Graphic Communication
Course Notes
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Stonelaw High Graphic Communication
2D CAD Commands
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Grids
Iso top
Orthographic projection grid
Isometric
Iso left
Iso right
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Stonelaw High Graphic Communication
2D CAD Commands
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Grid Snap
 Grid snap only allows the cursor to follow the corners of the squares on the box.
 This allows drawings to be produced quickly and accurately.
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Stonelaw High Graphic Communication
CAD Commands
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Library
A CAD library allows frequently used symbols like sockets or doors to be selected from a pre-drawn
catalogue and placed anywhere on the drawing.
This saves the user time and effort.
 The library is a series of standardised components that are drawn to British Standards and save users
time by placing them in drawings
 They can be easily edited and scaled.
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Stonelaw High Graphic Communication
2D CAD Commands
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Layers
Layers can be used to draw different parts of a drawing.
For example the room layouts could be drawn on one layer, the furniture layouts on another and the
electrical fittings on another.
These layers can be viewed all together or one by one.
It is like drawing these parts on tracing paper and placing them on top of each other.
This allows the user to view different parts of a building plan individually to look at parts of particular
interest.
 They can be turned on or off or visible and invisible.
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Stonelaw High Graphic Communication
2D CAD Commands
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Zoom
Zooming in allows you to see smaller parts of a drawing in greater detail.
Zooming out allows you to see the whole of a larger drawing or can be used after you have zoomed
in.
Zooming in
Zooming out
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Stonelaw High Graphic Communication
2D CAD Commands -
Line Types
 You can draw the different line types needed for your drawing simply by selecting the line and
selecting a line type for it.
 By clicking on line type amenu of available lines appears. You simply select the type you require.
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Stonelaw High Graphic Communication
2D CAD Commands - Rectangle/Circle/Arc
 You can draw common shapes quickly and easily by selecting tools.
 You can also choose how you want to configure these shapes. E.g. in the case of circle you can drag its
size out or set it by typing in either its diameter or radius.
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2D CAD Commands - Dimensioning
 The computer calculates how long a line is or the diameter of a circle or the
radius of a curve and automatically places this size on the dimension line.
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2D CAD Commands -
Copy & Paste
 You can copy parts of a drawing that will be repeated and paste these parts elsewhere.
 This is more suitable for either irregularly spaced copies or 1 copy of the same shape.
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Stonelaw High Graphic Communication
2D CAD Commands
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Box Array or Rectangular Array
This allows shapes to be repeated in a predetermined order.
The user chooses how many shapes are to be repeated along the x-axis and the y-axis.
A box type shape is formed with the repeated parts hence the name box array.
An example of a box
array with 2 repetitions along the x-axis
and 3 repetitions along y-axis
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Stonelaw High Graphic Communication
2D CAD Commands -
Circular Arrays
 This allows shapes to be repeated in a circular pattern.
The user chooses how many shapes are to be repeated and the angle at which they are to be
repeated.
 The user can also control how many shapes are to be repeated going out from the centre of the
revolution.
The user must then select the centre point of the ring array either by clicking on the drawing or typing a
co-ordinate into the ring array instruction box.
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Stonelaw High Graphic Communication
2D CAD Commands-
Circular Arrays
This is an example of
a ring array with the instruction box shown alongside.
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2D CAD Commands
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Fillet
 This is when the user adds a curve to a corner.
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2D CAD Commands
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Chamfer
 This is when the user adds a 45° line to a corner.
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Stonelaw High Graphic Communication
2D CAD Commands
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Tangent
 This command allows the user to draw a line at a tangent to a circle.
 This makes this type of line very easy and quick to produce.
An example of lines
of tangency drawn between 2 circles.
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Stonelaw High Graphic Communication
2D CAD Commands
Break
 This command lets the user delete a part of a line without having to delete all of it and redraw what is
needed to be kept.
 This is quicker and easier to do than redrawing a whole line.
Line broken between
these 2 points
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Stonelaw High Graphic Communication
2D CAD Commands
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Trim
 This allows the user to either extend a line to meet the edge of another shape or shorten a line to meet the
edge of a shape.
