NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE
AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
June 2003
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
GUIDELINES FOR THE COLLECTION,
TRANSPORT AND UNLOADING OF
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND
RECYCLABLE MATERIALS.
CONTENTS
Corporate Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
SECTION A: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
AND SAFETY LEGISLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
SECTION B: HEALTH AND SAFETY
RESPONSIBILITIES FOR EMPLOYERS . . . . . . .5
Employer Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Responsibilities of Other Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Employee Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Health and Safety Guidance
in Contract Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
SECTION C: SYSTEMS FOR
MANAGING HEALTH AND SAFETY . . . . . . . . .10
Hazard Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Risk Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Workplace Injury Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
SECTION F: EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
.32
General Specifications for all Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Rear-Loaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Side-Loaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Front-Loaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Lift-on Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Stationary and Small Portable Compactors . . . . . . . .39
On-site Balers and Compactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Tipping Trailers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Transfer Trailers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Front-Lift Bin Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Compactor, Bulk or Skip Type Bins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
A: Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
B: Information Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
C: Example Contract Management System and Induction . . . . .51
SECTION D: GENERAL OHS RESPONSIBILITIES
IN RELATION TO PLANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Employer Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Responsibilities of Designers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Responsibilities of Manufacturers and Suppliers . . . .23
Duties of Importers and Suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Suppliers Who Sell Used Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Suppliers Who Hire or Lease Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
SECTION E: OTHER SPECIFIC HAZARDS
IN THE WORKPLACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Manual Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Work at Heights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Environmental Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Hazardous Thermal Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Electrical Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Biological Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Hazardous Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Work Inside Compactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Dangerous Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
D: Safety Signage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
E: Compactor Area Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Disclaimer:
This publication is only a guide to some of the health and safety
issues for the industry. Strict compliance with its provisions is
not required by law, however, the information in this guide
represents knowledge within the industry and as such, might
be used in legal proceedings in determining what is practicable
in particular circumstances.
CORPORATE STATEMENT
The collection of waste is vital work that ensures our communities remain pleasant environments
in which to live. It has also been, however, a significantly hazardous industry in which to work.
The dangers posed to collectors by traffic, manual handling and exposure to waste are now
recognised and the waste collection industry is committed to improving the safety of all its workers.
As a result of this, and the fact that the industry’s injury rate was two-and-a-quarter times that of
the average for all other Victorian industries, WorkSafe Victoria and the waste collection industry
collaborated to produce this guide. It will help ensure employers and those who contract these
services can implement work practices that will eliminate hazards as far as is practicable.
The process has not always been easy, and has required a long-term commitment to ensure a
positive outcome. I congratulate all parties on their effort so the industry’s most valuable asset,
its workforce, can be better protected.
John Merritt
Executive Director, WorkSafe Victoria
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
1
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
This publication has been produced to provide the waste management industry with an industryspecific guide to assist in the implementation of safe systems of work.
It has been developed by the Victorian WorkCover Authority in conjunction with a range of relevant
industry stakeholders, including waste contractors and recyclers, local government, designers,
manufacturers, operators, unions and maintenance personnel, and is based on the jointly developed
Health and Safety at Work, Waste Management Recycling Industry Guide developed by the Victorian
WorkCover Authority and Workcover New South Wales (Feb 2000).
The advice contained in this booklet is recognised by the waste management industry as current best
practice. However, employers have an ongoing responsibility to continue monitoring and
implementing improved risk control solutions where practicable, as they become available.
PURPOSE
The specific aim of this publication is to assist people in the waste management and recycling
industries to meet their duty of care under the Victorian Occupational Health and Safety Act 1985.
It is designed not only for employers and employees, but also employee contractors, designers,
manufacturers and suppliers of equipment.
It also provides specific advice and guidance on contractor management, to ensure that those who
are managing contracts or undertaking contracted work, meet their obligations under the Victorian
Occupational Health and Safety Act.
2
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
INTRODUCTION
SCOPE
The guidelines provided in this publication apply to systems of work used for the collection,
compaction, and transfer of:
• non-hazardous domestic and commercial waste, and
• recyclable materials collected for further processing.
It covers the collection of:
• kerbside domestic waste
• kerbside recyclables (excluding clothing)
• commercial waste (excluding liquids or hazardous substances).
While these guidelines do not focus on the collection of hard waste, non-containerised green waste,
or the collection of toxic or hazardous waste, the advice and approaches described may be used to
manage specific risks in hard and green waste collection.
Employers continue to have responsibilities under the Victorian Occupational Health and Safety Act
to undertake hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control for all activities performed by
their employees, regardless of the inclusion of specific mention or advice in this document.
This guide is designed to assist the industry to improve occupational health and safety performance
in general, and to prevent injuries and fatalities, by implementing, wherever practicable:
• a ‘No-lift’ approach to the handling of containers, bundles/packages
• a ‘No-riding on the outside of vehicles’ approach
• a ‘No-work at heights’ approach (except in workshops or by fully-equipped service crews,
where practicable), and
• compliance with occupational health and safety legislative requirements.
Where there are difficulties adopting these approaches, an employer needs to:
• prepare and implement a Risk Control Plan and be able to demonstrate alternative methods
of controlling risks, and
• prepare and implement an action plan to achieve these approaches over time and be able to
demonstrate the steps or stages and changes being undertaken, according to the documented
schedule, towards full implementation.
The guide does not replace legislation or relevant Australian Standards. A listing of relevant
legislation and information sources is contained in Appendix B and should be used in conjunction
with this guide.
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
3
SECTION A: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
AND SAFETY LEGISLATION
Occupational health and safety (OHS) legislation covers all workplaces
throughout Australia. Where an organisation operates in more than one
State or Territory, health and safety legislation might vary and the specific
legislation in each region should always be consulted.
The common features of health and safety legislation in all States and Territories include:
• a duty of care for all employers to ensure the health, safety and welfare of employees in the
workplace. Further, this duty of care applies to all people in the workplace, including visitors,
contractors and others
• a general obligation on manufacturers and suppliers of plant and substances to ensure that their
products, when properly used, do not pose a risk to health and safety
• an obligation for people in control of workplaces used by non-employees to ensure the health and
safety of people who use the premises as a place of work
• a general obligation on employees to take care of themselves and others, and to cooperate with
employers in matters of health and safety
• the test of practicability. Practicability as defined in the Victorian OHS Act 1985 means practicable
having regard to:
1) the severity of the hazard or risk in question
2) the state of knowledge about that hazard or risk and any ways of removing or mitigating
that hazard or risk
3) the availability and suitability of ways to remove or mitigate that hazard or risk; and
4) the cost of removing or mitigating that hazard or risk.
REGULATIONS
Regulations are generally made under occupational health and safety acts with the objective
of protecting people at work against risks to health and safety arising from particular hazards.
All relevant regulations must be complied with.
A list of State and National regulations relevant to the waste management industry is contained in
Appendix B.
CODES OF PRACTICE
A Code of Practice refers to material developed as a guide to employers, to achieve compliance with
occupational health and safety legislation (acts and regulations).
An employer may use another way of achieving compliance with an act or regulation, however,
a Code of Practice may be referred to in a court of law to determine whether an employer has tried
sufficiently to comply with an act or regulation.
A list of relevant State and National Codes of Practice for the waste management industry – and
information on where to obtain them – is shown in Appendix B.
GUIDANCE INFORMATION
Guidance information and publications can be used to establish a ‘state of knowledge’ in relation to
the control and management of OHS hazards in the workplace. This is particularly the case when the
guidance material has been developed in consultation with the industry.
A list of some relevant guidance material is contained in Appendix B.
4
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION B: HEALTH AND SAFETY
RESPONSIBILITIES FOR EMPLOYERS
GENERAL EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIES
To comply with the Victorian OH&S Act and related regulations, employers must implement a system
of risk identification, assessment and control, and, so far as is practicable:
• devise and document safe systems of work including duties and responsibilities.
• provide the relevant information, instruction, supervision and training to each employee and
contractor to enable the employee to competently understand the hazards/risks associated with
the task, and to work safely and without risk to themselves or others. This includes the provision
of such information in the appropriate language and in a manner that ensures comprehension.
• maintain records which show that employees (such as driver/operators) have undertaken the
necessary training and/or instruction to safely operate the plant or conduct the work system.
• ensure machines are supplied with information including operator’s manuals that provide full
instructions for the plant’s operation/maintenance.
• draw to the employees’ attention in a clear manner, any known hazards associated with the work,
vehicle, plant or equipment upon which the employee will be required to work, and any
known/foreseeable hazards in the employee’s work environment. Employees include anyone
contracted to perform work.
• provide employees with protective clothing/equipment that complies with the relevant Australian
Standard, where risk is evident, and hazards cannot be eliminated or reduced.
For example, provide clothing made of (or containing) reflective material to employees working
on collection vehicles.
• ensure all employees are fully trained in the system for reporting any defect in a vehicle or any
plant, machinery, equipment or work system and ensure that these are reported immediately to
the supervisor or other person nominated by the employer.
• ensure employees complete all necessary reports relating to incidents and injuries involving
employees or other people not employed by the employer. Employees must also report any
damage to plant, equipment or property belonging to the employer or a third party.
• ensure that plant, equipment, vehicles and tools used in the work are properly inspected on a
regular basis, and regularly maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s maintenance
schedule. Records of maintenance are required.
• ensure that any defects in plant, equipment, vehicles and tools are rectified as soon as
practicable. If any such defects pose a risk to the health or safety of any person, then such plant,
equipment, vehicle or tool is not to be operated until the defect has been rectified.
• ensure that all visitors to the workplace are instructed in the employer’s systems of emergency
response and OHS management.
• ensure that the work undertaken by employees does not endanger the health and safety of
any person.
• ensure that the design and management of work systems prevent behaviours that might pose a
risk to health and safety.
• ensure all employees are fully trained in the system for reporting incidents and injuries involving
employees or other persons.
• ensure all employees are trained in the use of relevant Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to
reduce risk of injury. For example, gloves and reflective clothing.
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
5
SECTION B: HEALTH AND SAFETY
RESPONSIBILITIES FOR EMPLOYERS
THE TRAINING AND SUPERVISION OF DRIVERS
Employers must ensure, so far as is practicable, that:
• drivers are suitably licensed and trained in the safe operation of any plant or equipment used for
the collection of waste or recyclable materials.
• drivers are fully trained in the organisation’s requirements to conduct pre-start safety checks
prior to taking the vehicle off the employer’s premises.
• drivers are fully trained in the system for reporting defects. Employers must also ensure that
defects are reported immediately to the supervisor or other person nominated by the employer.
• systems of work do not place drivers in the position of breaching any relevant road or traffic laws.
This includes designing the work so that it complies with all the provisions of the road safety or
traffic acts related to the collection and handling of waste in restricted streets.
• vehicles are driven on the left-hand side of the road at all times, except in one-way streets or
where traffic signs indicate otherwise.
• drivers do not move or operate a vehicle while employees are on or within the collection cavity or
hopper of the collection vehicle.
• drivers do not leave mobile garbage bins or recycling receptacles on the road where they might
be hit by another vehicle.
• bulk bins are placed where required by the local authority and are visible at all times in
accordance with the Code of Practice for the Placement of Bins on Roadsides (VicRoads 2001).
• drivers are trained and instructed in collection practices that ensure the safety of pedestrians and
other road users.
THE EMPTYING OF WASTE
Employers must ensure, so far as is practicable, that:
• prior to emptying the vehicle, drivers must ensure the immediate area around the vehicle is clear
of all people.
• drivers never reverse a vehicle when gears are not engaged.
• drivers check there is adequate space available behind and above the machine to allow full
tailgate opening or body-lift movement.
• drivers of side- and rear-loading compactors clear the hopper prior to the opening the tailgate,
and ensure the tailgate is fully opened prior to ejecting the load from the body.
• drivers are fully trained:
- in safe operating procedures for vehicles that are equipped with a body-lift system,
particularly in relation to checking for stability of the system throughout its operation. Risks
relating to ground surface, wind and possible rollover also need to be taken into account
6
-
in procedures to avoid body/tailgate seal damage, including procedures that ensure tailgates
are closed only after clearing the dumped waste area
-
to move vehicles slowly when the tailgate or body is raised, and ensure that this is never done
over distance on sloped surfaces
-
to clear waste from the tailgate seal and from the rear of the machine before leaving the
disposal site. Entry into the opened tailgate area should only be permitted when safety props
are in position
-
to ensure the tailgate is positively locked (refer to warning lamp indication) after the
unloading operation
-
to only undertake cleaning of the vehicle body at a designated disposal site or designated
wash bay
-
to undertake safe clearing of equipment.
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION B: HEALTH AND
SECTION
SAFETY
2:
RESPONSIBILITIES
MANAGING
FOR EMPLOYERS
THE RISK
EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIES FOR CREWS – TRAINING AND SUPERVISION
An employer must ensure, so far as is practicable, that:
Crews do:
-
keep clear of lifters when hydraulics are engaged
-
undertake collection from the left-hand side of the road. Where this is not possible, a system
of work is needed to ensure employee safety during the collection of waste or recyclables from
both sides of the road and vehicle. It is advisable that these systems of work involve a risk
assessment and that risk control measures including the system of work are fully documented
-
understand the need to be in full view of the driver before operation of the vehicle or collection
equipment occurs
-
remove rings, necklaces or medallions and loose fitting clothing when working with or near
plant, equipment or machinery
-
understand the suitable behaviour and operating procedures required to prevent risk of injury
or illness to themselves and others
-
only use vehicles, plant and machinery for which they are licensed (if a licence is required by
law), and only where they are trained and so authorised by their employer
-
have full training in the system for reporting incidents and injuries involving employees or
other persons
-
have full training in the system for reporting any defect in a vehicle or any plant, machinery,
equipment or work system
-
sit in the appropriate seats when riding in the vehicle cabin
-
understand and can operate the communication system
-
travel within the cabin of the vehicle or in a specially designed crew carrier
Crews do not:
-
operate any plant or equipment unless they have received proper instruction and, training and
the employer is satisfied that they can competently operate the equipment in a safe manner
-
use hands, sticks, prods etc. to clear any bin that is being emptied by mechanical means
-
obstruct their ability to hear (for example, through the use of personal radios) when collecting
-
physically enter the body of a compactor unless appropriate isolation procedures are in place
(refer to Appendix E).
