LaTeX Math Mode (I)
LaTeX Math Mode (II)
AMS: American Mathematical Society
Math Mode Display Styles:
AMS-LaTeX is part of all recent LaTeX distributions
Text Style: Inline (within a paragraph)
AMS-LaTeX is divided into two parts:
amscls: AMS "document class" files → give a LaTeX
document the general structure and appearance of an AMS
article or book.
amsmath: extension package for LaTeX → provides various
features to facilitate writing math formulas and to improve
the typographical quality of their output.
Enhancements for the LaTeX Math Mode
Display Style: Typeset separately (in its own line)
Inline: Enter and Leave Math Mode with '$':
text mode $ math mode $ text mode
Display Style: equation environment:
text mode
\begin{equation}
math mode
\end{equation}
text mode
\usepackage{amsmath}
ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/doc/amsmath/amsldoc.pdf
Publishing / LaTeX Math Mode
Font size is adapted to the height of the current line and the
height of the current line is adapted to the size of the
mathematical expression! Use only for small expressions.
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Publishing / LaTeX Math Mode
LaTeX Math Mode (III)
LaTeX Math Mode (IV)
Subscripts and Superscripts are set with '_' and '^' :
x_i
x^k
x_i^k
x^k_i
xi
xk
x ki
x ki
x_{i^j}
xi
i
x
xi
x^{i^j}
x
x_{i_j}
x^{i_j}
Pre-Defined Function Names:
\arccos
\arcsin
\cot
\arg
\sinh
\sec
j
j
j
ij
Order is important, group objects with curly brackets.
\cos
\cosh
\det
\coth
\sup
\sin
\csc
\deg
\hom
\dim
\tan
\max
\exp
\ln
\lim
\inf
\tanh
...
\limsup
\arctan
\log
\liminf
\min
The names of these functions are typeset upright (not
italics)
Common Mistakes:
Subscripts are placed directly under the name instead of
right of its base point:
x_i_i
x^j^j
Error Message: Double subscript $x_i_
Publishing / LaTeX Math Mode
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LaTeX Math Mode (V)
\max_i
max
max_i
maxi
i
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LaTeX Math Mode – Equations (I)
Text in Math Mode: \text{}
Equation Environment:
$\forall for all \text{for all}$
Typeset a separated equation
∀ for all for all
Math Mode is activated automatically
Greek Letters:
Equation can be numbered and labeled
$\alpha, \beta, \ldots$
 ,  ,
$\ldots, \Psi, \Omega$
, ,
Formulas are typeset in 'DisplayStyle'
Text
\begin{equation}
v = \frac{v_0}{\sqrt{ 1 - \gamma^2 }}
\end{equation}
Text
Fractions: size depends on context
$\frac{z}{n} \dfrac{z}{n}$
Text
\begin{equation}
\frac{z}{n} \tfrac{z}{n}
\end{equation}
Text
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1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
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LaTeX Math Mode – Equations (II)
LaTeX Math Mode – Equations (III)
Equation over multiple lines: 'eqnarray'
AMS Multiple Equations:
There are several environments for equations defined in
AMSMath: align, flalign, split, multiple, ...
Two alignment points, set with '&'
Terms are aligned right in the first part, centered in the
middle, and aligned to the left on the last part
Newline command: '\\'
\begin{align}
x_{k+1} & = x_k + \Phi(t_k, x_k) \nonumber \\
& = x_k + h \cdot f(t_k, x_k) \\
& = x_k + h \cdot \lambda \cdot e^{x_k}
\end{align}
\begin{eqnarray}
x_{k+1} & = & x_k + \Phi(t_k, x_k) \nonumber \\
~ & = & x_k + h \cdot f(t_k, x_k) \\
~ & = & x_k + h \cdot \lambda \cdot e^{x_k}
\end{eqnarray}
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LaTeX Math Mode – Arrays (I)
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LaTeX Math Mode – Arrays (II)
Arrays
Matrices
Rectangular environments with individual cells, like tables
Matrices can be built from Arrays by adding parentheses
Cell-divisor: '&'
Parentheses on the left side are introduced with '\left', on the
right side with '\right':
Row/Line-divisor: '\\'
Horizontal alignment in each column: r(ight), c(enter), l(eft)
Alignment specifier determines number of columns!
The number must not be exceeded!
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{lcr}
a
& = & 1 \\
b+c & = & 2 \\
d
& = & a + b
\end{array}
\end{equation}
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\left)
\right[
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LaTeX Math Mode – Arrays (III)
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LaTeX Math Mode – Arrays (IV)
AMS Matrices:
\begin{equation}
\left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
a_{1,1} & a_{1,2} & \ldots \\
a_{2,1} & a_{2,2} & \ldots \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots
\end{array}
\right)
\end{equation}
The AMSMath Package defines several matrix types, e.g.:
matrix → no delimiters
pmatrix → round parentheses
bmatrix → brackets
Vmatrix → double vertical lines
\begin{equation}
|x| :=
\left\{
\begin{array}{rl}
-x & \text{if } x < 0 \\
x & \text{if } x \geq 0
\end{array}
\right.
\end{equation}
Publishing / LaTeX Math Mode
Normal parentheses: \left( \right)
Curly parentheses (must be escaped!): \left\{ \right\}
Brackets (must not be escaped!): \left[ \right]
Invisible: \left. \right.
