mumbai. Identify potential new targets for developing drugs
to treat fungal infections. Within campus. Nicholas Piramal will have exclusive rights to commercialize
products coming out of this collaboration.
5. General Motors. Automobiles. Sponsored research/light weight engine/structural materials/manufacturing
processes. Within campus. GM assembling unit in Halol involved apart from some U.S Universities.
6. Lupin. Mumbai based. Develop drugs for TB. Within campus. Shanta Biotechnics, Hyderabad also
involved. DST funded + Lupin pays the research fee.
7. DST. Central agency. Parallel distributed file system. Within campus.
8. Govt. of India. Central agency. Project on bio-mass energy for rural India. Within campus.
9. HLL. Bombay based. Project on fluid dynamics. Within campus.
10. HFCL, Delhi based. Work on digital signal processing. Within campus. Sponsored Project + research
center).
11. ALTECH. Fiction. Within campus (Project details not available)
12. FMC Rallis. Within campus (Sponsored research + research center.
C. Alliances with Entities outside Bangalore but within the Country Contd…
13. Cookson Electronics. Manufacturing base in Chennai, supplier of materials and technology to electronics
30
assembly and semiconductor. Advanced electronics/materials/ceramics. Within campus (Sponsor research+
research center+ sponsor graduate students). Cookson invested $3-5 million + hired 45 engineers.
14. Unichem. Biosciences-based in Mumbai. Within campus (Research center).
15. Satyam Computers. Chennai. Focus on IP creation in communications. Within campus (Research
center).
16. IBM. Within campus (Monthly student stipend for 12 months)
17. Analog Devices. Donation of DSP hardware and software.
18. Bharat Biotech. Vaccine development. Within campus (Outsourced work to IISc).
19. Shanta Biotechnics. Hyderabad based. Protien development. Within campus (Sponsored research). IISc
transferred a protein found to Shanta.
20. TVS Motors. Head office–Chennai. Within campus (Sponsored research). 6 patents developed by IISc.
1% royalty to TVS+ a fixed amount for 2 years, investment over Rs 3 crore.
21. DuPont. Polymers. DuPont Chair. Within city
22. IISc also has alliances with the following: Tata Center for tropical disease, Department of Electronics,
Department of Telecommunication, Defence Research and Development Organization, Indian Telephone
Industry and Indian Space Research Organization. Details not available.
D. Alliances with Entities Outside Country
1. Nortel. U.S based. Project on cellular telephony. On campus.
2. Northern Telecom NORTEL. California based. Develop switch algorithms/ECE. Within campus.
3. Nokia. Finland. Within campus. Several research projects & advanced training programs for students.
Source: Press clippings and business articles.
31
Table 7: A Summary of Linkages of NCL, Pune
A. Spin-off Activity in the City: None
B. Alliances with Entities (Firms, institutions) within Pune
1. C-DAC Pune. Research center. Interconnect all libraries in Pune city. Within campus, within city, outside
city (DSIR or Govt. of India/database provided by Delhi based firm)
2. National Center for Cell Science. Research center. Biomedical.
3. Vasantdada Sugar Institute. Research center. Chemistry
4. Fluent India. Pune subsidiary. Chemical Engineering. Within campus.
5. Sucro Filters. Pune based firm. Develop and commercialize electrical insulation. Links outside city Product supplied to Dhabol Power.
6. Emcure. Pune based. Pure drugs. 3 drugs developed and patents went to Emcure. NCL gets 2% royalty.
7. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology. Research center. Atmospheric and Oceanographic. Within
campus. Links outside country – Moscow.
8. High Energy Materials Research Lab. Materials Science. Within city - Course workshop.
C. Alliances with Entities outside Pune but within the Country
1. InnoCentive. Hyderabad based e-commerce Eli Lilly company. Forum to exchange ideas between
scientists.
2. CLRI. Chennai based. Product to process leather.
3. ATIRA, Textile research association in Ahmedabad. Cellularise textiles.
4. Lupin. Bombay (Has an R&D facility in Pune). Design and develop new molecule. Within campus, within
city.
5. DuPont. MNC. Textiles. Within campus.
6. Ranbaxy. Mumbai based company. New drug discovery.
7. IIT. Delhi. Enhance silk luster. Within campus and with IIT. Funding by Department of Biotechnology.
8. ISCB. Indo-Swiss collaboration. Pest control. Within campus, outside the city (In collaboration with
Universities outside Pune). Initiative of Department of Biotechnology
10. IndiaCo. Mumbai based company. Start a Nanotech incubation facility in Pune. Activity within campus.
11. BHEL, public sector company. Work on hydrogen based fuel cell.
12. Torrent Research. Ahmedabad. Pharmaceutical research.
13. NCL also has alliances with GE and Reliance, the details of which are not readily available.
D. Alliances with Entities Outside Country
1. National Institute of Applied Science. France based research Institute. Biochemical Engineering.
2. University of Science and Technology. France based research Institute. Materials Science/Chemical
Engineering.
