Nuclear and atomic quantum dynamics
Adriana Pálffy
Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
The interplay between atomic and nuclear physics to study exotic nuclei
Trento, August 26th, 2015
Nuclear and atomic quantum dynamics
Adriana Pálffy
Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
The interplay between atomic and nuclear physics to study exotic nuclei
Trento, August 26th, 2015
Workshop on Atomic Effects in Nuclear Excitation and Decay
this workshop
Outline Part 1. Nuclear excitation by coupling to the atomic shell
Part 2. Nuclear quantum optics with 229Th
Outline Part 1. Nuclear excitation by coupling to the atomic shell
e
The inverse process of
(bound) internal conversion:
NEEC, NEET
K
Part 2. Nuclear quantum optics with 229Th
L
Continuum
Outline Part 1. Nuclear excitation by coupling to the atomic shell
Part 2. Nuclear quantum optics with 229Th
Nuclear excitation by coupling to the atomic shell
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
•
direct process
•
any electron energy
•
electron-radiation field
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
•
direct process
•
any electron energy
•
electron-radiation field
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
•
direct process
•
any electron energy
•
electron-radiation field
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
•
direct process
•
any electron energy
•
electron-radiation field
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
•
direct process
•
any electron energy
•
electron-radiation field
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
•
direct process
•
any electron energy
•
electron-radiation field
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
•
direct process
•
any electron energy
•
electron-radiation field
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
DR
•
direct process
•
resonant process
•
any electron energy
•
Coulomb interaction
•
electron-radiation field
•
Breit interaction
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
DR
•
direct process
•
resonant process
•
any electron energy
•
Coulomb interaction
•
electron-radiation field
•
Breit interaction
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
DR
•
direct process
•
resonant process
•
any electron energy
•
Coulomb interaction
•
electron-radiation field
•
Breit interaction
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
DR
•
direct process
•
resonant process
•
any electron energy
•
Coulomb interaction
•
electron-radiation field
•
Breit interaction
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
DR
•
direct process
•
resonant process
•
any electron energy
•
Coulomb interaction
•
electron-radiation field
•
Breit interaction
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
DR
•
direct process
•
resonant process
•
any electron energy
•
Coulomb interaction
•
electron-radiation field
•
Breit interaction
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
DR
•
direct process
•
resonant process
•
any electron energy
•
Coulomb interaction
•
electron-radiation field
•
Breit interaction
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
DR
•
direct process
•
resonant process
•
any electron energy
•
Coulomb interaction
•
electron-radiation field
•
Breit interaction
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
DR
NEEC
•
direct process
•
resonant process
•
resonant process
•
any electron energy
•
Coulomb interaction
•
Coulomb interaction
•
electron-radiation field
•
Breit interaction
•
current-current interaction
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
DR
NEEC
•
direct process
•
resonant process
•
resonant process
•
any electron energy
•
Coulomb interaction
•
Coulomb interaction
•
electron-radiation field
•
Breit interaction
•
current-current interaction
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
DR
NEEC
•
direct process
•
resonant process
•
resonant process
•
any electron energy
•
Coulomb interaction
•
Coulomb interaction
•
electron-radiation field
•
Breit interaction
•
current-current interaction
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
DR
NEEC
•
direct process
•
resonant process
•
resonant process
•
any electron energy
•
Coulomb interaction
•
Coulomb interaction
•
electron-radiation field
•
Breit interaction
•
current-current interaction
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
DR
NEEC
•
direct process
•
resonant process
•
resonant process
•
any electron energy
•
Coulomb interaction
•
Coulomb interaction
•
electron-radiation field
•
Breit interaction
•
current-current interaction
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
DR
NEEC
•
direct process
•
resonant process
•
resonant process
•
any electron energy
•
Coulomb interaction
•
Coulomb interaction
•
electron-radiation field
•
Breit interaction
•
current-current interaction
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
DR
NEEC
•
direct process
•
resonant process
•
resonant process
•
any electron energy
•
Coulomb interaction
•
Coulomb interaction
•
electron-radiation field
•
Breit interaction
•
current-current interaction
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
DR
NEEC
•
direct process
•
resonant process
•
resonant process
•
any electron energy
•
Coulomb interaction
•
Coulomb interaction
•
electron-radiation field
•
Breit interaction
•
current-current interaction
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture
RR
DR
NEEC
•
direct process
•
resonant process
•
resonant process
•
any electron energy
•
Coulomb interaction
•
Coulomb interaction
•
electron-radiation field
•
Breit interaction
•
current-current interaction
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Total NEEC cross section
NEEC + γ total cross section as function of continuum electron
energy
Yni→d
2π 2 Ad→f
γ
σ(E) = 2
Ld (E − Ed )
p
Γd
|hd|Hen |ii|2
NEECrate Yni→d
∼
natural width Γd
∼ 10−5 − 10−8 eV
resonance strength S
∼ 1 b eV
AP, Z. Harman and W. Scheid, PRA 73 (2006) 012715
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Total NEEC cross section
NEEC + γ total cross section as function of continuum electron
energy
Yni→d
2π 2 Ad→f
γ
S= 2
p
Γd
|hd|Hen |ii|2
NEECrate Yni→d
∼
natural width Γd
∼ 10−5 − 10−8 eV
resonance strength S
∼ 1 b eV
So far not observed experimentally!
