Piezoelectric Ceramics
Electro Ceramic Solutions
TECHNICAL CERAMICS
TECHNICAL CERAMICS
Products and Market Sectors
About Morgan Advanced Materials
Morgan Advanced Materials is a global materials engineering company that offers a wide range of high
Security and Defence
specification engineered products with extraordinary properties.
Morgan is a leader in the design and manufacture of electroceramics products for the
security and defence markets, having developed and supplied precise and accurate
components for air, land and sea applications for the past 75 years. Our piezoelectric
ceramics and transducers are used in highly specialised applications, including sonar,
instrumentation and communications systems where performance is critical.
From an extensive range of advanced materials we engineer components, assemblies and systems
that deliver significantly enhanced performance for our customers’ products or processes. Most are
produced to very high tolerances and many are designed for use in extreme environments.
The company thrives on innovation. Our materials scientists and applications engineers work in
close collaboration with customers to create outstanding, differentiated products that perform more
efficiently, more reliably and for longer.
Morgan Advanced Materials has a global presence with over 10,000 employees across 50 countries
serving specialist markets in the energy, transport, healthcare, electronics, petrochemical and industrial
sectors. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange in the engineering sector.
Our Piezoelectric Ceramic Capabilities
Morgan Advanced Materials has over 75 years experience in helping customers design and develop the
Piezoelectric ceramic components and transducers are an essential part of sonar systems
used to detect underwater objects and assist in underwater navigation. Our components
give a high degree of accuracy for sub-sea detecting and sensing and the development of
piezoelectric composite structures has improved the image resolution of sonar systems.
Our piezoelectric ceramic is also found in hydrophones, torpedo guidance systems,
sonobuoy, gyroscopes, mine detection systems and harbour protection and our
transducers are used to give accurate readings in aircraft instrumentation and engine
monitoring.
Our piezoceramic components are versatile, durable and stable even in difficult operating
conditions, making them ideal for use in our custom sensor and transducer systems.
Many of the world’s navies specify our specialist materials for their sonar systems.
most effective and efficient solutions for piezoelectric ceramic components going into their products.
Our applications engineering support is provided as standard across the entire product portfolio.
Our extensive advanced materials knowledge enables us to provide an unrivalled range of materials
by producing our own specific formulations from raw materials which can be customised to specific
requirements in-house. In addition, advanced computer modelling techniques are used throughout the
development of new designs, enabling a faster, more efficient product development process. Ideal for
when timescales are critical.
Our manufacturing sites are ISO 9001 accredited and where required ISO 13485 certified for the
production of products for medical applications.
Markets
Our electroceramic components, transducers and assemblies are utilised in many cutting edge technologies in a range
of markets, including:
• Defence
• Medical
• Industrial
• Energy
• Automotive
• Aerospace
Morgan continues to develop new materials and value added assemblies to meet the rapidly expanding opportunities
in these markets.
2
Medical
Morgan is a world leader in the design and manufacture of piezoelectric ceramic,
sensors, transducers and dielectric components for the medical market, including
medical instrumentation, therapeutic and diagnostic equipment, surgical tools and in
drug delivery and dialysis equipment.
Our superior piezoelectric ceramic components enable increased resolution of
ultrasonic imaging and are used extensively in medical ultrasound. They are also the
key technology in applications such as blood flow measurement and foetal heart
monitors, providing increased reliability and accurate detection.
The high performance piezoelectric material is used in high power transmission of
high frequency waves to assist with surgical cutting. We supply efficient materials and
complete transducers for small medical tools such as ultrasonic dental descalers and
ultrasonic scalpels, which are used in applications such as cataract removal, whilst our
custom multilayer, bimorph actuator and sensor capabilities are ideal for valve and drug
nebulisation applications.
Our range of sensors designed to detect air bubbles and changes in pressure are a
critical components for infusion and dialysis equipment, protecting the lives of patients
around the globe.
3
TECHNICAL CERAMICS
Products & Market Sectors
Industrial
Electronics – Commercial Sonar
Morgan has more than 75 years experience in the manufacture of piezoelectric
ceramic components, sensors, transducers and dielectric components for the industrial
equipment market.
Morgan Advanced Materials provides high performance piezoelectric ceramic
components and transducers for sonar systems used in range of marine applications
including; depth sounding, navigation and surveillance in the oil exploration industry, and
commercial fish finding.
Precision-machined piezoceramic discs are used by many OEMs for automatic level
and distance sensing in industrial equipment and for gas and liquid flow and level
measurement systems.
Non-destructive testing equipment and many high power ultrasonic applications such as
ultrasonic cleaning, welding, inspection and sono-chemistry also use our piezoelectric
ceramics as transducers.
Piezoceramic bimorphs are used as actuators in a wide range of industrial applications
such as textile knitting machines, inkjet printer heads and viscosity meters. They are also
used in coin and bank notes validation systems.
Our advanced technology can be adapted to higher frequency ranges and a variety of
sizes and shapes that require dual-frequency operation. A key advantage of our dual
frequency transducer is that it offers wideband dual frequency operation through the
same slot, reducing installation times.
We work in partnership with our customers to develop tailored solutions for specific
industrial needs. Using our design expertise and specialist manufacturing capabilities, we
can produce components within tight specifications in whatever quantity is required.
Our specialist manufacturing capabilities enable us to supply high quality components
in high volume, at competitive prices. With in-house underwater acoustic test tanks
and pressure testing facilities to validate performance, we are able to offer customised
solutions in short lead times.
Energy
Transportation
Morgan supplies piezoelectric components for the latest energy management systems
and for the most advanced smart metering technologies. From smart metering to
energy harvesting, we provide solutions to help designers and manufacturers meet new
standards for efficient delivery of cleaner, greener power all over the world.
