a x=oO}O O=H}= CQwQ w VywSB swU x- N=W V}=O}B |D=@U=Lt swra x=oW}=tR Q=@D 24 |a}iQ sW=y |B=}B -xQ=tW s * =y@ 'pw= xQ=tW 'sDWy *p=U '1380 Q - l} R}i -xOmWywSB |O=}v@ |=yWv=O x=oWywSB C}r=ai l} R}i Q}_v x}=B swra x = MU=B u}vJ ,q=tDL= 'Ovvm h} QaD u}vJ O Q = |m} R}i " v _ v = xm |}=yv xS} w x@ R= |= N W QO w =Q O N =D |WywSB C}r=ai w xO - t Q iQ w X= N Q@ xm s=a |m} R}i u=yH R= |WN@ Qov=Wv xm xO}J}B Q=}U@ QoWywSB 'u= R= Qo = O xm O}y=wN@ 'Ovvm|t h y Q_v u}v=wk u} wOD %OvyO|t | =yrOt u} wOD V}=vat ,=twta |iOy | = x wtv u}DUNv R= "CU=yrOt u |=yQ}PBxOy=Wt u}@=t |=} Q \@=wQ x-=Q= w OvDUy | y v ( Om} R}i u= 18311879 ) p wUm =t =yD}r=ai | O}t |@qkv= ,=D@Uv x-} Q_v CUv=wD |U}]=vet w |m} QDmr= Qat x-rO=at Q=yJ hw u}= j} Q] R= w OQw (tting) Q V}=tv CyH V}B =yDOt w xOQw QO =F Q =@ wvax@ |=} Q KQ] l} w =Q ( OvrD=mU= xDU HQ@ - 17911867 w x w Q ) = xm |O=Q i =yvW}B =i CQ Y @ O @ xO m O Ca}@] |=RHt ,=Qy=_ w |U=U= =Hv= |oO}J}B "O=O s |@ QHD j} Q] xm Ow@ j} Q] u}= R= 'Ck}kL = = CUOx@ OvDUy |U}]=vetwQDmr= |=yv=O}t Q=DiQ Q@ Q_=v xm 'p t u= VR= @ Q =Wi 'sHL u}@=t | tO w 'Q =Q R= R= ,i Y =Q s QO " } Qw |m} R}i |w w |t =Q w = l} x@ QO w =Q O N Q}v wO CqO=at QO u= D u v k =Q = |R U w Q x =at \ @ t - rO CUOx@ |=} Q x] - @=Q l} =@ V}=tR l} G}=Dv x]@=Q xm |= |vwo =vwo Kw]U (PV = nRT ) p = = = Qat uwv=k t m | yR o hw pmW u} QDxO=U |R=U x} Q_v p}@k u}= "O}OQo x=Q= Q=@ u}rw= Ovm|t u=}@ =Q pt=m R=o l} (phenomenological OO = O |=x } B |R Up t =Q u %xQ=tW u}= QO |tra VywSB QO 1865 p U QO |w "O @ s v | C= F= x} Q_v xvwo u}= "Ov=OQo OLDt sy =@ s}v=wD|t =t w |t =DU=Q u}= R= u= D = u= |r=aD xtU=@ sra u=v=OxiUri w xOw@ |R=U x} Q_v x=oO}O Ci=UwQm}=t C=k}kLD RmQt QO C=}=} Q * uQU w u=Q}= |=y} Q=mty R= |WQ=Ro QDw}Bt=m swra |Q_v |=yx@vH |v=DU@=D x-UQOt u}DUNv x=oWywSB R= |Q=@N= * =v=ty}t x=oWywSB u CWPo xJv 1380 p=U QO x=oWywSB |=yD}r=ai x - t=vQ@ wQ=Qi |B=}B 24 a =tW xQ - 2 VD Wwm j@=]D QO "Ovm|t Q}}eD R}v Q=W l}B wmUwQm}t Cr=L xH}Dv QO w 'xOQmQOQ}}e | Q}Ut l} =} u} Q} R | ?r=k sDU}@ uQk pw= - yO u}DWv}= s=a w X N w xO=O Q}}eD R=i =i | w =mt 'xOv}=tv x]k v 'Q}}eD u}= =@ - QO =Q O N u |m} R}i x=oDUO Qy xJN } Q=D s}v=wD|t =t Ca}@] - R= =Q Q Ovm|t s}UQD QO " = Q P O =Wt s=tD "s} Qw CUOx@ Q}Ut u}= 'x tRwQ | y } Bx y u}= R= |}=yxmD |v=tR |wQ =yv}ov=}t Ck}kL Q =@ j} Q] x@ = Ovv=t u uO m p vO = | =Q QO 'j D= uwQO | tO O} wo|t =t x@ xm s} Q=O CUO QO |rtar=QwDUO O}vm ZQi p=L "OvDUy Q}Ut p =y q Q}}e = w y O " vQ=O VvmtyQ@ jrat l@U =iDU= = CU}J w ' = q]= u}= s=tD OW=@ umtt Qo = u R= xO m O u}= xvwoJ xm =@ =yrwmrwt u}= xvwoJ R}v xQP - Q ^iL OwN ORv xO N sU}v=mt |va} 'OvQ=O VvmtyQ@ pwmrwt D =Q C a x = Cr=L s}v=wD|t \ki xv xm CU= K=w Ckw s}vm |O a =Q Q W - } B Cr=L u}= \UwD xm R}v =Q u = x-=Q= Ovm|t pQDvm s}kDUt Qw]x@ u R= xO =iDU= = |Q m w R U jrat =Q u ' ( u}vJty xmr@ 's}vm Q}PBxOy=Wt ) w = CmQL l}t=v}O x}=B xQP |=xQ D m - = q]= sHL u}= O}rwD 'sDU}@ uQk x w C a Q_v VywSB = s}yO|t 80 - yO D " O Q j}ta K]U x xU = =Q t ' QO Ca}@] x-QtRwQ = Q P O =Wt | y } Bx y R= |NQ@ =yx} Q_v u}= Ca}@] CN=U Q} R QO xm |k}kO O}J}B Q=}U@ xm Qwv Q=WDv= -xO}OB = h}YwD 'p=Ft R= t =D w =yrwmrwt =ytD= w O O R= |O= OaD x@ CU= CQ=@a xm s}DUy sra QO |@qkv= w Q Ov=wD|t uOW \ @ t |D=@U=Lt sra s=v x@ u} wv sra u}= "OW=@ =yv=Wmym u |U=U= = R O P = | yQ= @= w x W |Q= o s v x-N=W x-@=Ftx@ xDiQo Q=Qk |y=oW}=tR C}r=ai |DvU w OaD x@ R= |O= w Q = \ @ t } (Computational Science) OvW=@|t QDw}Bt=m x@ xDU@=w w O u}= "|m} R}i |O a = x}@W |R U O = O w |O a |R Up t = x Q_v Q=vm |R U } VywSB swU QO CU= " CU= sra QO u} wv =} w 'CU= xDN=U \w@ Qt =ytD= |oDN}ov= =w x@ |DUQO x@ =Q u u} wv l} R}i = O ?ULQ@ OQ=O Q=Qk =tW p@=kt QO xm |R}t |v=tDN=U C=@F h}YwD | yQ= t w@a u}ovU s=UH= Q=vm R= xm |Qwv |oO}tN h}YwD =} w =ytD= -xOW xR}Dv=wm Q w Q ]u ' (space-time continuum) = u tR u}vJ QO "OvQ=O Q=Qk x}=B u}= Q@ 'Owtv u} wOD =Q u u Q = = = O = Q= k R o } w Q W ' t H Cr=L l} =oDUO xm |t=ovy u OO | } H s}=O=Q=B O=H}= |tD= C=QP |wQ Q@ xm s} QO=k uwvm = w =Q C=QP u}= | =yDmQL u} QD|RH w xDiQo s}vm p=@vO 'Ovm|t Q=Po Qo}O Cr=L x@ l}B wmUwQm}t |tQv w |DNU p}@k u x@ w CU= xDWo QHvt l} |tD= Q} R R= x Qt= u}= =@ u=tRsy R}v =Q R= " =oDUO Q}PBxOy=Wt R= 'x w Q |D=@U=Lt sra V}=O}B = wmU '=yQDw}Bt=m Q+@+= ?r=k QO O Q}O=kt X= N |O a qkv= u}= `wkw "s} Qw CUO x@ \ @ t | y w w ? |D=@U=Lt s}_a = =mt= V}=O}B uwyQt C v CU= |YNW OvtDQOk Q=}U@ |rw lJwm |=yQDw}Bt=m w |D=@U=Lt l}i=Qo " h} QaD Rwvy xm CU= =yH K]U u QO |v} wv ,qt=m sra '|D=@U=Lt sra sra u}= |rm Qw] x@ s}v=wD|t "CU= xOWv x=Q= CyH ( O |t}W 'l} R}i ' sra QO " R= xO = xDWQ |R U = Q w}Bt=m | y D | y s}vm h} QaD l} |}=} wB = ) =yy=oW}=tR =yQDw}Bt=m |O a | w u =YDk= ,=Q}N= 'O = x}@W `t=H =iDU= x-@=Ft x@ xO - O = =Q O w |O a |R Up t |UOvyt '|U=vWCU} R w ' Ovvm|t pQDvm =Q l} Swrw}@ =} R= ' =} = 'C } Q |}=}t}W '|m} R}i x=oDUO w ' (high performance computers) = w = | =iD (high performance computing) w = O}=} Q |=Q@ "OwW 'u v= |tra p=Ut QDUo w =tDN=U xm |}=yOv}=Qi j}ta |}=U=vW CyH '|D=@U=Lt w =@ x@U=Lt q @ u= D QO Q |k}kO u |= @ U= ) u}DWv 18791955 = OO w sy |v}@ V}B w =}U@ s}=xDUv=wD =yx} Q_v u}= =yDr=L ?ULQ@ | xm }= R= |L]U O CQ k |=Q=O =iDU= =@ R= xO l}B wmUwQm =t =Q u}O@ 's}=xOw@ wQ@ wQ |DU@ u@ =@ |D=@U=Lt Q_v R= |rw 's}yO K}wD CQ Y ) O |=Q=O | yx } B R= |Q l}B wmUwQm}t K]U x-O}J}B Q=}U@ O |O a u W |t: m p@=k Q_v QO xQP - * vw=Q@ CmQL l} | w u} wv l} R}i R= wvm =D x}=B l}B wmUwQm}t u =yDr=L u}= OwN xm | |r=Ft '?r]t uOW uWwQ CyH "Ov=xOw@v R= =Q = xQ - @ QO u}DWv}= =@ O u W =}U@ x-} Q_v |va} 's} Q}o@ | }R Q |W=v CmQL u}= 'u}DWv}= x-} Q_v j@=]t ( = "Q W l} jrat l@U QO =yrwmrwt O}OW Q=}U@ | = R}N | y w Ci= |va} 'u} Q} R |=yDr=L u}= xm|}=Hv R= lr=Pat "OvOQo|t u |o =Ro} R O j} Q]x@ =yrwmrwt |O=Qiv= |=yDmQL ?ULQ@ OwN '|rwmrwt |=yR}N |O a u}DWv}= -x} Q_v R= s}v=wD|t xm |Q=_Dv= xv=o} xH}Dv QO 'Ov=xDWov xOy=Wt p@=k |r=tDL= =}U@ Q @ | | =yDr=L ?UL Q@ =Q jrat xQP - Q |t wQ@ wQ |D=@U=Lt CU@ u@ l} =@ R}N Ci= Cr=L w CmQL xm CU= u s}W=@ xDW=O Q_v pOt xm s}vm|t xOy=Wt TB "Ovm h}YwD u=t}=Q@ Q=W u} Q} R 'OO o = w = CmQL xQ xO}J}B - =@ QO =t - |=xQ D m |D=aq]= xvwo I}y xQ - @ QO xQP CmQL |}=yv x-rO=at =Q} R uDN=U Q}PBxOy=Wt s}OvtR=}v u=O@ =t xm xJv "OQ=Ov Q@ QO =yrwmrwt lD lD Q = O = |t Q=W |B wmUwQm}t u} Q} R Cr=L OwN Z i p L " W @ ' N " qFt = , =D@Uv '|O } R , CU=t |D=@U=Lt C@F u}= w (p) R= xm s} Q=O Q=}DN= Nu x =mD XDNt xU =i s=v x@ |Oa)@ 6 p w q Q O = uO m |O a } ) xvwtv Q=W l} xm O}vm QO O xm CU= xOW p}mWD pwmrwt xR= v= - O Qy x@ s}v=wD|t xm s}vm ZQi u}vJty w w |t xDio wQm}t Cr=L R= ( }= R= s= m w O W sy =y N O x@ xDU@=w |= v xDiQ QD=Qi sy u}= | OaD O= CQ k xt=vU=vW l} pwmrwt s q @ u= D t xO ( =t}=yx} Q_v xm s}W=@ xDW=O Q=_Dv= s}v=wD|t =t '|oO}J}B K]U Q}PBxOy=Wt Ci= =i Q=DUw}B ?ULQ@ Ovm|t Q}PBxOy=Wt CmQL Ea=@ w OvwW|t pkDvt l@U xQP x@ |=xQwD=m C=tO=YD - qkv= l} ,=Dk}kL |D=@U=Lt sra V}=O}B ? =t '|WywSB x-N=W u}= j} Q] =Q wvax@ "s}yO K}wD OvQ=O u=} QH w x = R}N w Ci= u}= xm CU= Q=W w | y u= CQ Y @ y x@ Q}oQ=mx@ =@ s}v=wD|t | = Ov}Qi ?ULQ@ w x xmv}= =@ 'lr=Pat "OvW=@ K}wD CQOk w Q iQ u W |O a R= wO wvm = =t "CN=U RyHt |R=U x} Q_v xvwou}= CyH '|i=m xv |rw 'sRq Q=R@= OWQ w V}=O}B Oy=W uwvm = =t "CU}v u}vJ Qo}O xm CU= |DOt uwvm = |rw = CN=U modelling) C}@Uv w |twDv=wm l}v=mt |O=}v@ x-} Q_v sy xO - t =yv s=v u} wv l} R}i V}=O}B "CU= |}=v@ Q} R "O w@v V}@ |r=}N w ?