Of course, closing parentheses can be used an the left and
opening parentheses on the right side:
Columns Alignments can be omitted.
\begin{equation}
\begin{pmatrix}
4 & -1 & 0 \\
-1 & 4 & -1 \\
0 & -1 & 4
\end{pmatrix}
\end{equation}
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German Umlaute
Example: dinbrief (I)
\usepackage[german]{babel}
\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{dinbrief}
\usepackage{ngerman}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
„deutsche Anführungszeichen”
\begin{document}
Umlaute: \”a , \”A , \”o , \”O , \”u , \”U
%%%
\subject{Betreff-Vermerk des Briefes}
\backaddress{Die Rücksendeadresse oben im Anschriftfenster}
\signature{die gedruckte Unterschrift,
über der man i.d.R. per Hand unterzeichnet}
\Datum{ \today }
\address{Name des Absenders \\ Straße \\ Postleitzahl und Ort des Absenders}
%%%
Scharfes-S: \ss
\usepackage{german}
\usepackage{ngerman}
%%% Dies ist übrigens ein Befehl: \begin{letter}{Adresse}
\begin{letter}
{Anschriftfeld: Name \\ Straße \par PLZ-Ort}
\opening{Anrede: Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren,}
hier kommt der Text!
\closing{Grußformel: Mit freundlichen Grüßen}
\encl{Die Anlage}
\end{letter}
%%%
Umlaute: ”a , ”A , ”o , ”O , ”u , ”U
Scharfes-S: ”s
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
ä,Ä,ö,Ö,ü,Ü,ß
\end{document}
Publishing / LaTeX
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LaTeX Beamer Class (I)
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LaTeX Beamer Class (II)
LaTeX Beamer Class https://bitbucket.org/rivanvx/beamer
Package to create presentations to be held using a
projector.
Was developed for a PhD presentation (2003).
Document:
Sections and sub-sections (of pages)
Frames ( ~ Slides )
Aspect ratio 4:3
Components of a frame:
Is now the dominant latex package for presentations.
http://www.tug.org/teTeX/tetex-texmfdist/doc/latex/beamer/beameruserguide.pdf
Advantages:
Headline and Footline
Left and right sidebar
Navigation bar/symbols
Themes: change the whole appearance of your
presentation with a single parameter.
Logo
Characteristics
determined
by theme
Frame title
Easily usable overlays and dynamic effects.
Background
Highly configurable.
Content
Usually included in the LaTeX distribution.
LaTeX / Beamer
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LaTeX / Beamer
LaTeX Beamer Class (III)
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LaTeX Beamer Class (IV)
Themes:
Our own style (corporate identity):
Most are named after cities, usually because a
conference was held there.
\usetheme[footline=infoline,headline=secheader]{UPB}
Colors (“color theme”) can be changed independently.
Some examples:
Madrid
Copenhagen
AnnArbor
LaTeX / Beamer
http://www.hartwork.org/beamer-theme-matrix
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LaTeX / Beamer
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LaTeX Beamer Class (V)
LaTeX Beamer Class (VI)
Useful global setting
Mathematical environments:
Disable navigational symbols:
\beamertemplatenavigationsymbolsempty
definition, lemma, theorem, proof
\begin{theorem}[Pythagoras]
$a^2 + b^2 = c^2$
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
Trivial.
\end{proof}
Sectioning:
\section[short]{long}
\subsection[short]{long}
Multiple columns: (vertical subdividing)
\begin{columns}
\column{.55\textwidth}
\pgfimage[width=\textwidth]{image}
\column{.45\textwidth}
\begin{enumerate}
\item First item
\item Last item
\end{enumerate}
\end{columns}
LaTeX / Beamer
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LaTeX / Beamer
LaTeX Beamer Class (VII)
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LaTeX Beamer Class (VIII)
Blocks
Meta-Information
A block of text with a heading.
\title[short title]{long title}
\subtitle[short subtitle]{long subtitle}
\begin{block}{title}
text
\end{block}
\author[J. Smith]{James Smith}
\institute[short]{Institute\\ University}
\begin{exampleblock}{title}
text
\end{exampleblock}
\date[26.05.06]{26. Mai 2006}
\titlegraphic{\includegraphics[width=2cm,height=2cm]
{logo}}
Needs file logo.eps/ps/pdf or have to
\DeclareGraphicsExtension{...}
\begin{alertblock}{title}
text
\end{alertblock}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}[t]
\maketitle
\end{frame}
LaTeX / Beamer
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LaTeX / Beamer
LaTeX Beamer Class (IX)
Frames
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LaTeX Beamer Class (X)
Guidelines for designing frames:
optional
\begin{frame}[Overlay-Actions][Options]{Title}{Subtitle}
Content
\end{frame}
Start with a subtitle for your slide.
Topics on frames should be self-consistent.
Avoid long sentences
Overlay-Actions
Successively build up a frame on several slides: <+->
Options
Use bullet points and numbered lists!
Choose large text sizes.
Guideline: ~ 10 lines per frame.
Audience in the last row must read it, too.
Avoid too many colors and different fonts and sizes.
Frame alignment: b(ottom), c(enter), t(op)
plain: Don't show headline, footer, sidebar
squeeze: Shrink left and right borders
To support, not to distract.
Don't use italics, use bold face or color to highlight.
label=name: Set a name for later reference
Use pictures to express complex concepts.
LaTeX / Beamer
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LaTeX / Beamer
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