CHAPTER 6: VISUAL AIDS FOR NAVIGATION- MARKINGS
6.1
General
6.1.1
Runway markings will be white.
6.1.2
At runway intersections, markings of the more important runway,
except for runway side stripe markings, will be displayed and the marking of other
runwa y
will be interrupted.
6.1.3
At an intersection of a runway and taxiway the markings of the
runway, except side stripe markings, will be displayed and the markings of the
taxiway interrupted.
6.2
Runway centre line markings
6.2.1
Runway center line markings will be provided on all paved runways
to provide directional guidance during landing or take off.
6.2.2
Runway center line markings will consist of a line of uniformly
spaced white stripes and gaps, as shown in Figure A-1, Appendix A. The
combined length of a stripe and a gap will be 60 m but in no case it will be less
than 50 m and more than 75m. The length of each stripe must be at least equal to
the length of each gap, or 30 m, whichever is greater. The first stripe is to
commence 12 m from the runway designation marking for instrument runways.
6.2.3
The width [W] of the runway centerline marking must be
(a)
30 cm on all non-instrument runways, and instrument (non-
precision approach) runways where the code number is 1 or 2.
(b)
45 cm on instrument (non-precision approach) runways where the
code number is 3 or 4; and category 1 precision approach runways; and
(c)
90 cm on category II and category III precision approach runways.
6.3
Runway designation markings
6.3.1
Runway Designation Markings will be provided at the thresholds of
all paved runways, and as far as practicable, at the threshold of an unpaved
runway.
6.3.2
Runway designation marking will consist of a two digit number. The
number is derived from the magnetic bearing of the runway centerline, when
viewed from the direction of approach, rounded to the nearest 10 degrees.
6.3.3
If a bearing becomes a single digit number, a ‘0’ is to be placed before
it. If a bearing becomes a three digit number, the last ‘0’ digit is to be omitted. For
parallel runways, appropriate letters: L [left] or R [right] will be added to the two
digit number.
6.3.4
The shape, dimensions and location of the numbers and letters to be
used as runway designation markings will be as per Figure A-2, Appendix A.
6.4
Runway end markings
6.4.1
Runway end markings will be provided on all paved runways. The
marking is a white line, 1.8 m wide, extending the full width of the runway. Where
the threshold is located at the end of runway, the runway end marking will coincide
with the transverse stripe of the threshold marking.
6.5
Runway side stripe marking
6.5.1
Runway side stripe markings will be provided at the edge of all paved
runways to delineate the width of the runway.
6.5.2
Runway side stripe markings will consist of continuous white line. The
width of the side stripe marking will be 0.9 m (for runways with runway width less
than 30 m the width of the side stripe marking may be 0.45 m), placed along each
edge of the runway so that the distance between outer edges of the stripes is equal to
the width of the runway. The stripes will be parallel to the runway centerline, and
extend the full length of the runway, between the runway end markings.
6.5.3
Side stripe markings will not extend across intersecting runways or
taxiways.
6.5.4
Runway turning area marking will be as specified in Para 6.12.2.
6.6
Runway touchdown zone markings
6.6.1
Runway touchdown zone markings will be provided in the
touchdown zone of a precision approach runway where the code No. is 2, 3 or 4
and non-precision approach runway or non instrument runway where the Code
No. is 3 or 4.
6.6.2
Runway touch down zone markings are comprised of white stripes
and their location and characteristics will be as shown in Figure A-3, Appendix A.
6.7
Aiming point marking
6.7.1
An aiming point marking, as shown in Figure A-3, Appendix A, will
be provided at each approach end of an instrument runway and non instrument
runway where the code No. is 3 or 4.
Note: Where aiming point marking is not provided the existing fixed distance
marking will continue till 31st December 2004.
6.7.2 Location and dimension of aiming point markings will be as per table 6-1
below:
Table 6-1: Location and dimensions of aiming point marking
Location and dimensions
LDA
Less than
800 m
LDA
800 m up
to but
not
including
1200 m
LDA
LDA
1 200 m
up to but
not
Including
2400 m
2400 m
and
above
1
2
3
4
5
Distance from threshold to
beginning of marking
150 m
250 m
300 m
400 m
30-45 m
35-45 m
45-60 m
45-60 m
4m
6m
6-10 m
6-10 m
Length of stripe
Width of stripe
*a*
Lateral spacing between inner
sides of stripes
*a*
6m
9m
18-22.5 m 18-22.5 m
On a runway equipped with a visual approach slope indicator
system, the
beginning of the marking will be coincident with the
visual approach slope origin.