Morgan provides a wide range of piezoelectric components and solutions for the
transportation industry, such as transducers and actuators for sophisticated high
performance in-vehicle sensing systems used for advanced manufacturing technologies.
Working closely with customers we are helping to improve vehicle safety, performance,
energy efficiency and comfort.
Our piezoelectric ceramic components, sensors and transducers are used in high
performance ultrasonic meters to determine gas and water flow measurements for
sophisticated heat and smart metering technologies.
Our superior piezoceramic bimorphs are used in energy harvesting devices, enabling the
efficient conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy.
Energy generation, management and distribution is arguably one of the fastest evolving
industries of modern times and we are working closely with customers to provide
innovative components and sub-assemblies across the power sector.
4
Our wide bandwidth transducers enable the use of more advanced imaging algorithms
such as Chirp, or Synthetic Aperture Focusing Techniques (SAFT). In addition, higher
frequencies can be used to increase target resolution, whilst lower frequencies remain
available for better deep-water performance.
As the transportation industry continues to advance and smarter vehicles are developed,
piezoelectric sensors, transducers and actuators are playing an increasingly important
role as the critical input/output devices for many electronic systems. Our piezoceramic
components are highly versatile, durable and stable even in difficult operating conditions,
making them ideal for use in custom vehicle sensor and transducer systems. Our sensor
design expertise makes us an ideal partner during design and early production stages.
With our world-class design expertise and specialist manufacturing capabilities we work
in partnership with our customers to develop competitive tailored solutions to meet
their needs. We produce ceramic components, sensors and transducers within tight
specifications, in quantities from one-offs to high quality, cost-effective, high volume
production. We directly supply to many customers in high performance race automotive
applications, as well as other tier one automotive suppliers.
5
TECHNICAL CERAMICS
Nature of Piezoelectric Ceramics
Shapes and Mechanical Tolerances
Piezoelectric Phenomena & Materials
Static Performance of Piezoelectric Ceramics
Piezoelectricity is the property possessed by some materials of
becoming electrically charged when subjected to a mechanical stress.
Such materials also exhibit the converse effect i.e. the occurrence of
mechanical deformation on application of an electric field.
The static performance under the influence of a steady strain is shown
in the diagram below which illustrates the direct piezoelectric effect.
The effect is exaggerated for clarity.
+
Poling Axis
A) Before Polarisation
–
B) After Polarisation (Ideal Conditions)
A graph of polarisation versus applied field yields a closed curve
analogous to the magnetic hysteresis loop. After removal of the
electric field there is a remanent polarisation in the ceramic which
is responsible for its piezoelectric properties. The resulting ceramic
is now anisotropic and can be returned to its unpolarised isotropic
condition by raising its temperature above the Curie point or by
mechanically overstressing.
The diagram below illustrates the reverse piezoelectric effect as
shown. The effect is exaggerated for clarity.
+
+
+
-Ve
OD
Polarisation
Field
0
Field
0
Field
Thickness
0.08mm (0.003”)
25mm (1”)
(e)
(f)
Most of the properties of piezoelectric ceramics change gradually with
time. The changes tend to be logarithmic with time after poling. The
ageing rate of various properties depends on the ceramic composition,
the geometry and on the way the ceramic is processed during
manufacture. Because of ageing exact values of various properties
such as dielectric constant, coupling, and piezoelectric constants may
only be specified for a standard time after poling. The longer the time
period after poling, the more stable the material becomes. Exposing
the ceramic to one or more combination of the following conditions
can accelerate the ageing process in any ceramic:
From
To
1mm (0.04”)
165mm (6.5”)
Width
1mm (0.04")
165mm (6.5”)
Standard Mechanical Tolerances
Thickness
0.08mm (0.003”)
35mm (1.4”)
Tolerances on machined dimensions apply
to most components. For large size parts,
confirmation of the tolerances achievable will
need to be agreed prior to placing an order.
From
To
Outside Diameter
1mm (0.04”)
150mm (5.9”)
Inner Diameter
0.5mm (0.02”)
140mm (5.5”)
Thickness
0.15mm (0.006”)
25mm (1”)
Components can be produced to tighter
tolerances (e.g. Concentricity within 0.13mm
(0.005”) TIR and surface finish (Ra) within 1.6µm
(62µin)).
From
To
Outside Diameter
1mm (0.04”)
150mm (5.9”)
Care should be taken not to over-specify a
tolerance as this can significantly increase costs.
Inner Diameter
0.5mm (0.02”)
140mm (5.5”)
Length
1mm (0.04”)
150mm (5.9”)
Tube
OD
L
ID
Hemisphere
T
OD
ID
High mechanical stress.
Strong electric de-poling field.
High temperatures approaching the Curie point.
R
Standard Mechanical Tolerances
Outside Diameter
±0.15mm
Inner Diameter
±0.15mm
Length & Width
±0.15mm
From
To
Thickness
±0.05mm
Outside Diameter
6mm (0.24”)
254mm (10”)
Squareness (edge to face)
Within 0.15°
Wall Thickness
1mm (0.04”)
10mm (0.39”)
Concentricity
0.2mm TIR
Surface Flatness (Lapped Parts)
12µm (0.012mm)
Surface Flatness (Large Sliced Parts)
15µm (0.015mm)
12µm (0.012mm)
Focal Bowl
From
To
Parallelism (Lapped Parts)
Diameter
6mm (0.24”)
254mm (10”)
Parallelism (Large Sliced Parts)
60µm (0.06mm)
Thickness
1mm (0.04”)
10mm (0.39”)
Surface Finish (Ra)
3µm (0.003mm)
T
OD
In addition to the shapes shown, custom shapes
are also available. Parts can be made to the size
ranges shown, but not in every combination of
thickness and lateral dimensions. A separate list of
standard sizes of parts available can be obtained
on request.