AP, Z. Harman and W. Scheid, PRA 73 (2006) 012715
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron transition
NEET
•
electronic hole
•
electronic and nuclear transition
energy match
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron transition
NEET
•
electronic hole
•
electronic and nuclear transition
energy match
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron transition
NEET
•
electronic hole
•
electronic and nuclear transition
energy match
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron transition
NEET
•
electronic hole
•
electronic and nuclear transition
energy match
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron transition
NEET
•
electronic hole
•
electronic and nuclear transition
energy match
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron transition
NEET
•
electronic hole
•
electronic and nuclear transition
energy match
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron transition
NEET
•
electronic hole
•
electronic and nuclear transition
energy match
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron transition
NEET
•
electronic hole
•
electronic and nuclear transition
energy match
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron transition
NEET
•
electronic hole
•
electronic and nuclear transition
energy match
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Nuclear excitation by electron transition
NEET
atomic 197 Au
monochromatized x-rays
M → K shell transition
•
electronic hole
•
electronic and nuclear transition
energy match
PNEET = (5 ± 0.6) × 10−8
Few perfect energy matches in nature!
→ use highly charged ions instead of atoms!
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
NEET in highly charged ions
Tunability of electronic transition energy:
ionic charge state modifies the electronic
energy levels!
∆EHCI > ∆Eatom
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
NEET in highly charged ions
Tunability of electronic transition energy:
ionic charge state modifies the electronic
energy levels!
∆EHCI > ∆Eatom
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
NEET in highly charged ions
Tunability of electronic transition energy:
ionic charge state modifies the electronic
energy levels!
∆EHCI > ∆Eatom
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
NEET in highly charged ions
Tunability of electronic transition energy:
ionic charge state modifies the electronic
energy levels!
∆EHCI > ∆Eatom
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
NEET in highly charged ions
Tunability of electronic transition energy:
ionic charge state modifies the electronic
energy levels!
∆EHCI > ∆Eatom
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
NEET in highly charged ions
Tunability of electronic transition energy:
ionic charge state modifies the electronic
energy levels!