=wN |=xQwD=m CmQL p}@k R= |}=yxO}OB |UQQ@ CyH O QO " v=xO =yDr=L ?UL Q@ Ca}@] x-Oy=Wt p@=k u}v=wk h}YwD CyH QO = = R= t h y '| D (q) | = XDN x (q p) O | = N } i t O= a= } D6 s}v=wD|t =t "OyO|t V}=tv N | =i l} =y u}= 'Ovm|t Q}}eD = = xD - UOx@ "Ov=xDWo x = Cr=L xDUO Ov}=tv x]k v l} \UwD - xm w xm s}yO@ =Q Q W - } B QO x u tR U u QO =Q xDUO u}= =ty "s}vm XNWt R=i |Q ] u a 3 V}B =yDOt R= |D=@U=Lt swra x=oW}=tR l} O=H}= CQwQ "CU= xDWo QO ) x@ OwW `wHQ CU= xOW|t l} (IPM) =UL= T u} wv |WywSB x-N=W u}= |v=yH C}ty= R= x@ - v=H xty R=}v u}= x@ MU=B Q w u= }= QO s QO " wra CiQW}B x@ CU= Qo}O Q |D=@U=Lt swra x=oW}=tR l} O=H}= s O Q}oQ@ wO x v wra x@ = w Q QO x Qo}O O |WywSB |R Up t u}= R= u}= QO w O=O < w]U K w '|O =}v@ | =kDQ= QDW}@ xJ Qy Q w h ] QoWywSB u= =yWv=O x=oWywSB Q w = wDUO xO=O Q= k O N Q m Q =} = x}@W =oWywSB |WywSB =Q x O CQ k u= w |O a wD@ j} Q] |rt K]U QO =Q x |WywSB =yD}r=ai |D=@U=Lt swra x=oW}=tR "CN=U KQ]t QO =Q =oWywSB 'Qo}O O |R U = xv}tR Ovv=ty 'R}v xv}tR | y | x}rw= QO=m C}@ QD Qw_vtx@ "CiQo Oy=wN Q@ QO |QDmOCU)B w |QDmO hrDNt w Rm =Qt VR t O O j} Q] R= h y " W QO = Q QO xJ |v=yH K]U l} x@ =oWywSB w x Oy=wN Q}=O '=yv=DUQyW =mt= QO u Q p@=k | = xrHt QO | y =yv ut=O xYqN Qw]x@ uOR Qo}O |m} 'VywSB s=Hv= Q@ QO xJ |YYND = w QyD | yxQwO CQ Y QO w 'u= |r=a QO =yWywSB s=Hv= =yD}r=ai u}= |t=tD QO K ] CmQW '|v=yH Q@Dat u } H R= =yy=oWv=O w = w A J w |WywSB x]w@ Qt | =kt x}y - D Cq =yDUWv qa "OW=@|t QwWm K]U xw R= QO =yUv=Qivm w |tra u} wv u}vJ OQ@W}B w |}=B Q@ -xv}tR QO xv=U=vWQ=m |=y|vR}=Q -x=Q= x=oW}=tR h=Oy= Q |= @ =Q u =D@Uv , w OR = Q m w =mt= u}= |D=@U=Lt sra "CU= QwWm QU=QU = xv} Ry | y Q ut=O xDiQW}B p=L u}a QU |tra Q QO w G N sm = xv}tR u} QDxDiQW}B =@ xm O =yWywSB x@ 'uQ t | QoWywSB R= |}=yWywSB u= l} O=H}= Q@ |v@t xv} Q}O |wRQ jkLD x@ wtv "O O | H wD@ xm CU= Q Q w O m = H= ltm =v u= wD@ sm OO =Q u= Q |D=@U=Lt sra p=L u}a =Q |}=yy=oW}=tR x@ =t QwWm Q}_v |}=yQwWm |= @ =H}= x@ QHvt xm Cw F O w xOQw O Hw | y =mt= u}= Q=@ u}rw= =Q u Q = xm CU= h Y @ QO | } H Q ?}DQD OvQ=O w x =t OvDUy O =ytD} Qwor= x}y - D |=vat x@ sra u}= O p@=k xm CU= |=} Q |}=yrOt u} wOD u W |O a uWwQ R}v =Q QDw}Bt=m sra |D=@U=Lt sra u}@=t w =oW}=tR l} x-@=Ft x@ QDw}Bt=m x |v} wv =Q =iDU= R= xO = x = Q = | y N W w xO m P ) = x}@W O = QO " O ?r=k w |O a |R Up t Computational) | QO qDN= =yD}r=ai p}@k u}= h O Q w}Bt=m sra QO " Ovvm|t = x}@W CyH |O a CU= QDw}Bt=m OwN OQmrta xDiQo pmW sOk x@ uwQO QO w CU= w xOQw O Hw * t | Q@ |mD |tD= Ci=@ QDtwv=v Ota ( =v wmrwt p w |D=@U=Lt (Nano-Science R= sD= x@ sD= w sra 'O= t QDtwv=v sra |m} Swrw}@ w = O (CFD) = = yQ W Q sra Q@ |mDt O=YDk= "O Q}o|t Q@ O =oJ =Q x W p = = | yR i |}=}t}W '|m} R}i CN=U |D=@U=Lt l}t=v}O p}@k Q |L=Q] w xO m O}OH xD - WQ OvJ R= l} R}i w =tUqB l} R}i QO |R=UpOt '|U=vW xrRrR w |U=vW=wy |=ytDU}U ' CU} R \}Lt w |w:H \}=QW |R=UpOt 'nQR@ |=yvRNt |R=UpOt '|QR}r = sUHt '|mWRB swra |R U = xv}y@ 'OvtWwy '|R U | = O QO |R Up t '|O =ytDU}U w |@Ya =YDk= = Ov}Qi = | y = xm@W | y O = |R Up t O |R Up t ' |tra |UOvyt w swra QO |y=vDt |=RH= VwQ u} wv |=yxw}W w |QDw}Bt=m l}i=Qo CU= xDWo " |i}m w |tm CN=vWx@ =yv |UQQ@ xH}Dv R= = = x}@W pmW QO k |R U QO |D=@U=Lt sra O O}J}B Q=}U@ =} xm CU= xDWo |}=yxO}OB QO w ' v=x =}U@ =} w nQR@ Q=}U@ =} w 'CU}v Q}PBu=mt= |r}rLD |=yx} Q_v OQ@ Q=m j} Q] Q =yW}=tR R= |Q=}U@ "CU}v QU}t |y=oW}=tR Q=m =@ =yv |UQQ@ w Ov=lJwm Ovy=wN s=Hv= |D=@U=Lt sra j} Q] R= lW|@ xOv} Q_v | | =y}UQQ@ O |D=@U=Lt sra V}=O}B xm s}vm sqa= s}v=wD|t u=v}t]= =@ =t s k " =@ |a}iQ sW=y Q D rai@theory.ipm.ac.ir http://www.ipm.ac.ir/IPM/homepage/csl.html = xO - t \ @ t V}=O}B x@ QHvt u}vJty |D=@U=Lt sra OQ@ Q=m "s}}=tv O}rwD |R Up t ' =oJ w Q VywSB Q=R@= w |Q xm OvyO|t p}mWD =Q 'p | =mDUO x@ C= w Qy s}v=wD|t =yv j} Q] wmrwt x@ |twDv=wm |t}W |Qw i w ` v p w Q}}eD O=H}= QO | QO QDtwv=v C=@U=Lt V}=O}B x@ QHvt QDw}Bt=m x@ xDU@=w |D=@U=Lt |U=vWCU} R wO 'u x@ swra u}= |D=@U=Lt sra OQ@ Q=m |m} R}i l} R}i |=yxDWQ u} wv ,qt=m x-N=W l} x-@=Ft x@ xm xDWo QO =Q O |R U QO " wiv |DvU swra |U=vWCU} R pt=W |m} R}i swra |R U |] p U xO sy w pkDUt Qw]x@ QO h y ' D C}r=ai RmQtD xmr@ 'CU}v Ca}@] u}v=wk O |D=@U=Lt sra 'xDWPo |= @ |rt K]U QO OvwW|t |Qw i w Q OO pUv QO "O m xOQw O Hw @ R O Q}o Q=Qk xO=iDU= OQwt sra Qo}O |=yxN=W =@ x]@=Q s k CU= |=} Q w = | yQ= i= s v ' } H | " v QO =Q h y " QDw}Bt=m x@ xDU@=w sy Ovv=wD|t |wQ w Q |m} '|D=@U=Lt sra O |tra C=@U=Lt w 'R v \ @ t Q RmQtDt x=oW}=tR QO =@ " 23Q N= Q@t G=}DL= uO m xm CU= OL=w CN=U l} |rrtr=u}@ ' =yD}r=ai | ( |W=v Qt= u}= R= R |m} R}i swra x@ w =yWv=O x=oWywSB uw i= RwQ w s =oW}=tR u}= "CU= \ @ t | | |tra x-N=W u}= x@ |v=Q}= h ] R= x-N=W =}v@ |O =y@ * 1380 Q CU= swra CiQW}B w w CiQo Oa@ QO | x@ QHvt pkDUt |WywSB xv} - tR l} x - @=Ft x@ |D=@U=Lt sra V}=O}B u =yH QU=QU s w S QO O N x - }w |tra Rm =Qt w =yy=oWywSB '=yy=oW}=tR O=H}= |B=}B 24 a =tW xQ - 4 Ci=UwQm}=t C=k}kLD RmQt QO C=}=} Q um) |Qvy y ?Uv |Q=wL =} Qw xt - HQD O |tv s=Hv= |=} Q j}kLD I}y ,=@} QkD Q=Ri=sQv CavY QO V}B p=U " W R= |Q =}U@ xm OUQ|t Q_vx@ =t= 'CU= xOW O P u v=Q o R= | TB ut 'Q=L p=L QDmOCU)B O P QO " = wLD Q=JO Qt= u}= u R= =oWv=O ZLt xQwO u v=Q o p L QO x QO =} = O = O}it w=mHvm u=v=O}=} Q Q Ci=UwQm}=t = Q u}W=t |Q}oO=} '|Q=ov RtQ '=yr=vo}U VR=OQB 'Q=Dio X}NWD =ovRtQ = |Q Q w}Bt=m l}i=Qo Q w}Bt=m |}=v}@ 'Q t '| D O}=} Q Qiv OvJ xmv}= u}tND QO u= CU}v h} QaD $ w V N = '| D |a}@] '|w m xO=O ' Q}o|t s=Hv= |k}@]D "O | =ytDU}U w VUQB u}= =Q} R CU= Q=wWO Ovvm|t Q=m Ci=UwQm}=t xm Ovvm C=@F= =Q |}=}=k CU= umtt u=v=OQ=t =} u=YYNDt p=Ft u=wvax@ =v}t]= =@ "Ovvmv u =]N ? O}=} Q u= w =Q O N =t= OvQ=O |=} Q C}ty= ,=D=P =k}kLD u}= "CU= xDi=} R= |Q =}U@ xm Cio =} = = Q = = w |t R=@ u= D w =} = Ovvm|t =iDU= smLDUt xO OO =yWwQ C } Q | yO @ Q m } C } Q QO | } H | O =} Ovv=O|t lQ t |D=k}kLD O}=} Q pY= w u= = xv}tR u}= s=tD | y QO =Q O N w OQ t QO uOQw CUO x@ |=Q@ sy |tm x-Oa O}|t |B x}=t QB w Ovvm|t Q=m w xJv "OvQ=O |=} Q QO Q_v Q \ki xv "| xw o w CU= =YDN= C Q |t u=Qov CavY VN@ = = =kD s=ovy =Qt R}J Qy QO Q m | R= V}@ xJv h}r=D w Q=WDv= Q@ |}=yD}OwOLt xJ xmv}= |va} 'Ow@ |wvat C}mr=t w u}= x@ Q |B =@ |rw w uO @ CmQW "OQ=O O Hw = Q =@ R= GQ N O= i= =@ \ DQ= j =} wkL = w Q F =_v xvwoI}y Ci=UwQm}=t C=k}kLD RmQt |=yywQo R= l} I}y QO xm xDmv CQ = =@ \@=wQ R= GQ N QO p wkat Q}e =yD}OwOLt =} | =WDv= w Q sDi=} Vt=Q " R= O V}B |UQQ@ w 'OQ= v O Hw CmQW w R= Q =F w CQ Y =yv ) wvax@ | =Wi= w OQ=O O Hw w OQ t QO Q}e =yD}OwOLt u}= xm Ovvm EL@ Ovv=wD|t |y=oWv=O QO R}v =x QDmJwm | |ki=wD xm O}rwD = x =Q | y t v @ w ( =yxWkv =} =HD |Q w I}y =t= OvDU}v EL@ p@=k OW=@ xDiQov =Q |OQ t O Q "sQ= v d= U weWt Qiv ) O Q m @ p 600 Ow L u OvJ x@ u}kkLt u}= '|DavY ( wvm = sy RmQt u}= C =k}kLD | u}J QO " OQ=O =DUrov= =yy=oW}=tR QDW}@ Ovv=t "OvDUy O w |t s}UkD |YYND |k}kLD =yy=oWv=O |=} Q w = OmWv=O x@ | yx QDmOCU)BxQwO ut xm CU= - =Q O N | jkLt O= =Q QO w u Q " v W xw o Cy=@W u} QDW}@ xm |ywQo (theory group) OaD u}ty x@ ,=@} QkD 'C@=F wa Ciy | Q_v Q xw o OQ=O Q u}= "sv=QPo|t xw o u QO pk=OL =Hv}= O=Qi= s=tD "OQ=O COtR=QO -xOvvm O}OR=@ R}v |O=OaD w '|QDmOCU)B |D=k}kLD xv} - tR = xv}tR | y QO 'u R= QO Q_viQY =t= OvQ=O |Q_v QDw}Bt=m swra QO |k}qa =F wvax@ "Ov=`wvDt u= } t 'p t u= | R}ov=CioW RQ]x@ =Hv}= xm OvDUy |}=yv=O}=} Ql} R}i 'RoQw@ =}@}mQD xv} - tR w C QO xm =}DU} Qm u = |Q t w wrUq %OvW=@ Qiv T=w r wO w QO T*}J Qi}vH l} R}i Ci=}yQ l} u}= | Q_v Q =a= xw o | VD=k}kLD Q]=N x@ ROr}i p=Ot x-OvQ@ 'utO} Qi pm}=t w Ovm|t Q=m =ytD} Qwor= Ovm|t j}kLD |twDv=wm =@ =Lt " C U QO u wvm = xm '| Oa@ Q=yJ www |S r B D QO Ov=CQ=@a OQ=O OwHw =yv x@ |Y=N xkqa |Q_v xwQo QO xm |Qo}O |=yxv}tR CUQyi Q@ j}kLD | Q_v xw o QO ' Q Q =Wi |= @ |Q |rm Qw]x@ O w =tDL= x-} Q_v "p w OQ= v O Hw |D=k}kLD O w x@U=Lt |oO}J}B = x =Q O | y t v @ R= |=x W u}}aD * a= X N | = R= =yawwt |wQ |t u=Wv O}kt=v C=k}kLD x@ =Q Ci=UwQm}=t OyaD |Q_v xwQo C}r=ai " yO Ci=UwQm}=t s OvW=@ xv=O@DUt =} |k]vt | H @ =yywQo Ci=UwQm}=t CU= QkDUt uDovW=w OvwtOQ | w |tv p=t =mty =@ = x p Ci=UwQm}=t x-]wLt |=yDv= QO u=tDN=U wO QO ,=DOta Ci=UwQm}=t C=k}kLD "O W u=Q wYLt O}rwD C RmQt "OQ}o|t CQwY x}=B C=k}kLD R= R}v |R}ov=CioW |v=@}DWB 'p=L u}= =@ =yv OQwt QO O=Qi= xm |D=awwt QO |Q=mW |=yD}OwOLt Qo}O CQ=@ax@ Q= U= p t u= w Qm}=t C=k}kLD RmQt =k}kLD x@ X u} QDiwQat O}=W "Ovvm|t Q=m 'x@U=Lt x-} Q_v x@ O m =} = QO C } Q OQ t OvUQ|t Q_vx@ \=@DQ= QO xOv} =} |rai C=O}rwD =@ xm OvQ=O Q=mwQU |D=awwt CtUk u}= w C=t=Rr= QO & ' |vwQ}@ |=yr}tLD =k}kLD RmQt C i Uw |D=}=} Q R= Ovvm|t Q=m Qm Pr= jwi |=yywQo QO xm |O=Qi= QFm = xm Cio u=wD|t =yv |= @ ' (MSR) C = xm CU= Ci=UwQm}=t R= |=xN=W u @ R VR=O B ' QDmO C }Q | ut C=L}wD sQ=wO}t= =t= 'sW=@ CavY QO C=}=} Q OQ@ Q=m XYNDt " W @ =@ xRw t= ZLt u=v=O}=} Q xm OwW|tv p}rO `wwt u}= xJQo "sDUy Ci=UwQm}=t QO Q p OvW=@v x=o 15 QO w Qo}O =k}kLD pm C =yywQo | QO =} = Ov}=tv xHw I}yx@ QO C } Q x - =Hv}= QO |=} Q Q u}= =t= xw o = = s_a= CtUk "CU}v | yQ m Ovv=t |}=yxv}tR a 5 P CU= C r Qo}O sRq = xDWQ u}YYNDt =@ Q=m | y =yvD ,q@k ut xm |D=}=} Q Q@ R= sy Q=vm QO hrDNt |=yxDWQ ut =F wvax@ "OW=@ R}ov= "sO @ x@ uOt p@k =D =t= R= w Q |t 's @ w O =Wo|t sOw@ xO}O x} w=R l} =H}y Q=}U@ u w Q P w "O @ xO m ? H O N u= O}=} Q l} x@ =Qt C=}@}mQD w Q Ov=wD|t |= @ Q Oy=wN = O}=} Q |}=OH R= xO =UL= CavY T ( x Q_v C =k}kLD RmQt |i=m QwO O= i= R= RDioW =Q =yv xt - y "O m u v= Q O O= a= - } =yv C}ty= Ci=UwQm}=t QO =Q xm OvDUy ut]t 'OvwW|t `tH sy ZLt w l Q O= QO OaD |Dkw = Q l} ) O O =Hv}= CU= uDovW=w x-J=} QO h Ov}=tv l} = ( wvax@ 'p L C 'u Q@ xwqa "OQ=O |=} Q ) =k}kLD RmQt pLt OvwtOQ Qy x@ =t= "CU= \}Lt |@Uv =yYYND | =yxDWQ w w Z Qat xD R VN@ l} nQ @ ZLt QO =Q =Wv Ea=@ u}= \ w u}@ ?