Length
ID
Equation for ageing rate
Strain
a
Tapered Stave
To predict value X at T days after poling:
Where: XT is value of interest at T days after poling, Xt is value at
poling date and AR is the Ageing Rate (Positive or Negative)
Remanent
Stress (Sr)
6
254mm (10”)
W1
Virgin
Curve
Field
To
1mm (0.04”)
Ring
T
+Ve
Material selection should be based on the conditions of a given
application.
Remanent
Polarisation (Pr)
From
Plate (Square & Rectangle)
T
(c)
Ageing rates and time stability
+
–
(b)
Shapes
Diameter
L
(a)
(d)
+
Disc
T
W
+
+
Poling Axis
Certain compounds can be made piezoelectric by the application
of a high electric field (polarisation), these are termed ferroelectric
materials. Another important group of piezoelectric materials are
the piezoelectric ceramics, such as PZT. The PZT ceramics are solid
solutions of lead Titanate (PbTiO3), and lead Zirconate (PbZrO3),
modified by additives. The PZT can be fashioned into components of
almost any shape and size. As well as being strongly piezoelectric, PZT
is hard, strong, chemically inert and completely unaffected by humid
environments. Before polarisation the dipoles in the ferroelectric
material are randomly oriented. The polarisation process involves the
application of an electric field across the ceramic, usually at an elevated
temperature, causing switching or realignment of the dipoles.
D
W2
L
XT = Xt + AR(log T − log t )
As “Fired” tolerances
±0.3mm or ±3% whichever is greater
L
a
T
Barrel Stave
Legend
PZT Ceramic
Electrode
7
TECHNICAL CERAMICS
Modes of Vibration, Displacement & Voltage
Shape
Axes
Polarisation Direction
Applied Field
Voltage Output
Modes of Vibration
Displacement Applied Stress
Radial
3
Frequency
Capacitance
fr =
1(r)
Thin Disc
Thickness
fr =
fr =
3
Length or
Transverse (L or W)
Plate
2
Np
C=
Nt
t
Radial
3
C=
fr =
3(r)
Ring
Thickness
Length (L)
1
Tube
t
K 3t .ε 0 .L.W
t
2.N c
( d o + di )
Nt
t
fr =
N1
L
Wall Thickness
fr =
2.N c
( d o − di )
Circumferential (Hoop)
fr =
2.N c
( d o + di )
C=
K .π .ε 0 .(do − di )
4.t
C=
2
2
2π .K 3t .ε 0 .L
d
In o
di
r
V=
g31 .Fr
π .d
4.g33 .F3 .t
π .d 2
V=
d31 .W .V
t
V=
g31 .F1
W
L
d31 .L.V
t
V=
g31 .F2
L
d33 .V
V=
g33 .F3 .t
L.W
t
t
3
d33 .V
Voltage (Static)
W
Nt
t
fr =
3(r)
K 3t .ε 0 .π .d 2
4.t
N1
L or W
fr =
d31 .d .V
t
r
d
1
Thickness
Displacement (Static)
d31 .(do − di ).V
2.t
t
d33 .V
L
2.d31 .L.V
( d o − di )
dm
d33 .dm .V
t
where dm = (do + di ) / 2
V=
g31 .Fr
2π (do − di )
V=
4.g33 .F3 .t
π ( d o 2 − di 2 )
V=
V=
g31 .F1
π .dm
g31 .do .P
2
where P = Pressure
3
Thickness
Rod
Wall Thickness
Hemisphere
fa =
fr =
3
1
Radial
fr =
Na
L
2.N t
( d o − di )
2.N p
C=
K 3t .ε 0 .π .d 2
4.L
K t .ε .π .(do + di )2
C= 3 0
4.(do + di )
( d o + di )
L
d33 .V
t
d33 .V
r
2.d31 .r.V
t
L
d 15.L.V
t
V=
4.g33 .F3 .L
π .d 2
V=
g31 .do
.P
2
1
W
Shear Plates
2
5
6
3
thk
NOTES: 1 - Equations valid for: (A) plate, disc, ring & shear plate where r, L and W>>thk
2 - All variables are metric; use MKS units
8
Stress or strain
indicated by subscript 5
fa =
N5
t
C=
K1t .ε 0 .L.W
t
V=
g15 .F3 .t
L.W
3 - Constants g31 and g33 and negative values which result in negative strain (contraction) and negative voltage (opposite polarity)
4 - Each type of material has particular voltage, stress and temperature limitations.
9
TECHNICAL CERAMICS
Useful Electromechanical Relationships
Equation 7
Under static or quasi-static (below resonance) conditions, the magnitude
of the piezoelectric effect is given by piezoelectric “d” and “g” constants.
For the case of the direct piezoelectric effect where the material
develops an electric charge from an applied stress, the definitions for “d”
for constant field and “g” for constant dielectric displacement should be
used. For the converse effect where the material develops a strain from
an applied electric field, the definitions for “d” and “g” for constant stress
should be used. These “d” and “g” coefficients are related by equation
1 for plates and discs, and equation 2 for rods.
Where S is the compliance of the material.
k2 =
d 31 = g31 .ε rT 33
(Discs and plates)
Equation 2
d 33 = g33 .ε rT 33
(Rods)
The permittivity of the material is related to both the permittivity of free
space and the dielectric constant of the material according to equation 3.
stored energy converted
stored input energy
This value, although related, should not be considered the overall
efficiency of the electromechanical transduction, since it does not take
into account electrical and mechanical dissipation or losses. When a
transducer is not operating at resonance or if it is not properly tuned
and matched, the efficiency can be quite low. A properly designed
transducer can operate at well over 90% efficiency.
The pressure P, which a ceramic driver can impart, is given approximately
by equation 9.
