Brain perivascular cells leave (!) the CNS infected with SIV.
Alvarez X1, Conerly C1, Lackner A1 and Williams K2
1
Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center,
Covington, LA 70433 2Department of Biology, Boston College, Boston, MA 02467
We hypothesized that the majority of inflammatory cells being recruited into the
Central Nervous System (CNS) during Simian Immune deficiency Virus (SIVE)
Encephalitis (SIVE) have to get out of the brain, because there is not space for a
continuous accumulation of cells in the confining environment of CNS. Also the
generation of a full-blown immune response in the brain is not conducent to
healthy nervous system functions. In order to test this hypothesis we labeled the
cells, in the brain-perivascular space of SIV inoculated macaques. We use beads
that we could identify in different ways. We introduced Fluorescent Super
Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (FSPIONs) into the cisterna magna and
follow their faith at different times.
Results: We found cells containing FSPIONs outside of the CNS after 1, 7, 14 and
28 days. We found that the cervical lymph node is where the first cells carrying
FSPIONs out of the brain are located, and those cells are CD163+, a macrophage
lineage marker and our prefer marker for perivascular macrophages in the brain.
Some of the CD163 cells carrying FSPIONs out side the CNS are infected as we
detected them as SIV positive too. We also identified the potential points for
emigration out of the brain as the cranial nerves, and others points of emigration
from the CNS at the ganglia. This experiment shows for the first time that brain
perivascular cells leave the CNS into the periphery carrying virus. Therefore
reseeding the body with potentially new clones of virus.
Supported in part by grants RR00164 (AAL, CC, XA), NS37654, NS50041 (KW)