Employer responsibilities for bulk-bin hire operators – training and supervision
In order to reduce health and safety risk for employees and other persons, it is recommended that
bin hire operators ensure, so far as is practicable, that:
• employees are trained (for example, in the placement of bins) in accordance with relevant local
government requirements and road/traffic rules
• all bins are placed so as not to cause any obstruction to other road users
• all bins are clearly visible and identified with reflective materials in accordance with the relevant
Australian Standard
• all bins are in a good state of repair, with no sharp or protruding points
• placement of bins conforms with the Code of Practice for the Placement of Bins on Roadsides
(VicRoads 2001).
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
7
SECTION B: HEALTH AND SAFETY
RESPONSIBILITIES FOR EMPLOYERS
EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIES IN RELATION TO TRANSFER STATION AND
LANDFILL OPERATORS
Transfer stations, materials recovery facilities and landfill sites have particular hazards due to:
• the close proximity of equipment and personnel
• time constraints, and
• the variety of functions undertaken at these sites.
Therefore, the employer needs to ensure, so far as is practicable, that:
• there is adequate separation of cars and trucks in the waste receiving area
• safety barriers are in place at the general vehicle area
• the environment is free of hazards and people when machines are operated, particularly when
vehicles are reversing
• employees are fully trained in the safe operation of packer equipment
• customers receive clear direction and supervision when onsite (for example, that children remain
in the customer’s vehicle)
• the area is maintained in a clean state throughout the day and totally cleaned at the end of the
day, to eliminate the possibility of disease through dust or an infestation of vermin
• there are systems in place for dust control, such as the use of dust suppressant sprays
• there is a system in place for shutdown of activity in the pit area when persons are required to
enter the area
• all machines are in a safe working condition, including shredders or compactors that might
be on site
• there is a system in place for the reporting and management of equipment faults
• employees are familiar with and comply with the licence conditions of the site
• employees are alert to unsuitable loads, particularly those containing hazardous substances,
which should not be deposited at uncontrolled sites
• adequate fill is maintained on top of waste to increase surface stability for tipping vehicles
• operating systems prevent loaded vehicles from driving over dumped waste
• mud removal systems are supplied to ensure that roads remain clean and safe
• suitable warning signage is installed near ‘gas guns’ used for bird control.
Australian Standard 14001 (Environmental Management) provides further detail on the management
of environmental issues.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF OTHER OPERATORS
Operators who are in control of areas where waste and recyclable materials are collected, processed
or disposed of have a duty of care to their own employees, employees of other operators, and to the
general public.
Where an operator’s employees are required to work at landfills, transfer stations and material
recovery facilities (MRF’s), they need to receive training and instruction in relation to the use of
personal protective equipment (PPE) or apparel, including:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
protective clothing
protective eyewear
hearing protection
protective footwear
suitable headgear
face masks where necessary
PPE equipment as required by the task (for example, employees working as sorters on conveyors
must be provided with – and trained in the use of – gauntlets and safety footwear to protect
forearms and feet).
8
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION B: HEALTH AND SAFETY
RESPONSIBILITIES FOR EMPLOYERS
EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITIES
Employees are under a general obligation to:
• take care of others and cooperate with employers in matters of health and safety
• ensure their own safety and the safety of others in the workplace
• ensure they implement the procedures learned from the training provided by the employer
• wear PPE where it has been identified as required.
HEALTH AND SAFETY GUIDANCE IN CONTRACT MANAGEMENT
Under the Victorian OH&S Act, employers have the same OHS obligations to contracted labour as they
do to their own employees.
It is therefore recommended that employers establish health and safety systems to manage the
health and safety of any contracted labour.
An employer’s duty of care to a contractor extends to work over which the employer has control (or
would have control, except for an agreement between the employer and the contractor). This means
that an employer cannot contract out their responsibilities for health and safety through contract
clauses disclaiming responsibility.
Therefore, it is strongly advised that contractor OHS management systems include:
• documented health and safety policies and procedures for sub-contractors
• systems for consultation with sub contractors
• maintenance of contracts and service agreements to reflect contractual arrangements and
coordination of activities
• clear designation of roles and responsibilities for the management of health and safety for each
party in the contract
• clear responsibilities for the identification of hazards, assessment and control of risk in the
workplace
• clear responsibilities for the reporting, investigation and management of serious injuries in the
workplace
• evidence of health and safety management systems implemented by the contractor
• processes to clearly identify that the contractor and their employees are suitably trained and
qualified for all aspects of the job (eg. confined space entry)
• processes to clearly identify and document:
- the health and safety requirements of the job, and
- obligations with regard to legal, contractual and technical aspects of the work to
be undertaken
• provision of appropriate plant maintenance responsibilities
• regular reviews and audits of the OHS management undertaken by the contractors engaged
• assessment of the impact of the activities undertaken by one contractor on another, and the
identification and management of any potential OHS issues that might subsequently arise (for
example, impact of pest control on cleaners)
• the inclusion of contracted labour into internal health and safety procedures (for example,
induction and emergency procedures)
• procedures for hazard and incident reporting and investigation by contractors
• a review schedule to ensure ongoing maintenance of the above.
See Appendix C for example contract management and induction proformas.1
EcoRecycle Victoria. Accreditation System for Collection an Acceptance & Sorting Contractors for Kerbside Recycling Services
in Victoria. 2001.
1
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
9
SECTION C: SYSTEMS FOR
MANAGING HEALTH AND SAFETY
Systems for managing occupational health and safety include the
following elements:
• Hazard identification
• Risk assessment
• Risk control
• Injury management
Systems such as those detailed in Australian Standard 4801; (2001) or SafetyMAP provide procedures
for developing and auditing safety management systems.
The most effective way to identify hazards, and assess/control health and safety risks in the
workplace is to consult and involve employees/contractors and OHS representatives.
A ‘safe system of work’ means your work systems have been designed to ensure that any health and
safety risks to employees have been controlled.
Factors to consider when designing a safe system of work, include:
•
•
•
•
•
the process
the pace and flow of the work
the work practices used
the design and use of plant and equipment, and
the affect of environmental factors.
Elements that contribute to a safe system of work include:
• the company’s policy and procedures in relation to OHS
• the definition and allocation of roles, responsibility and accountability within the workplace
• the arrangements or systems in place to ensure quality of instruction, competency assessment
and supervision
• systems of communication
• the organisation of work including:
- the speed of work
10
-
any production incentives that might affect health and safety
-
work practices that might encourage unsafe behaviour (for example, "finish when finished")
-
the traffic around the plant (people and vehicles)
-
time spent on monotonous or repetitive tasks
-
the amount and type of manual handling required
-
shiftwork arrangements
-
the arrangements or systems in place to ensure that employees allocated to particular tasks
have the appropriate levels of skill and experience
-
work practices and procedures, including maintenance and repair schedules
-
emergency procedures (for example, first aid and evacuation).
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION C: SYSTEMS FOR
MANAGING HEALTH AND SAFETY
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
Hazard identification is recommended at any site where work is undertaken, including:
•
•
•
•
•
•
maintenance depot yards
public streets
construction sites (temporary or permanent)
refilling stations
disposal sites
transfer stations, landfill or tip sites.
The following pointers can be used to help identify hazards:
•
•
•
•
observe how each task is done and identify the major hazards
utilise the knowledge of other competent people in the industry
check workplace injury and illness records
talk to employees about any hazards they have experienced or identified.
RISK ASSESSMENT
Employing a risk assessment process is the best way to determine priorities for risk control.
Safe systems of work can then be put in place to control the risk.
An employer must consult with OHS representatives or employee representatives in relation to health
and safety issues that affect that person’s designated work group.
When identifying and assessing risks, it is also advisable to involve employees who perform the work.
A good risk assessment takes into account the likelihood of an injury or illness occurring as a result
of the risk.
It is highly recommended that risk assessments be recorded in writing.
Risk assessments in the waste management and recycling industries might involve:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
local councils assessing the risks to employee and contractor health and safety within contracts
visual inspection of the routes, the workplace and environment
auditing
testing
technical evaluation
analysis of near-miss or injury data
reviewing instructions provided by designers, suppliers, importers, manufacturers, employers or
any other relevant party
• analysis of the nature and duration of task, and the working environment.
RISK CONTROL
Where a hazard has been identified as posing a risk, the employer must eliminate that risk or reduce
it as far as is practicable.
When determining risk control measures, employers are required to consult with the health and
safety representative of the designated workgroup.
When implementing risk control, it is advisable for employers to:
• ensure that any new control measure is effective and safe, and that the control measure itself
does not create new hazards
• train the workforce on the control measures adopted, ensuring they are implemented properly
• regularly review the control measures to ensure they are appropriate
• consider the risks associated with the removal of any control measure.
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
11
SECTION C: SYSTEMS FOR
MANAGING HEALTH AND SAFETY
Hierarchy of control measures
Use the following ‘hierarchy of control’ to develop each control measure:
• Eliminate the risk
For example, discontinue the activity or avoid using that particular piece of equipment.
• Minimise the risk
By, for example:
•
•
•
•
substituting the system of work, the objects handled or the plant used
modifying the system of work or the workplace layout to make it safer
isolating the hazard (for example, limiting access to a work area by using a barrier)
introducing engineering controls (for example, altering plant design or mechanisation).
As a last resort, the following may be used as interim measures to minimise risk:
• the use of personal protective equipment
• the use of specific training
• the use of administrative controls, such as training and work instructions, or warning
signs*.(*Administrative controls are useful when higher-order controls are not available to control
the risk. Administrative controls can also be useful in the short term, while longer term, higherorder controls are being implemented).
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
The selection and provision of PPE must be
appropriate to the risks and hazards of a work
process.
It should be noted that PPE can, in itself, sometimes
pose a secondary risk (for example, protective
clothing might restrict free movement). These risks
should be assessed and an evaluation made to
ensure that the PPE is providing the desired
protection and not creating a secondary risk.
PPE must be checked to ensure that it fits properly
and is worn correctly. To ensure its use, it must be
comfortable for the wearer.
In the waste management and recycling industries,
typical PPE includes – but is not limited to:
• eye protection
• UV protection
• suitable footwear for the environment in which
the work is to be performed, and
• protective clothing incorporating reflective
material (it is preferable that reflective material
be incorporated into vests or uniforms).
Employers also need to ensure that all PPE has a
clearly identified use-by date.
Personal protective equipment
12
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION C: SYSTEMS FOR
MANAGING HEALTH AND SAFETY
A
vitalwarning
aspect of
the risk management program is to monitor the health
Safety
signs
of
employees.
This
with
the(orissues
of employee
health
Safety warning signs and section
notices aredeals
required
by law
by a statutory
authority) to
warn any
monitoring,
counselling,
reporting
and
record
keeping.
person who has access to a workplace of potential hazards and risk to health and safety. These
signs should be clearly visible at any time of the day or where appropriate, at night.
See Appendix D for examples of safety signage.
WORKPLACE INJURY MANAGEMENT
While the major focus of this guide is to assist employers to prevent injuries or illness from
occurring at the workplace, it is important to have an effective system in place to manage injuries
if they do occur.
Workplace injury management is a workplace-based system that integrates employee management
practices, treatment, rehabilitation, claims and risk management from the onset of an injury/illness
for the purpose of achieving a prompt, safe and durable return to work.
An injury management system is part of an overall management system, and includes:
•
•
•
•
an organisational structure
planning activities
responsibilities
practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing, achieving,
reviewing and maintaining the injury management policy, and injury management activities.
Injury management should start before there is a workplace injury.
It is important to prepare the workplace to manage the consequences of workplace injuries.
This can be achieved through the development of an occupational rehabilitation program and a
risk management program. Both should be designed to ensure that appropriate actions are taken
immediately an injury is reported.
Injury management is an active process, which involves the injured worker, and focuses on:
• keeping the injured worker at work, if possible, or
• returning the injured worker to work quickly, and
• preventing further injuries from occurring.
In Victoria, specific obligations with regard to returning injured workers to work – and preventing
further injuries – are set out in the Accident Compensation Act 1985.
By law, employers must have:
• an occupational rehabilitation program – a written outline of the way injuries are managed in
the workplace
• an individual return-to-work plan for injured workers (including an offer of suitable employment
where required) – a written action plan to maintain an injured worker at work, or return them to
work after injury, and
• a risk management program – a written outline of the steps the employer will take after an injury
has occurred in the workplace to reduce the risk of that injury happening again.
Effective injury management is outlined in The Return to Work Guide for Victorian Employers, 2002,
available from the Victorian WorkCover Authority.
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
13
SECTION D: GENERAL OHS
RESPONSIBILITIES IN RELATION TO PLANT
OHS (Plant) Regulations 1995 place specific requirements on the following
parties in relation to plant:
• designers
• manufacturers
• importers and suppliers
• suppliers of hire or lease plant
• resellers of used plant, and
• employers.
Employers who are responsible for the selection, purchase or hire, use, cleaning and maintenance of
plant in the workplace need to be aware of the responsibilities of all other parties in the management
of health and safety hazards that relate to plant.
In addition, the regulations apply specific responsibilities in relation to registered plant. For further
information see the Plant Code of Practice (WorkSafe Victoria, 1995).
The most common forms of waste collection machines used throughout Australia are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
front-loader compactors
hook lift systems
rear-loader compactors and bin-lifting equipment
side-loader compactors and side/bin-lifting equipment
tipping trailers
transfer trailers
Marrell Lifting Systems.
EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIES
The use of plant poses specific hazards that must be identified, assessed and controlled in
compliance with the requirements of the Plant Regulations (1995). Guidance for this is contained in
the Plant Code of Practice (WorkSafe Victoria, 1995).
An employer is required to consult with health and safety representatives of designated work groups
when identifying, assessing and controlling risks associated with plant. It is advisable that employers
consult with the operators themselves, and any other personnel associated with powered mobile
plant (including maintenance and administrative staff, and other personnel in the same area).
Hazard identification
The WorkSafe Plant Hazard Checklist2 is a useful guide to assist in the identification of hazards that
might threaten the safety of plant operators and other people in the workplace.
An employer must ensure that plant and equipment are properly maintained and inspected on a
regular basis in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Records should be kept of maintenance completed.
Where defects pose a risk to health and safety, then such plant and equipment should not be
operated until the defect has been rectified. Any defects in plant are to be rectified as soon
as practicable.
2
WorkSafe Victoria, Plant Hazard Checklist 2002 Website: www.workcover.vic,gov.au
14
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION D: GENERAL OHS
RESPONSIBILITIES IN RELATION TO PLANT
The OHS (Plant) Regulations 1995 require hazard identification to be undertaken:
•
•
•
•
•
•
before plant is used for the first time
before any alteration to the plant
before any changes are made to the way in which the plant is used
before any changes are made to a system of work associated with the plant
before the plant is used for any other purpose than for which it was designed
if new or additional information about hazards relating to the plant or its associated systems
of work becomes available to the employer.
Risk assessment
In addition to hazard identification, an employer must consult with health and safety representatives
when assessing the risks associated with the identified hazards.
A risk assessment of plant should take into consideration the likelihood of an injury or illness
occurring as a result of the risk.
The OHS (Plant) Regulations 1995 require risk assessments to take into account:
• the systems of work associated with the use, operation, maintenance, service, repair, inspection
and cleaning of the plant
• the layout of – and physical conditions in – the workplace where the plant is to be used
• the capability, skill and experience of people using the plant, and
• reasonably foreseeable abnormal operating conditions for the plant.
Methods of risk assessment for plant can include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
visual inspection of the plant and its associated environment
auditing
testing
technical or scientific evaluation
analysis of injury and near-miss data, and
instructions or methods recommended by designers, manufacturers, suppliers, importers,
employers, other employers or any other relevant parties.
It is recommended that employers keep records of risk assessments undertaken.
Where a hazard has been assessed as a risk, an employer must eliminate that risk or reduce the risk
as far as is practicable. This should be done in consultation with health and safety representatives of
the workgroup.
Examples of risk control measures for the use of powered mobile plant in the waste and recycling
industries are provided throughout this section. More general examples can be found in the Victorian
OHS Code of Practice for Plant 1995.
Employer duties for the control of risk
Employers have a duty of care to control risks in relation to plant, specified in Reg 704 of the OHS
(Plant) Regulations 1995.
Some examples of ways for employers to comply with this duty of care include:
• Fire Extinguishers
It is recommended that a suitable fire extinguisher be provided on the vehicle. This extinguisher
is best mounted for quick and easy access. All personnel should be trained in the safe use of
extinguishers and minor fire-fighting techniques. The fire extinguisher should be serviced every
six months in accordance with AS1851.1 Maintenance of fire protection equipment
• First Aid Kits
It is recommended that a first aid kit is available for each vehicle and that the kit is maintained
and regularly inspected. Employees need to be trained in first aid and a schedule for updating
training is recommended. It is recommended that first aid kits do not contain medication, but at
a minimum contain eyewash, skin cleaning solution and dressings
• Signage and Marking
The employer shall ensure signage and marking are maintained.
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
15
SECTION D: GENERAL OHS
RESPONSIBILITIES IN RELATION TO PLANT
Employer duties in relation to specific control of risk requirements associated
with guarding
Employers have a duty of care to control risks in relation to plant, specified in Reg 705 of the OHS
(Plant) Regulations 1995.
An employer must ensure that guarding of machinery used by employees reflects the requirements
of designers (outlined later in this guide) in regard to preventing access to danger points. The
effectiveness of – or requirement for – guarding should be determined through a hazard identification
and risk assessment process.
In addition, guarding that contains moving parts or parts that may break or cause work pieces to be
ejected, should be sufficient to control the ejected parts.
Guarding should also allow for the convenient repair, servicing and maintenance of the plant.
Employer duties for the control of risk in relation to operator’s controls, emergency
stops and warning devices
Employers have a duty of care to control risks in relation to operator’s controls, emergency stops and
warning devices, as specified in Reg 706 of the OHS (Plant) Regulations 1995.
Among other things, to comply with this duty, an employer must ensure that any operator’s controls
for plant are:
•
•
•
•
•
suitably identified so as to indicate their nature and function
located so as to be readily and conveniently operated by each person using the plant
located or guarded to prevent unintentional activation
able to be locked or guarded to prevent unintentional activation, and
able to be locked into the ‘off’ position to enable the disconnection of all motive power.
Hazards related to plant that is used for lifting
When plant is used for lifting, the employer must ensure:
•
•
•
•
•
•
that the plant has been designed for the purpose for which it is used
the lifting attachments are appropriate to the load to be lifted
the load is within the safe working limits of the plant
so far as is practicable, no loads are suspended over or travel over a person
loads are lifted in a way that ensures the load remains under control during the activity, and
so far as is practicable, no load is lifted simultaneously by more than one piece of equipment.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF DESIGNERS
The OHS (Plant) Regulations 1995 require designers of plant to identify any hazards associated with
the equipment.
In addition, designers have a responsibility to undertake risk assessment in relation to:
• any risks associated with the use of the plant and so far as is practicable, risk factors associated
with the use of the plant which are specific to the workplace in which the plant is to be used
• the range of environmental locations and operations in which the plant is intended to be used, and
• any ergonomic considerations in relation to people who might use the plant, for example,
ensuring visibility both at the front and rear of a vehicle through installation of cameras
and mirrors.
16
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION D: GENERAL OHS
RESPONSIBILITIES IN RELATION TO PLANT
Designers have a duty to:
• eliminate any risk associated with the use of plant, or where elimination is not possible, reduce
risk so far as is practicable by altering the design of the plant
• ensure guarding of plant
• incorporate warning devices
• ensure the inclusion of emergency stops
• provide information to manufacturers and users on:
- systems of work, or
-
competency of operators
• record published technical standards or engineering principles used in the design of plant, and
provide this information to manufacturers.
Designers have a duty to provide information to the manufacturer of plant to enable the plant to be
built in accordance with the design specifications. This information should include details of:
•
•
•
•
the purpose for which the plant is designed
the hazards and any risk associated with the use of the plant
testing or inspections to be carried out on the plant
installation, commissioning, de-commissioning, use, transport, storage and dismantling of the
plant, and
• emergency procedures in the event of plant malfunction.
Design parameters for risk control with plant
All plant must be designed to reduce health and safety risk in the environment for which it is to be
used. The following parameters should be included for vehicles or equipment in the waste industry.
Factors of safety design
All structural parts to be designed with a 2.5:1 factor of safety.
All hydraulic tubing and hoses to be designed with a 4:1 minimum factor of safety.
Cables and wire rope should be designed with a minimum safety factor of 6.
Ergonomic or human factors to consider in the design of plant
Ergonomic considerations relate to the application of knowledge about human function, capabilities
and requirements as they apply to the design of plant and systems of work associated with the plant.
Examples include:
• inadvertent activation of plant – due to lack of interlocks or the displays of critical information
that are similar or too close together and cause confusion
• errors of judgement, particularly during periods of stress or high job demand (i.e. the operator
has to make hurried judgements)
• inappropriate use or delay in use of controls – critical controls are located too close together,
similar in design or awkwardly located
• inadvertent activation of controls – controls can be easily activated accidentally, lack of guards
over critical controls
• critical instruments and displays are not read or information is misunderstood because of
clutter – critical instruments or displays are not in the most prominent location or are located
with other similar displays
• failure to notice critical signals – lack of suitable auditory and visual warnings to attract an
operator’s attention to information
• plant operation results in unexpected direction or response – activation direction of controls
conflicts with population norms or expectancies
• lack of understanding of procedures – instructions are difficult to understand
• following prescribed procedures results in error or incident – written prescribed procedures are
not checked for accurate operation
• lack of correct information– information is incomplete, incorrect or not available in time
• exceeding prescribed limitations or load speed – lack of governors or other parameter limiters
or signals.
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
17
SECTION D: GENERAL OHS
RESPONSIBILITIES IN RELATION TO PLANT
General design recommendations
It is recommended that:
• all vehicles are equipped with appropriate control measures to ensure full visibility of the driver,
crew and other road users. This includes mounting of mirrors and cameras at the front and rear
of vehicles
• all cab/chassis modifications must comply with the Australian Design Rules for Motor Vehicles and
Trailers and the National Code of Practice: Heavy Vehicle Modifications
• machines are designed so that legal axle-loading limits are not exceeded when they are carrying
a full load. An overload indicator/inhibitor system will help ensure that safe load limits are not
exceeded during typical operational conditions
• headlamps, front position lamps and direction indicator lamps must be positioned in such a way
as to comply with Australian Design Rules even when lifting arms are carried in front of the cab
during normal driving movement. Duplication of front position and direction indicator lamps is
appropriate to allow viewing from all directions.
• all signage required by the relevant road traffic authorities should be fitted, with special attention
being made to the following:
- rear marking plates complying with AS400 1. Motor Vehicles – rear marker plates or ADR4S
side reflex reflectors as required under ADR13
-
’Dual control vehicle’ sign (colour – red on white background and in 75mm minimum height
print) shall be displayed on the front and rear of the vehicle
-
‘Caution frequent stopping’ sign (colour – red in minimum 100mm height print) shall be
displayed on the rear of the vehicle.
• signs be allocated at all hazardous locations and advise workers of the nature of a risk and/or
how to avoid the risk. The use of pictograms is preferred, but a combination that includes wording
is also useful
• identification markings (in the form of a label displaying company name, product serial
number and date of manufacture) be attached to the front left-hand corner of the body of
the vehicle.
Designer duties for the control of risk
Designers of plant have a duty of care, specified in Reg. 304 of the OHS (Plant) Regulations 1995.
Some examples of ways to comply with this duty of care include:
• where clear unobstructed rear vision is not available, rear-view closed-circuit TV systems or
mirrors are recommended to provide unrestricted viewing behind the unit. To minimise sun glare,
the positioning of a monitor screen close to the driver’s natural field of vision is recommended.
However, this monitor should not limit the driver’s view through the front windscreen
• a search lamp (work lamp/flood lamp) is recommended to illuminate the bin-lifter operating
frame, the lifting frame and the hopper, and step operating areas. These lamps are best
controlled via an in-cab illuminated switch
• the rear face of the tailgate, the lift-arm mechanism, the rear section of the chassis and hook
arm should be predominantly white in colour to assist in identification and visibility
• hydraulically operated tailgate locking systems are best positively locked in position via pilot check
valves or other control devices
• the closing speed is best controlled via tamper-proof flow control valves or other devices, so as to
limit the time to not less than 20 seconds
• tailgate props, permanently attached to the vehicle, are recommended to mechanically hold the
door in a position to allow access (600mm minimum gap) to the body cavity for maintenance
and/or service activities. The props should be capable of resisting the full hydraulic pressure to
prevent accidental tailgate movement, the control is to be of dual-action operation and should be
totally shielded (or placed) to avoid accidental activation and in compliance with AS 4024.
18
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION D: GENERAL OHS
RESPONSIBILITIES IN RELATION TO PLANT
Design issues for control mechanisms
It is advisable that controls are designed so that:
•
•
•
•
•
(where the controls are located externally) accidental operation cannot occur.
they are positioned to allow ease of operation.
they are ergonomically designed and readily identifiable in all lighting conditions
levers are of the ‘deadman’ type (i.e. ceasing all movement when released)
they are clearly labelled. Labels must be durable and last for five years despite exposure to
ultraviolet rays and pressure washing, etc. If symbols are used to show the function of a control,
then that symbol should be a standardised symbol.
In the case of electronic controls, devices should be fitted to stop unintended action caused by
electromagnetic interference.
Emergency stops
It is advisable that emergency stops are:
•
•
•
•
•
mushroom headed or palm type
coloured red
latch down (lock down) manual-reset type
clearly labelled and marked
capable of stopping all motion immediately when the button is depressed and or positively
isolated, or dissipate energy supply (except where this may introduce any additional hazard/s)
• designed to meet the requirements of the OHS (Plant) Regulations 1995. Guidance is available in
Australian Standard, AS4024.1
Designer duties for control of risk in relation to operator’s controls, emergency stops
and warning devices
Designers of plant have a duty of care in relation to specific operator’s controls, emergency stops and
warning devices, specified in Reg. 306 of the OHS (Plant) Regulations 1995.
Some examples of ways for designers to comply with this duty of care include:
• the cab/chassis should be fitted with an intermittent reversing buzzer. The buzzer noise level can
be reduced for night use when headlights are on
• it is recommended that side-loader and rear-loader compactor units be fitted with front- and
rear-mounted amber flashing beacons or warning lamps. These should ideally be visible to other
road users from a distance of 200 metres around the rear of the machine and placed so as to
reduce reflection on mirrors and bin-lift pick-up areas
• it is recommended that front-loader compactor units be fitted with a rear-mounted amber
flashing beacon or warning lamp
• it is recommended that a ‘tailgate unlocked’ warning system be used to indicate to the operator
(visually or audibly) when the tailgate has started to leave the locked position
• it is recommended that – on a front-loading vehicle – a warning device be fitted that indicates if
the top lid is open or closed.