Equation 3
T
k33
=
Where kT33 is the relative dielectric constant of the material
and e0 is the permittivity of free space ( 8.854x10-12 F/m).
T
r 33
ε
ε0
At frequencies far below the mechanical resonance frequency, the
electromechanical coupling factor, k, can be calculated by equation 4
for plates, equation 5 for discs, equation 6 for rods, and equation 7 for
shear plates.
Equation 4
d2
k = E 31T
S11 .ε r 33
2
31
(Plates)
Equation 5
(Discs)
2
2.d31
k = T
ε r 33 .(S11E + S12E )
2
p
(Rods)
10
2
k33
=
2
d33
E
S33
.ε rT 33
kP2 = (1 − k p2 ) (Bessel function)
(Discs)
Equation 9
Where d is equal to d33 for thickness mode operation or dT31
for radial or transverse mode, E is the applied electric field,
and YE11 is Young’s Modulus for that material.
(Rods)
The dielectric losses, tan d, are given by the dissipation factor, D.F., as
described in equation 13.
k =
D.F . = tan δ =
Equation 13
Where QE is the electrical damping.
1
QE
The mechanical losses can be determined from the mechanical quality
or damping factor, Qm, from equation 14.
Equation 14
Qm =
fa2
2π . fr .Z r .C p .( fa2 − fr2 )
Qm can also be determined approximately from the frequency response
curve as follows.
the dielectric losses are usually the most significant. Therefore, it is
recommended that materials with a low dissipation factor be used for
high power applications, particularly since these losses increase with
power. For high intensity transducers, the overall electro-acoustical
efficiency h is given approximately by equation 15.
Equation 15
Where QA is the mechanical quality
factor due to the acoustical load alone.
π fa
π ( fa − fr )
. .tan
.
2 fr
2
fr
(1 + π ) fa
π ( fa − fr )
. .tan
.
fr
fr
2
2
Amax
η = 1−
1
Q
. A
k .QE .QA Qm
2
It should be noted that at high drive levels QE and Qm are not constants.
They are usually lower than the low drive level values. The dielectric
permittivity of the material, and therefore the dielectric constant
and capacitance, decreases as the applied frequency (mechanical or
electrical) exceeds each resonant frequency of the particular ceramic
part. For static operation, well below the first resonance frequency, the
dielectric permittivity is eTr 33 (free). For dynamic operation well above all
resonance frequencies of the ceramic part, the material behaves as if it
was clamped (strain=0), and the electric permittivity is eSr 33 (clamped).
Between each, the permittivity is the product of the static permittivity
and a loss term based on the coupling of the resonance mode each
resonance point the applied frequency has exceeded, as described
in equation 16 (above first resonance), equation 17 (above second
resonance), and equation 18 (above third resonance).
Equation 16
(Above first resonance)
Under dynamic conditions, the behaviour of the piezoelectric material
is much more complex. It can be characterised in terms of an equivalent
electrical circuit, which exhibits the conditions of parallel and series
resonance frequencies. To approximate these frequencies, measure the
frequency of the minimum impedance (fr ) and maximum impedance (fa )
for the component, since they differ by a very small amount (<0.1%).
The coupling coefficient, K, can be derived from these frequencies. This
derivation is somewhat complex as K is dependent on both the shape
of the component and the mode of vibration. The most useful of these
relationships are described
2
31
π fa
π ( fa − fr )
. .tan
.
2 fr
2
fa
In addition to the coupling coefficient, the total efficiency of a transducer
depends on the mechanical and dielectric losses.
P = d .E .Y11E
Dynamic operation
(Plates)
2
k33
=
Where CP is the low frequency
capacitance and Zr is the minimum
impendance at resonance.
Equation 10
Equation 6
Equation 11
Equation 12
The coupling factor is a useful expression relating the amount of energy
that can be changed from the electrical form to the mechanical form, or
vice versa, for the different operational modes. The coupling factor can
be expressed as equation 8.
Equation 8
Equation 1
d152
k = E T
S44 .ε r 11
2
15
ε rT 33 .(1 − k12 )
Equation 17
Amax
2
(Above second resonance)
Gain
Static And Quasi-Static Operation
Equation 18
fr
f2 − f1
Only where Q > 3
Qm =
(Above third resonance)
Frequency (Hz)
The frequency difference f2 - f1 is the frequency bandwidth at about
3dB where the amplitude is half of its maximum value. Of these losses,
ε rT 33 .(1 − k12 ).(1 − k22 )
ε rT 33 .(1 − k12 ).(1 − k22 ).(1 − k32 )
Where k1, k2, and k3 represent the coupling factors for the particular
resonance. For a thin plate, k1 and k2 are k31 and k’31 (length and width
respectively), and k3 is kt (thickness).
11
TECHNICAL CERAMICS
Useful Electromechanical Relationships
For a thin disc, k1 is kp (radial), k2 is kt (thickness), and there is no
third resonance. For a rod, k1 is k33 (length), k2 is k’p and there is no
third resonance. In addition to fr and fa (series and parallel resonance
frequencies), there is a frequency fm, at which the transducer’s
electromechanical transduction is maximised. This frequency
represents the maximum sensitivity for receivers or the maximum
output for drivers. This frequency, the bandwidth, and the output are all
dependent on the external resistive load, Rext. When k<<1, fm may be
calculated using equation 19.
Many of the calculated parameters before are interrelated. Thus, many
useful relationships can be derived. A few of the most useful relationships
are described in equations 23 through 35.
Equation 23
S33D =
(Rods)
(Rods)
Equation 25
d33 = k33 . ε
(Rods)
where Q = 2π . fa .C p .Rext
1
4.ρ. fa2 .L2
π fa
1
. .
2 fr π fa
π fa
. − tan π
.