}=at QO uO @ w w wkL P |t QF= j =}=Rt R}ov= u=H}y |= @ | = Ci=UwQm}=t |=} Q =ytD} Qwor= =} = = O w C } Q " vQ=O O Hw = xv}tR QO Q |Q Q = j Ov}=WwN=v =} xQNUt Ci=UwQm}=t xm sQ=O u R} w=DUO ut OvyO s=Hv= = |w aO = = Q_v | Qo}O | p=Ut =x= | B @ B = u}vJ Qo = =t= "Ovm|tv KQ]t Q =yWqD xw o | =yywQo Ovv=t =yywQo |a@ R x = Q O}rwD CyH | }Q t v @ =F = x =Q = =} x@ ltm x@U=Lt x-} Q_v O | xm CU= u QO Q = w x@ w O}=@ "O m xQ W= OQ t = w w = OQ t Q Q C a t |wQ Q m |= @ |Q= Y= QO * o |S r QDW}@ Q=Di =y} Q=m xR} Q x Q_v w O= a= - } Q_v Q sy=Qi |]}Lt xO m R= w wvmD Q Ovv=t xw o |a}Uw h}] =ovRtQ | yQ m D x Q CN=U x@ ltm =} OvyO@ K}HQD " u}W=t xm|r=L w |t Ovvm|t \ @ t =yywQo | j}kLD xmv}= x@ xDU@ =Q O=R =iDU= xO w Q |}=v@ Q} R QO "O W |Q = = = Ovvm O}rwD QO | =Q |=xOQw i u R= Qiv =yvw}r}t xm = =mt= x@ |}=yv xDm v - C v QDQ@ |DL =} =yy=oWv=O =@ xU}=kt p@=k Ci=UwQm}=t | D l} =t= "CU= xQy@|@ |OH |=} Q x-v=N@=Dm l} CmQW u}= 'CU=yv R}v uDov}W=w x=oWv=O |=yxv=N@=Dm u}= CW=O sy=wNv |vwv=k wvax@ "OvQ}o|t Q=Qk xwQo wO u}= u}@ Q_v u}= R= =yywQo w |t =iwmW =} = w OQ t 'p t u= =Q O C }Q wkL u}= =k}kLD x@ uwQ}@ R= |yOCyH Qo}O syt xDm v - =yywQo C}r=ai "OvQ=Ov |Y=N w |t j C w |t Q=O}OB |Q_v C=k}kLD w |rta |=yOQ@ Q=m x-N=W wO Qy QO w O W "O W =ytD} Qwor= | =v}t]= 'sD=Oy=Wt |Q m | "O W =Q wkL u}= uO}WN@ " ,U U= | s= OvyO|t K}HQD C}r=ai |=Q@ =Q |Dw=iDt |=yywQo hrDNt O=Qi= "OQ}o|t Q@ QO w ` v =}U@ syt |=yxr-=Ut =} = =ov RtQ |m} 'CmQW x@ =k}kLD RmQt ut `wtHt * U |O @ Q m C } Q |Dv QO | = QO Q m \w W R= C C } Q R= GQ N | y Q "OQ=O O N |= @ |Q x-}=B Q@ "CU=Hv}= ONDU= j w O `= @= =DU@ xO@ u CU= xOQm R=e =Q OwN dwr@ u=QwO Q=Ri= sQv CavY xm xRwQt= "s=xDi=} |=} Q =} = wkL ^iL x@ p}=tD Ovvm|t | p (patent) = O}=} Q xm |}=yDmQW xty Ovv=t Ci=UwQm}=t "CU= u v= Ovv=t =tDL= x@ u v= =Q ' * |DvU |O Q@ Q=m = O}=} Q Q@ O=} R 'OQ= o Q P |t xOvvm w O } B | H =Q MSR C@F w C}OwOLt R= Q_viQY | y t v @ |R UxO B C}r=ai |}=@} R Qy@ QO O}=} Q OY u= l} OOaDt u}kkLt x@ u=U |UQDUO w uwo =vwo Q R= |Q=O @ x QDW}@ QO "OQ=O O Hw X N - WQ Q = QO |=x Q]v ,=k}kO uDovW=w x=oWv=O xv=DN@WwN =t= V}@ p=U Qy Ci=UwQm}=t u= =yD}mr=t xv} - tR QO xm xJv 'C=]=@DQ= | xDmv u}= x@ "CU= O=Qi= QO uO m Q m O= }= " vQ= v O}OR=@ wvat QDWt |kqa xHw I}yx@ ZLt C=}=} Q QO =yxN=W w =yYYND R= |Q=}U@ =Q} R CU= R= | w Ovtxkqa |v} R \=kv ltmx@ =yr=QoDv= uOR u}tND x@ =yDOt |rm Qw]x@ "sDUv=O|tv Q=t O Hw O sWJ Qt= u}= =Q} R =Q | } H R= v= Q =kDv= p R= |O= i= uO @ " } 'p t u= =yv OQ@ Q=m OO xm s}y=it QO =y@ * 1380 Q w@tm u}= O | L =D xm O Q w}Bt=m `@=vt R= OvDUt x-=Q= OQ=O lQ= t w C= w |t R=}v R= u= D w w Cq R= Q |r=a sDU}U |= @ Ovm|t u=Q@H CQ Y QO " Q =iDU= "O m xO H. Cohn Mathematics at Microsoft Reasearch Focus 2 (2001), 8-9. |twta wH QO Ci=UwQm}=t =k}kLD RmQt QO uwvm =sy C " CU= (Henry Cohn) u Qvy ) m | QDmOCU)B xQwO uOv=QPo p=L - | http://www.math.harvard.edu/ cohn w= |DvQDv}= C}=U TQO CU= " " h} QW |DavY x=oWv=O w |O=}v@ |=yW * v=O x =oWywSB '?Uv |Q=wL =} Qw y O 's=x }O =yy=oWv=O w Ci=UwQm}=t =k}kLD RmQt u}@ ut xm |Dw=iD u} QDoQR@ C |}=yU=tD w C=]=@DQ= `wv 'Ci=UwQm}=t QO wHWv=O Q=mW u=Oki R= Q_viQY =}U@ Q = * |= xDWQ u=}t = Q = =@ C ] DQ= = Ovyt 'QDw}Bt=m swra 'u v=OQ t 'j @ u U ODi=|t =iD= sy =yy=oWv=O j xtHQD `wv s u R= Ci=UwQm}=t ut " (C QO QO "O OvtWv=O '=yv=O}=} Q u}@ |QDW}@ u= ) Qt= u}= xD@r= w =yU} wvxt=vQ@ OQ=O O Hw """ w ' wtat QDtm ZLt U= p Q}o|t CQwY xm CU= | =yv=O}=} Q w = OQ t QO t= |B=}B 24 a =tW xQ - 6 * uQU w u=Q}= |=y} Q=mty R= CU=yxO=O p}rLD " PN= w |WQ=Ro |aiQ= u}Or=s=UL |tra QO x=oWywSB CwUmV}B O=DU= O x W Q= (CERN) wty * u U Q =@ Q u= }= |Q =mty x=Q 'V qD = OvJ p U TB R= QH=Q '|v=}=t wv=Jwr R= pmWDt |D-=}y '|tUQ |Q=mty u}= R=e Qw_vtx@ "CU= =mty =@ u=Q < l} CUWv l} xRwQ =t= x@ x}rw= x-t=vki=wD w Ov} =v =k}kLD |Qw i w C =mtyQ@ u}iQ] p}=tD "O @ x C TB w Ot R= |Q OO =mty u}= wYvt =Q CU=} Q x@ = x = Q Q@ xm CU= xOW p}mWD swra = CmQ=Wt QwWm (Muon Solonoid =oDUO wrH QDt} Qr=m R= |DtUk uDN=U QO u=Q}= 'CN=U xr - LQt QO "Ovvm|t =mty QDt} Qr=m u}= uDN=U |Q xm |}=yQwWm Q}=U QO \UwD CN=U x-t=vQ@ pm "OvDUy =m} Qt O " W * @ u U QO Q ) (O p}rLD u}= w W Oy=wN C O |v=Q}= u= Q = Om} R}i = wHWv=O 'xt=vQ@ u}= u } Oy=wN R=e =yxO=O uDiQo R= x}mQD 'x}UwQ * }= y u U u v= qtDLt =yy=oDUO ?Yv R= , w Q Oy=wN CmQ=Wt "O m QO = OvJ =D ,qtDLt =yxO=O p}rLD xO "O=O =Ht OvQ=O = Ovyt w u U |t}D R= Q Qo}O CtUk =D OwQ xt=O= xm ) ( Q}oxR=Ov= |t Q=_Dv= "CU= = = O = xDW=O xt=O= |Oq}t =DU@=D OvtWv=O s}D u}= =yD}r=ai | =mW OvyO@=DW w x = LHC x =D 2020 p U @ QDUo w uDiQo =B =@ ,qtDLt w CU= V O O w}B|t " v v l} R}i xD - N=vW=v O =D O w OWv xO=O MU=B =Q u j}ta | y }q = x l} Q=D x@ = x w | y W o w O =D Q |r=N | y t v @ QO u= }= = | H x@ R}v OtLt Qo}O | Q@v}=wsqU w n =Wox=Q O}=@ | qax@ xw xm CU=yr=U "OW=@ CU= R= C=QP = = "OR U =D = xO t Q N U s ?U=vt x=o}=H s}v=wD@ =t " } Qw CUOx@ u |rrtr=u}@ Q u}@ R= - N u}= |Q | yxSw B w C=QP sra | yR t O w Ow @ = Q q =mty u}= = Q Q = `w W @ pt=m = xt - HQD xm RmQt u}= "OW=@ w O OrwDt =Q Q s v q}t |O xDUy l} R}i |= |Qw xDUy C=k}kLD |}=B wQ= |= (Research x 50 - yO QO ' uwQO R= |oR=Dx@ = u tR u QO xm T}U-=D 'OvQ=O w xDW=O C=QP |=yW}=tR xm |v}ovU GQ=Nt x@ xHwD =@ "O}OQo * =mty =@ uQU O Q u}= wQ O =B wQ= x@ xrLQt w O}@r]|t =Q QwWm u}OvJ R= " QO C=QP l} R}i CU= xOW s=Hv= =Hv |Q =mty R Q u}vJ | m t =k}kLD RmQt x@ |}=B wQ= QwWm OvJ C Q}otWJ = = QO | wvm =D = | yQ m u u tR u OvyO@=DW l} xW}ty =yv RmQt QO xm |y=oW}=tR |rY= C=U}U-=D xrLQt x pvwD R= xO CU= |=x =iDU= Q=L p=L * QO u U Q |rY= x-t=vQ@ "Ov=xDi=} <=kDQ= CU= T}wU " xUv=Qi RQt w QO w Q R}v |rY= u |= @ O QO Q = |}=yOQwNQ@ Ov=wD@ xm |S v= @ wvS QyW |m}ORv xm OwW|t xOv=wN Q}oxR=Ov= x=oDUO | OvyO@=DW Q@ h y " w w J m - Uw 2 w $ =U}U-=D QO C LHC 4 'x ) CMS ATLAS LHCb ALICE QDm w xr} ( xk@ O x@ ,qFt Ov=nQR@ Q=}U@ xm xR= v= - Tev T}wU Large Hadron Collider hiN |L=Q] Q 'OQ=O Q= k OvyO@=DW x@ u <=kDQ= w QDtwr}m 27 \}Lt x@ =yxOvyO@=DW OwHwt u}= pLt "OyO ?}DQD =Q =yvwDwQB u}@ 14 Q u}= xSw B qa "CU= xw %R= Ov=CQ=@a xm Ov=xOW ] CWy u=tDN=U l} Q |rt=a VOwHw xm |=xQP 'CU= Ro}y -xQP uDi=} =yW}=tR u}= R= |rY= |= @ CU= xOW xDN=U " = u R= Ca}@] xm CU= |D=QP w Q uO @ Q=Os H =mW R= |Q=OQ@xQy@ w CN=U x-t=vQ@ QO u=Q}= '|rai |=yQ=Qk T=U= Q@ R UQ s Q@W}B QO =}v@ |O =@ CQ a u l} R}i Vv=O OQ@W}B Qw_vtx@ * w (IPM) xtrm OvJ uDio 'QDW}@ K}wD R= V}B O}=W European Organization for Nuclear) CU= O}t= "CU= xOW|t TL uQU u=Q=mty sy w u=}v=Q}= \UwD sy |tra O N =mty u}= |tra w t x-t=vQ@ =yr=wU x@ "OwW|t ( O s}taD x-wLv | | OyO MU=B Ov=wD|t wWqo OQ= v U= p t = x =Q u LHC wtv uWwQ Qw_vtx@ C=QP OQ= v U= p t OQ t QO x uWwQ |v=yH = Q | yR t uO RmQt Q R= " }O o p @ * ) |Q * u U OQ t QO |= Q}oxR=Ov= G}=Dv | OtL : t 'x=oWywSB Q=mty O=DU= Q_v Q} R uQU QO |v=Q}= s}D |tra |=yQ=m u= (CERN) |Q =Q u | yR UQ " W @ x-} Q_v =_v CU= xO}OQo ' 80 u | w Q C:}r=ai xm Ow@ Q=wO}t= u=wD|t "O}t=Hv= Oy=wN pw]x@ u R= TB p=U Q Q h ] R= "OQ=O CQ xD}tm |= " T} = QO \ @ t = H= R}v CQ=Rw h ] R= =NDv= |Q=mty u}= |tra |=yD}r=ai |rY= x=o}=H u=wva@ U-D 'O @ x W CmQ=Wt pt=W j}kLD u}= "OvR=OQB|t 1384 p U R= wD@ p=U R= | =D 'u UQ |Qw i w Q}o}B pwUt 'QwtWm QH=Q Ovyt w OvtWv=O Q=Ry Q@ dr=@ ' 32 R= T x j}kLD x =yWv=O x=oWywSB xD}tm u}= ? =mW R= |Q=OQ@ xQy@ w CN=U x-t=vQ@ QO |v=Q}= | }Q t v @ w | | y t v @ R UQ w =v w |Q R x =Q " v W |Q t = =kt CQ=Rw C t =k}kLD 'swra CQ=Rw |rrtr=u}@ |=yW}=ty QDiO 'xt=vki=wD u}= T=U= Q@ * Compact hiN ) CMS wra 's Cki=wt Q@ |v@t xt=vki=wD u}= "O}UQ w |DUQB QU x@ uQU |D=k}kLD Cvw=at | QyD x@ T}r= u=H w QwtWm u= |Q =mty w |vi =mty pt=W CmQ=Wt u}= |Q Q Oy=wN CmQ=Wt "O m CMS a 7 =y@ * 1380 Q QDw}Bt=m swra |Q_v |=yx@vH |v=DU@=D x-UQOt