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
19
SECTION D: GENERAL OHS
RESPONSIBILITIES IN RELATION TO PLANT
Interlocks
Manufacturers and designers of plant and
equipment used for waste collection need to,
so far as is practicable, eliminate the need for a
person to enter (or to work on or in) the body of a
waste collection plant. Refer to Appendix E for
procedure form.
This can be achieved through the use of interlocks.
Interlocking consists of:
• electrical disconnection by switches that have
contacts mechanically separated during the
opening of a door or guard and are difficult to
deliberately interfere with
• electrical disconnection by switches that are
‘coded key’ type and virtually tamper-proof
• disconnection of control power system to
prevent any movement in the compacting or
lifting system.
All doors to access the internal body cavity
should be interlocked with the emergency stop
system. An exit must be provided from the
internal cavity.
Each door must have a sign in accordance with
procedures for reducing health and safety risk
associated with work in potentially hazardous
confined spaces (see the section on confined
spaces later in this document).
Where entry is required to the body, a suitable
ladder with an interlock switch must be provided.
Examples of interlocking
Where electrical interlocking is specified in this guide, the following guidelines are recommended:
• door interlock switches should be of the normally-closed type and mounted so that the possibility
of failing is minimised
• the interlock switches should have a positive action, that is, the contacts should be mechanically
pulled apart. In the event of failure of the interlock itself, all movement must cease.
Interlocked guards associated with the interlocking device need to ensure that:
• the hazardous machine functions covered by the guard cannot be operated until the guard is closed
• if the guard is opened while the hazardous machine functions are in operation, a stop instruction
is given
• when the guard is closed, the hazardous machine functions covered by the guards can operate,
but the closure of the guard does not itself actuate their operation; in some instances guard
locking might also be required.
20
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION D: GENERAL OHS
RESPONSIBILITIES IN RELATION TO PLANT
Guarding
Examples of hazards that require guarding include:
• all moving parts, including power take-off drive shafts. These should be guarded to prevent
accidental entanglement.
• hot surfaces (for example, engine exhausts), should be guarded or positioned to avoid
unintended contact.
Where guarding is impractical, adequate warning signs must be employed.
Guards must not impede the full view of operators during collection or maintenance.
Designer duties in relation to specific control of risk requirements associated
with guarding
Designers of plant have a duty of care in relation to specific machinery-guarding requirements,
specified in Reg. 305 of the OHS (Plant) Regulations 1995.
For example, if a designer of plant uses guarding as a measure to control risk, the designer must
ensure that the guarding will prevent access to the danger point of the plant.
Guarding should be a permanently-fixed physical barrier (or an interlocked physical barrier), which
can only be altered or removed by the use of tools. The guarding should eliminate the risk while a
person or any part of a person is in the area being guarded.
In addition, guarding that contains moving parts or parts that may break or cause work pieces to be
ejected, should be sufficient to control the ejected parts.
Guarding should also allow for the convenient repair, servicing and maintenance of the plant.
Hydraulic systems
All pipes and hoses need to be fitted, assembled and retained in such a way as to prevent contact
with hot surfaces, friction and any other impact that might cause them damage. Hoses and fittings
should be placed in such a way as to make visual inspection possible (except for those located in
frames, ductwork and conduits).
The main pressure control should be set at the manufacturer’s specification, and the control
adjustment should be tamper proof.
‘Counterbalance’, ‘over centre’, and ‘pilot check’ valves (when used as safety-load hold valves)
need to be, fitted directly to hydraulic cylinder/actuator ports for high-risk applications, or hard piped
(using as short a length as possible) where it is impractical to mount valves directly to ports.
A 4: 1 Factor of Safety should be used for piping in this application.
Any item of equipment which can be operated in any raised position (such as the lifting arm, tailgate,
bin winching or tipping system), needs to be controlled by a ‘pilot check’ valve, ‘counterbalance’ valve
or other control devices to cease all movement in the event of:
• a failure of hydraulic hose, pipe or fitting
• shutdown of the hydraulic system via main or emergency stop controls
• activation of body-lift controls once the hydraulic system has been shut down. (Note: If a hose
burst control valve is used within the circuit, a controlled descent may be acceptable)
• twin-cylinder hydraulic systems should be designed so that they do not introduce new hazards
such as cross transfer of hydraulic fluid, which could cause uneven lifting. Control valves should
be fitted.
Hydraulic accumulators are commonly used in bin-lifter systems on rear-loaders to automatically
raise the bin lifter when the vehicle is placed in reverse mode. Where an accumulator is fitted:
• suitable warning signage is needed (refer Appendix D)
• regular checks should be carried out to ensure no hydraulic oil leaks are present that might
cause accidental loss of fluid
• a low-level hydraulic fluid warning indicator should be fitted to warn the driver when the
hydraulic fluid level is low
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
21
SECTION D: GENERAL OHS
RESPONSIBILITIES IN RELATION TO PLANT
Containment of collected material
Every effort needs to be made to ensure the material remains within the collection body.
It is recommended that:
• liquid retention seals are fitted to all access doors and tailgates to prevent the inadvertent loss of
pollutant liquids during the transportation of waste
• rubber flaps or shrouds are positioned around the hopper to reduce escape of material
• hopper design, where necessary, minimises air turbulence, which may cause waste to blow out
onto public road surfaces
• adequate clearances be provided to allow access for personnel conducting maintenance, cleaning
and sanitising to effectively clean all areas of the machine
• vehicles are designed with minimal crevices and corners, to reduce the trapping of waste.
Designer’s duty to provide certain information to the manufacturer
Designers of plant have a duty of care in relation to the information they provide to manufacturers,
specified in Reg. 308 of the OHS (Plant) Regulations 1995.
Some examples of ways for designers to comply with this duty of care include:
• an operation and maintenance manual – written in a language appropriate for the manufacturer –
should be supplied with the vehicle
• the contents of the manual should contain adequate information to enable the machine to be
operated safely, and include information such as:
- clear, unambiguous instruction concerning the machine’s maintenance
22
-
clear guidance on the environmental conditions required for safe working of the machine (eg.
avoidance of low overhead electrical lines, unstable surfaces etc.)
-
readily understandable pictograms to supplement the text as needed
-
adequate information to enable suitably trained personnel to service and test the machinery
with a minimum of risk.
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION D: GENERAL OHS
RESPONSIBILITIES IN RELATION TO PLANT
RESPONSIBILITIES OF MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS OF PLANT
Manufacturers and suppliers of plant need to:
• comply with the legislation for plant i.e. Victorian Occupational Health and Safety (Plant) Regulations
(1995) or National Standards
• ensure that that all plant is safe to use
• carry out necessary research, testing and examinations
• make available adequate information about research and relevant tests of the equipment they
manufacture or supply
• make available adequate information about conditions for the safe use of equipment they
manufacture or supply.
It is recommended that the following be prepared:
• a single manual to cover operation, maintenance and service
• a spare parts catalogue containing all safety-related spare parts
• laminated quick reference guide for each vehicle
DUTIES OF IMPORTERS AND SUPPLIERS OF PLANT
Importers and suppliers must check that any documentation from designers and manufacturers
confirms that appropriate hazard identification, risk assessment and risk controls have been
undertaken in relation to the items of plant that they handle.
In addition, importers and suppliers must ensure that documents associated with safe operation and
maintenance have been supplied with the plant.
Where this information has not been supplied by the designer or manufacturer, importers and
suppliers have the responsibility of ensuring that the risk arising from the use of plant is eliminated
or reduced so far as is practicable.
In addition, importers and suppliers must provide the following information to purchasers:
•
•
•
•
the purpose for which the plant is designed
the hazards and any risk associated with the use of the plant
testing or inspections to be carried out on the plant
instructions for the installation, commissioning, de-commissioning, use, transport, storage and
dismantling of the plant
• advice on the systems of work and the level of competence required for operators to safely
operate the plant, and
• emergency procedures in the event of a malfunction.
This information should be supplied in user manuals and manufacturers’ instructions.
If the purchaser is made aware by the supplier of any unserviceable components, the purchaser
should rectify the components before use.
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
23
SECTION D: GENERAL OHS
RESPONSIBILITIES IN RELATION TO PLANT
SUPPLIERS WHO SELL USED PLANT
Where a supplier sells used plant (not cab chassis), the supplier has the obligation to identify and
document any unserviceable components and inform the purchaser in writing that the plant should
not be used until it is made serviceable.
SUPPLIERS WHO HIRE OR LEASE PLANT
Suppliers must ensure when hiring or leasing plant that it is inspected and maintained by the
supplier or by the operator, and records kept to ensure the risks arising from the use of the plant are
eliminated or reduced so far as is practicable.
Where inspections or maintenance are undertaken by the operator, the supplier must ensure that the
operator is competent to:
• undertake the checks, and
• conduct the maintenance required.
The supplier should also ensure that the operator maintains suitable records of checks and
maintenance, and that these records are obtained from the operator when the plant is returned.
In addition, a supplier of plant must provide appropriate information to the operator regarding safe
use of the plant.
24
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION E: OTHER SPECIFIC
HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE
The following information outlines further potential hazards, along with
recommended risk control solutions for the waste management industry.
These recommendations reflect industry-agreed ‘best practice’ at this time,
but do not remove an employer’s responsibility to conduct hazard
identification and risk assessments, and implement risk controls relevant to
their workplace and work practices.
MANUAL HANDLING
Automatic lifting lids - small bin
Large wheelie bin
Employers have a duty under the OHS (Manual Handling) Regulations 1999 to identify, assess and
control manual handling risk. Guidance for this process is contained in the Manual Handling Code of
Practice April 2000.
Where a task is assessed as posing a risk, an employer should eliminate or control that risk, so far
as is practicable, by one or a combination of the following control measures:
• in relation to the handling of waste and recycling materials and bins, it is advisable, where
practicable, to use mechanical aids as part of a ‘no lift’ policy
• the layout of the workplace should be altered as required to ensure that the object to be handled
is readily accessible and does not involve the employee having to use a step or rely solely on
manual handling techniques to deliver the load into the vehicle
• the environment of the workplace should be altered as required to ensure that objects are located
in an area without slipping or tripping hazards and that the area is well lit
• altering systems of work (for example, collecting from just one side of the street) to reduce the
distance and physical demands of the work and the hazards posed by other road users
• changing the objects used in the task (for example, providing bins and instructions to the public)
to ensure the objects handled meet the requirements of mechanised systems
• information, instruction and training relating to the organisation’s policies and procedures for the
handling of waste/recycling bins or items, should be provided to all relevant employees.
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
25
SECTION E: OTHER SPECIFIC
HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE
WORK AT HEIGHTS
Where there are hazards associated with working at heights, it is recommended that employers use
a hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control approach (in consultation with health and
safety representatives and where possible, employees) to prevent falls.
When conducting this type of work, reference should be made to regulations that govern the
prevention of falls.
An employer must identify any task involving work above two metres.
This can include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
plant inspection, testing, maintenance, cleaning
tasks being conducted at an elevated level
work on sloping or slippery surfaces
work being conducted close to edges
work in proximity to a hole, shaft or pit through which a person could fall
removing obstacles in a hopper.
Hazard identification
The term ‘work at heights’ applies to work conducted at heights that are two metres or more above
a floor or the ground.
In the waste management and recycling industries, work from heights generally occurs when
employees are working on top of vehicles during maintenance or when ‘tarping’ loads.
Where maintenance is required, it is recommended that this be undertaken in a workshop where
the risk of falling can be controlled through the use of suitable structures, plant or equipment.
Risk control
The best control is to eliminate the risk of a fall by relocating the work to ground level.
Where this is not practicable the risk can be reduced via some (or a combination) of the following
methods:
• arranging the work to be conducted on a solid surface (for example, a vehicle platform)
• providing a temporary platform, such as scaffolding (Note: all platforms must meet Australian
Standards and be fitted with suitable guards) using a fall-injury prevention system (such as a
harness)
• using a fixed or portable ladder with administrative controls (Note: where administrative controls
are used, it is advisable to keep records of the task details and the work procedure to be used).
In addition, risk can be controlled by:
• choosing the control measure that requires the least user skill
• ensuring that the control measure is properly used and maintained
• ensuring that plant and equipment are suitable for the task and the working environment
• ensuring that implementing the controls (for example, erecting scaffolding) does not introduce
other risks
• ensuring emergency procedures are in place
• ensuring training is provided in the use of control measures and the systems that support the
control measure.
26
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION E: OTHER SPECIFIC
HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE
Access to the roof of the compactor area
As far as is practicable, it is advisable that employees not access the roof of a vehicle outside
workshop conditions.
The following guidelines can be used by designers and manufacturers to control the risk of falls in
relation to roof access:
• wherever possible, a requirement to access the roof should be eliminated
• where an access ladder is required, it should comply so far as is practicable with Australian
Standard AS 1657-1985 and AS 3868, Earth Moving Machinery – design guide for access systems,
fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders – design, construction and installation
• steps should not exceed the allowable width of the vehicle
• roof ladders need to have fold-down steps connected to the emergency stop system or where
possible, be fitted with devices that minimizes access to the roof
• machines that have curved roof-line surfaces should be fitted with a safety rail (minimum 100mm
high) around the perimeter of the roof and have anti-slip strips applied to walk areas across
the roof.
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
Environmental hazards include elements contained within the environment where work is being
undertaken, such as dust, noise, vibration, temperature and poor visual conditions.
These elements might be inherent to the environment (for example, exposure to the sun) or might
arise as a result of the work being conducted.
Control solutions to environmental hazards can include:
•
•
•
•
•
adjustment of environmental conditions (i.e. air conditioning)
isolating extreme conditions (i.e. dust box)
personal protective equipment (i.e. long sleeved shirts)
isolation of vibrating mechanical parts
dampening of vibration.