2 fr
2 fr
f − fr
k p ≅ 2.51 × a
fr
SD
E
S33
= 33 2
1 − k33
Equation 19
( f − fa )
f m = fa + r
1
1+ 2
Q
k31 =
Equation 33
Equation 24
T
r 33
.S
E
33
Equation 34
kt =
and
fm = fa for (Q >> 1, Rext small, short circuit condition)
fm = fr for (Q >> 1, Rext large, no load condition)
fm =
fr + fa
2
(Plates)
Equation 35
Equation 27
k33 =
2
S11D = S11E .(1 − k31
)
(Plates)
The maximum bandwidth, B, obtainable by electrical tuning, is
approximately equal to the product of the coupling coefficient and the
series or parallel resonance frequency as described in equation 20.
f − fr
− a
fr
π fr
. .
2 fa
1
S11E =
4.ρ. fr2 .L2
Equation 26
Equation 28
d31 = k31 . ε
T
r 33
.S
E
11
Table 1: High signal properties for PZT400, PZT800 and PZT5A
series.
In this table units of electrical field are in kV/mm and stress is in MPa.
Equation 32
π fr
. .
2 fa
2
1
π fr
tan
.
2 fa
1
π fr
tan
.
2 fa
(a) T
he value of tan dat a given electrical field is a function of time after poling or after
any major disturbance such as exposure to an elevated temperature.
Equation 20
B = k . fr , a
(b) A
fter appropriate stabilising treatment. This consists of a temperature stabilisation
dh = d33 + 2.d31
Equation 29
gh = g33 + 2.g31
(Hydrostatic charge constant & coefficient)
If the mechanical quality factor is high (Qm>Q), the external resistance
Rext for a fairly flat frequency response can be approximated by equation
21 for parallel inductance, or equation 22 for series inductance.
Equation 21
(Parallel inductance)
Equation 22
(Series inductance)
12
Rext
Equation 30
0.35
≈
π . fa .C p .k
2
2
.k31
k =
E
1− σ
where
S
S
is, however, more important than the stress soak.
(c) In range to 70MPa
(d) In range to 35MPa
(e) T
hese figures are dependant upon configuration and perfection of fabrication.
The static tensile strength figures were obtained from bending tests on thin
2
p
E
12
E
11
plus a few minutes soak at the appropriate static stress. The temperature stabilisation
Bimorph structures, while the dynamic tensile strength figures were obtained from
measurements of high amplitude resonant vibration rings. The latter tests are more
(Poisson's ratio)
Equation 31
keff
High Signal Properties
PZT400
Series
PZT5A Series
PZT800
Series
AC depoling field
>1.0
0.7
>1.5
AC field for tan d =
0.04@25°C (a)
0.39
0.45
>1.0
% increase of eTr 33
at above electric field
17
11
10
AC field for tan d =
0.04@100°C
0.33
0.045
n/a
82.7
41.4
20.7
20.7
82.7
41.4
Maximum rated
static compressive
stress (maintained)
PARALLEL to the
polar axis
@25°C
@100°C
% change of eTr 33
with stress increase
to rated maximum
compressive stress at
25°C (b)
~25% (c) ~ -3% (d)
% change of d33
with stress increase
to rated maximum
compressive stress at
25°C (b)
±15% (c)
~ 0.1%@20.7
~ -13%@34.5
6% (c)
55.2
27.6
13.8
13.8
55.2
27.6
Maximum rated
hydrostatic pressure
345
138
345
Compressive
strength
>517
>517
>517
Tensile strength,
static (e)
75.8
75.8
75.8
Tensile strength,
dynamic (peak) (e)
24.1
27.6
34.5
Maximum rated
compressive
stress (maintained)
PERPENDICULAR
to the polar axis
@25°C
@100°C
~18%(c)
sensitive to minor flaws.
( fa2 − fr2 )
=
fa2
13
TECHNICAL CERAMICS
PZT Flexure Elements: Bimorph
Multilayer Actuators
Many applications require displacements far greater than are possible
with simple PZT transducers operating in the d33 or d31 modes.
Moreover, the voltages required to produce these displacements are
very high, and because they present a considerable mismatch to air,
these elements are unsuitable for use as electro-acoustic transducers.
Multilayer Flexure Mode Actuators
A much more compliant structure operating in the d31 mode is the
flexure element, the simplest form of which is the bilaminar cantilever
or bimorph. This consists of two thin PZT strips bonded together.
Bimorphs are usually mounted as a cantilever and usually operate in the
d31 mode as shown on figure 1.
The use of very thin piezoelectric layers in flexure elements requires
much lower driving voltages than classical bimorph actuators.
Basically these elements can be built up three ways:
Gluing a d31 actuator onto an inactive substrate, like a metal strip
Combining a d31 actuator with an unpolarised PZT layer
Combining layers of piezoelectric ceramic with an intricate electrode
structure so that the layers expand or contract like a classical bimorph
element.
Practical Design Data for PZT500 Series Flexure Elements
Figure 4 below illustrates a multilayer parallel bimorph element.
F
+
–
H
Vin
V
Z
L
Figure 1a
Lt
F
V
Figure 3: Flexure element (Bimorph)
Parameter
Deflection
Figure 1b
In a series bimorph PZT strips are connected to the voltage source in
series (See figure 1a), and in a parallel bimorph strips are individually
connected to the voltage source (See figure 1b).
In the series bimorph, one of the PZT strips will always be subject to a
voltage opposite to the polarising voltage, so there is always a danger
of depolarisation. This is also true to the parallel bimorph configuration
of figure 2, but if it is connected as shown in figure 3, both strips
will be driven in the polarisation direction, thereby avoiding drift in
characteristics caused by depolarisation.