u}DUNv Q = Q @ | @ }Q k D xS=wK ] T U= | = y t D } Qw o r= |=} Q xa - t=H "OvOw@ |yr=QmW u}t= u} R=eu=owO u " x- } Q_ v x@ |v=w=Qi |tUQ Q}e |=yFL@ waOt u=v=QvNU = O}=} Q u}@ =Q |Q=@ QB |=ywoDio w OvDN=Ov= x=Q u v= |v=QvNU "OvDN}ov=Q@ QDw}Bt=m swra u=YYNDt w =@ = x wLt | } R w R @ -] | =yWN@ u} QD?r=H =@ xm QO Q |m} OW R= O |O tR xQ v= Qty |tra |r=a x-t=vQ@ x= Q syt =oWywSB O= }= x = w ' yxR t R= | Q}otWJ C}kiwt =@ O Q Q P =yQ=R=@ |OQ vx m " vO @ u=w= i C r =@ = QyW | }R | y O}OR=@ R= Q pt=m "O m =Q w 'Qw =Ht =yywm | xt=vQ@ R=Q}W QO =y LQ ] x- } Q_ v VywSB * | u}k} sQ=O = xR H= Q@yQ Q xm s} wo@ sv=wD|t u= }= w Oy=wN "O @ Q=Ox ut x@ V}=ty u}= Oya =Q = QvN U "C iQ o|t Q @ u v= (=m Q = =@ DQ= C ] % } C v= tQw |D=}@}mQD |=yLQ] " = Ot |R Up (x U % xm |Dq}mWD ( = wUt |v=tR O}Ht xrtH R Q |t}tY |]}Lt Q= o @ " w@rwm RrQ=J uQ = Q}D = y W v=O x= o W ywS B | QO Q Dw } B t= m w | U R= } Cy H Q O ) O v rQ= U 'R p = ) w j}kO O }= U O vw t } Q Q@ =yxvwtv T U= w x R= O = x W xO t C }= ( =yi=Qo uOv=Wv x@ " | ( ) Q |=yx@vH ) " (= m & QO =ytD} Qwor= & =m} Qt '|rmQ@ |v=Q} Rw Vtw= svm |v=OQOk OvOQm } ) s |tDv=wm Q t 'l D= } HQw H | v=Q } Rw | H } w * QDw}Bt=m swra |Q_v |=yx@vH |v=DU@=D x -UQOt u}DUNv waOt O}D=U= @ QO u } O a t = q ]= C a | QO QmW D ut utHv= xt=vQ@N =Q QDW}@ w R= = y Q |= @ Q |= @ UQO w O}vm xaH=Qt |v=DU@=D x- UQOt u}DUNv QDw}Bt=m swra |Q_v |O=}v@ |=yWv=O x=oWywSB 2000 |qwH 39 'u=Q}=u=QyD O w Q p=Ut R u }= " |O tR xQ v= \ @ t u}= http://www.ipm.ac.ir/sotacs P Om |tD} Qwor= -x} Q_v =@ |}=vW =yWwQ & =m} Qt 'RQoD=Q wt OQ x U "|Q= o = O O= } wQ =Q u 'VQ= o =W }= 'u s}vm|t u=oOvv=wN s}OkD = ) |Q t | ?r] t u} a T U= Q t 'p @ x= o W }= tR | y r r=Q m W u } t= |tra Q | = } Q utH v= x- t= vQ@ N =ytN OviwmW |ra =yi=Qo x- } Q_v x Ok t x=Qt y |= t = T v=Q i v m |@} QkD QO =Q QUov yQ i |= " v=xO m xO t u= }= wrm}t Q w}Bt=m |}=v}@ (= m = A J " T u=Qw xt - HQ D ut | = } Q utH v= Q} @O O=Ry @ |Oy t w yxO=O = =} v x D iy QDmO xm CU= xOv=UQ A=J x@ =O=v=m QO =yOQ@ Q=m w Q@H O}O =@ <=}W= "| D % w@ rw m R rQ= J "O W Q=R oQ @ ( = = Q V}=ty u}= ) Q@ |}=yWwQ % =m} Qt 'pUmQO R= u v QO =Q Q @ B = } v@ :r ) = t r =iDU= =@ xy=Q OvJ " QO u o pw - w@ rw m R rQ= J uQ R= xO ( =v}t]= = w =}U@ u=Q=mty w u=oOvvm Q=RoQ@ R= OvyO|t =@ |rY= CQ a | vw tROw N % xU v=Q i 'T } Q= B =Dv U = =y} v=QvN U T } Q= B | y r s _= m Q "| u | v= D Q ) v= i ' = |ar OvJ = Ovvm CmQW s=tD OvOw@ t ' | ? r=] t R= |a} Uw QO =Q %R= " y QO QO |O = 1379 p U x t =}@}mQD |wD}DUv= uDrw@ =yiY= xv}tR u}= O tx @ C C wL vx @ x UQO t 'xv} tR | h} ] '|rrt r=u}@ w aO t u= v=QvN U w u QDw}Bt=m swra |=} Q =}@} mQD QO QO x } w @ 'C l} = x@v H | v=DU @= D x- UQO t u} rw= | y |WQ=Ro 'Tv=Qivm u}= waOt u=v=QvNU R= |m} |R UR @ % u Q S x Q u= }= Q_ v R= = x@vH x-Ov} OWQ V}=ty u}= C}kiwt Qo = =Q u= }= QO QO " | x m Ow @ xO W | yO v= tR= U | y =@ OyO O} wv CU= p=ai Q=}U@ | wr a s uQ =Q =yv=QwDUQ w =yr=U OviwmW V}B u}= =@ "Ov=xDW=O Q}otWJ |QwL '=yi=Qo w V}=ty u}= O}OR=@ 'Ovv=t|@ |R=wvu=tyt R= |HQ=N w w w "O @ V}=ty u}= 'Xkv|@ |R} Qxt=vQ@ w Q}PBrO C}akwt u} waOt "CN=U u} Qk =}v=Q}= Q}N= w x wra s Q_v | = x@vH |v=DU@=D -xUQOt u}DUNv | y = w = sy v = D sw U 2000 p U |q H x t RQ Q QyD '|O=}v@ Q= o @ 'u= }=u= R= Q Dw}B t= m =yWv=O x=oWywSB | QO |ra '|y=WwQUN =Qtqe u=oOvvm Q=RoQ@ "OW |B=}B 24 a =tW xQ - 8 x=oWywSB R= |Q=@N= C}@Uv x} - Qi xv} - tR =yWywSB xm CU= QO |w | = wYN |w CQyW "CU= xDW=O |}=RUx@ C}ty= ,Y x-yO C}@Uv x-} Q_v uwtR QO pUmU utwQ QO |Q 1970 M} Q=D u R= VwQ u}= w CiQo s=Hv= u} w x=oWv=O wYvt x-} Q_v "OW w Q CU= |UQO OQ=w | =y@=Dm =ai p u}vJty QO w x Q w " @ G= t= QO xRO= U D v } U D QOw v * |tRQ=wN |rrt r=u}@ xQ= - wvWH O}rwD |vwDwi R=o |=Q@ |=xQ=W |Ov@pwtQi u}vJty ' Okt Qw =Q p =oJ w = R}r VvmtyQ@ |UQQ@ xm O= t @ Q CU= xOt CUOx@ Q=@ u}rw= Q " = |t |= @ 'OR U | O}it Q=}U@ QO u } t yOQ= y J uyB h}] =@ |U}]=vetwQDmr= V@=D |W@vH w QO C}@Uv x-} Q_v |v} Ro}=H |aOt xm |}=yx} Q_v =}DN= =yvwQDmr= uOW QO Q_v |@ wJQ=J Q@ ptDWt uO tR |= @ Q R}r Tr=B QwL VywSB Q]=Nx@ QO =mty =@ xm CU= |Q w X= N '|Q R QO | v=Q }= u=O m } R } i wO OvDUy u}DW}v= |Q= @= wYvt "|@ QHD |Q C }w a swU u=yH swra = Om} R}i |tO=m u v= xRO =}U@ \}=QW QO u=Q}= QO VywSB uDW=Oyov Q= WO Q D QO v =UDv}U CU= xDW=O |U=U= |Wkv '|tqU= ?qkv= R= Oa@ w " l} R}i x- t=vQ@ QoR=e qkv= R= TB u=Q}= l} R}i utHv= OOHt uOQm p=ai ? s = CU= " Q =i}= Q xO m =}v@ p U QO '|O wra xa - UwD w <=k@ QO syt |Wkv '|QwYvt \UwD O 'xRO =UDv}UD =yWv=O x=oWywSB | =Q uqOQ= O y i = xt=vQ@ u}= u=} wHWv=O Q w Qo}O Qiv xU xDW=O xOya Q@ s}kt w =Q Qiv Q=yJ |}=tvy=Q R= QDmO x-HQO PN= * uty@ QO |tO=m |=a= |@D m |=Q PN= R= TB w x@ = Q uqOQ= O y i w |Q ? = =NDv= swU u wYvt =Q = '1379 x t =yH swra |tO=m QO u}= x@ |tO=m u}= \UwD u=Om} R}i wO u}= "OvOW O O |iQat KQW % v=x W = w =yH swra |tO=m 1362 p U QO s U u Q OvtWv=O pw= R= ] u= R= |tO=m u}= "OW QO prt Q}N= = = P x= wvH = =NDv= =@ C @ u | =a= ) 1983 = wWm |Q= o } B ? pm Q}@O \UwD ,=tUQ u tR U ( |ywQo \UwD | yQ = 1985 p U OaD "OW O= CU= Qiv " = @ a sw U CQ Q@W}B O ) wv H &? u = y H sw r a | tO= m | v= @ } D W B 'C N= v W w ' = wW m | yQ QO K =DDi= 589 ( 1 %R= C U= OvtWv=O |=Q @ | D=k}kL D sRq p }= Uw x}y D - O Q@W}B CyH wvH ? = OvtWv=O u=}t \=@DQ= p}yUD u= ( 4 &? w p wvH =tW = wWm | yQ = wWm | yQ QO =}t |tra u =k}kLD |tra = U Uw- t C w =mty j} wWD |Q = y @=w H =yr=U |t}Uk D Q=D N= U = @ D x- } Q_v QO |w | Oa @ 11 p Ot =yWywSB V v=Q oQ @= x- } Q_ v R r } tn v= } x- } Q _ v = ( w =tU} Q x- } Q_v " u wYN QO , Y u = t U } QQ +@+= CU= xDi=} |rrtr=u}@ CQyW |}=H@=H=v = wHWv=O R= |ywQo |=tvy=Q w Q)B = xv} tR | y " R= |m } CU= q=@ QO Q OaDU t |= @ =y} SQv= l} R}i |=kDt s | wWt u}vJty j V ywS B =]a= |D=k}kLD Q]=N x@ `k=w QO 'Qwm Pt x-R}=H =oWywSB w x =@ Q=m u}= QO |w Ct=k= w p ] QO CU= xO}UQ s=Hv= x@ w xm OwW|t w= C}=Oy =@ |v=LwQ =Q OwtLt '|U=@a u}UL VywSB x-Ota VN@ xm O O= |Q |rrtr=u}@ CQyW =@ |v=Om} R}i |QwYvt =Q =mty S |t}mL u}UL xw B =tD= x@ u=W}= Q_v Q} R ' v=x v UQ s w w x= =Q O N - r UQ CU= xDiQo s=Hv= =k}kLD u}= x- YqN O}|t Q} R C xJv QO w w | }= Hx @= H= v h W m | w =oWywSB xO @ x % QqwO t QO uO @ Q}N= CU= " " = t U } Q=Q= B ' w p ] QO QO 'u WZNW O v @x k @ ] | ' u } = 3 &u v C | Q pw= R= ] ( = ` @=w D C N= U = |=OQw v VQ B uqOQ= " wWm | yQ ) x- } Q_ v hW m p t= W C U= xD W=O xv}tR u }= ( 2 = Q uqOQ= O y i |v=WNQO |=yWywSB xm CU= q=@ |=y} SQv= |Q_v | y t W Ovt WRQ= |tr a C=k}kL D u= l} R}i xDU HQ@ u= v=Om } R}i R= - = x = O y= h= C} wa Q s}kDUt |= @ 1378 w 1376 '1375 | =yH swra |tO=m |r=a |=QwW O=yvW}B x@ w= s}kDUt Qw] x@ w | s U u t Q =tUqB O R Q |tRQ=wN x-R}=H x-OvQ@ u=wvax@ 1379 Q}e Qw] x@ wYv QO wUiwQB " W x } o @ =}v@ u= }= QO |O |Q w QO v Q R}r |Q =yUr=B VvmtyQ@ Q=L | l} R}i p=Ut u} QDtyt R= |m} CU= = p L QO = = |D}@Uv 'xO t @ = K]U uw}U=R}vw} |}=yDOW u}vJ xO t QO " CU= x@ "OwW|t =tUqB O}rwD x@ QHvt xm ODi=|t j=iD= = Q=OQ @ C=QP =@ R}r Tr=B VvmtyQ@ |Q u}= \UwD xm OwW|t j}kLD w |}=U=vW w =@ u p vO OaDt Q=F O=H}= Ea=@ |O = u}rw= OQ t Q @ Q u}kkLt |= @ |D}@Uv l} QDt=Q=B O}OWD pFt 'CU= xDiQo Q=Qk ' T \ " w@Lt ' QwvO=@ O}rwD '|QR}r uOW |vwv=m OwN a 9 w |t "O W * C y @ u U =} = x lQLDt C=@ Q x=oW}=tR |R=Ov=x=Q O =D h= y= | U=Q QO l} Q_v OQ=O OvtWwy |=ytDU}U x-OmWywSB QDmO QO | xQwO O - =H}= |D=k}kLD w l}D=@ Q x=oW}=tR "Ovm T}U-=D l}D=@ Q x=oW}=tR Q |vi|tra C=}y R Q Q= o @ ( |]wU@t CMS w =} =oW}=tR 'XNWt |=yvwtR s=Hv= |=Q@ O }OR= @ R= (Manipulator) | = (Mobile Robot) p = w D @ Q |wR @ = O a O = O l} x@ } @ t C @Q O a = O CN=U Qwt= s=Hv= | yQ= t O l} x@ |v}r=@ x=oW}=tR Q}o O xr}Uw xR= v= - w p w Q u}vJty "OQ=O |@=}?