6.8
Runway threshold markings
6.8.1
A threshold marking will be provided at the threshold of an paved
instrument runway and paved non-instrumental runway. It will be supplemented by
a white transverse stripe, 1.8 m wide extending the full width of the runway at the
location of the threshold.
6.8.2
The stripes of the threshold marking will commence 6 m from the
threshold.
6.8.3
The thre shold marking will consist of longitudinal stripes, 30 m long
and disposed symmetrically about the centre line of the runway, extending laterally
to within 3 m of the edge of the runway and continuing across the runway. The
number and width of stripes will be provided in accordance with the runway width
as per table 6-2 below:
Table 6-2:
Runway width [M]
Number of stripes
Width of stripes &
space between stripes
[M]
18
4
1.5
23
6
1.5
30
8
1.5
45
12
1.7
60
16
1.7
Note: A double spacing will be used to separate the two stripes nearest the centre line of
the runway.
6.8.4
Runway designation markings
6.8.4.1
A runway designation marking will be provided at the threshold of a
paved runway.
6.8.4.2
A runway designation marking will be placed above the threshold marking
and will consist of a two-digit number and on parallel runways will be supplemented with
a letter in order to show from left to right when viewed from direction of approach.
6.8.4.3
A runway designation marking will be located as shown in Figure A-1,
Appendix A.
6.8.5
Permanently displaced runway threshold markings
6.8.5.1
At the permanently displaced threshold a white transverse line 1.8 m
wide extending the full width of the runway at the location of the threshold will be
added to the threshold marking.
6.8.5.2
Arrows, as shown in Figure A-4, Appendix A, will be provided on the
portion of runway before the displaced threshold.
6.8.6
Temporarily displaced threshold markings
6.8.6.1
Whenever a runway threshold is temporarily displaced, a new
system of visual cues will be provided, which may include provision of new
markings, obscuring and alteration of existing markings.
6.8.6.2
Where the runway threshold is to be displaced for more than 5
days, the temporary threshold will comprise a white line, 1.2 m wide, across the
full width of the runway at the line of the threshold, together with adjacent 10 m
long arrowheads, comprising white lines 1 m wide. The existing centre line
markings up to the displaced threshold will be converted to arrows; the permanent
threshold marking and associated runway designation number will be obscured
and a temporary runway designation number provided 12 m beyond the new
threshold. See Figure A -4, Appendix A.
Note: Where the aiming point and touch down zone markings can cause
confusion with the new threshold location those markings may also be obscured.
6.8.6.3
Where a threshold is to be temporarily displaced for 5 days or less, the
new threshold location will be indicated by “Vee-bar” white markers, positioned two on
each side of the runway, as shown in Figure A-5, Appendix A, together with existing
centre line markings up to the displaced threshold converted to arrows, as shown in
Figure A-4, Appendix A., but the permanent threshold markings may be retained.
6.9
Taxiway markings
6.9.1
Taxiway markings will be provided on all paved taxiways, as
specified below. Taxiway markings will be painted yellow.
6.9.2
Taxiway centre line markings will be provided on all paved taxiways
in the form of a continuous yellow line 15 cm wide in such a way as to provide
continuous guidance between the runway centre line and aircraft stand.
6.9.3
On straight sections, the taxiway centre line markings will be located
in the centre of the taxiway.
6.9.4
On curved taxiways, the markings will be located parallel to the outer
edge of the pavement and at a distance of half of the taxiway width from it (the effect
of any fillet widening at the inner edge of a curve is ignored).
6.9.5
Where a taxi way centre line marking is interrupted by another
marking such as a taxi holding position marking, a gap of 0.9 m will be provided
between the taxi way centre line marking and any other marking.
6.9.6
Where the taxiway serves as an exit from the runway, taxiway
centre line marking on runways will not merge with the runway center line, but run
parallel to the runway centre line for a distance not less than 60 m beyond the
point of tangency, where the runway code number is 3 or 4 and 30 m where the
code number is 1 or 2. The taxi
guideline marking will be offset from the runway center line marking on the
taxiway side, and be 0.9m from the runway center lines of the respective
markings.
