Indian Science,
Science Technology
and Innovation:
The Changing Landscape
R A Mashelkar
“It
It is an inherent obligation
of a great country like India
with its traditions of
scholarship and original
thinking and its great
cultural heritage to
participate fully in the march
of science, which is
probably mankind’s
mankind s greatest
enterprise today.”
- Jawaharlal Nehru
Green
Revolution
(Agriculture)
White
Revolution
(Milk)
Many
Revolutions
Spu
Spurred
ed by
Indian S&T
Blue
Revolution
(Space)
Gray
R
Revolution
l ti
(Software)
Crops
Pulses
Milk
Arable Land
Wheat
Rice
S
Sugar cane
Cotton
Vegetables & melons
Fruits excluding melons
Tea
Potato
Oilseeds
India’ss world Rank in production
India
world Rank in production
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
5
The Challenge
• High in Production but low in Productivity
• No 1 in pulse production but a large
p
of p
pulses!
importer
• Moving from ‘Green’ to ‘Evergreen’&
‘Nutritional’ Revolution
• Embracing new technology
•India second largest producer and
exporter off cotton
•BT cotton introduced in 2002
•150-fold increase in 2008
•81 % of total cotton area under BT
cotton now
•95% Value Added over non BT
•80%
higher profits to the farmers
7
Bt Cotton
Green
Revolution
(Agriculture)
White
Revolution
(Milk)
Many
Revolutions
Spu
Spurred
ed by
Indian S&T
Blue
Revolution
(Space)
Gray
R
Revolution
l ti
(Software)
ISRO Launch Vehicles
India’s Mission to the Moon
(2008)
Chandrayan 1 Carrying
2 US Payloads
y
from NASA!
Technology Led
I l i Growth
Inclusive
G
th
for Fishermen
•
7 million people on the coast depend on fishing for
livelihood
•
Satellite based Potential Fishing Zone forecasts helps in
deep sea fishing
•
More than 225 nodes receive forecasts
•
Substantial increase in fishermen income
Top Ten Achievements of the 20th Century Jayant
Narlikar (2003),The
(2003) The Scientific Edge
Edge, Penguin
•
•
•
•
•
S. RamanujamRamanujam
j - Mathematics ((20s))
Meghnad Saha
Saha-- Ionization Equation (20s)
S
S.N
N BoseBose- Particle Statistics (1922)
C.V. Raman
Raman-- Raman Effect (1928)
G.N. RamachandranRamachandran- Molecular Biophysics (mid 50s)
•
•
•
•
•
Nuclear Power (50s)
Green Revolution (70s)
Space Programme (late 70s)
Superconductivity
S
d i i (l
(late 80
80s))
CSIR Transformation (late 90s)
Business India
Indian Grand Challenges
g
Balancing Expansion, Inclusion, Excellence
Spurring Industrial R&D
Inclusive Innovation
Expansion
p
•
No growth in enrolment in post school education
between 19001900-1947
•
Gross higher education enrolment ratio is 11.5% (global
average-- 26%)
average
Need for more Universities
Country
Population
(mn)
No of
Universities
No of Univ India should have
to be at par
Korea
45
120
2930
UK
50
170
3740
USA
300
1800
6600
India
1100
440
-
Current Expansion
• 30 C
Central
t lU
Universities
i
iti
• 5 Indian Institutes of Science Education
and Research
• 8 Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
• 7 Indian Institute of Management (IIM)
• 20 Indian Institute off Information
f
Technology
• 1600 Polytechnics
• 10000 Vocational Schools
• 50000 Skills Development Centres
INSPIRE: Innovative Initiative
Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research
Science and Innovation Scholarship to One Million people
Attract talent to Science at an early stage
Commitment for 20 years
Exclusion due to:
• Poverty
• Illiteracy
• Gender
• Distance
• Caste
Grand Challenges
g
Balancing Expansion, Inclusion, Excellence
Spurring
p
g Industrial R&D
Inclusive Innovation
India’s 3 Freedoms
First FreedomFreedom- 1947
Political
Second Freedom
Freedom-- 1991
T d and
Trade
d Economic
E
i
Third Freedom
Freedom-- 2008
Technological?
T h l i l?
Second Freedom
(1991)
(Pre 1991)
Second Freedom
(1991)
Wheels Turns the Full Circle
• 1950
• British Morris Oxford ---- Indian
Ambassador
• 50 years later
• Indian Indica – British Morris Rover
And Spiraling Up….
Corporate Innovation Movement
Drugs and Pharmaceutical Industry
Copying Molecules
To
Creating Molecules
India can do it!!
Indian Tuberculosis
Breakthrough
Di
Discovery
off a new drug
d
molecule, first in last 40 years
Reduces treatment duration from
6 months to 2 months (in
(
combination)
In phase II clinical trial
And many more in the offing…
Science
Technology
Innovation
1984- USD 250 and a garage
1984
2004 – IPO oversubscribed 33 times.
times
Crosses USD 1 billion mark on the first day of listing.
Today she is the richest woman in India!!
Among World’s 100 Most Powerful Women - Forbes 2008
India is a developing country but it is
a developed country as far as its
intellectual infrastructure is
concerned We get the highest
concerned.
intellectual capital per dollar here.
John Welch
CEO, GE
17 Sept 2000
I ll
Intellectual
l Capital
C i l per Dollar
D ll
• SCI publications per
dollar ?
• Citations per dollar ?
• Patents p
per dollar ?
MNC R&D Centers in India
1000
900
800
780
700