HAZARDOUS THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS
Working in high temperatures can induce heat stress (i.e. when more heat is absorbed into the body
than can be dissipated out).
Heat illness (such as prickly heat, fainting, and heat cramps) is a visible sign that people are working
in extreme heat.
Exposure to low temperatures can also expose employees to health and safety risk.
Employers need to ensure that environmental conditions are monitored where possible.
Illness related to heat and cold stress – such as heat exhaustion, heat stroke and frostbite – can be
prevented by:
•
•
•
•
providing controlled thermal environments in vehicles
providing safe drinking water
the use of appropriate work clothing (eg. hats in summer)
implementing a policy and procedures for work in heat, and the use of protective apparel
when required.
• altering the level of exertion required in extreme heat conditions.
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
27
SECTION E: OTHER SPECIFIC
HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE
NOISE
Noise is an issue for the waste collection industry in the practices of collecting, transferring and
sorting waste.
Where employees are likely to be exposed to noise, employers should consult the Occupational Health
and Safety (Noise) Regulations and the Code of Practice for Noise (1992) to determine what should be
done to eliminate or minimise the risk associated with noise exposure.
Control measures for hazardous noise can include:
• ensuring noise dampers are fitted to machinery
• isolating the noise from employees and (where these control measures are not possible or do not
reduce noise to a safe level),
• providing hearing protection.
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
An employer must ensure compliance with the Electricity Safety (Network Asset) Regulations 1999,
with particular reference to Part 4 of the regulations, which state that:
• plant is not to be used if the plant (or the conditions under which it is to be used) give rise to a
risk of electrical shock due to the presence of electricity
• the working envelope of any plant shall not encroach on any approach distances from electrical
assets as determined in the regulations or rules provided by the Office of the Chief Electrical
Inspector, unless:
- a specific exemption has been granted by the Office of the Chief Electrical Inspector, or
-
the owner of the electrical network asset grants an exemption.
Employers must identify, assess and control risks associated with temporary worksites – where
temporary power access might be required.
In addition, the principal employer, any contractor, sub contractor or employee have duties under
the OHS Act 1985 and Part 4 of the Electricity Safety (Network Asset) Regulations 1999.
Please refer to the guidance material developed by WorkSafe Victoria and the Office of the Chief
Electrical Inspector explaining how the waste industry can comply with their current obligations
regarding electrical safety.
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Work in the waste management and recycling industries can expose employees to risk of infection
from biological hazards, particularly when cleaning plant that is used for waste collection.
Toxic human, clinical and related wastes, and liquid wastes are normally handled by specialist
equipment and service providers; however, there is a strong possibility that clinical wastes such as
syringes and associated hazards might be present in domestic and commercial waste.
As a result of these types of waste being present in domestic waste or recycling collections,
employees might be exposed to the risk of disease or infection, including:
• Hepatitis B and C – which might be transmitted when infected blood or other bodily fluids
comes into contact with the bloodstream of another person (eg from a cut or similar
skin-penetration injury)
• Gastro-enteritis and hepatitis A – which is spread when faecal contamination of hands, food or
other objects enters the mouth and digestive tract of another person
• Tetanus –which can occur as a result of life-threatening bacteria entering the body by way of cuts
and puncture wounds
• Diseases such as Ross River Fever – which are spread by mosquitoes, flies, rats and other vermin.
28
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION E: OTHER SPECIFIC
HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE
Risk assessment
An employer needs to assess the risk of infection from biological hazards associated with the work
undertaken by employees. The need to undertake risk assessment is based on the premise that
there is an increase in clinical and related wastes being generated in the domestic setting due to
increasing amounts of patients having shortened hospital stays and treatment thus being continued
in the home, as well as evidence to demonstrate that sharps are being deposited into domestic waste
and recycling loads placed at kerbside for collection.
Risk control
Collectors of non-hazardous waste and recyclable materials are forbidden from collecting identified
biological or medical waste.
However, where biological and medical waste cannot be identified, the following risk controls can
be used:
• administrative controls such as immunisation in accordance with National Health and Medical
Research Council (NHMRC) and State Health Department guidelines
• training for workers in infection control procedures including ‘standard precautions’.
‘Standard precautions’ are the work practices used to achieve a basic level of infection control.
Standard precautions are designed to reduce the risk of transmission of pathogens from:
• blood
• all body fluids (whether or not they contain blood), and
• all mucous membranes.
Standard precautions are the primary strategy for successful infection control.
They include good hygiene practices, particularly:
• washing and drying of hands before and after contact with the type of fluids/tissues of concern
• use of personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves, masks, eye shields or goggles to
prevent skin penetration injuries and contact with biological hazards
• appropriate handling and disposal of sharps and other contaminated waste
• procedures for when hand-washing facilities are not available
(eg the use of antibacterial hand wipes)
• frequent washing/renewal of clothes worn during waste collection, to protect the health and safety
of the wearer and others.
In addition, all plant used in waste collection should be designed to minimise crevices and corners,
and adequate clearances should be provided to allow access for thorough cleaning and maintenance.
There is an increased incidence of wastes that can pose a biological hazard in domestic waste and
recycling collections. For this reason, it is important that all employees involved in the collection,
transport, sorting, treatment and/or disposal of these materials (and those involved in the
maintenance of any equipment used in these processes), are made fully aware of the associated risks
and of the need to undertake appropriate work procedures.
Training should encompass, as a minimum, the following topics:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
hazards associated with biological and associated hazardous materials
management of biological and associated hazardous materials
use of PPE
spill management and clean-up procedures
incident reporting procedures
legislative requirements
management and disposal of materials.
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
29
SECTION E: OTHER SPECIFIC
HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE
Should any employees come across a sharp/needle or any other material that they believe might
pose a biological hazard, the following procedures are recommended:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ensure that no person is at risk of being injured or contaminated by the material
prior to undertaking any action, don appropriate PPE
if a fluid, ensure that absorbent material is spread so that the fluid does not flow
report the incident to the supervisor/manager
follow company procedures for the management of the incident
never pick up a sharp by hand, use an implement (eg. tongs) and place into a sharps
container that has been placed onto a solid surface adjacent to the sharp(s) – then seal
the sharps container
other biological wastes should only be collected using appropriate equipment such as shovels and
brooms and only when wearing PPE – due to the risks involved (including those from aerosols)
all biological waste should be deposited into an appropriate yellow clinical waste container
(eg. pail or plastic bag)
all containers for this material must be sealed when all waste has been deposited into them
a supervisor/manager will advise on the process to dispose of these containers.
FATIGUE
Employees suffering from fatigue can be at an increased health and safety risk due to increased error
rates, lapses in concentration, increased reaction times, etc.
Fatigue can occur as a result of any of the following factors (individually, or in combination):
• workload factors including high physical and or mental workload, low mental workload or
boredom, and/or environmental conditions that increase the demands of work
• organisational factors such as work schedules that do not provide sufficient time for sleep or
rest, long hours of work, hours of work that require employees to work or commute during
normal sleeping hours, unpredictable hours of work or extended hours of work. This can be
exacerbated by payment systems that encourage employees to work when fatigued, and ‘chain-ofsupply’ issues that require employees to work when fatigued
• individual factors such as circadian rhythm (the 24-hour biological clock), general health, age,
gender, nutrition, hydration, duration and quality of sleep, psychological factors such as attitude to
work, motivation and the use of stimulants to cope with fatigue
• ‘Life away from work’ factors such as family commitments, social commitments, socio-economic
factors, commuting, other work, study etc.
An employer should assess the health and safety risks of fatigue and implement appropriate controls.
These can include:
• modification to the design of work, such as the physical and mental work demands, the work
intensity and rest breaks, etc.
• changes to organisational factors such as work schedules, payment systems or chain-of-supply
issues, etc.
• modification to environmental factors that contribute to fatigue, such as ensuring a comfortable
thermal work environment
• administrative controls, such as developing work practices to reduce fatigue in the workplace.
30
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION E: OTHER SPECIFIC
HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
A hazardous substance is a solid, liquid or gas that is harmful to the health of any person in
a workplace.
Where employees are likely to be exposed to hazardous substances in the workplace, employers
should consult the Occupational Health and Safety (Hazardous Substances) Regulations 1999 and Code
of Practice 2000.
Collectors of non-hazardous waste and recyclable materials are forbidden from collecting identified
hazardous substances. However, where hazardous substances cannot be identified – but are
inadvertently collected – appropriate risk controls should be identified and implemented. In a
workplace, an employer is required to identify, assess and control risk in relation to hazardous
substances.
Risk control must be implemented in accordance with the hierarchy of controls, namely:
•
•
•
•
substitution
isolation
engineering controls
administrative controls.
Controls can include:
•
•
•
•
misting of environments to settle dust and odours
air extraction
issuing of personal protective equipment
providing pressurised cabins with filtered air.
All respiratory protection should comply with Australian Standard AS 1715 Selection, Use, Maintenance
of Respiratory Protective Devices and Australian Standard 1716 Respiratory Protective Devices.
When PPE is used to control the hazards associated with hazardous substances it must only be used
for a minimum period of time.
WORK INSIDE THE COMPACTOR CAVITY
With garbage compactors, there is the possibility of contamination of the atmosphere of the internal
body cavity by, for example, split or ruptured waste containers.
Recommended procedures for maintenance and cleaning work on the internal body cavity are
described in Appendix E.
DANGEROUS GOODS
Employers are required to identify, assess and control hazards arising as a result of handling or
exposure to dangerous goods. This should be done in compliance with the Dangerous Goods
Regulations using guidance contained in the Dangerous Goods Code of Practice.
Employers must ensure that employees entering a site where dangerous goods are stored or
handled, are aware of – and adhere to – all procedures and policies of the facility. This includes
ensuring initial induction onto the site.
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
31
SECTION F:
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
There are many different types of machines used in the waste management and
recycling industries.
The specialised nature of the equipment used means there are requirements that
need to be clearly stated for each type of machine.
Equipment types include:
• rear-loaders
• side-loaders
• kerbside recycling collection vehicles
• front-loaders
• lift-on systems
• tipping trailers
• transfer trailers
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR ALL VEHICLES
Signage requirements
In terms of the hierarchy for the control of OHS risk in relation to plant, signage and marking is least
effective and where included must not be relied on to reduce the risk of injury in relation to plant.
Signage and marking however do provide useful warning of hazards and reminders of safety
requirements. The message conveyed by signs needs to be supported by appropriate training and
supervision.
Lighting and warning lamps
For driver awareness, an in-cab indicator lamp that illuminates during the operation of lamps is
recommended. Rear search lamps to assist reversing need to be connected to reverse gear or, where
this is impracticable, controlled via an in-cab illuminated switch. It is recommended that additional
taillights be fitted for rear-loader and side-loader compactor units.
Waste storage
It is recommended that storage of waste or recyclables outside the body not be permitted unless
secured in storage compartments designed for such a purpose.
Visibility
Where visibility is restricted, a hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control procedure
should be conducted. Assessment of visibility should also include those other than employees, for
example pedestrians and other road users.
Crew transport provisions
Crew members must only be transported within the cabin of the vehicle or within specially designed
crew carriers. It is further recommended that:
• lighting, including sidelight, be installed if the crew carrier is likely to be used outside of
daylight hours
• a crew carrier have seats, seat belts, grab handles, non-slip flooring, roll over protection, padding
and low floor entry
• crew carriers only be used while travelling between collection points and only when the speed of
the vehicle is less than 20kph
• crew carriers not be located on the offside of the vehicle
• the driver be able to communicate with offsiders, preferably by voice or alternatively by a visual,
radio or buzzer system
• offsiders not attempt to get into or off the vehicle while it is moving.
32
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION F:
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
Crew transport provisions
Low Rise Cabin
Crew Carrier
Left-hand drive and dual-control vehicles:
It is recommended that these vehicles:
• be fitted with electric mirror controls to allow simple adjustment from either driving seat
• be fitted with cameras to identify blind spots
• be driven only by drivers who have been provided with appropriate training and who have been
reassessed for competency on a regular basis.
It is also recommended that dual-control vehicles only be driven from the left-hand side during
collection. When travelling to and from the depot or unloading facility, it is recommended that
vehicles be driven using the right-hand side controls.
REAR-LOADERS
Rear-loader compactors consist of a truck cab/chassis to which is mounted a compactor type body
and tailgate that allows for loading of domestic and/or industrial waste from the rear.
This type of unit can be hand fed or have different types of bin-lifting devices fitted, enabling them to
pick up domestic and industrial bins.
The most common bin-lifting devices pick up 120-litre and 240-litre mobile garbage bins (MGBs) that
weigh up to 100kg. Some models can pick up 1100-litre MGBs that weigh up to 750Kg.
Winch and reeving systems are also used to load industrial type bins into the rear of a tailgate. Bin
size ranges up to six cubic metres, and bins can weigh up to three tonnes. Winches or reeving
systems must be designed to comply with the relevant Australian Standards.
Rear-loader compactor
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
33
SECTION F:
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
Rear-loader safety specifications
It is recommended that:
• all controls are best located so that the operator is safely outside the range of movement of the
bin and bin-lifting device, but is still able to have a full view of the bin-lifter area. If this is not
practicable, then controls should be shielded to prevent accidental operation.