U1
+
U2
Bending
Resonance
Frequency
Charge Output
Capacitance
+
Parallel Bimorph
9.10 −10 ×
7.10
−11
Series Bimorph
L
h2
2
L3
×
W .h 3
400 ×
h
L2
8.10 −10 ×
8.10 −8 ×
Unit
L2
h2
Lt .W
h
Voltage Output
Figure 2
10 −2 ×
L
Lt .h.W
Table 2: Summary of equations for bimorphs
14
2
Transversal mode (d31) actuators
Multilayer actuators can be produced with layer thicknesses as low as
20-40µm. The manufacturing method is completely different from the
classical process of sawing and electroding individual discs or plates.
Because of the very thin layers of PZT, an electrical field strength of
about 1kV/mm can easily be reached for a drive voltage as low as
around 50V. The elongation per unit length or height is roughly the
same as for of “classical” actuators. The difference is that the effect
is reached for a much lower voltage. A transversal d31-mode type is
shown in figure 6. Note that the element shortens for a drive voltage in
the polarisation direction.
Bimorph Actuator
Combination of 2
d31 actuators
Figure 4: Multilayer parallel bimorph element
(m/V)
7.10
−11
L3
×
W .h 3
400 ×
h
L2
4.10 −10 ×
(m/N)
(Hz)
L2
h2
Since again the maximum strain is around for 1kV/mm (as with discrete
flexure elements), the general rule and formulas in this section also
apply to multilayer elements.
Axial Mode Multilayer Actuators (d33-mode)
As with “classical”, axially-stacked actuators, the strain in the direction of
polarisation is twice as large as it is in the transverse direction. However,
to get a large absolute elongation, the dimension of the actuator in the
direction of polarisation must be large as well.
Poling direction
Electrical field
Displacement
Figure 6: Transversal mode (d31) multilayer actuator
(C/N)
2.10 −8 ×
Lt .W
h
2.10 −2 ×
L
Lt .h.W
(F)
–
–
Figure 5: Axial mode multilayer actuator
2
(V/N)
For the multilayer process the thickness is currently limited to about
2mm. Figure 5 shows the structure of such an element.
Since the maximum strain is about at 50V supply voltage, the absolute
increase of its thickness will be about 2µm.
For more information, please visit www.morganelectroceramics.com
Disclaimer: Please note that all product, product specifications and data detailed
in this brochure are subject to change without notice to improve reliability,
For most practical applications it is necessary to stack several of these
elements to form a so called multilayer stacked actuator.
function, design or otherwise. Morgan Technical Ceramics Ltd and its affiliates
Axial mode multilayer d33-mode actuators achieve higher displacements
but also retain high blocking forces which are proportional to crosssectional area.
for certain types of applications are based on knowledge of typical requirements
does not assume any responsibility for the correctness of this information nor for
damages consequent to its use. Statements regarding the suitability of products
that are often placed on Morgan products in generic applications.
15
TECHNICAL CERAMICS
Primary Materials
Material
Designation
Navy Type
EN 50324-1
Thermal Properties
Curie Temperature
Max Operating Temperature
Custom Materials
Units
PZT401
Hard PZT
I
100
PZT402
Hard PZT
I
100
PZT5A1
Soft PZT
II
200
PZT5A3
Soft PZT
II
200
PZT802
Hard PZT
III
100
PZT807
Hard PZT
III
100
PZT5J1
Soft PZT
V
600
PZT5H1
Soft PZT
VI
600
PZT5H2
Soft PZT
VI
600
PZT403
Hard PZT
I
100
PZT404
Hard PZT
I
100
PZT406
Hard PZT
I
100
PZT407
Custom
Custom
Custom
PZT801
Hard PZT
III
100
Tc
Tmax
°C
°C
330
165
325
160
370
185
350
175
300
150
300
150
250
125
195
95
195
95
320
160
320
160
325
160
315
155
350
175
r
s
SE33
SE11
SD33
SD11
YE33
YE11
YD33
YD11
kg/m3
x 10-12 m2/N
x 10-12 m2/N
x 10-12 m2/N
x 10-12 m2/N
x 1010 N/m2
x 1010 N/m2
x 1010 N/m2
x 1010 N/m2
7600
0.31
15.60
12.70
7.76
11.10
6.41
7.87
12.89
9.01
7720
0.31
15.57
12.30
7.94
10.89
6.42
8.19
12.59
9.18
7750
7910
0.31
17.69
14.73
8.77
12.79
5.65
6.80
11.40
7.83
7500
7650
7400
13.50
11.50
7600
0.31