}a 'sRq |= @ O a | l} w =vo}U Orwt 'A wmUwr}U= CU= OvtR=}v |m} QDmr= " =mW Q}W x - TB R= QyD w u= w R= 11 R vx = =}y w u C = xrt H p@kD t x}yD QO |O=} R O=Qi= xDWPo |=yxQ=tW QO O Q =mt y x=oW ywS B x- t= vQ@ N R= " v=xO m |Q =t W Q y xQ = QO |O } R C w |tv xOQ@ xt=vQ@N QO =yv 'O W |rav=tQ w w} o sOk t ( | v=OQO k =y v C =t LR |t=v w OvwW|t u}UL OtL t u= }= k xO=R = } = } Q x-O m W ywS B C R= =t LR x m | v=U m u= R= ) O v tQ= m Q e Y= O=Q | =a= 'OW =tDN=U CiQW}B =ty t Q |vi syU =} y C = | = a= "O vO=O w Q t xa] k x}y D |=Q @ =y v - = QyW = =m t= = C v = m W u }= Q R= 'R UQ QO u= }= O wt v O }OR= @ R} v xat H =yi Y= RwQ QO " vO l } Q=v}t U l } 60 R= LHC l} R}i ' w u |= Q@ xOW QO 'O=O N V} @ C mQ W = @ =} y |= a= 'x=oW ywSB R= u Q QO xRwQ u}kkL t R= Qi v = ) R x =Q =yW}=tR Q@ sm =L CMS =Q = =m W Vk v R UQ w Cq= U x@ Q w xO m (CMS wovN ) (CMS |v Ovv nv =t ) Q u (CMS (CMS ` = v w Q O ) C } t V r Q D wovN ) Q nv} Ov} w ( =a w (CMS |v Ovv nv =t ) u wJ * * i x @ pQ v w uw m y t Q t= } t | | y * w y t i x - U r * @ W= U "O @ |U=vWQ=m |O } w m y w |t }O UQ y }Q * D OWQ= xm xUrH u}= (Cognitive Science) C =v sra xm =Hv R= O |Y=N sraD w s}raD xR - wL w CU=B wv u=Q}= QO 'OQ= v xDWQ u}= u=ywSB Vv=O -x}rw= -xDUy uOQw OwHwx@ QO Q `}Uw = Q = | yO @ Q m |=Q=O xm u} RwQt= w syt w_vt u}= x@ "O}=tv|t |QwQ CU= |SwrwvmD CUO QO =Q |LQ] OvtWwy |=ytDU}U x-OmWywSB = 3 xO t 5 Ov@ j@=]t OWQ= |U=vWQ=m O |R= v=x=Q |Ow 'u xQwO Q - |] xm 'OQ=O |UQQ@ =yJ 'x=oWywSB x-t=vU=U= OLt u=tR O Q xDWQ u}= C t |= @ s QO xUrH =v =k}kLD wra RwQ |Qw i w C O R Q =oWywSB QO QO " W Q= o @ x 's 1379 pmwD QDmO 'swra sQDLt Q} Rw u}at QDmO QwL =@ |WywSB Rm =Qt |=UwQ w xv=NDQ=Rw |WywSB Cvw=at CU=} Q |v=H} Qq QDmO =OD@= 'OW Q=RoQ@ swra CQ=Rw Qmrta |ovwoJ =L Q R= |]wU@t =oWywSB |= @ =Q x | R =oWywSB VQ= o x =yD}r=ai = R= |Q t w O Q x=Q= " vO m Q Q@ |v=vNU |] u}at QDmO 'xt=O= QO CQw Q x QYLvt Vkv w C=k}kLD x@ xS} w xHwD QO u O i @ Rm =Qt |=UwQ xtD=N QO "OvOQm O}m -=D |v=Uv= xa - UwD = w}W w |WywSB CQ=_v KQ] xQ - =@ QO |WywSB | yx OvDN=OQB Q_v =@ " pO D w C=k}kLD RmQt (CERN R= EL@ x@ C=k}kLD VQDUo |oOv}=tv C=}y O}OR=@ ) * uQU =B wQ= |=xDUy x=oWywSB x@v WwO | r= x= tO=OQ N 14 = =m W x @ Q O }O R UQ =}y C Q_v 9 x@vWQ=y J w Q | oOv }=t v \ @ t (CERN) Q O m u N W O=Q|QeY= |rav=tQ w w}o sOkt xO=Ru}UL OtLt syO x@vW w |=Q W - m xQwO Q=yJ |Q=RoQ@ KQ] - xr} Uw u }O @ "OvDU y "O W |WywSB = x @ v H | oO v }= t v Qo vqO pW} t ' = x t |O Q | }Q t v @ | '= |WywSB Rm =Qt |ovy=ty CQ=Rw =oW ywSB GQ N w x w =w x=oWywSB QO swra CQ=Rw O * wovN U = X N Rm =Qt |ovy=ty |=QwW x- UrH |Q=RoQ@ l } R} i w QovO p}v=O R= pmWDt |oOv}=tv C=}y "OvO=O | = wWm | yQ u o v o | y | UQQ @ ` t= H Qw ]x @ '| wv H &5 &? w | D a v Y O L=w O v J R= GQ N | y wvH "? R= QO u= }= * A J w | u M U= B u= oOvv m C mQ W OOaD t |v=OQOk V ywS B j } wW D QO Ov }=t v w \ @ OmW ywS B C Q o x=Q= R=UQ=mW u}= CN=U sy U x @ "O @ ) Q R CMS LHC =yWQ= | R UQ Oy=wN l}D=@ Q w |awvYt Vwy xv} - tR QO OwHwt u= qmW t xv} - tR C * u U QO u= }= x - OtL t OtL t | | UQQ @ Q V}=tR pLt l} |= @ QDWt CUWv l =oWywSB CU=} Q CmQW =@ xm x=oWywSB |tra wvax@ =yywQo x}r - m | =y@ * 1380 Q u= }= R= RwQ R= =} y x= tO=OQ N C * u U QO Q CMS = a= = @ C U W v u }O v J | ] | = @ D x= o W ywS B u } k k L t pO QO w |tra w Compact h i N ) CMS = = m w t = =m =y |m (Moun Solonoid LHC w Q w Q Ov =D = \@ Q O x C Large Hadron Collider = (Higgs) Ro} wHDU uD = t R UQ W Q w J R= R UQ m ' 12 C U= W @ D t } y xQP | x} v= F 10; QO " yO ? U= w v } u Dw Bu Dw B x - h y W "O H u N U R= =y H Q @ s m = L \ }=Q W | UQQ @ QO u (Big Bang) n =@y v w t ` kw R= TB a 11 =y@ * 1380 Q * =v=ty}t x=oWywSB u w O x} Q_v Q = "O @ p t =@ xSw B @ \ DQ= QO X wYNr= CLD |v=QvNU l} 'x=oWywSB u}kkLt R= uD OvJ O Q x=Q= Q=v}tU wO u=W}= COt u}= pw] QO % vO m | =} Q j]vt xv} - tR w O}t O x} Q_v u= QO p t Q}N= QO = | =yDiQW}B 1 Q@H Q = |a@ | yO @ Q m |v=yWyW O=OQyt =mty =@ Q=t=O |=yT} QD=t w C=}@}mQD xv}tR QO |Q 2 xDU@ |k}kL | =yLQ] CN=U Q |DWoR=@ wva |= @ =vt OQm O=Q}= x=oWywSB QO uQ=kDt w Ot=aDt QO , R}v |v=kQN QDmO 'x=oWywSB R}v QwWm =yy=oWv=O | w Ct=k= pw] QO O N QO |O x =m} Qt OQivDU= x=oWv=O R= '|v=yWyW O=OQyt R= m ' VwQ u= OaDt =y}v=QvNU | "O=O s =Hv= w}Uwr pUQ=t w |D=tOkt C=k}kLD 79 O=OQN =D 78 uty@ QO =Q O N (computer vision) QO =Hv= =} = s OmWywSB C }Q x = =@ =Lt x=oW}=tR C U |r= 79'7'2 M} Q=D R= Ow@ xO=O xQ @ wO 80'3'31 x@ Q w}Bt=m |}=v}@ xv} - tR | D w =oWywSB =} = w O @ x OmWywSB u=ty}t C }Q x - "O=O u} wOr=@ u=H O x xUv=Qi p@ wvwQo x=oWv=O O=DU= w}Uwr pUQ=t C t @ OmWywSB x - xv} - tR QO w p ] QO =ty}t u w}Uwr C M} Q=D 80'2'3 =k}kLD |WN@ R= w l} R}i "O @ w}Uwr QDmO "CU= xO}J}B l} R}i x-OmWywSB QO |v=QvNU xDiy xU R= x =oW v=O =oW ywS B w x V}=tv x-} Q_v = ` 'u t (w 1 " s U OmWywSB CwaOx@ =v@ wo =m}W QO |wv}r}= x=oWv=O Q " v=Q o C } Q x - Q |ra '|=} Q j]vt u}kkLt =@ C O=O N 10 M} Q=D =} = R= C } Q =mty |Q w C aO Q=y@ =D 1379 Q=y@ R=) x@W R | tQ | QO w x =oW ywS B 79 u=DUtR x =oW v=O w x =m @ |r a Q = D N= U 'u t =oW ywS B ` = 1 utoQ@ |=y=i |NQ@ Qy D x=oW v=O 'u= ( = =i | y wUv=D |Q Q ? " pw= q U= u}UL tq e = Q@H Q=Ov=Qm hrDNt x =oW v=O =oW ywS B w x | =y} Swrwtywm q U= u}UL tq e 'xO=Rs ( =oW ywS B '| t= HQ i ) CtUk 'u Q } @ mQ } t= | D a v Y x= o W v=O ' ) == M v @ O r= N | r a '| 79 OviU= | O v @xOQ | Q@H =t} Q V}=Q O}OHD x} k - =yv CN=U =oW v=O =oW ywS B w x u } o v=} t 'u= t ` Qy D x=oW v=O ( " swO w q U= u}UL tq e 'xO=Rs = o W ywS B '| }= Q xi }= ] RwQy @ Q } e s U } iQ tw D= Q = @ = y LQ ] xw o ( ) 6 14 7 4 " = x Ovy | y U = o W ywS B 'x '| } B =oW ywS B '| t= HQ i ?wka } s w x ) CtUk ) CtUk 'u QP =t} Q V}=Q O}OHD x} k - = }Oy tQw B OwaU t O x Q_v x=oO}O R= |D=}@}mQD |DavY x=oWv=O w x=oWywSB '?Uv |Q=wL =} Qw =ovRtQ "|Q O =D OQ= v U= | =ytDU}U 'h} QW = Q Q v y= @ O } y W x= o W v=O '| D @= F s D UQ 'u t m Ov J =y y=oD UO p L | w | D=}@} mQD |= yx UOv y xrtH "|= | y ( |y}O@ 'u "p t -} = Q @ H 'Q } @ mQ} t= | D a v Y 1 " swO 'u= |r= 'x ?wka } " = Q@H |a@ l} SwrwB wD RmQt 'Q}@mQ}t=|DavY ( ) CtUk w x | y " 2 w 1 80 O=OQN XN=W |=yHwR 'x=oWywSB 'u=wRQ =Q OtLt x |oDiy Q* =v}tU = Q @ H 'Q } @ mQ } t= | D a v Y Q}@mQ}t= |DavY x=oWv=O 'T=@aQwB pwUQr=O@a == C=}@}mQD | y ' "M v @ | y R}}=B 'xO=Rs " pw= pY=L 'Q}@mQ}t= |DavY x=oWv=O 'xO=R}ra s}LQ Qorta C=} =} Q x -OmWywSB |=} Q R}r=v |D=k}kLD |=yQ=v}tU =y}=xrtH OvJ xr} - Uw x @ ? } Qk D '|v}t N s= t= "Q=OuRw R= CWPo xJv w 'Q M} Q=D 79'4'1 OmWywSB QO =Q OwN |D=ar=]t x@U=Lt w = Q@H 'Q}@mQ}t= |DavY C@Ft |=yma@=D =} = =D "|QwO | y ' = |O y =k}kLD C}=Oy Q@ xwqa |v=kQN QDmO COt u}= QO q U= u}UL tq e ) xQwO 79'10'11 O P 'xO=Rs CtUk "| CYQi =yi=Qo 'u=QyD x=oWv=O 'C} K}Ut 79 |rrt r=u} @ x=oW v=O = = G} Q@ Er x=oWv=O O=DU= '|v=kQN u}= xOta hOy "Ow@ C=k}kLD RmQt u=tyt 1380 = Q OtL t |r= |O=y '=O v m Ct=k= Q Q O=O N 25 T}Ov= x-} Q_v " yQ W QO |v=kQN = u H w (1380 = = wD QwO =ytDU}U wO O N 'u=wRQ x |=} Q j]vt QwUiwQB 'u} wOr=@ | "O m O= }= x @ | }=yD i=} yQ 'x=oW ywS B R= xt=O= OwN Q=m " |D=@F= = O =oWywSB '|@=QD x@ RwQ | y m 'x |DavY x=oWv=O =oWywSB '|v=mQUwD x@ RwQ w x Zero-Knowledge proofs " h} QW ' 24 |B=}B a =tW xQ - Electron acceleration to ultrarelativistic energies in a collisionless oblique shock wave. Q w sRq \ W " =oWywSB '|k=QW= =HvR x=oWv=O w x |mB} Qm =oWv=O j]vt w x QO =yrOt P =oWywSB '|v=WwQi |}=k |@DHt | @= }uwQO x- } k =oWywSB '|Jxe=Qt w x RwQy@ =oWywSB 'O= " umtt Q@H QO | wHq xw=m =yv=yH 'x=oWywSB | F L= @ t 'x= o W ywS B '|OQ = x Ovy | y U '|O Oty x=oWv=O =oWywSB '|NQi w x " =oWywSB '|v=LwQ =QOwtLt Superluminal waves in amplifying media. =oWywSB 'x |mU} Q=R 79 u=DUtR w |Dav Y x=oW v=O = xv}t N | y QO Qi Y =oW ywS B '| w x uD } wnQ@ }=R Q | D W oR= @ |O= y == |= @ VwQ '=O v m =kDt Ot=aDt w = y t D U } U 'x= o W ywS B '| v= mQ Uw D x @ RwQ P O x Q_v "|Q= o m -} = = i x- } RH D 'x=oW ywS B w |O '|Q | y =tv |m}t=v}O wU} t R}ov J |mwr@ " | oO } J } B s } t a D 'x= o W ywS B wNrO "x= | 'Qwx =yrOt O }O O=RQ i |D=@U=Lt QO = = w= | == R Q wt}=U x=oWv=O 'QYaQY=v =Q nvQ s}v " =yi=Qo " |FL=@t '=m} Qt MIT x =oWv=O Numerical instability due to varying time step in explicit wave propagation and mechanics. =tUqB *l} R}i =oWv=O x =HvR x=oWv=O s | =yU} QD=t '|}=HQ =oWywSB 'OvwW} wQO OLt | Q y D x= o W v=O 'u= =ym =QDW= |OtL= u=Qta L =ytDU}U w = o W ywS B w x wv QyD 'u= T= @ a '|QP DNA Computing " X}NWD Q x Q_v 'x=oWywSB 'xr@k OtLt w h= o - } wor= " j]vt |D=k}kLD x- DUy |oDiy Q* =v}tU 79 = | yQ | |=yQ=v}tU =oWywSB '|k=QW= uw}=ty w x |vRw w x "Ow QO 80 Q=y@ =D 79 Q=y@ R= 'u |Dq=tDL= =}Oyt+ OtLt l} R}i -xOmWywSB =oWywSB '|U=@a u}UL QO 'u =@ =Lt |oO}J}B =oWywSB '|rmwD Q}t= u=}@=Qy= xO}=y R}t nvQ | " =yJ x} k - ' O}yW x=oWv=O w x=oWywSB '|vt}t =QO}tL w Q xOQWi TQO SB|t}mL u}UL QyD x=oWv=O =y WwQ 'x=oW ywS B 'uUL r=w @= | H= L u}U L 80 Q=y@ * '=O v m Q* } *i u Q "| v y G @ 'u= ?w m =S (IMU) A new global scenario of chaotic dynamics. Q = "u | yO @ Q m = h} QW Oa@) Q=yJ =_Dv= x} k 'x=oW ywSB '| @=Q D x @ RwQ - Q s=QO B ' Simulation of sheath problem. 