Annexes
ANNEX D. HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE PATTERNS
The data in Table 1 come from a variety of sources and
cover a range of countries. Although the data are not comparable across countries, efforts were made to use consistent sources. For example, the housing and utility cost
data for transition economies from the beginning of the
reform period come from Renaud (1991). The housing
and utility data for transition economies more recently are
from World Bank (2000c). The housing, utilities and transport data for OECD countries are for 1997 and 1998 and
come from:
France, Ministère de l’Économie, des Finances et de
l’Industrie. 1998. Annuaire Statistique de la France.
Vol. 101, Tableau D.01-1A; Ministère de l’Économie,
des Finances et du Budget. 1988. Annuaire Statistique
de la France. Vol. 93, Tableau D.01-1A.
Germany, Statistisches Bundesamt. 1998 and 1985.
Statistisches Jahrbuch. Bonn.
Italy, Sistema Statistico Nazionale Instituto Nazionale di
Statistica. 1997. Annuario Statistico Italiano. Tavola
11.14; Instituto Centrale de Statistica. 1986. Annuario
Statistico Italiano Edizione. Tavola 20.2.
United Kingdom, Central Statistical Office. Annual
Abstract of Statistics. 1999. No. 135, Table 8.5; 1995,
No. 131, Table 15.5.
United States, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Consumer
Expenditure Surveys. Internet link: ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/ce/standard/y8497.txt.
The data on transport for the transition countries are
from:
Bulgaria, Tsentralno Statistichesko Upravlenie Pri
Ministerskiya C’vet. 1986. Statisticheski Godishnik
na Narodna Republika B’lgariya. 1986. Table 25,
Sofia.
Czechoslovakia, Czech Statistical Office. Statistical
Yearbook of the Czech Republic 1998, Table 9-8;
Federàlni Statisticky Ùrad Cesky Statisticky Ùrad,
Slovensky Statisticky Ùrad. Statistickà Rocenka
Ceskoslovenskè Socialistickè Republiky 1987, Table
20-9, Prague.
Hungary, Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 1983.
Statistical Yearbook. Table 19.8: Statistical Yearbook.
1997. Table 5.5.
Macedonia, Statistical Office of the Republic of
Macedonia. 1997. Statistical Yearbook of the Republic
of Macedonia. 32:586-587, Skopje.
Poland, Glòwny Urzad Statystyczny. 1998. Maly Rocznik
Statystyczny. 1986. Tabl. 15 (113).
Russia, Goskomstat Rossii. 1999. Rossii v tsifrakh. Kratkii
Statisticheskii Sbornik. Table 8.13; Goskomstat Rossii.
1992. Narodnoe Khoziastvo Rossiiskoi Federatskii.
Statisticheskii Ezhegodnik: 146-147.
The data on local government spending are from
Local Finance in The Fifteen Countries of the European
Union—Dexia, Brussels (1997). The average figure was
13.0 percent of GDP for these countries with a range of 2.
1 to 33 percent and a median of 11. 7 percent. If we
assume that household expenditures account for about
75 percent of GDP, an assumption that will make our
estimates conservative, then the 13.0 percent share of
GDP accounts for slightly more than 17 percent of household expenditures.
Figures on local government share of household expenditures at the beginning of the reforms are from Table 19 of
Hofman and Yuan (1993), “The Economics of Fiscal
Federalism: Issues and International Experience,” World
Bank Background Paper for a Seminar in Moscow, Oct.
18-21, 1993. These observations are only for Hungary,
Romania, the former Yugoslavia, Poland and Russia. The
average was 6.0 percent of GDP with a range of 0 to
17.5 percent and a median of 4.3 percent. The later data on
transition economies are inferred from various World Bank
analyses on the share of local government expenditures
autonomously raised as a share of household expenditure.
See, for example, Wetzel and Dunn (1998).
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