18.42
16.93
8.06
14.24
5.43
5.91
12.41
7.03
7600
0.31
16.80
13.30
7650
0.31
16.98
13.23
8.42
11.49
5.89
7.56
11.88
8.70
7800
0.30
15.00
13.00
7900
0.30
15.00
12.00
6.67
7.69
6.67
8.33
9.90
15.65
10.90
8.20
9.90
6.39
9.17
12.20
10.10
7780
0.31
17.65
15.54
7.72
13.29
5.67
6.44
12.95
7.53
7750
0.31
12.50
11.49
7.38
10.33
8.00
8.70
13.55
9.69
KT33
KT11
tan d
Ec
kV/mm
1395
1320
1303
0.22%
1.50
1800
1936
1616
1.35%
1.44
1150
1290
0.30%
1105
1190
0.16%
2750
2062
1.61%
1.14
3400
3311
2872
1.70%
0.80
1350
1650
1331
0.30%
1.50
1325
0.35%
1225
1400
2.50%
1110
1142
0.17%
1.60
pC/N or pm/V
pC/N or pm/V
pC/N or pm/V
x 10-3 V m/N
x 10-3 V m/N
x 10-3 V m/N
Hz-m
Hz-m
Hz-m
Hz-m
-
0.58
0.35
0.67
0.56
0.33
0.70
0.42
0.71
307
125
495
26.3
10.7
38.0
2235
1650
2000
1944
575
0.62
0.34
0.67
0.45
0.69
409
176
0.62
0.36
0.71
0.35
0.69
425
183
585
24.8
10.6
36.2
2012
1400
1880
1750
90
0.54
0.30
0.64
0.55
0.29
0.69
0.47
0.61
0.34
0.70
0.64
0.38
0.74
1000
1200
0.65
0.38
0.75
0.37
0.63
554
234
670
22.7
9.3
32.5
1974
1450
2020
1717
70
0.60
0.35
0.72
0.50
Mechancial Quality Factor
kp
k31
k33
kt
k15
d33
d31
d15
g33
g31
g15
Np
N1
N3t
N5
Qm
0.54
0.32
0.64
0.34
0.55
275
107
330
28.1
10.9
28.9
2304
1700
2070
2004
982
Time Stability
Aging Rate - Dielectric
Aging Rate - d constants
Aging Rate - Coupling
Aging Rate - Frequency
a
a
a
a
per decade
per decade
per decade
per decade
-4.6%
-4.8%
-5.3%
-1.9%
1.2%
-1.6%
-1.1%
-0.6%
0.0%
0.2%
-4.0%
-6.3%
-1.5%
0.9%
-3.5%
-2.1%
-1.7%
-0.2%
0.4%
-1.5%
Mechanical Properties
Density
Poisson’s ratio
Compliances
Electrical Properties
Dielectric Constant
Dielectric Loss
Coercive Field
Piezoelectric Properties
Coupling Factors
Charge or Strain Constants
Voltage or Stress Constants
Frequency Constants
0.20%
0.70
315
132
511
26.8
12.0
2190
1636
1800
600
-1.7%
1.0%
17.20
16.70
9.40
15.00
5.81
5.99
10.64
6.67
2.00%
25.7
11.0
2000
1370
1940
1465
60
-0.4%
0.2%
Typical Values measured at 20°C ±1°C are provided for design information only. Standard tolerances are approximately ±20% of these values.
16
10.10
7.41
8.70
0.55
250
97
300
24.6
10.9
28.9
2285
1700
2070
260
93
294
25.1
10.1
28.8
2320
2030
-1.5%
0.8%
20.80
16.40
9.00
14.10
5.43
5.91
12.41
7.03
2.50%
620
250
21.9
8.7
1975
1375
1895
1430
65
-0.2%
0.3%
11.80
5.95
7.52
8.47
0.30%
0.68
0.40
0.75
0.32
0.68
685
240
741
23.4
9.6
25.8
1920
1420
2000
1670
69
0.58
0.33
0.68
600
0.62
0.36
0.71
0.35
0.72
372
159
515
25.5
10.9
38.7
2158
1515
1950
1877
457
-1.7%
-1.6%
-0.2%
0.4%
-4.6%
-3.4%
-2.1%
1.2%
-5.2%
-5.3%
-1.6%
1.2%
0.60
315
135
26.4
10.5
2120
1515
2000
2015
0.70
325
150
480
30.0
12.0
39.0
2175
1620
2000
750
1200
-6.0%
-1.0%
-2.5%
0.5%
-1.5%
0.5%
315
130
27.0
11.0
2190
-5.6%
-5.6%
-2.0%
1.1%
Material properties are measured according to standard IEEE and DOD definitions and measuring techniques.
17
TECHNICAL CERAMICS
Custom Materials
Material
Designation
Navy Type
EN 50324-1
Thermal Properties
Curie Temperature
Max Operating Temperature
Units
PZT806
Hard PZT
III
100
PZT5A2
Soft PZT
II
200
PZT5A4
Soft PZT
II
200
PZT501
Soft PZT
II
200
PZT502
Soft PZT
II
200
PZT503
Soft PZT
Custom
Custom
PZT504
Soft PZT
Custom
Custom
PZT505
Soft PZT
Custom
Custom
PZT507
Soft PZT
Custom
Custom
PZT508
Soft PZT
Custom
Custom
PZT5K1
Soft PZT
Custom
Custom
PZT5K2
Soft PZT
Custom
Custom
PZT5K4
Soft PZT
Custom
Custom
PZT701
Custom
Custom
Custom
PZT702
Custom
Custom
Custom
PZT703
Custom
Custom
Custom
Tc
Tmax
°C
°C
300
150
374
185
360
180
330
165
350
175
285
140
270
135
285
140
165
80
215
105
160
80
150
75
150
75
350
175
325
160
270
135
r
s
SE33
SE11
SD33
SD11
YE33
YE11
YD33
YD11
kg/m3
x 10-12 m2/N
x 10-12 m2/N
x 10-12 m2/N
x 10-12 m2/N
x 1010 N/m2
x 1010 N/m2
x 1010 N/m2
x 1010 N/m2
7600
7500
7910
0.31
18.07
15.30
8.96
13.14
5.53
6.54
11.16
7.62
7800
0.30
18.00
15.00
7800
0.30
19.00
15.00
7800
20.00
16.00
5.56
6.67
5.26
6.67
6.06
5.00
6.25
8300
0.31
20.03
15.74
7.53
13.01
4.99
6.37
13.28
7.70
8300
0.31
20.03
15.55
7.53
12.92
4.99
6.43
13.28
7.74