'x | R}}=B "C U 'x =oWywSB '|v=kQN "uQ | y=OQw v ' "| 'xw On the physics of Landau damping. w x = y LQ ] C N= U = x wtHt CN=U ** w |O *tR s = O } = } Q x }O= L D= T } Q 'T } r +B Electromagnetic instability in the ion-channel guiding. 'x |}=QoOwyW u v= uS}@ R nQ @ | y a 'Q wtLt QiaH On the dusty plasma I. 'u= | =y}v=QvNU Reection of electromagnetic waves from a nonlinear medium. =oWywSB G} Q@ Er x=oWv=O R}r a O}H t Sv |t_=m O=RQi w x t =yLQ] " R}}=B RwQ y @ w B|vUL t s=Qy W = o W ywS B 'x |DWy@ O}yW x=oWv=O w x=oWywSB '|QmW l@=@ =oWv=O = y WwQ 'x= o W ywS B '| }= Q x i }= ] 'xO= " ' s | =@ =Lt |oO}J}B The mystery of corona. ' k x O=RQ i |oDiy Q* =v}tU "C U Q}@mQ}t= 'x wtLt G }=D v |a @ 'x=oW ywS B 'QwxO }O ' Cyclotron maser instability. C=}@}mQD 79 u=DUtR w = y i Y= | D a v Y 'u x= = x@U=Lt w QF= 'h} QW h L w wtywm |S r |= @ =oW ywS B 'Q} WOQ= OtL t h} Q=aD = Q@H | y Q |i=m | " } B Cq xQ - @ QO |FrFt M=v=@ " w x "u y @ Q ] QO x Q}v t | DQ t '| uw}=ty Structure and evolution of shock waves in relativistic magnetohydrodynamic. |DavY x=oWv=O 1 = Q w =oWywSB '|U=@a u}UL 'u i |Dav Y x=oW v=O 'x Acceleration of soliton in a fully relativistic model. l } 'x=oW ywS B 12 = D N= U 'x = o W ywS B R}}=B = }Oy tQw B OwaU t 'u = y D N= U = D = y rO t OQ H t x- } Q _ v R= % l } Q vS |r}rLD " C} @ Q D x=oW v=O w x=oW ywS B '|Q}v t |@DHt |vDN=U OQ=Ov=DU= =v R}r=v R= |}=yx@vH 'TQOt " a 13 |=H@=H=v |=xv=t}B |=yx} Q_v R= |W=v |tDv=wm "2 R mQ t O v v= t = o W ywS B '| y r=K D i u } U LQ } t= w x C=QP D 'u 0 = H vR | r } t m D w x = o W ywS B '| v= t m h} QW General T-duality and its eects on D-Branes. Ow w x = o W ywS B O O= y Q i 'uqOQ= s ' k x = o W v=O |o v= owO = o W ywS B '| a iQ= u }O r=s= U L w | }=H @= H= v x-UOv y 'h } Q W |Dav Y " 'x S Chaos on free electron laser. =oWywSB '|v=LwQ =Q OwtLt 'x Storage of light in atomic vapor. 'x h} QW |DavY x=oWv=O w x=oWywSB '|v=tm Ow=O =oW ywS B O}yW x=oWv=O s=QO B h} QW ' Seiberg-Witten equation in geometry. w x = o W ywS B SB |t}mL u}UL =oWywSB '|v=N`}iW xr=R} Ra w x |}=HQ Establishment of the laboratory in School of Physics of IPM. |tD= Qi Y w Bu=t }= |r a 'Q Acceleration of soliton in a fully relativistic model. =oWywSB '|rmwD Q}t= 'x Magnetohydrodynamic scaling from astrophysics to the lab. Oty x=oWv=O 'u= h} QW |DavY x=oWv=O w x=oWywSB '|v=tm Ow=O w x =oWywSB '|v}UL =QOtLt |}=HQ ' Non-commutative algebraic structure. =oWywSB =oWywSB '|v=tm Ow=O y@ = o W ywS B '| Jx e=Q t w x RwQ y@ Q}@m Q}t= |DavY ' Charge particle beams with pressure anisotropy II. |DWy@ O}yW ' w x =oWywSB '| QmW l@=@ Antisheilding in plasma. s ' k x =oWv=O wtLt QiaH =oWywSB '|O w x Prob theory. 'u= Oty x=oWv=O =oWywSB '|NQi w x uS}@ The shelf eld in free-electron laser. =oWywSB '|v=LwQ =Q OwtLt An Eulerian electrostatic uid code. =oWywSB 'x Sv|t_=m O=RQi Relativistic soliton in magnetized plasma . Z-Pinch, past, present, and future. =oWywSB 'x =oW v=O =oW ywS B 'wv DQw= } u}U L OtL t w x l } t= v }OwQ D m r= = L } L Y D 'h } Q W| D a v Y = o W v=O |=H@=H=v |=xv=t}B |=yx} Q_v R= |W=v |tDv=wm =oW ywS B 'wv DQw= } u}U L OtL t w x l } t= v }OwQ D m r= = o W ywS B '| Jx e=Q t w x RwQ y@ Q}@m Q}t= |DavY ' Radiating dusty plasma. C "1 =oW v=O Sv|t_=m O=RQi 'O= An Eulerian phase trajectory simulation of Vlasov equation. x 80 Q=y@ =D 79 Q=y@ R= x SB |t}mL u}UL =oWywSB '|rmwD Q}t= 'O= u=tU} Q x - } Q_v |=yQ=v}tU 'xw 'x Solar coronal heating competing models. x 'x =oWywSB '|NQi uS}@ w x 'x T -duality & non-commutative DBI action. O}yW x=oWv=O RwQ Charge particle beams with pressure anisotropy I. Chaos in free electron laser. * ' = o W ywS B '| Jx e=Q t w x 'x OvHQ}@ x=oWv=O w x=oWywSB '|UwQo =Q OtLt D-branes and strings. uw}=ty Q}@m Q}t= |DavY =oWywSB 'wv}t xrr= ?}@L Q O ' =oWywSB '|k=QW= ' |S v= w x 'TQ t Topological super Yang-Mills theories. = o W v=O x = o W v=O ' ' '| w x Hamiltonian dynamic of vortex and magnetic lines in hydrodynamic type system. x Optics of nonuniformly moving media. Non-commutative world sheet. C } @ Q D x= o W v=O 'xw 'Q ' w x =oWywSB wBU=@a =Q =oWywSB Non-commutative solitons. |Dav Y x=oW v=O wtLt QiaH Oty x=oWv=O '|NQi uS}@ xD = s}taD pOt 'h} QW w x '|O =HvR x=oWv=O 'u 'u= "swQ v Up= v=Q - i } x =oWv=O Plasma crystal. Ow=O ' | D a v Y x= o W v=O Surface waves in a plasma jet. q}YLD w | D a v Y x= o W v=O |DWy@ O}yW x=oWv=O w x=oWywSB '|QmW l@=@ ' C "lQ= m =y@ * 1380 Q s = L } L Y D 'h } Q W| D a v Y C 'x =oWywSB '|U=@a u}UL Nonlinear waves in an inhomogeneous plasma. 24 |B=}B a =tW xQ - =oWywSB 'Tmwr QyD x=oWv=O 'u= Cognitive action selection with neurocontrollers. Neural decision support system for Tehran Stock Exchange. |DavY x=oWv=O =oWywSB '|v=LwQ u}y=W w x C } @ Q D x= o W v=O l} R}i |=yQ=v}tU = o W ywS B '| a=H W |r a Non-commutativity of movingmembranes and its representations w x O 'TQ t Quantum theory and the direct particle interaction formulation of physics. 'x sra x=oWv=O w =oWywSB =oW v=O =oW ywS B 'wv DQw= } u}U L OtL t w x =oWywSB '|a=HW xt]=i h} QW |DavY w x Q CavY 'u= }= Weyl geometry & Bohmian quantum gravity. wBU=@a =Q 'Q A two dimensional non-commutative superalgebra. x h} QW ' Identication of phosphorus esters by neural network based on ion mobility spectra. * |O=}v@ wQ=m w x 14 ' Non-commutative instantons I. =oW v=O x =oW ywS B 'wv DQw= } u}U L OtL t w x h} QW |DavY ' =oWywSB '|a}iW u}Wi= |oDiy |=y}v=QvNU Q} wYD w p=vo}U VR=OQB x- DUy =oW v=O | w x =oW ywS B Bell's theorem: concepts & the result. |t ]= i u }O r=O=t a xS} w 'xO=R =yDW=ov C}U=UL p}rLD 'Q}@m Q}t= |DavY | UO v y = = w q Y= Q |]N Q}e C H H a= K |= @ Q =YD sQ=O x =oWv=O = o W v=O | w x = o W ywS B '|k}r N R e t Q } w= Y D R= xO | =iDU= =@ srat |Oy t OtL t O =yWwQ j} Q] uw @ | Q =YD \ MRI Q =Y D }w = = w C H H a= K q Y= 'Q}@ mQ} t= = x@r CyH " y x = o W v=O w x x U V }= t v R= xO |tm = q ]= C a Q N D U= G= =yoQ} wt Q} w=YD " Qy D x=oW v=O Tr ]= =oW ywS B w x =iD U= = @ R= xO =iDU= =Q Ovm|t " # |U=vWv=y}m Q=v}tU Q R =oWv=O '<= y r= x =oWywSB '|v=} w=m w x u=Qt=m Brane world cosmology (RandallSundrum model). MRI Q =Y D }w | OvtWwy |=ytDU}U xOmWywSB * * 'u=DUvtQ= w u=Q}= lQDWt x=oQ=m * 79 O=OQt 2316 =Uv= Ret %xOW 79 Q=y@ |tqU= O=R x=oWv=O w x=oWywSB '|y=@t u}UL u}W=t |}=v}@ |v=@t ( ' ? wvH OL=w ) u}twU |@Ya |=yxm@W Ov @VN @ xOQWi TQO =oW ywS B w x '| QmU a= Q Correlation in multiband quasi-onedimensional electron system. =mv x=oWv=O '=Q wra x=oWv=O s w x =oWywSB x=Q= 'xO=R? |=yxr=kt Qa u=UL= QyD x=oWv=O |mWRB 'u= Sparse temporal pattern generation in Syn-Fire chain . s 'xO=R |i]Yt |ra Quantum mechanical symmetries & topological invariants. =Wv=tQm =oWv=O 'x Oa@ = mwm} v =v} twQ =NDv= =yu}DwQB |=Q@ h} QW QyD 'Q ? ' 'u= | ?U=vt |}=i =yQ=DN=U x-UOvy =} 'h} QW |Dav Y x=oW v=O "u " |DavY x=oWv=O w x=oWywSB '|=Qy=W O}Lw = o W ywS B '|v mQx= W |r a O} U w 'u= Skyrmions. =kv u}@ |oDU@ty |DavY x=oWv=O w x=oWywSB 'CWQUQyt =D}o =v 80 Q=y@ =D 79 Q=y@ R= (Durham) MRI R= |twta |=yQ=v}tU ' O v @V N @ 'Q } @ mQ } t= | D a v Y " }w =@ |v=QvNU W. Zakrzewski QwUiwQB ' " }w x Non-commutative instantons II. R}}=B 79 x 'x |R=Q x wmD O}Lw OtLt 'l New quantum eld theory. =oW v=O x =oW ywS B w x OtL t |Oy t OtL t '| O wri '= } Q The status of particle physics. ' xUv=Qi p@ wvwQo x=oWv=O 'w}Uwr pUQ=t Turbulence-vortex dynamics and large-Eddy simulation of turbulence. Turbulence-vortex dynamics and large-Eddy simulation of turbulence. a 15 =y@ * 1380 Q 1380 p=U QO x=oWywSB |=yD}r=ai x - t=vQ@ =yi=Qo " s R}t nvQ | |iO=YD QO wra QO |r}tmD Cq}YLD RmQt '|=UQw O=aU | =yt N O = i ww w |qw t | |QDmOCU)B x - t=vQ@ = Ov} Qi | y =H vR x- }= B |S r B D 'u Q wry "h t x =Q =kkLt R= Qiv CWy 80 *p=U |=OD@= R= xQwO -t v @ u - OvvQ=Po|t xOmWywSB u}= QO =Q OwN " C=} =} Q x -OmWywSB = w p U QO =Q O N | QDmOCU)B | " CU= Q =yD}r=ai R x = Q Q} R xO m | } Q t v @ QtJ O}yW x=oWv=O 'xO=RtQm |vyW |raO}t= w |iB=ywm h}a Qw]@ |= xkrL |UwOQi x=oWv=O '|mW} w |t}y=Q@= =QO}tL