• an emergency stop button be located at each control station
• a ‘deadman’ type bin-lift control be used
• maximum lifting capacity is best limited via a pressure relief valve in the lift circuit. The relief
adjuster valve should be tamper-proof
• the speed of the lifter is best controlled hydraulically via tamper-proof flow controls or other
devices to limit the speed to a maximum of +10% above the designed operating cycle
• the bin-lifter system become inoperable as soon as the vehicle is placed into forward drive mode
• the bin-lifter design prevent the release of the bin in the tipped position
• to minimise possible bin-lifter mechanical damage during vehicle reversing, an in-cab warning
system be present to advise the driver if the bin-lifter is in a position that puts it at risk of damage
• bin-lifters that are carried in a partially raised position during normal travelling mode be fitted
with a mechanical restraining device. This device can be automatically or manually engaged to
prevent hydraulic ‘creep’ while travelling extended distances
• the bin-lifter be predominantly white in colour
• an in-cab TV monitor and rear-mounted camera be used
• front- and rear-mounted flashing warning lamps are fitted in a highly visible location
• some bin-lifters are equipped with automatic lift systems to raise the lifting frame to a suitably
safe position for reversing. In these instances, there should be limited movement, slow speed, no
shear or trapping points, and a warning system to advise the driver and the offsider that the lifter
is in motion during the lift operation.
REAR-LOADER CONTROLS
Starting
It is recommended that the compactor mechanism be incapable of operation during the truckstarting mode. A manual selector is suggested to change from the ‘starting’ mode to the
‘compaction’ mode.
Emergency stop control
Emergency stops are best located at all control stations which, when depressed, will immediately
cease all compactor operation. Emergency stops are recommended on each side of the tailgate.
Compactor controls
It is recommended that:
• all controls be located (or shielded) to prevent accidental operation and be in a position where the
operator has a clear view of the compaction area. It might be suitable to have front-bodymounted controls to allow cycling of compactor panels to clear waste while the tailgate is in the
opened position. However, it is recommended that the system not be able to function in the
tailgate-closed position
• the start function be re-activated after operating an emergency stop button or opening an
interlocked access door
• open-back units, which operate automatically after activation of controls, only ‘half cycle’ prior to
further control activation. This will enable the release of any person who becomes trapped
• the compactor panel (which sweeps the hopper bowl clean) be capable of reverse operation at any
stage in the cycle, either via manual or push-button electrical controls
• the speed of compactor panels be controlled hydraulically via tamper-proof flow controls or other
devices to limit the speed to a maximum of 10% above the designed operating cycle time
• any outside control stations mounted forward of the tailgate only be mounted on the left-hand
side of the vehicle.
34
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION F:
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
Communication systems
It is recommended that:
• communications systems be fitted to the rear-loader for communication with workers
• a communication system (activated by the offsider from either side of the tailgate) should be
available so the driver can be signalled when the machine is ready to be safely driven forward to
the next bin pick-up zone
• a rear warning communication system (activated by the driver from within the cab) is advisable, so
the offsiders can be alerted to any dangerous conditions or when the truck is about to be reversed
• where a crew carrier is fitted, suitable communication devices to the crew carrier be installed.
Safety requirements for bin winching
Some rear-loader compactors are fitted with winches or reeving cylinders to winch bins of various
sizes (one to six cubic metre) into tailgate hoppers. The front of the bins is usually fitted with a pivot
bar, while the rear section has an anchor point where the winching cable is connected.
The following design parameters are recommended:
• drums/sheaves and cable to comply with the requirements of AS1418
• cable anchorage to be secured at two points as per AS1418
• the maximum lifting capacity is to be limited via a pressure-relief valve. It is recommended that
the relief-valve adjuster be tamper-proof
• the bin pivot bar is best retained in trunnions, with the catches requiring a two-handed operation
for release
• catches on trunnions require interlocks to prevent the winch from operating unless the trunnions
are locked
• suitable bin buffers are best installed. These use a pressure switch to prevent the bin from
over rotating.
Checklist for the operation of rear-loaders
It is recommended that:
• flashing beacon or warning lamps only be in operation while the vehicle is in the bin collection
area or if required at a designated disposal site
• when travelling extended distances, the bin lifter is carried in the normal travel position and secured
• hopper tailgates are cleared to prevent littering
• immediately after tipping a load, the tailgate is closed and locked.
SIDE-LOADER COMPACTORS
Side-loader compactors consist of a truck cab/chassis to which is mounted a compaction type body
and a hopper with a bin-lifting device attached to the left-hand side. Waste is deposited into the
hopper, which is compacted in the body cavity and later, when the tailgate is opened, tipped out by
tilting the body.
The bin lifter is commonly attached to a slide mechanism that can usually extend to about 2.3
metres. Mobile garbage bins and crates weighing up to 100kg are the types generally collected.
Side-loader
compactor
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
35
SECTION F:
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
Side-loader safety specification
It is recommended that:
• side-loading compactor units – when mounted to a cab/chassis – comply with State regulations in
regard to driving position
• front- and rear-mounted flashing warning lamps be fitted in a highly visible location and only
operated in the bin collection area or, if required, at the disposal site
• search lamps (work lamps) be fitted to illuminate the bin lifter, hopper and rear of the vehicle.
These lamps are to be controlled by independent switches
• the compactor mechanism not be able to operate during the truck starting mode, and a manual
selector be provided to change from the ‘starting’ mode to the ‘compaction’ mode
• a system to isolate the bin collecting control function from the body/tailgate function be fitted to
prevent accidental operation
• all driving components of the packer mechanism be guarded and that only service personnel be
allowed access to the area. Only trained service personnel should be allowed to operate the
packing mechanism for testing and adjustment, and an emergency stop button should be readily
available within this service area
• the packing mechanism be isolated when the ladder is in the down position
• a dual-camera, closed-circuit TV system is installed to view the hopper and rear of the vehicle.
The system should automatically switch to the rear camera when reverse gear is selected
• all bodies that are required to tip on uneven surfaces are fitted with twin lifting cylinders attached
to the cab chassis. Such cylinders should be fitted with equalizing/stabilising flow devices to lift
the body uniformly under unstable-disposal-site conditions
• a ‘body-up’ warning system be fitted to indicate visually or audibly to the operator that the body is
not in the fully-down position
• the opening and closing speed be controlled via tamper-proof flow-control valves or other devices
to limit the time to not less than 20 seconds
• safety props are fitted to the body and the rear door along with a ‘rear door open’ indicator and
suitable seals.
Side-loader bin-lifter
It is recommended that:
• bin-lifting mechanisms be mounted on the left-hand side of the vehicles and – when in the
retracted position – be within 1250mm from the centre line of the vehicle. The driver/operator
should be able to obtain an unrestricted view of the bin-lifting and pick-up area by one or a
combination of the following:
- direct viewing through cab windows
- mirrors mounted to cab door
- closed-circuit television system
- an uninterrupted viewing line of sight.
Side-loader bin-lifter controls
It is recommended that:
• internal controls be of the ‘deadman’ type and be conveniently positioned and adjustable to suit
the operator whilst seated in the varying slide seat positions
• external controls be two-hand operation of the ‘deadman type’ and positioned to ensure the
operator is clear of the lifting mechanism. Refer to AS 4024.1
• for combination internal/external controls, a selector switch be used to isolate in-cab from
external control operation, so only one system can operate at any one time
• the joystick control area (when applicable) be well clear of other controls and/or be shielded to
minimise the risk of accidental activation.
36
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION F:
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
Side-loader bin-lifter operation
It is recommended that:
• the bin-lifter not be operated while the vehicle is in motion, unless an ‘auto park’ system is
included within the design
• the ‘auto park’ system becomes active when the truck’s forward motion is between 1-5 kph
• the forward speed is limited to a maximum of 8 kph until such time as the bin-lifter/slide is fully
parked in the stowed position
• the bin-lifter control becomes inactive as soon as the truck forward speed exceeds 8 kph
• a visible or audible dashboard-mounted warning operates when the bin-lifter has been extended
past 1250mm
• bin-lifter mechanisms that grab the bin via a clamping action should not exert excessive pressure
in the closed position (in case a person is inadvertently trapped). Bin-lifter mechanisms that grab
the bin via suction cups should be held by mechanical fingers and a clamp under the bin lip. This
is so that the bin cannot drop from the lifting mechanism at any time during the movement cycle,
even if loss of suction occurs
• the speed of the lifter be controlled hydraulically via tamper-proof flow controls or other devices
to limit the speed to a maximum of 10% above the designed operating cycle time, irrespective of
PTO speed
• maximum lifting capacity be limited via a pressure-relief valve in the lift circuit and that the relief
valve adjuster be tamper-proof or lockable.
• the down force of the lifter is controlled, preferably with a pressure-control valve.
Operation of side-loaders
It is recommended that:
• a tailgate is lowered and locked during collection and after depositing waste at the unloading facility
• work lamps are only used during collection operation.
FRONT-LOADERS
Front-loader compactors consist of a designated truck cab/chassis to which is mounted a
compaction-type body with an arm system that extends over the front of the cabin to pick up
commercial-type waste bins.
It is recommended that where pick-ups are regular, employers undertake identification, assessment
and control of any hazards located at the site of collection, and that:
• the vehicle is stationary while lifting bins over cabin roof
• prior to lifting the bin, a check should be made for overhead hazards
• any waste that has spilled onto the cab cover during the on-loading operation be removed using a
‘safe working at heights’ system
• external flashing beacons or warning lamps only be in operation when the vehicle is in the bin
collection area
• immediately after tipping the load, the tailgate be closed and locked
• maintenance, servicing and testing of the plant be carried out by a competent person on a regular
basis in accordance with the requirements of the manufacturer/designer.
Basic front-loader
compactor
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
37
SECTION F:
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
Vehicle specifications
It is recommended that:
• mirror(s) be provided so that the driver can view the lift-arm operation above the cab roof line
• if any part of the lift arms are above the allowable maximum height, it is recommended that the
design incorporate a speed restriction interlock system to prevent the opening of the lid when the
vehicle is in motion
• an interlock system be incorporated into the vehicle to prevent the raising of the lift arms when
the vehicle exceeds 8 kph
• an in-cab TV monitor and rear-mounted camera be installed to provide a view rear of the vehicle
when reversing
• rear-mounted flashing warning lamps be installed
• all lighting requirements should be in line with State road traffic regulations
• the downward movement of the lift arms be controlled via a counterbalance valve (or other control
devices) to ensure bins can be effectively controlled
• maximum lifting capacity is limited to the manufacturer’s specifications via a pressure-relief valve
in the circuit. The relief valve adjuster should be tamper-proof or lockable
• lift arms are able to be stored in travel mode so that the driver’s vision is not restricted (in line
with Australian design rules and State road traffic regulations).
LIFT-ON SYSTEMS
There are four common methods of handling bulk containers, namely:
•
•
•
•
hooklift
winch and cable
bail hook and cylinder (for example, ‘Dinosaur’ system)
chain lift-on type (for example ‘Marrell’ type)
A basic lift-on system consists of a truck cab/chassis to which is mounted a mobile/articulated arm
or lifting mechanism that is used to load/unload bulk containers on or off the rear of the unit. These
containers vary in size.
Hooklift compactor
38
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION F:
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
Operational equipment
It is recommended that:
• a work lamp is provided on the rear of the cab to illuminate the lifting frame. An illuminated incab switch should be provided
• rear suspension stabilisers be fitted where necessary in accordance with manufacturer's
specifications
• emergency stops be located at all control stations
• maximum lifting capacity be limited via a pressure-relief valve in the circuit and that the relief
valve adjuster be tamper-proof or lockable
• lifting arm props be permanently attached to the vehicle, and fitted to mechanically hold the arm
mechanism in a raised position for servicing
• the hook incorporate a cam lock to ensure positive locking in all lifting arm positions
• the hook arm and frame be designed so that they are locked together while tipping to prevent
articulation if the bin locks become disengaged
• in transport mode, the container be securely anchored to the support frame at the front via the
hook attachment, and at the rear via mechanical catches or locking pins
• once in the transport position, the container anchorage frame is hydraulically locked.
Checklist for operation of lift-on systems
It is recommended that:
• drivers check that adequate space is available above the vehicle to allow movement of the bin
during the loading/unloading operation
• the vehicle is aligned as closely as possible to the container prior to lifting the bin onto the frame
• rear suspension stabilisers, where fitted, be engaged prior to loading or unloading the bin
• the machine not be driven unless the container is in the locked position and/or the lift frame is in
the stowed position
• the driver visually checks that the container is on and is safe to transport
• the container not be released until positioned on a stabilised surface.
STATIONARY AND SMALL PORTABLE COMPACTORS
This section relates to compactors used in both private (that is, in a secured or controlled area) and
public areas.
The definition of a private area
A private area is a controlled environment or secured area, which is fully fenced and site supervised
(for example, a compactor on a secured factory site where public access is denied or generally
unavailable).
The definition of a public area
A public area refers to all other areas freely accessible to the public, for example, shopping centres,
or a multiple block of factories.
There are two main types of stationary compactor:
1. A Stationary Compactor is a machine consisting of a compaction unit installed in a fixed location
with detachable container. Container sizes can vary from small 1.5-cubic-metre loader types to large
30-cubic-metre types. This type of unit can be hand and/or chute fed, and can have different types of
bin-lifting devices fitted.
2. An Integrated Compactor is a transportable machine with integrated compactor and container,
where the complete machine is removed for emptying. This type of unit can be hand and/or chute
fed, and can have different types of bin-lifting devices fitted. They are manufactured in ‘bin-lift’ and
‘hooklift’ configurations.
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
39
SECTION F:
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
ON-SITE BALERS AND COMPACTORS
On-site balers and compactors are used to compact waste before collection and can include vertical
and horizontal configurations, for example a bin compactor or baling press.
A significant element for consideration in risk assessment is the location of the compactor. For
example, it would be expected that fully enclosed safeguarding be provided (as a minimum) in a
public area.
Three small on-site
balers/compactors
Operational equipment controls
It is recommended that:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
all controls be located (or shielded) in a manner that prevents accidental operation
an emergency stop button be located at each control station
the bin-lift control be of the ‘deadman’ type
the main control panel is positioned in such a way that the operator is able to observe that there
are no persons in any danger zones. Where practicable, any secondary controls should achieve
the same result
the access door of the electrical control panel be fitted with a key-lock facility
the main control on/off switch be key operated and designed to prevent the key from being
removed when in the ‘ON’ position
a green push-button ‘start’ and a red ‘stop’ be provided
the machine be fitted with a mains power, key-lockable isolating switch that should only allow the
key to be removed in the ‘OFF’ position
an emergency stop be fitted to the main control
access doors be fitted with an interlocking system so that the ram does not operate with the door
open. This does not include the main container door
service panels be secured by a device removable only by using hand tools. Panels that are
frequently removed should be interlocked.