3. ICS. International Agency under Italian guidelines. Training/Projects. Within campus, outside country
(Central European Initiative provides strategic support). Upgrading scientists.
4. Licensing of a patent on chemical engineering to a US based firm (details not available).
5. ISCB/German. Indo-Swiss collaboration/German. Refrigeration. Outside the city IIT-Delhi/TERI (Delhi).
6. MPP. Germany based. Biochemical Engineering. Within campus. (Patent and other rights will lie with MPP)
Source: Press clippings and business articles.
End Notes
1
See, for example, Adams (2001), Arundel and Geuna, (2001), Athreye (2004), Best (2000), Lawson (1999)
and Saxenian (1994).
2
The survey covered IT and electronics firms and in that sense, the responses are specific to these two
sectors.
3
These estimates are not reported here to save space.
4
See Basant and Rani (2004) for a detailed discussion of the labour market deepening processes.
5
The discussion in the following paragraphs is essentially based on Basant and Rani (2004).
6
This is mainly because export market projects are often less complex than domestic projects but are more
lucrative (For details see Basant and Chandra, 2003).
7
The onsite share declined from 90% in 1990-91 to about 39% in 2002-03.
8
Basant (2004a) documents, to the extent the available data permits, that such a transition is indeed taking
place. Some evidence of this transition is also available in Venkatraman, Mukundan and Shankar (2003).
32
9
These technological changes can potentially "disintegrate" the semi-conductor industry providing niche
opportunities for small firms (Linden and Somaya, 2003) and for collaborative arrangements.
10
See, Basant (2004b) for details on these opportunities.
11
Strand Genomics, a spin out firm from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore is a prime example of this
trend. Other firms active in this domain include Agilent Technologies (Life Sciences and Chemical Analysis),
Wipro Health Science, and Kshema (Mphasis Technologies) Technologies.
12
There is considerable debate about what is appropriate as an IPR regime as conditions differ considerably
across regions. In the context of countries like India where significant technological capabilities exist but
access to resources (even of the large corporate firms) does not match with the resources available to
developed country firms, an IPR system that creates incentives to invent and facilitates participation of local
firms in global research and production networks seems sensible. The move to a product patent regime
that has taken place, data security and better implementation of IP laws is likely to enhance the probability
of Indian firms/institutions participating in global research networks. Their participation in global production
networks involving IP based products and processes are also expected to rise. The jury is still out on the
utility of protecting incremental inventions (petty patents) and new use patents in chemicals and
pharmaceuticals industries. Since Indian firms can manage such inventions more easily, they can benefit
from such protection, especially through licensing. But such a policy also creates possibilities of evergreening that will benefit large developed country firms.
13
According to some estimates, Pune’s educational institutions produce more than 3000 IT professionals
every year (Dataquest, 2001).
14
For example, the Pune bio-tech sector includes large-scale bio-processing (Alfa-Laval, Praj Industries),
vaccines (Serum Institute), GM crops (Mahyco, Syngenta), bio-therapeutics (Wockhardt) and enzymes
(Advanced Bio-chemicals).
15
Bangalore is also emerging as a diverse bio-tech cluster. It covers enzymes (Biocon), bio-therapeutics
(Biocon, Gangagen), bio-informatics [Strand Genomics, Bigtech, Kshema (now part of Mphasis
Technologies), CDC Linux, Molecular Connections], plant genetics and genomics (Avesthagen, Monsanto,
Metahelix, Advanta), contract R&D (Syngene, Aurigene, Genotypic Technology, Avesthagen, Bangalore
Genei), and bio-processing and bio-instrumentation (Sartorius, WIPRO-GE, Photonics and Bio-molecules,
Bangalore Genie, Millipore).
16
To save space detailed data is not reported here.
17
IIIT, Bangalore received 13 patents and 13 more are pending. Tata Center in Pune developed 50 new
products, got about 60 patents, 20 more are pending, licensed 4 technologies is negotiating for 2 more. The
Agharkar Institute developed 3 new processes, got 11 patents and 9 more are pending.
18
Most of the other material in this paragraph is from Indian Institute of Science Website www.iisc.ernet.in
19
IISc has around 9718 research publications from 1985 to 1996 (source:
http://www.ncsi.iisc.ernet.in/iisc_publications.php). Besides, there are around 5000 PhD theses done at
IISc since its inception (www.iisc.ernet.in).
20
Most of the other material in this paragraph is from NCL website www.ncl-india.org
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