l} = swO u owO | D a v Y x= o W v=O Q = 'xO=Rs ` = "u O @ Q m w u t 1 = = Q@H Ot l} p = Q@H |v=owO 'Q}@mQ}t= | y OL Ok t O=OQy t 'T = QO | Oa@) xU |}=Pe x-Q}HvR =et=O x- }=B swra x=oWv=O 'VvtQ=}WN s_=m = xkrL |NQ@ " y =yWWwB |wQ =et=O x-}=B swra x=oWv=O 'u 'u w =yWwB | =y ywQ o p=t}U m = t |]N " Minimal at resolutions of modules. \ Uw D T } Q D= t l } C r= L OO a =y ywQ o Q } R Q@H Q |DavY w sra x=oWv=O 'u= }= j i 'xO=R =mty 'x=oWywSB '|k}kL uUL l} R= u}O=tv x-UOvy w Q j}kL D |wQ @ w = =i | y =ytD} Qwor= = o W ywS B '| t } LQ Ow a U t Q } t= O= =@ U=L t x=oW }= tR = Q s}v 'x n=w "Q= } B C = n |m O= ,} k w Q= } B " p |y=vDt |=yywQo = s t= w 'O Qi |N}=Wt RwQy@ w = Qo@ Q xQ - =@ QO h}a x Q =Hi v= Q=D N= U |= @ Q " | D a v Y x= o W v=O ( ) |v}t ' xQ |i}m pOt l} N Q@H |m}t=v}O = }OwtL t xr r=O=@ a O} U x-awtHt u} QDmJwm Q } @ mQ } t= | D a v Y x= o W v=O ' x- rO=a t l } p L =yk@=]D Ovvm u}}aD QO x Q = k yO 'u =y J x@ - DQ t |= @ sQ w = Q x | D=k}kLD CQ Y @ * t= U= = k k L t u }= | | yxSw B w u " CU= xOt VN@ u}ty |Uw] OwaUt '|tU=} lt=}U "s}kt wvax@ |=vi =Q O}tL * u= w | w QP |v=w}O * v=O x= = wHW * O N u } =yDv= | * =kkLt u ' Qty x@ x=oWywSB *s}k Q = u= t m =kkLt * t u =yD}r=aix@ C=}=} Q xOmWywSB QO 80 p=U QO w Ovy=wN pweWt |D=k}kLD * * WRwt x |=} Q j]v t |QDmO | - t=vQ@ * p}YLDr=dQ=i u}twO u= wvax@ |Q}vt |DQt xQwO * - M} Q=D R= 79'6'31 x-r=UQ wva u= Q QO = "O m ` iO * |=} Q j]v t ' h } Q W | D a v Y x= o W v=O " uD} wnQ@}=R xv} - tR s |O y t =ym}vm D T QiY '| = =i | y wmat s=QO B O =@UJ u v Q = h } Q W |DavY x=oW v=O 'QoW v=O Q} t= O @Q m ' QDmO | C}kiwt =@ OwN x-r=UQ x w Q % ] @ t Closure properties and Kripke models for fragments of Heyting arithmetic | wtyU O h}] u}}aD 'h} QW Q =ytDU}U | "| xR= v= - "h= o | www }S r B D s}ktQ}e "2 QO 'u Q =] a= s}k t Q} e h } Q W | D a v Y x= o W v=O '| v= mQ Uw D x @ RwQ u= D I B | y |rrt r=u} @ x=oW v=O '| v=R=Q ut LQ r=O@ a = } = } Q -xO m W ywS B C ' | "| OyWt |UwOQi x=oWv=O ' x@ xO m x ]w @ Q t QO 23 O}kt Q w}Bt=m Q@H |=yWN@ "|R U p t v "s } k tQ } e |= yxSwQ Bl D = C U= =yDv= | " | D u }O=t v CU= xOt VN@ u}ty '1380 p U QO Q lD Qiv pk=OL QO RwQ wO u}= *s=v "CW=O Ovy=wN w O= i= " " xDiy Q QO u |D=Q}}eD p=Ut pL R= pY=L CN=wvm} Cq=}U xDi=} s}taD sU}HrwR}= O =W}=yxSwQB QO |t=t= RwQy@ " |R= v=x=Q QO |Q wL x=oWywSB Q "O @ =yywQo O y W t | UwOQ i x= o W v=O 'Q i v=w } m O } a U w l}vmD "|R U | ' = s}v}t |R U = pt=m | | =kkLt u}= "O} RoQ@ s}kt -xSwQBlD -xt=vQ@ ?r=k =} Qq=U xrr=QmW QyD x=oWv=O '|v=QO=i TwvQw |tDUQ Ow=O G m |] N u = a W v= '| Uw ] 'u= w Qiv 8 u=}=kDt u=}t R= 1380 *p=U |=OD@= QO =Q xSw B 'u =yiY= x=oWv=O 's_a= O}aU |UQQ@ 'h} QW |DavY x=oWv=O '|Q@m = O}aU * OmWywSB |tr a |=QwW "s}kt |=yxSwQB lD | yQwO ? "| 'u Nonreduced extended ane Weyl groups. q U= u } U L tq e u }O r=Q } Y v x H=w N x= o W v=O |m} SwrwB wD Rm =Qt |w=UD 'OyWt "M v @ QO '1380 QO x s}kt "1 =yrwOt 'u=yiY= |DavY x=oWv=O '|v=kL OtL= " =y@r=k | |D=k}kLD |=yxt=vQ@ =yxSwQBlD 'R= y= | OmWywSB * t=U= xm CU= xOt VN@ u}ty |=yDv= QO =yv | u= When is Noetherial-dimension countable. =} = C }Q x - =Wt O=DU= w |Q}vt |@DHt %xr=UQ =tvy=Q O=DU= %Qw Q}WOQ= OtLt " p weWt `]kt u}= QO wHWv=O 4 Q=L *p=L QO O Q =} QO Qwx }O O=R i u t u R= CU= " | xm OvDUy p}YLD x@ QDmO x-r=UQ =ov *p=L * VQ 24 |B=}B a =tW xQ - |QDmOCU)B -xQwO u=kkLt =yxSwQBlD s}kt "1 =}@}mQD '|tqU= =@} R Q x Q_v 'uULr=w@= |H=L u}UL * =}v@ l} R}i '|Uw] =}@}mQD '|@=QD x@ RwQ "C =}@}mQD '|}=Q xi}=] "C =tU} Q "u " h } Q W |Dav Y x=oW v=O '|a iQ= u }O r=s=U L ' p}Uv=Qi}O 'u=wRQ " w Bu=t }= |r a O C} @ Q D x=oW v=O =at CqO * |=} Q j]v t =tU} Q x-} Q_v "u * |=} Q j]v t 'Q 'TQ t " =y} SwrwB wD xU - }=kt 'R} Q@D x=oWv=O 'QwB|kv =Q O t C } @ Q D x= o W v=O 'V v t v=Q }= | r a 'TQ w = ` v R= xO U | =yywQo |a@ R= Q P X}NWD | } B "h= o -} x- } Q_ v 'h } Q W |DavY x=oW v=O 'uqOQ= O= yQ i x- } Q_ v "C u }O r=Q}Yv x H=w N x=oW v=O '|vUL r=w @= O}H t "|O 16 " =tU} Q "u " RwQy@ " | O v @xOQ = = 'u W m x Q } R Q= D N= U = o W v=O '| iQ W= = Q } r a = i D U= = @ | y= v D t R= xO Q}vt |DQt = y ywQ o = Q =yywQo |v}t N s= t= |rrt r=u} @ x=oW v=O 'Q=m @ |r a =Uty 'u wO - = y i Y= | D a v Y x= o W v=O " =HvR |r}tmD Cq}YLD RmQt '|k=QW= uw}=ty ( ) xDUy `@=D x@ `H=Q xr-=Ut "R =}OytQwB OwaUt 'u =yywQo x-} Q_v '|mvQwB =Q OtLt | "p t v | =Q OtLt '| |r =yywQo = xD} Q=w | y QO '| wO ' xQ Q = ] uS } @ |D=}@}mQD x =Ut |= r- 'u " 'u =yi Y= x=oW v=O =oW ywS B w x * =} wHWv=O |QDmO u xO=R}ra QwB|vULt s=QyW OO "C=QP * U Wx } B * O C}@ QD x=oWv=O '|a=HW |ra l} R}i 'TQ t "|O jkLt u* =} wHWv=O =}v@ |Qwv Q Cav Y w sr a x=oW v=O '| a=H W xt ]= i = v t = o W Ux v=O = @Q y 'u u}U t "C=QP |tD=N q}r L h} QW O=OQ}D |U=vWxO}OB h } Q W | D a v Y x= o W v=O '| v W r o ' |O y t |tra C-=}y * =}v@ l} R}i "|O * l}R}i * = C}@Uv w s a QyD x=oWv=O 'u= wvR xDUy CwUmW}B OtLt = t D N= U Q y D x= o W v=O 'u= " x- aw t H t ?} QkD R = Q@H = o W v=O | a @=w D O= t v = @ | @ Q |v=yWyW Vw=}U * |@ QHD l} R}i 'h} QW |DavY O t L t= k Q } t= '| QP QoDv= " } Bp= 'u * =H vR |r}tm D q}YL DR mQ t '| tQ N OtL t * C QP QoDv= |=yrOt " } Bp= = } rw UQ O } t a QO T Q = } D t w B^ a=w Qw Y v t = Q o r t a Q oZ } w a D = O } y W x= o W v=O '| tQy H xO=RQ=N i = Q}r a x-rO=at l} |=Q@ xv}y@ -xvt=O |L=Q] 'R=wy= u=QtJ = O " yxR= v= R= xO =iDU= =v@t Q@ | uS w}i}O | D a v Y x= o W v=O '| v= WwQ i | }= k |@DH t | rwtLt j]v t Q | @= }uwQO x} k 'u=yi Y= - |= @ s}kt u* =kkLt | = y WwQ Q y D x= o W v=O '| t U= } l t= } U 'u= |}=H@=H Q@H " l} R}i -xOmWywSB =DU@ '|DWy@ O}yW x=oWv=O '|Uw] OwaUt w * = | =y rwO t w |a w t |Sw rwt yw m Q O " yO |rN=O |WywSB s K] 6 w |t xt=O= QoWywSB K}LY w A}m Q K ] 27 = |HQ=N 72 @ =y rwO t | w uO @ u}iB=y " w |WywSB C}r=ai 1380 p=U ? JQ J QO =Q O N |WywSB |wQ |y=vDtsy '<=QyRr= x=oWv=O 'QP |v=w}O u=Qt=m =}v@ |=yWv=O x=oWywSB l} R}i x-OmWywSB QO |O |m} Swrwty QO Q =yrwOt s}ktQ}e "2 = y rO t '=Q yR r= x= o W v=O l}t=v}O | y " | 'Q =} Cq U w G t 'u | y 'O } x |y=WwQUN =Qtqe =oW v=O '| k= Uw s} y=Q @= O=D U= |r a OtL t " u O}D=U= |v=H} Qq O=wH OtLt Vv=Qo " x |U}]=vet " = H i v= |v=yWyW O=OQyt * |= |Qwv 'R w s=Q Q x= Q y D x= o W v=O 'j i W t = QO } t L Q_v u WwQ I } w U " } B 'u= "| OtLt |DQt |O}t= =Qtqe * =}v@ l} R}i 'u w = "X N 'u= }= "|O O}Ht |OQwHq xw=m 'O=R | =v h } Q W |Dav Y x=oW v=O '| mQ=Y L OwtL t ' QwxO}O O=RQi =tUqB l} R}i Q } W O t L= = y i Y= | D a v Y x= o W v=O QO V t N |r mw D Q} t= ' " 'u * =tUqB l} R}i h } Q W |Dav Y x=oW v=O '| =v i = Q O}t L ' " |a=aW Q}PBuwQ=w | =yU} QD=t |NQ@ = xQ - @ QO a 17 =yy=oWv=O | = wHWv=O u } u}= u}kkLt =@ Q=mty Qiv R= u= u}vJty 18 Q P pL =yrOt |UQQ@ " } B ( =y@ * 1380 Q | '| * wvax@ QwWm hrDNt O "p =mty xOmWywSB =oJ QNi u}UL OvtWwy 'u |FL=@t 'R} Q@D x=oWv=O 'xO=R|QiaH |ra OtLt " pY= w |DiQat C}m =mW 'x=oWywSB 'O}Lw O}tL CLY " Q " =} u}t= OtLt |L=Q] 'x=oWywSB CvQDv}= |wQ Q@ x= |= v UQ x w Q OvJ |WRwt C V V 1 " xa - r=]t |DN=vW KPZ x 'u =}U=@a u}ULr=O@a =yD}r=ai Q@ | w = |awt T tq D QyD x=oWv=O '|O=@ OtL= |r}v O}Ht " l}D=@ Q xO - QDUo s}D l} QO |Q}oO=} QO |Q=mty R Q@D x=oWv=O w QWk |L=wv Vkv '|DWy@ QO | =} "< W= |UQQ@ " Q |t}W 'G m |@Ya |}=v}@ CN=vW =k}kLD RmQt '|Q@@ C = xm@W \UwD |vw} | y QLD l Elliptic chaotic maps |r=t C}=tL =@ |DavY u=Qyt |WywSB Rm =Qt w -xSwQB wWm =ytDU}U x-OmWywSB | =v QO |Qw :i w C =k}kLD |Q 's CQ=Rw w " |Oyt "u R Q@D x=oWv=O '|Dt=Qm |=Q ' } Q = =oWv=O 'Ow y W x R Q@D x=oWv=O =yrOt 'R} Q@D x=oWv=O OvtWwy |tra C-=}y O}Lw O}tL u}t= OtLt 'Q |Oyt h } Q W | D a v Y x= o W v=O ' w Y v t = Q =vWQDN= O=wH O}U Q=@D|a}iQ sW=y |OtLt |Oyt OtLt CwUmW}B ?