∆EHCI > ∆Eatom
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
DC in highly charged ions
. . . another way to create the electronic hole, predominant in plasmas
DC
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
DC in highly charged ions
. . . another way to create the electronic hole, predominant in plasmas
DC
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
DC in highly charged ions
. . . another way to create the electronic hole, predominant in plasmas
DC
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
DC in highly charged ions
. . . another way to create the electronic hole, predominant in plasmas
DC
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
DC in highly charged ions
. . . another way to create the electronic hole, predominant in plasmas
DC
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
DC in highly charged ions
. . . another way to create the electronic hole, predominant in plasmas
DC
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
DC in highly charged ions
. . . another way to create the electronic hole, predominant in plasmas
DC
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
DC in highly charged ions
. . . another way to create the electronic hole, predominant in plasmas
DC
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
DC in highly charged ions
. . . another way to create the electronic hole, predominant in plasmas
DC
NEET
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
DC in highly charged ions
. . . another way to create the electronic hole, predominant in plasmas
DC
NEET
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
DC in highly charged ions
. . . another way to create the electronic hole, predominant in plasmas
DC
NEET
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
DC in highly charged ions
. . . another way to create the electronic hole, predominant in plasmas
DC
NEET
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
DC in highly charged ions
. . . another way to create the electronic hole, predominant in plasmas
DC
NEET
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
DC in highly charged ions
. . . another way to create the electronic hole, predominant in plasmas
DC
NEET
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
DC in highly charged ions
. . . another way to create the electronic hole, predominant in plasmas
DC
NEET
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
DC in highly charged ions
. . . another way to create the electronic hole, predominant in plasmas
DC
NEET
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
DC in highly charged ions
. . . another way to create the electronic hole, predominant in plasmas
DC
NEET
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
DC followed by NEET and γ decay
. . . another way to create the electronic hole, predominant in plasmas
DR
NEET
L
E
K
G
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Total resonance strength
DC + NEET + γ total cross section as function of continuum electron energy
σ(E)
=
π2
ADC |hf |Hen |ii|2 Aγ
p2 (E − E )2 + Γ2a
(E − En )2 +
a
4
S
=
π 2 ADC PNEET Aγ
p2
Γn
•
dielectronic capture rate
•
gamma decay rate
•
NEET probability
Γ2n
4
ADC
Aγ
PNEET ∼
|hf |Hen |ii|2
(En −Ea )2 +
Γ2
a
4
perfect match
En- Ea=0
narrow electronic
width a
S. K. Arigapudi and AP, PRA 85, 012710 (2012)
NEEC in a nutshell
NEET in a nutshell
Why NEEC(T)?
Study of
• population mechanisms of excited nuclear levels
• atomic vacancy effects on nuclear lifetime
• nuclear decay rates
Relevant for
• dense (astrophysical) plasmas
• triggering of isomers
Stronger XFEL excitation
Secondary nuclear processes become possible in the plasma environment:
•
Secondary photoexcitation
•
Coupling to the atomic shell
Nuclear excitation by electron capture - NEEC
Isomer triggering
Triggering mechanisms
Photoexcitation
Coulomb excitation
NEEC
Partial level scheme of
Typically,
for low-lying triggering levels
Competition in the nuclear excitation process between
resonant XFEL photons – direct photoexcitation
plasma electrons – NEEC
NEEC wins overhand as secondary process
NEEC cross sections, available electron energies and charge states in the plasma
J. Gunst, Y. Litvinov, C. H. Keitel and AP, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 082501 (2014)
1e-06
1e-08
occupation number of trigger level (T e=350eV)
charge state distribution (T e=350eV)
occupation number of trigger level (T e=500eV)
charge state distribution (T e=500eV)
0.33
Charge state distribution
Occupation number after a single pulse
NEEC wins overhand as secondary process
1e-10
1e-12
1e-14
1e-16
0
Charge state before capture
NEEC cross sections, available electron energies and charge states in the plasma
J. Gunst, Y. Litvinov, C. H. Keitel and AP, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 082501 (2014)
1e-06
1e-08
occupation number of trigger level (T e=350eV)
charge state distribution (T e=350eV)
occupation number of trigger level (T e=500eV)
charge state distribution (T e=500eV)
0.33
Charge state distribution
Occupation number after a single pulse
NEEC wins overhand as secondary process
1e-10
1e-12
1e-14
1e-16
0
Charge state before capture
NEEC cross sections, available electron energies and charge states in the plasma
NEEC excitation 5 orders of magnitude larger than direct photoexcitation!!!
J. Gunst, Y. Litvinov, C. H. Keitel and AP, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 082501 (2014)
Nuclear quantum optics with Th
229
A possible nuclear frequency standard
THE SECOND
1967, hyperfine transition of
6s electron in the 133Cs atom.
NARROW TRANSITION WIDTHS
frequency uncertainty
Better frequency standard
Variation of fundamental constants
ISOLATION FROM ENVIRONMENT
Oscillator involving the strong force
fine structure constant, strong interaction parameter
5/15
The nuclear transition frequency
... not really well known!
Indirect measurement!