Hydraulics
It is recommended that:
• the main pressure control be set at the manufacturer’s specifications as per the maintenance
manual and that the control adjuster be tamper-proof or lockable
• maximum lifting capacity be limited via a pressure-relief valve in the lift circuit. The relief valve
adjuster should be tamper-proof or lockable
• the speed of the lifter be controlled hydraulically via tamper-proof flow controls (or other devices)
to limit the speed to a maximum of 10% above the designed operating cycle time.
40
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION F:
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
Walkways and safety bars
It is recommended that:
• walkways around and on platforms above stationary compactors conform to Australian
Standard AS1657-1985 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders. Design construction and
installation.
• safety bars be installed to guide rails when applicable (i.e. ‘Dinosaur’ system) to prevent the
container running into and damaging the packer unit.
Hopper designs
It is recommended that:
• the hopper design prevent access to any trapping point caused by the ram movement from the
loading position
• the lower edge of the hopper-loading area be a minimum of 1.2 metres above the operator’s
working surface
• when the hopper design allows the operator to be in a position to reach trapping points
caused by ram movement, then an enclosed hopper with a lockable interlocked door be fitted
• if it is possible for the general public to access the hopper opening, that a fully-enclosed
hopper (with a lockable interlocked door) be fitted.
Operating sequence
It is recommended that:
• where practicable, the ram should stop in the forward position at the completion of the cycle
sequence
• the start function be re-activated after operating an emergency stop button, or after opening
an interlocked door or access panel
• the compactor-ram immediately retracts upon operation of the start control, so that it comes
out of the compactor cycle.
Containers
It is recommended that:
• containers used to transport wet waste have liquid-retention seals at access /main doors to
prevent loss of pollutants
• main door locking systems be of a robust construction with a minimum of 4:1 factor of safety
used as the design criterion. The design should aim to minimise any abrupt kickback forces
as the mechanism is released. A chain should be fitted to provide a safety link between the
container body and door
• the main door of the container be securely restrained to the side during the unloading
operation to prevent accidental closure
• all manually operated doors be mechanically restrained when opened to prevent high winds
from accidentally moving them during the unloading operation
• containers with compactor-ram openings be fitted with covers to restrict waste loss during
transportation
• containers with an end opening (where the ram penetrates for compacting purposes) be fitted
with cover(s) to eliminate spillage during transportation
• compactors with a container lock-off system be fitted with interlocked doors over the lock-off
tube access holes
• all container lock-off systems be designed so that they can only be accessed from the outside
of the machine.
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
41
SECTION F:
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
Use of bin-lifters with static compactors
Mechanical bin-lifters provide an efficient method of lifting and emptying waste bins.
However, they can cause injuries to operators or others if not protected by the safety requirements as
detailed within this specification.
The extent of safety features required to reduce the risk of injury is dependant on the type of lifting
device used and the bin sizes they pick up.
It is recommended that the following apply:
• comb-type lifters have a lift capacity of 100kg and are usually used with 80-240 litre bins
• all controls be located so that the operator is safely outside the range of movement of the bin and
bin-lifting device, but is still able to have a full view of the bin-lifter area
• where the controls are located within the movement range of the bin-lifter, then separation
guarding be fitted between the bin-lifter and the controls. The guard should be of a type that
prevents access to trapping points, shear or nip points etc. of the lifting mechanism, and be
provided as a minimum, dependant on the outcome of the risk assessment
• the guards give the operator a clear, uninterrupted view of the bin-lift area, as well as preventing
access to mechanical trapping points
• single-action, cylinder-type bin-lifters descend slowly (at a controlled rate, not exceeding
60mm/sec) in the event of hydraulic system shutdown with the bin-lift control still being activated.
For machines that are located within secured (lockable) designated areas and are not accessible to
the general public, it is recommended that:
• all controls be located so that the operator is safely outside the range of movement of the bin
and lifting device, but so that the operator is still able to have a full view of the bin-lifter area
• a barrier or enclosure be provided to prevent persons from walking in the path of the bin and
bin-lifter movement zone. Any barrier/enclosure should be a minimum of 1.2 metres above the
working surface.
For machines that are located in areas to which the general public has ready access, it is
recommended that:
• all controls be located so that the operator is safely outside an enclosure that surrounds the
bin-lifting operating area
• on stationary compactors, the bin-lifter and hopper area be fully enclosed by guarding, which is
fitted with a lockable interlocked door. The best guarding gives the operator a clear view of the
bin-lifter area, as well as preventing access to any mechanical trapping points
• on transportable compactors, the enclosure be a mobile type (or have hinged sections) to
allow practical removal and replacement of the unit when being moved. It is recommended
that the door interlock connection disable the compactor and bin-lifter operating functions
when unplugged.
Checklist for the operation of stationary compactors
It is recommended that:
• walkways be kept clean and dry at all times, especially when the public has access to the area
• when the container is separated from the compactor unit for transporting, all waste which drops
to the floor is removed
• bin-lifters be left in the lowered position when not in use
• special care be exercised while unloading a container onto the guide rails and stopper bars
• all persons be clear of the area during unloading
• the container be reversed onto packer unit slowly, to reduce noise levels and to prevent damage
to the anchorage points.
42
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION F:
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
TIPPING TRAILERS
Tipping bodies are vehicles designed to carry
waste in open-top or compaction-type containers
(which are integral) with special tipping frames
that are mounted to cab/chassis and trailer
combinations.
Tip-over axle trailer
Truck tipping systems can be broadly classified
into two basic groups:
1. tip-over axle type
2. rigid type tipper trailers (commonly referred to
as sub-frame or chassis trailer, combined
with a bogie, pig, or dog trailer).
Operational equipment
Manufacture of cab/chassis and trailers is
controlled by the Australian Design Rules for Motor
Vehicles and Trailers, which also covers most
safety aspects.
Pig trailer
It is recommended that:
• all air couplings be routed so as not to foul
the trailer in the normal operating or tipping
positions
• where practicable, the mounting controls in
the truck cabin be located so that the operator
can still operate the truck and have a clear
unobstructed view of the tipping trailer
• control levers (excluding some power take-off
drives) be the ‘deadman’ type, ceasing all
movement when released
• the design, where practicable (except for tipover axles) have body props fitted to
mechanically hold the body when it is raised
for servicing. The design should allow for
safely supporting the full body. Only where
the design makes it impracticable to have
body props, externally provided body props
(designed as part of a documented system
of work) can be used
• the maximum tip angle of container/trailer
during tipping be kept as shallow as practical,
in an effort to maintain the lowest possible
centre-of-gravity of the payload
• the body tip operation be sequenced or
interlocked so that the tailgate has to be
opened – and the ejector blade extended
– prior to the body lifting
• override systems be provided for maintenance
or servicing
• body tailgate props be provided and labelled
• body props, permanently attached to the
machine, be fitted mechanically to hold the
body at a raised angle between 1-15 degrees
for servicing. The design should allow for safe
supporting of the full body and payload mass.
Dog trailer
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
43
SECTION F:
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
Checklist for operation of tipping bodies
It is recommended that:
• stabilised, compacted grounds are provided at tipping and landfill sites (which can be hazardous
locations, especially if uneven tipping surfaces are present)
• when ‘tip-over axle’ type trailers are being utilised, these be unloaded at specifically designated
locations at the landfill site. A designated area of flat, level, concrete stabilised ground (equipped
with an anti-fall frame) is recommended, and should have adequate overhead clearance
• where designated areas are unavailable and level and compacted grounds cannot be guaranteed,
that only smaller, rigid, chassis-type trailers be used
• tyres be regularly checked (especially with ‘tip-over axle’ type trailers) for damage, adequate tread
depth and correct inflation (per truck tyre placard)
• prime mover and trailer be positioned in-line with one another and at right angles to the
tipping face
• operators ensure the prime mover and or trailer brakes are applied where appropriate
• stabilisers (when fitted) be lowered to the ground and adjusted so that a level tipping platform
is provided
• all prime mover doors be securely closed prior to any lifting operation
• the tailgate/rear door be fully opened and securely restrained prior to the trailer tipping function
• the prime mover/trailer be level before any lifting procedure. It is important the driver closely
monitor the trailer, maintaining a level plane as it is lifted. If any abnormal lateral movement is
observed, lifting should cease and the trailer container returned to the down position.
TRANSFER TRAILERS
A transfer trailer consists of a prime mover vehicle towing a container-type trailer into which waste
has been loaded for transfer to a landfill site. The waste may be loaded loosely via an open-top
construction or alternatively, compacted through a rear-door opening into an enclosed container. The
ejection of waste at the landfill site is generally via a walking (elevator type) floor or by full ejection.
Basic transfer trailer
Operational specifications
It is recommended that:
• all manually-operated doors be mechanically restrained when opened, to prevent high winds from
accidentally moving them during unloading operation
• an audible warning device and flashing lamps (one each side) operate at the rear of the machine
during the actual unloading procedure
• in-cab controls be clearly labelled
• external tailgate/ejection system controls be the ‘deadman’ type and clearly marked as to their
function. Push-button (electrical over hydraulic) controls are also permissible.
44
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
SECTION F:
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
Checklist for operation of transfer trailers
It is recommended that:
• transfer trailers are only operated by personnel trained in their operation
• the loading system be such that the waste is distributed evenly about the longitudinal centre line
of the machine. (For example, loading lips should project waste to the centre line of the container
in an open-top trailer)
• if the loading operation is via a one-sided operation, then visual inspection be made prior to
driving, to ensure the load is evenly distributed
• the unloading site be checked visually by the operator prior to discharge of waste. Adequate room
should be available to allow all of the waste to be unloaded.
FRONT-LIFT BIN DESIGN
Operational requirements
It is recommended that:
• a safety factor of 2.5:1 apply to all structural design for the bin load capacity. Special attention
needs to be given to the lifting pockets (to suit front-loader application) and cable anchorage
points (to suit rear-loader winching applications)
• operators conduct regular inspections of bins to check their condition and ensure integrity of bin
structure
• bins be permanently marked with the manufacturer’s name and date of manufacture
• a drain port, fitted with a removable plug, be provided in the base to allow drainage of water
• bins used for winching operations have a 35-degree minimum draft angle on the loading face of
the bin. This is to eliminate any need for the operator to have to pull the bin back out of the
hopper zone in order to empty it. Also, these bins should not be fitted with side-opening lids or
have cable anchorage points where the cable could pull over any sharp edges during any stage
of winching
• wheels do not extend outside the perimeter of the bin body/lid dimensions at any time
• all sharp corners be removed from the external edges of the container/bin and lids
• lids be designed to eliminate hazardous manual handling (as far as is practicable) and that lids
be permanently fixed to the bin along one edge. The design should not cause any shearing points
to be present on closing
• the height of the loading face should not be more than 1500mm above the operator’s
working surface
• all bins have a warning sign that states: "Do Not Overload Bin".
• consideration be given to risks of injury while manually moving bins. Bins should be provided with
a handle – positioned where the swivel castors are located – at a height of about 1000mm
• wheels be a minimum of 100mm in diameter
• the design of the lid incorporate safety features to prevent sudden closure
• open-top containers be fitted with covers that prevent any loss of waste during transportation
along public roads.
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
45
SECTION F:
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
COMPACTOR, BULK OR SKIP TYPE BINS
These types of bins are produced in small volumes by a number of different fabricators and can
therefore vary in design and quality.
Hook-lift type machines generally pick up these types of bins.
It is recommended that:
• a safety factor of 2.5:1 apply to the structural design for the bin load capacity. Special attention
should be paid to cable/chain/lifting anchorage points used for winching or lifting operations
• bins be regularly inspected to ensure the condition and integrity of the bin structure
• bins be permanently marked with manufacturer’s name and date of manufacture
• all sharp corners be removed from the external edges of the container/bin and lids
• any tie-off anchorage points of the container/bin used to secure transportation covers, be at the
lower edge of the unit
• operating handles (used to secure the main door) only operate in a vertical plane, the only
containers with doors that reach floor level (and are used to transport wet waste) be fitted with
liquid retention seals to prevent loss of pollutants during transportation
• doors be fitted with safety chains.
46
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
APPENDIX A: DEFINITIONS
Access doors: Covers which may be readily opened for maintenance and/or service activities, and
which should be interlocked.
Act: Refers to any Act of Parliament that places duties on employers, employees and others in order
to secure occupational health, safety and welfare in places of work in Australia. A list of all relevant
legislation is shown in Appendix B.
ADR: Australian Design Rules for Motor Vehicles and Trailers issued and regularly updated by the
Federal Office of Road Safety
Bin: A waste receptacle usually made of plastic and with a capacity of 80, 120, 140, 240, 360, 660, 700
and 1000 litres manufactured to EN 840/1/5 standards.
Commissioning: In relation to plant, means performing the necessary adjustments, tests and
inspections before the plant commences normal operation for the first time. This is done to ensure
that the plant is in full working order in accordance with the requirements specified in the design of
the plant, and includes re-commissioning.
Container: A waste receptacle usually made of metal. Within the industry, the terminology of bins and
containers overlaps, so in this guide, both terms are used and could be interchangeable.
Crewman: A person assisting on a mobile collection vehicle.
Deadman control: A control where movement can only occur while the control is held by a person,
and which causes all movement of the mechanical parts of the compactor to stop when it is released.
The controls must not be overridden by any other mechanism.