=Qy U '=R O}D=U= uqOQ= O=yQi xrB wm |m}t=v}O Q}t = y i Y= | D a v Y x= o W v=O |U=vWu=y}m |tra C-=}y QN TwQ}U 'T " " RwQy @ * '|Q 's = y t D U } U 'x } twQ= x= o W v=O '=}vy @ 'u =yWwQ | Q}@ mQ} t= |Dav Y x=oW v=O '| Jx e=Q t Q P pL x@W O}kt u=Qt=m ' " } B 'u QY=v dwQi w B|t } Q m O} Lw h } Q W | D a v Y x= o W v=O ' Exactly solvable chaotic maps | =yv=O}t | =tU} Q x-} Q_v '=QyRr= x=oWv=O '|v=} w=m " ' } Q QLt '| Bi-algebras K] sw l} SwrwB wD QO =tUqB l} R}i |aiQ= u}Or=s=UL RwQ y @ |vWro |Oyt =yy=oDUO |U=vWxO}OB | |QDmOCU)B xQwO u=kkLt =yi Y= |Dav Y x=oW v=O 'Ck}k L QwYv t u}ovU |=yvwQO=y |vwDBr xt}v w h}a |W=B=w =tUqB l} R}i 'sk x=oWv=O '|O " =tU} Q x-} Q_v l} R}i '|v=tm "u wtLt QiaH l} R}i 'OvHQ}@ x=oWv=O '|UwQo =Q OtLt CU= s=Hv= p=L <=} |U=vWu=y}m " Oa@) wO OtLt}r a OwaU t " =mty =@ KQ] u}= wra " '| Random resistor =yi}] =yy=oWv=O x@ |v=UQ 'Q Q y D x= o W v=O 'u= | q]= Qw_vtx@ |m}vwQDmr= x-v=N@=Dm O=H}= QO x- } Q _ v =tU} Q x-} Q_v l} SwrwB wD R Q@D x=oWv=O '|=RQ}t " j]=vt "u QO x=oWywSB ` | = HQ O}y W x=oW v=O '| v= N`}i W x r=R } R a " ' } | R= uwQ}@ Vkv O}tL '=Q ' } O}yW |mWRB |UOvyt x=oWv=O '|mDU= u}UL TEA TEP |ruwU=wB |ov=owO QoDv= |=yrOt ' =at |UQQ@ 'R} Q@D srat R Q@D srat C}@ QD x=oWv=O 'sOk= |=Q pO=a 'u= " QP rO ' } Q 'u= }= " } Bp= QO s}y=Q@= Q=mDU=Q =Q}ra " l} xQwO |}=v}@ x} - rw= j]=vt 2 =m} QLD QF= 'x=oWywSB 'xO=R '< Vkv '|DWy@ O}yW x=oWv=O '|mDU= u}UL " H D VR=O B QO C}@ QD x=oWv=O |vRpvwD =ytDU}U | =HvR |r}tmD Cq}YLD RmQt '|Da} QW OtL= s}kt Q}e |D=k}kLD |=yLQ] |=ytDU}U x -OmWywSB =yxSwQB |= H= w O}J}B xO - t '| " vQ=O |Q 'Q "x QoUa =Q = =@D|t}LQ =QOtLt CavY w sra x=oWv=O " |vwQO=y " l} R}i 'u=Oty x=oWv=O '|v=HvU |NQi uS}@ l} R}i '|DWy@ O}yW x=oWv=O s = =D = | yQ N U `@=wD =}tQN |kv |ra 'u * * =tUqB l} R}i " SB|t}mL u}UL 'xw =tU} Q x-} Q_v "u QmW l@=@ '| =tUqB * =tUqB l} R}i '|v=LwQ =Q OwtLt =tUqB " Ow=O =tUqB l} R}i '|U=@a u}UL " "C=QP " O}J}B "x 'Q wBU=@a =Q =ytDU}U 'OvwOqwi s}y=Q@= OtLt | |B=}B 24 a =tW xQ - 18 wQ=Qi * u=Q}= M = * Q l}D=@ Q 8 * } Q D QO u= }= Q Q xk =Ut u}twO | U= U - @ * * =ytDU}U x-OmWywSB |Q =mty =@ 1380 x=t Qyt | * v i xO m W v=O Q y D x= o W v=O | : - =@ w u= Q `}=vY u= }= = w QO QDUo u=tR=U |v=@}DWB l}D=@ Q w 'uO C O = w w ` }=v Y CQ=Rw w Oy=wN Q=RoQ@ |:vi x-OmWv=O * j } w W D 'x k @= U t u }= w t= s= H v= x @ =a t * |atH |v=@}DWB =@ x=oWywSB C =}=} Q x-OmWywSB s}kt |v=Q}= R= R Q w tV v=O = O = = w H W v=O R= |NQ@ Q_v wWm ( x =kt u} QDy@ x@ Ovm =Oy= O}|t Q} R = Q = w u t D u QO u TQO v Q Dw } B t= m t w * = U t p L = @ | UO v y t p = =m t= p k=O L | u= w =} =kDt x@ x=t OviU= u=}=B =D QFm =OL =Q Q} R x-LwQWt Ov}=tv p=UQ= Q} R " Q =iD U= * CU= QwWm l}D=@ Q |UOvyt =@kDU= p}rO x@ * p u wvm =D " = =mt= uDiQo Q_v * C v = Ovvm CmQW QO @ x Ci=} Ovy=wN QwL xk@=Ut QO ' * K]U u}}a D qHt R= |m} QO xDWPo p=U xU QO xr=kt C O = =kt = R= M} Q=D 'p O u}= ' Q " v=\ W QDtm O}=@|t xr=kt R= = OvU} wv =} x-OvU} wv u o Q OvW=@ xDW=O uU p=U x - } H |= @ " = = u}OQwQi u}OrwDt TQO w QO (x =k Q r OH=w Oa@ x@ x =v =v = OvU} wv =} xOvU} wv R= O Q}o@ " } =tD OvtWwy T = q]= w Qt \ @ = l} R}i x@ =iDU= | xO wt v | v=DU @= D | w =tUqB l} R}i QO RwQ l} 'xDiy = = l} R}i '| =ytDU}U x-OmWywSB s x O 8 ' UQ t xQwO swO R= x m C U= Q = w |t "O W Q |Qw = } = } Q =yv=@ R | R= w | U= v WQ D N= '= t Uq B |m} x@ |U} wv Om =@ |}=vW FORTRAN = q ]= C a OmWywSB =yWv=O x=oWywSB OvY jw QyD w 'O= t " "u= }= u= | O Q_v l} R}i w}@ '|twDv=wm |t}W w |O @ Q m C x@ G}=Q |DUB = |rwmrt |L=Q] w Q}D wO "1 Q Q |= @ w 'O= t |R Up t wr a '| D=@ U=L t'|Q_ v l } R} i %C U= C }Q x - 193955746 =yWywSB s %TQO | = Q } R E L=@ t = @ u= oOvvm C mQ W | }=v W "3 x =kt =}v@ =y WwQ u } Q DxDiQW}B w Q O Q =} = w \ @ t |Q H | a x vw B "2 |O = y WwQ u } v J t y OQ t Q Q xNUv (CV) |tr = q]= p}rLD C a C U= l} v=m t '|=xQP T @ | twD v=w m `w W 1380 p U x t ) x =kt pY= = |Q t xO - t xDiy Qy %R=}v OQwt lQ=Ot & r =oJ ' O Qm P xOvU} wv t - t U W QO x W C a * D =@ QDW}@ =tW uir Q Dw}Bt= m x @ xDU @=w O Q}o|t Q=Qk 1341 OW=@ |v=Q}= O}=@ xr=kt xOvU} wv |awvYt |@Ya |=yxm@W 2294035 xQ = | yxQwO QO " =yWwQ =@ QwWm " v " r Q xm@W |iQat O s= k= | D=@U=L t |R= UpO t xO "2 = = q]= l}DU=mwDU= p}rLD xR r - R Q x@ 40 R= C a =ov O l } R} iw} @ '| twD v=w m |t} W '1381 p U =v}tU u}= u o |Q = |Q= o @ = y y= o D UO x @ OD@= % W @ Q uyB Ov=@ l} Uq m = =v}tU u}= Q=m QwDUO QO Q} R C=awwt w OwW|t u= }= | D= tOk t w 1999 p U |= q}t |O Q |U=vW xrRrR O w |O a |R Up t | x- UQO t l } OH=w 'Oa@ x@ QO Q O = |t = x}@W |R U QO O = 4 w_v t x @ x=oW ywSB | D=@U=Lt swr a x=oW }= tR '1381 p U x - } H " W @ u= }= = Q}D 1380 x t | D= @ U= L t | m } R } i sw r a | W ywS B V N @ Q R= x W A J Cq O w P p}mWD |D=@U=Lt swra x- @=Ftx@ EL=@t u}= "OW Oy=wN T} QOD xDUw}B Q O = O}UQ A=J x@ |rrtr=u}@ Q@Dat " vQ m t \ W |U=vW xrRrR -xOmWywSB w OvtWwy QO | "1 |= @ " W @ x p U x t * * =v}tU |=ytDU}U xOmWywSB lQDWt Q x=oWywSB l}v=mt Q@ |mDt |=yWwQ 'xUQOt u}= xD - iQW}B %\}=QW VQw B R= xO WwQ |WywSB Rm =Qt Q}=U w =yy=oWv=O u}kkLt |}=vW Oy=wN R= " W =}t Q ? U= v t C N= U Q } R O= H }= Ovtkqa O C aO u u =yt}D "Ov=xOQm s=v C@F s}D 120 x@ ?} Qk 'xk@=Ut ?U=vt w =y WwQ w xO U | |= @ " u}= x@ x D WQ |= C } kq N QO = w C v * V v=O <= k DQ= ) Q 'j @ ) w}r}t l} = CWy@}OQ= u=}=B QO xR}=H u}= w = @ | }=v W '| y=oW }= tR|W ywS B (l } = m y x=oW}= tR QO |Q Dw}B t=m |R=Ux}@ W = = y= p U y x t w |t w |OO a |R= UpO t |= R= GQ N \}=QW xm |=} Q * C a t ' Q O= i= R= | v= D U @= D x- UQO t u } rw= xQ= @ QO - dr@t x@ =Q u=wH u=v=O}=} Q " O Q:}N w QO Q x W A J -r O w u } OQ=O p } Q10'000'000 lQ= t O W Oy |Q= o @ R= h u=R = O}=} Q u v= xr=U Qy x } H =k@=Ut l}Btr= u}rw= |tra " W Q O v t Ww y w |R U v w V m |ov y=t y = @ xD}t - pLt u=wH u=v=O} =} Q xR}=H l}D=@ Q |QU=QU x- k@=Ut u}twO Q O v v=w D| t |= @ S x }w = O v v m C mQ W u o * l} R}i x-OmWywSB QO Q=@D |a}iQ sW=y =@ QDW}@ x}v=tQi u=tDN=U QO w 2280692 %T =}v@ |=yWv=O x=oWywSB |O =t D | ) =yvir D O Q}o @ " } T =t D ( 2280415 e-mail: cpsrg@theory.ipm.ac.ir s a 19 =y@ * 1380 Q School & Workshop On Logarithmic Conformal Field Theory and Its Applications Sep. 4-18, 2001 IPM, Tehran-Iran This meeting is dedicated to the memory of late Professor L.O'Raifeartaigh Scientic Organizing Committee: H. Arfaei, IPM, Iran Gurarie, UCSB, USA Kogan, Oxford, U.K. Rahimi-Tabar, IPM, Iran J. Cardy, Oxford, U.K. V. M. Flohr, Hannover, Germany I. S. Rouhani, IPM, Iran M.R. H. Saleur, USC, USA Topics will include: Logarithmic CFT's and Replica Approach to Disordered System Representation Theory and Modular Invariance Null Vectors in LCFT ADS/CFT Lecturers D. Bernard, Saclay, France Flohr, Hannover, Germany U.K. I. Kogan, Oxford, U.K. Iran S. Rouhani, IPM, Iran J.F. Wheather*, Oxford, U.K. J. Cardy, Oxford, U.K. M. M.R. Gaberdiel, Kings College, M.R. Rahimi-Tabar, IPM, H. Saleur*, USC, USA * to be conrmed Sponsored by: ICTP (Trieste) and ISMO (Ministry of Science, Technology and Research, Iran) For more information and application form: http://niavaran.ipm.ac.ir/sis/lcft.htm Local Organizers: H. Arfaei, M.R. Rahimi-Tabar, S. Rouhani Those interested in attending the school may apply to: School & Workshop On Logarithmic Conformal Field Theory and Its Applications IPM, P.O. Box 19395-5531, Tehran-Iran. E-mail: LCFT@ipm.ac.ir Those who do not have access to internet, could send their C.V. and passport information and if relevant, their request for nancial assistance by fax or e-mail. The total fee which includes lodging and breakfast is US$ 200. A limited number of grants are available for participants from developing countries and from countries in the region. Deadline for application: June 1, 2001 Telephone: +9821-229 09 34, 228 06 92. Telefax: +9821-228 04 15 s Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics as * Q@N x} QWv 'Q=@N= * =}=B QO '|O=}v@ |=yWv=O x=oWywSB | u QO ) Qot Q=@N= *pkv "CU}v * QO GQOvt <=Q "OwW|t "CU= `wvtt - * * OQwt (xr=ktQU *m P PN=t Q |O=}v@ |=yWv=O x=oWywSB ( QWDvt pYi Qy * }@t ,=twRr * UQ Q_ * v u RmQt |t : uwO@ ?r=]t =}D ? = R * t= L Y ) * C=}=} Q w |Q_v l} R}i C=k}kLD *RmQt |y=WwQUN =Qtqe |v=tR O}Ht |aiQ= x}r=a |t_=m lt=}U S R P -TEX wU Q O |Q Qw =W t |v}J Q iw L |v xLi }=Q Y w =mt * :i Q y | =W v v |O=}v@ |=yWv=O x=oWywSB (C=}=} Q * * w |Q_v l} R}i C=k}kLD *RmQt ) * "Qvy=@ O}yW u=O}tu=QyD * 193955746 |DUB jwOvY , 2287013 4 http://www.ipm.ac.ir t U= } w xH=wN `q]= RmQt QO =D Q Q | |v=UQ t }= H= *} `}tU =D}y=v A=J t *} pw - uir D ?w xLi Y |v=yH = * p U C@U=vt x@ xm Proofs from THE BOOK RmQt \UwD 'CU= xOW xtHQD CU= xO}UQ " x a ]= x} q = A J x@ \ =} = OmWywSB \UwD C }Q x - =@ =D " C F= ? m * =D * ? m =} = C }Q = =@ x=oWywSB |v=UQ`q]= s v =oWywSB |v=UQ `q]= RmQt =@ ?=Dm u}= x}yD CyH Ovv=wD|t u=Ovtxkqa O Q}o@ % v 56 =tD T |rN=O 228701314 uirD zamani@ipm.ac.ir |m}vwQDmr= CUB