7800
0.31
12.92
10.70
7.12
9.75
7.74
9.35
14.04
10.26
7750
0.31
14.42
12.00
7.75
10.83
6.93
8.34
12.90
9.24
7800
0.30
16.50
7900
0.31
21.04
16.30
7.91
13.46
4.75
6.14
12.64
7.43
8200
18.80
16.40
9.40
14.40
5.32
6.10
10.64
6.94
7890
0.31
18.82
14.83
8.79
12.62
5.31
6.75
11.38
7.93
7800
14.70
11.70
7.40
10.80
6.80
8.55
13.51
9.26
7900
0.35
18.00
16.00
KT33
KT11
tan d
Ec
kV/mm
1250
1800
1730
2.00%
1850
1650
1.70%
2243
1640
1.42%
1.27
2003
1653
1.48%
1.31
2100
1800
2.00%
2000
2600
1.90%
7066
6129
1.96%
0.42
411
720
1.38%
1.28
1345
978
0.43%
1.61
1100
1.50%
5986
5588
1.88%
0.56
pC/N or pm/V
pC/N or pm/V
pC/N or pm/V
x 10-3 V m/N
x 10-3 V m/N
x 10-3 V m/N
Hz-m
Hz-m
Hz-m
Hz-m
-
0.55
0.31
0.71
0.45
0.60
0.34
0.71
0.66
0.37
0.72
450
200
75
80
75
75
0.71
0.42
0.79
0.35
0.71
871
381
950
16.5
6.9
17.0
1903
1410
1980
1656
69
0.70
0.41
0.79
0.37
0.71
926
407
950
14.8
6.5
15.5
1911
1410
1980
1663
63
0.51
0.30
0.67
0.43
0.68
166
59
360
45.7
16.2
50.0
2377
1720
2100
2068
570
0.53
0.31
0.68
0.43
0.68
288
116
450
24.2
9.8
46.0
2252
1700
2020
1959
535
0.63
0.37
0.73
0.68
460
195
550
28.0
13.0
37.0
1970
1400
2060
0.64
0.38
0.71
0.31
0.62
463
196
585
26.1
11.0
35.4
1973
1400
1860
1717
88
0.64
0.37
0.74
0.69
374
171
585
24.8
11.4
38.2
1960
1400
1880
0.66
0.39
0.73
0.31
0.63
493
209
564
24.9
10.5
34.4
2007
1420
1880
1746
85
0.68
0.38
0.75
Mechancial Quality Factor
kp
k31
k33
kt
k15
d33
d31
d15
g33
g31
g15
Np
N1
N3t
N5
Qm
Time Stability
Aging Rate - Dielectric
Aging Rate - d constants
Aging Rate - Coupling
Aging Rate - Frequency
a
a
a
a
per decade
per decade
per decade
per decade
-4.1%
-0.9%
-2.9%
-0.1%
-2.0%
-1.3%
-0.9%
-0.1%
0.2%
-0.9%
-1.0%
-0.1%
0.1%
-1.0%
-2.0%
-1.0%
-0.5%
0.5%
-1.5%
0.5%
-0.6%
0.3%
-1.6%
-0.9%
-0.1%
0.2%
-1.4%
-0.9%
-0.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
-0.1%
-0.0%
-0.4%
-0.8%
0.1%
0.1%
Mechanical Properties
Density
Poisson’s ratio
Compliances
Electrical Properties
Dielectric Constant
Dielectric Loss
Coercive Field
Piezoelectric Properties
Coupling Factors
Charge or Strain Constants
Voltage or Stress Constants
Frequency Constants
0.30%
280
104
26.4
10.9
2155
1660
2060
1780
1200
-2.1%
1.1%
5.56
6.25
-0.1%
0.1%
0.66
500
215
515
24.0
10.0
33.0
1975
1450
1850
4400
3300
1.60%
3910
4048
1.16%
0.91
6200
0.72
0.75
0.39
0.80
610
270
820
360
0.71
0.42
0.79
0.35
0.71
744
313
850
21.5
9.1
21.0
1916
1420
1980
1667
59
0.77
0.40
0.75
0.48
0.63
870
370
684
15.8
6.8
20.1
1935
1420
2100
-3.5%
-3.1%
-0.6%
0.8%
-0.5%
25.0
12.0
2000
18.40
15.10
8.00
12.70
4.99
6.37
13.28
7.70
20.0
10.0
1900
1925
1400
1800
60
80
1900
2.00%
65
-0.5%
15.00
6.67
2.90%
0.68
340
150
500
30.0
10.0
33.0
2100
1500
80
-0.5%
-0.5%
0.5%
Typical Values measured at 20°C ±1°C are provided for design information only. Standard tolerances are approximately ±20% of these values.
18
19
TECHNICAL CERAMICS
Morgan Advanced Materials Manufacturing Locations
Many of our manufacturing sites are ISO 9001 and ISO 13485 certified
For all enquiries, please contact our specialist sales and manufacturing sites:
Europe
North America
Morgan Advanced Materials
Vauxhall Industrial Estate
Ruabon
Wrexham
LL14 6HY
United Kingdom
T +44 (0) 1978 810 456
F +44 (0) 1978 824 303
ruabonsales@morganplc.com
Morgan Advanced Materials
232 Forbes Road
Bedford
Ohio
44146-5418
USA
T +1 (440) 232 8600
F +1 (440) 232 8731
mtcussales@morganplc.com
Asia
South America
Morgan Advanced Materials
150 Kampong Ampat
05-06A KA Centre
Singapore
368324
Republic of Singapore
T: +65 6595 0000
F: +65 6595 0005
asia.mc@morganplc.com
Morgan Advanced Materials
Rua Darcy Pereira 83
Distrito Industrial de Santa Cruz
Rio de Janeiro-RJ
23565-190
Brazil
Tel : +55 (21) 3305 7400
Fax: +55 (21) 24181205
Email : mtcsasales@morganplc.com
Morgan Advanced Materials plc
Registered in England and Wales, Registration No. 286773,
© Copyright 20.04.2013 | Designed and Produced by reflectiondesign.co.uk
www.morganadvancedmaterials.com
www.morganelectroceramics.com