Note: Taxiway centre line marking will be provided on a paved runway when
runway is used as a taxiway and does not have runway centre line marking.
6.10
Runway holding position markings
6.10.1
Runway holding position markings will be provided on all paved
taxiways wherever these join or intersect with a runway and at a runway/runway
intersection.
6.10.2
Runway holding positions will be marked using the Pattern A
runway holding position markings, shown in Figure A-6, Appendix A.
6.10.3
Pattern A marking will be used at an intersection of a taxiway and a
non-instrument, non-precision approach or precision approach Category I runway,
and precision approach Category II or III runway where only one runway holding
position is marked. Pattern A will also be used to mark a runway/runway
intersection, where one of the runways is used as part of a standard taxi route.
6.10.4
Where two or three runway holding positions are provided at an
intersection of a taxiway with a precision approach runway, the marking closest to
the runway will be the Patter A marking; the marking [s] further from the runway
will be Pattern B as shown in Figure A-6, Appendix A.
6.11
Intermediate holding position markings
6.11.1
Intermediate holding position markings will be provided on taxiway
intersections and on any location of a taxiway where air traffic control requires the
aircraft
to hold. It shall be coincident with Stop Bar or intermediate holding position lights
where provided.
6.11.2
Intermediate holding position marking will consist of a single yellow
broken line, 0.3 m wide, extending across the full width of the taxiway at right angles
to the taxiway centerline. Lines and gaps will each be 0.9 m long.
6.12
Taxiway side stripe markings
6.12.1
Taxiway side stripe markings will be provided for paved taxiways
where the edges of full strength pavement are not otherwise visually clear. Markings
will consist of two continuous 15 cm wide yellow lines, spaced 15 cm apart and
located at the taxiway edge.
6.12.2
Taxiway side stripe markings will be used to mark the boundaries of
runway turning area, taxiways, holding bays, aprons and other load-bearing surfaces
which can not be readily distinguished from non-load-bearing surfaces which, if used
by aircraft, might result in damage to the aircraft.
6.13
Aircraft stand marking
6.13.1
Aircraft stand markings will be provided for designated parking
positions on a paved apron.
6.13.2
Aircraft stand markings on a paved apron will be located so as to
provide the required clearance on aircraft stands when the nose wheel follows the
stand marking.
6.13.3
Aircraft stand markings may include such elements as stand
identification, lead-in line, turning line, alignment bar, and lead out line, as are
required by the parking configuration and to complement other parking aids.
6.13.4
An aircraft stand identification [letter and/or number] will be
included in the lead-in line , a short distance after the beginning of the lead-in line.
The height of the
identification will be adequate preferably 2 m high, with 0.3m spacing from the lead
in line to be readable from the cockpit of aircraft using the stand.
6.13.5
Lead- in, turning and lead-out lines will normally be continuous in length
and have a width of 15 cm. Where one or more sets of stand markings are superimposed
on a stand marking, the lines will be continuous for the most demanding aircraft and
broken for other aircraft.
6.13.6
The curved portions of lead- in, turning and lead out lines will have radii
appropriate to the most demanding aircraft type for which the markings are intended.
6.13.7
Where it is intended that an aircraft proceed in one direction only,
arrows pointing in the direction to be followed will be added as part of the lead in
and lead out lines.
6.14
Apron safety lines
Note: Guidance on apron safety lines is contained in the Aerodrome Design Manual,
Part 4.
6.14.1
Apron safety lines will be provided on a paved apron as required by
the parking configurations and ground facilities.
6.14.2
Apron safety lines will be located so as to define the areas intended for
use by ground vehicles and other aircraft servicing equipment, etc, to provide safe
separa tion from aircraft.
6.14.3
Service road boundary lines, broken white lines, 10 cm wide will be
provided as required by the parking configurations and ground facilities ensuring
wing tip clearances.
6.14.4
An apron safety line will be a continuous red line, at least 10 cm in
width.
6.15
Road holding position marking
6.15.1
A road holding position marking will be provided at all road
entrances to a runway.
6.15.2
The road holding position marking will be located across the road at
the holding position using the dimension applicable to the runway holding position.
6.15.3
The road holding position marking will be in accordance with the
local road traffic regulations.