Depot hand: A person in a material recovery facility, garbage depot, landfill depot or transfer station,
who carries out general duties.
Driver: The person responsible for direct operation of any waste collection or transfer machine.
Employee: A person employed under a contract of employment or under a contract of training. This
includes an independent contractor engaged by an employer, and any employees of the independent
contractor.
Factor of safety: The ratio of the breaking load of a component to the maximum design load or stress
(when used in accordance with the designer/manufacturer’s instructions).
Kerbside Recyclable Materials: All food and liquid containers, paper and cardboard emanating from
normal household use.
MGB: Mobile garbage bin.
MRF: Material recovery facility.
No Lift: This is an approach to the collection of waste that, wherever practicable, eliminates the need
for manual lifting.
Operation: Use, maintenance, installation and commissioning.
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
47
APPENDIX A:
DEFINITIONS
Permit conditions: Where a waste management operator has been provided written authority under
an Act to carry out a particular task (eg: Over Width Permit). These permits often require certain
other conditions to be met.
PPE: Personal protective equipment. For example: safety glasses, safety shields, gloves, etc.
Plant: Any machinery, equipment, appliance, implement or tool and any component, fitting or
accessory in relation to plant and defined as plant under the OH&S Plant Regulations (1995).
Plant operator: A person operating equipment such as a forklift, front-end loader, compacting or
earthmoving equipment at a depot, landfill (tip) site, transfer station or MRF.
Private area: A controlled environment or secured area, which is fully fenced and site supervised, for
example, a secured factory site where public access is denied or generally unavailable.
Public area: All other areas freely accessible to the public, for example, shopping centres, or a block
of factories.
Practicable: means having regard to:
a) the severity of the hazard or risk in question
b) the state of knowledge about that hazard or risk and any ways of removing or mitigating that
hazard or risk
c) the availability and suitability of ways to remove or mitigate that hazard or risk, and
d) the cost of removing or mitigating that hazard or risk.
Safe systems of work: The design of work in which health and safety risks to employees have been
controlled. This can include the process, pace and flow of the work, the work practices used, the
design and use of plant and equipment, and the effect of environmental factors.
Service panel: A cover that can periodically be removed for maintenance and/or service activities, but
which requires engineering tools to remove it.
Waste: Domestic/commercial waste or recyclable materials. This includes any type of solid waste
which might be handled by the collection and processing machines covered within this guide. This
might be domestic or hard garbage, rubbish, building rubble, ashes, incinerator residue, plant
trimmings and recyclable materials such as aluminium, plastic, steel, glass paper/cardboard, etc.
Specifically excluded from the term ‘waste’ in this guide are all toxic, human, clinical and related
waste and liquid waste, which are normally handled by specialist equipment and operators.
48
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
APPENDIX B:
INFORMATION SOURCES
VICTORIAN WORKCOVER AUTHORITY PUBLICATIONS
Occupational Health and Safety Act 1985
Accident Compensation Act 1985
Occupational Health and Safety (Manual Handling) Regulations 1999
Code of Practice for Manual Handling (2000)
Occupational Health and Safety (Noise) Regulations 1992
Code of Practice for Noise (1992)
Occupational Health and Safety (Plant) Regulations 1995
Code of Practice for Plant (1995)
Occupational Health and Safety (Hazardous) Substances 1999
Occupational Health and Safety (Confined Spaces) Regulations 1996
Code of Practice for Confined Spaces (1996)
Employees and the Sun
Workers and the Sun
UV Risk Assessment
The Return to Work Guide for Victorian Employers 2002
WORKCOVER NSW PUBLICATIONS
Code of Practice for Noise Management and Protection of Hearing at Work, Sydney 1996
Use of personal protective equipment at work – a guidance note
Skin cancer and outdoor workers: a guide for employers
Code of Practice; HIV and other blood-borne pathogens in the workplace
ECORECYCLE PUBLICATIONS
EcoRecycle Accreditation System for Collection and Acceptance and Sorting
Contractors for Kerbside Recycling Services in Victoria
FOR MORE INFORMATION
All Victorian Government legislation is available from Information Victoria.
Phone 1300 366 356 or online at www.bookshop.vic.gov.au
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
49
APPENDIX B:
INFORMATION SOURCES
AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS’ PUBLICATIONS
Australian Standard AS/NZ 4801: Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, 2001
Australian Standard AS/ NZ 14001: Environmental management systems, 1996
International Standard ISO 9000: Quality management systems
Australian Standard AS 1418: Crane Code (including hoist and winches)
Australian Standard AS1657: Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders. Design, construction
and installation
Australian Standard AS 1715: Selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective devices
Australian Standard AS 1716: Respiratory protective devices
Australian Standard AS 2161: Industrial safety gloves and mittens
Australian Standard AS 2865: Working in a Confined Space
Australian Standard AS 4001: Motor vehicles – rear marker plates. Manufacturing Requirements
Australian Standard AS 4001.2: Motor vehicles rear marker plates. Fitting Requirements
Australian Standard AS 4024.1: Safeguarding of machinery – general principles
Note: this Standard provides a good reference to safe guarding of plant
Australian Standard AS 4031: Non-reusable containers for the collection of sharp medical items used in
healthcare areas
Australian Standard AS/NZS 4261: Re-usable containers for the collection of sharp items in human and
animal medical applications, 1994
AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM
Standards Australia
19-25 Raglan Street
South Melbourne, Victoria 3205
Phone: (03) 9693 3555
Website: www.standards.com.au
FEDERAL OFFICE OF ROAD SAFETY
Australian Design Rules for Motor Vehicles and Trailers. 3rd Edition. Canberra, 1986. This industry code
is supplemented by the current edition of the Industry Code of Practice for the Management of Clinical
and Related Waste developed by the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Waste Management Industry
Group (ANZCWMIG) under the auspices of the Waste Management Association of Australia.
NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMISSION
Occupational noise. National standard for occupational noise. National code of practice for noise
management and protection of hearing at work. Canberra.
Published by the Australian Government Printing Service (AGPS).
www.nohsc.gov.au
National standard for manual handling and national code of practice for manual handling. Canberra.
Published by the Australian Government Printing Service (AGPS).
www.nohsc.gov.au
50
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
APPENDIX C: EXAMPLE CONTRACT
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND INDUCTION
SUB-CONTRACTOR MANAGEMENT
Sub-contractor management is a key factor to reducing risk when managing
financial, legal and contract issues.
A sub-contractor file should be kept for each company. All meetings, contact and
correspondence should be documented and filed.
OVERVIEW
All contractors approved for work shall be briefed as to the organisation’s occupational health, safety
and environmental procedures and practices. They are required to follow these procedures at all
times or produce alternative systems.
Any contractor who fails to follow these procedures and practices, or those safe work procedures
applicable to their work, will be removed from the list of approved subcontractors and not used in
future contracts.
APPROVED SUB-CONTRACTORS REGISTER
At the commencement of a contract, an induction will be held.
The Induction will cover the following:
-
procedures for health and safety risk assessment and controls
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) and emergency procedures
first-aid details, including locations and telephone numbers
accident and emergency reporting procedures
environmental management procedures
preventative maintenance systems/arrangements.
Ensure that the contractor and the contractor’s employees are aware of the company’s safety
reporting mechanisms.
Ensure that the contractor has the prescribed insurances.
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
51
APPENDIX C: EXAMPLE CONTRACT
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND INDUCTION
SUB-CONTRACTORS INDUCTION CHECKLIST
INDUCTION CHECKLIST
SUB-CONTRACTORS
Sub-contractor Company/Name:
Commencement Date:
Induction provided by:
Tick off
completion
of all steps
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Letter of Engagement/contract provided and accepted
Location of working environment explained
Access to equipment to be used
Security codes for access and other facilities including building access
Verification of the ability to operate equipment or systems and/or of the need
for training in their use
Confirmation of professional indemnity insurance
Confirmation of workers compensation insurance and number
Confirmation of public liability insurance
OH&S safe systems of work provided (safety plan)
Introduction to staff members and other sub-contractors with whom the
sub-contractor will have contact
Client protocols
Names and job descriptions of employees to be working on site
Contractor’s responsibility to achieve standards of service that fully meet client expectations
Payment processes for sub-contractor’s invoices
Time recording system
Environmental systems explained
Contact names and numbers exchanged
Induction completed: Manager/Director
Date:
Sub-contractor
Date:
Comments (if any):
52
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
THIS COMPLETED FORM TO BE PLACED
IN THE SUB-CONTRACTOR’S FILE
Yes ✔
ACTIVITY
No ✘
Action to be taken, by
whom/when
Are contracts, agreements, or confirmation letters in
place for ongoing customer contracts?
Are amendments to contracts/agreements recorded
in contract files?
Are records of ‘review of contracts’ recorded in files
(where contracts span over 12 months)?
Are these reviews held at least annually?
Is a contract (quality) plan in place for contracts over
12-months’ duration, which includes identification of:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Contract-specific roles and responsibilities
Sub-contractor details (as applicable)
Workplace systems (procedures, etc)
Environmental practices
OH&S and risk management systems
Plant/fleet requirements, including maintenance
details
Container types and details (collection)
Product storage and packaging (sorting)
Service/product supply frequency
Product quality specifications
Product data analysis
Traceability of product/service
Community Education (collection)
Customer Service
Records Management
Is the contract plan able to be verified as up-to-date
and accurate against subsequent amendments?
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
53
APPENDIX D:
SAFETY SIGNAGE
FOLLOWING ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF SIGNAGE THAT CAN HELP TO IMPROVE SAFETY ON WASTE
MANAGEMENT MACHINERY.
54
DANGER
Before Moving Any Panels Ensure Electrical Isolator Switch is in the OFF
Position. Also Remove "ON/OFF" Switch Key.
DANGER
Climbing on Vehicles can be Dangerous. Take Care While Performing
Service/Maintenance Activities.
DANGER
Do Not Step
DANGER
Ensure Winch Trunnion Latches are Closed and Securely Locked Prior to Any
Winching Operation.
DANGER
Isolate Main Power Before Removing Inspection Panels.
Replace Panels Before Use.
DANGER
Keep Clear at All Times
DANGER
Keep Clear of Rotation Shafts
DANGER
Keep Clear of Unpropped Tailgate. Always Use Tailgate Prop.
DANGER
Keep Clear When Hook Frame is Raised. Keep Clear of Tailgate.
DANGER
Keep Clear of Unpropped Body. Always Use Body Prop.
DANGER
Keep Hands Away From Bin and Lifter Mechanism
DANGER
Overhead Wires
DANGER
Release Stored Energy From the Accumulator System Before Carrying Out
Any Service or Maintenance
DANGER
Stand Clear of Bin and Lifter at all Times when Lifting.
DANGER
Stand Clear of Bin and Lifter at all Times when Operating
DANGER
Stand Clear of Opening Tailgate
DANGER
Stand Clear When Compactor Panels are Moving
DANGER
Stop Engine and Remove Ignition Key Before Entering Body
DANGER
To prevent injury or death do not enter hopper when compactor is operating
DANGER
To prevent possible injury or death stand clear when tail gate is open
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
APPENDIX D:
SIGNAGE
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
55
APPENDIX E:
COMPACTOR AREA CHECKLIST
FOLLOWING ARE PROCEDURES FOR REDUCING HEALTH AND SAFETY
RISK ASSOCIATED WITH WORK COMPACTOR AREA CAVITIES
1. Before entering the ‘sump area’:
• An inspection is required to ascertain whether internal ‘sumping out’ is required
• External ‘sumping out’ points (where fitted) are to be used at all times for the removal of
free-flowing materials.
2. Before entering the compactor body to clean the ‘sump area':
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fully open the top door
Fully extend the blade
Switch off the engine
Remove ignition key and retain on person
Ensure appropriate PPE is available and used
Open interlocked sump access door
Perform sumping out procedure.
3. Before entering the compactor body to undertake maintenance of the ‘sump area’:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fully open the top door
Fully extend the blade
Switch off the engine
Remove the ignition key and retain on person
Open interlocked sump access door
Thoroughly clean the area to be repaired
Provide fan-forced circulation through the meshed opening at the front of the compactor body
Ensure appropriate PPE is available and used.
4. Before entering the compactor body to undertake general maintenance:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fully open the top door
Fully retract the blade
Switch off engine
Remove ignition key and retain on person
Fully open the rear door and install safety props
Thoroughly clean the area to be repaired
Provide fan-forced circulation via the opened rear door
Ensure appropriate PPE is available and used
Perform maintenance task.
Important note:
These are recommended steps employers must undertake in consultation with employees in addition
to a risk assessment for each individual circumstance. These recommendations must be read in
conjunction with AS28675.
56
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
VICTORIAN WORKCOVER AUTHORITY
WorkSafe Victoria offers a complete
range of health and safety services.
• Emergency response
• Advice, information and education
• Inspections and audits
• Licensing and certification
• Publications
Head Office
Victorian WorkCover Authority
Level 24
222 Exhibition Street,
Melbourne Vic 3000
GPO Box 4306
Melbourne Vic 3001
Telephone
9641 1555
Fax
9641 1222
Toll free
1800 136 089
Local Offices
Ballarat
Bendigo
Dandenong
Geelong
Melbourne
(628 Bourke Street)
Mildura
Mulgrave
Preston
Shepparton
Traralgon
Wangaratta
Warrnambool
9941 0500
5021 4001
9565 9444
9485 4555
5831 8260
5174 8900
5721 8588
5562 5600
Publications
Telephone
Fax
9641 1333
9641 1330
5337 1400
5443 8866
8792 9000
5226 1200
Website
www.workcover.vic.gov.au
Email
info@workcover.vic.gov.au
WorkCover Advisory Service
24th floor
222 Exhibition Street
Melbourne Victoria 3000
Telephone
9641 1444
Fax
9641 1353
Toll free
1800 136 089
VWA074/02/07.03