Beck et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 142501 (2007)
Cri9cal Problems-­‐ 1 eV Uncertainty is Too Large
emission
10-­‐19 eV indirect measurement
?
7.8 ± 0.5 eV B. R. Beck, et. al, PRL. 98, 142501 (2007)
energy
43
Cri9cal Problems-­‐ Pure Nuclear Signature is needed
44
CaF2 conduc9on band
229Th4+
11.6 eV
F center
7.8 eV
1.  new absorp9on levels? 2.  band gap shiYs? 3.  effect of impuri9es?
229
G. A. Kazakov, et. al., New J. Phys. 14 083019 (2012)
Th
Cri9cal Problems-­‐ Low Signal to Background Ra9o
α induced spurious fluorescence (background) VUV
229
Th
(a) 0.3 photon/α decay (b) 229gTh life9me 7880 yr (c) 1018 229Th/cm3
0.75 MHz in 4π
Γ
fluorescence (signal) Detector
W. G. Rellergert, et. al, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. and Eng. 15, 012005 (2010)
Forward Detec9on solves Cri9cal Problems
α induced spurious fluorescence (background) 1.8 Hz in 1° × 1° 46
nuclear signature
VUV
229
αΓ
Th
Γ
fluorescence Nuclear Forward Scalering (signal)
W.-­‐T. Liao, S. Das, C. H. Keitel and A. Pálffy, PRL 109, 262502 (2012) Level Scheme of 229Th inside Crystals
229
I=
Th:CaF2
3
2
ϕzz = -­‐5.1 × 1018 V/m2 Q5/2 = 3.149 eb Q3/2 = 1.8 eb (eb = e × 10-­‐24 cm2) quadruple spli•ng 10-­‐7 eV
~ 7.8 ± 0.5 eV
I=
5
2
m
−
5
2
−
3
2
−
1
2
1
2
3
2
5
2
sub-­‐Kelvin cooling via spin-­‐spin relaxa9on à kHz G. A. Kazakov, et. al., New J. Phys. 14 083019 (2012) E. V. Tkalya, PRL 106, 162501 (2011)
1x10
NFS Time Spectrum
4
1x102
Δp = 0 ~ 107 Γ
Δp = 108 Γ
probe
Intensity (arb. unit)
1
1x10
229
-2
Th
Detector
1x10-4
3 3
,
2 2
Δp
Ωp
1x10-6
1x10-8
5 5
,
2 2
1x10-10
1x10-12
1x10-14
1x10-16
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Time Delay (ms)
W.-­‐T. Liao, S. Das, C. H. Keitel and A. Pálffy, PRL 109, 262502 (2012) 7
8
9
10
couple
229
Detector
Th
3 3
,
2 2
Δc = Δ p = Δ
Ωc
5 3
,
2 2
absorp9on
probe
Electromagne9cally induced Quantum Beat
beat Ωp
energy
5 5
,
2 2
Autler-­‐Townes spli•ng by Ωc ~ kHz with coupling laser intensity 2 kW/cm2
S. H. Autler and C. H. Townes, Phys. Rev. 100, 703 (1955)
49
Electromagne9cally induced Quantum Beat
probe
couple
229
known laser frequency
3 3
,
2 2
Δc = Δ p = Δ
Ωc
5 3
,
2 2
Detector
Th
Ωp
5 5
,
2 2
ETh = Δ p + ω p
by fi•ng
to be determined
W.-­‐T. Liao, S. Das, C. H. Keitel and A. Pálffy, PRL 109, 262502 (2012) 50
Coherence enhanced optical determination
traditional
fluorescence
with one field
two-field Lambda
scheme
W.-T. Liao, S. Das, C. H. Keitel and AP, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 262502 (2012)
Summary hy
pe
r
Part 1. Nuclear excitation by coupling
to the atomic shell
Nuclear Physics
fin
e s
ho
r
e
Internal conversion
peninsula
 decay bay
Electron bridge bay
Atomic Physics
NEEC exotic nuclear excitation mechanism
predominates in dense plasmas for small E
Part 2. Nuclear quantum optics with 229Th
coherence effects in ²²⁹Th useful to determine
the nuclear transition frequency
joint efforts with PTB, TU Vienna, TU München, Jyväskylä, MPQ, U Heidelberg