780 MNC R&D centers

281 of the global 1,000
1 000
mega R&D spenders have
centers in India

1,60,000
1 60 000 scientists
i ti t work
k att
MNC R&D centers.
699
600
500
517
400
300
297
200
100
191
0
Before 2000 2001-2002
2003-2004
2005-2006
2007-2008
39
The Tide beginning
g
g to turn….
Flight of Human Capital
• Brain drain ?
• Brain bank ?
• Brain Circulation
•Brain? Drain
•Brain Gain
•Brain
B i Ci
Circulation
l i
Grand Challenges
g
Industrial R&D
Balancing Expansion
Expansion, Inclusion
Inclusion,
Excellence
Inclusive Innovation
What is Innovation?
‘I
‘Innovation
ti iis th
the
successful exploitation
of a new idea’
Through
g Innovation
we
e ac
achieve
e e
More from Less for More
Industrial Enterprises aim at
Getting
More( Performance)
From Less (Cost)
For More (Profit,
(Profit value to the shareholder)
Inclusive Innovation
Getting
g More
from
o Less
ess
for More and More People
More and More People
4 billi
billion people
l with
ith iincome lless th
than $2
per day!
Need not ‘low cost’ but ‘ultra low cost
so
solutions’.
ut o s
Need not ‘affordability’ but ‘extreme
affordability
affordability’
High
Haves
P
E
R
F
O
R
M
A
N
C
E
Have - Nots
Low
Price
High
High
Haves
P
E
R
F
O
R
M
A
N
C
E
Have ‐ Nots
Low
Price
High
High
Have ‐ Nots
Haves
P
E
R
F
O
R
M
A
N
C
E
E
X
P
E
R
I
E
N
C
E
Low
Price
High
TATA NANO
Model TT
Model
$19,700 Ford
Beetle
$11,333 Volkswagen
Mini
$11,777 British Motor Corp. Nano
$2,000 Tata Motors Getting More
g
For More
F M
Inclusive Innovation
Getting More from Less for More
More……
For More…
People
Planet
Prosperity
Inclusive Innovation
Health For ALL!
Ultra Low Cost
Diagnostics
Therapeutics
V
Vaccines
i
Surgeries
…….
Current Drug Development
G tti L
Getting Less from More for Less
f
M
f L
10years
ago
Today
$250 m
$1.5 b
Time
10yrs
15yrs
Potential new drugs (NCE)
~40
~30
Cost of development
Cost of Treatment: $20000!
X $100?
Time for Development: 10 yrs
X 5 yrs?
C
Cost of Development: Few hundred fD l
F h Xd d
<$10 mn
mn??
million dollars <$10 Traditional Medicine
Modern Medicine
Modern Science
Standard Drug Delivery Process
Molecule Mice Men
Reverse Pharmacology Process
Men Mice Men
Indian Psoriasis Breakthrough g
Getting More from Less for More
More From Less For More
o e o ess o o e
Cataract Eye Surgery
Cataract Eye Surgery
US Costs
$ ,
$ 3,000
Aravind Eye Care
$30 ‐ $300
Surgeries: ~ 300,000 per year
More(higher quality) f
from Less (cost) L
(
)
l ll
f
Royal College of Aravind
Ophthalmologists, UK
____________________________________________________________________
Event
Capsule rupture
Capsule rupture
4.4%
2.0%
4 4%
2 0%
____________________________________________________________________
Iris trauma
0.7%
0.3%
____________________________________________________________________
Iris prolapse
0.07%
0.01%
____________________________________________________________________
Anterior chamber collapse
0.5%
0.3%
____________________________________________________________________
Loss of nuclear fragment
0.3%
0.2%
____________________________________________________________________
Retained lens material
Retained
lens material
1 1%
1.1%
0 87%
0.87%
____________________________________________________________________
Loss of IOL into vitreous
0.16%
0.01%
Doing
g More from
f
Less for
f More:
The Emergence of Gandhian Engineering
C K Prahalad
C.K.
R.A. Mashelkar
In Press
India and the future
• By 20502050- 61% of Indian population in
working group (15(15-59 yrs)= 900 mn
• 18 % of world’s working
g age
g p
population
p
• 1 in 6 persons of global workforce will be
an Indian
“India could have
the second largest
economy in the
world (larger than
the US) of $36
trillion, and a per
capita
it income
i
off
about $
$22,000
,
by
y
2039”
Challenge for Indian Scientists
• Look at the stars with feet on the ground