We will trim these 2 lines to the
box, one will extend to reach the edge and one will be shortened to meet the edge.
Extended line
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Stonelaw High Graphic Communication
2D CAD Commands
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Extend
 Extending a line is how we make it longer
 AutoSketch 6 uses the same method to make lines shorter.
Drag the handles on the
ends of the line to make it longer or shorter.
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Stonelaw High Graphic Communication
2D CAD Commands
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Rotate
 This allows the user to turn an object around any angle based on a centre point of rotation.
 In Autosketch 6 the user clicks on the drawing to choose the basepoint for rotation and then types in the
angle the shape is to be rotated by.
This box has been rotated
by 45° with its rotation basepoint the centre of the
rectangle.
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Stonelaw High Graphic Communication
2D CAD Commands
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Scale
 This command allows the user to say how much bigger or smaller they want to make a drawing they
have done.
 This makes scaled drawings much quicker and easier to do as a number of different scales can be
produced using the one drawing.
2D CAD Commands
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Pan
 This command allows the user to say to move about the drawing whilst still remaining at the same
zoom level.
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Stonelaw High Graphic Communication
2D CAD Commands
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Mirror
 This command gives you a mirror image of the shape you have drawn.
 The user has to set where the mirror would be placed then the image is created.
The purple shape has
been mirrored vertically along the left hand side.
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3D CAD Drawing types -
Wireframe
 These types of drawings only show the structure of the object drawn.
 No other details are shown.
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3D CAD Drawing types - Rendered
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These types of drawings show the objects as solid shapes.
 You can view surface detail as a rendered feature
 It looks realistic due to the highlights and shading generated by the package.
 Some packages also allow you to add material to the shape.
 This allows high quality drawings to be produced very quickly.
 It also means that very realistic models of a design can be produced without having to manufacture them,
saving design firms time and money.
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3D CAD Drawing types - Wire frame with Hidden Edges
 You can view surface detail and hidden detail
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3D CAD Drawings
 As all 3D packages use different commands to produce shapes so you will not be asked to name any of
these commands in your exam.
 You should however, be aware of some of the things that can be done using these packages.
3D CAD Drawings
 There are certain things common to all
3D packages and this is how the shapes are produced.
 You can:
– combine shapes
– subtract them from each other
– add them together
– obtain the orthographic views of the 3D object using one command.
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3D CAD Drawings - Combining Shapes
 Shapes can be combined.
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3D CAD Drawings - Subtracting Shapes
 Shapes can be subtracted from each other.
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3D CAD Drawings -
Adding Shapes
 You can add shapes to each other.
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3D CAD Drawings - Orthographic Views
 You can use one command to obtain the 3 orthographic views of the object.
Plan
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3D CAD Drawings
 There are a number of other things you can do with 3D CAD packages.
 It is because of the speed that these very realistic drawings can be produced at that design companies have
moved to using these type of drawing packages.
3D CAD Drawings -
Advantages
 An orthographic drawing of an object can be produced by the software by clicking a button.
 Very realistic objects can be designed very quickly.
 Because these designs are so realistic and can be made to look like the actual material they will be made
from, clients can see exactly what is being made so a physical model is not required, reducing costs and the
time it takes to design a new product.
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BRITISH STANDARD (BSI) CONVENTIONS
Continuous thick
Visible outlines and edges. In CAD usually 0.5mm
thick
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Continuous thin
Projection/construction lines
Leader lines ( the lines which show the section being
dimensioned).
Dimension lines
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Dashed or Broken
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Chain thin Lines ( long dash dot
long dash).
Centre lines, lines of symmetry and Pitch Circle
Diameters (PCD)
Centre Lines
Pitch Circle Diameter ( where parts or holes are positioned on a
circle).
Line of Symmetry ( Where the part is the same on each side of the
line).
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Chain Double dash Lines
Fold Lines ( edges in a development where the shape will fold).
Extent of Movement
The double dash lines show how far the lever moves
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Chain Lines with thick dash at ends
Cutting Plane
A
ELEVATION
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BRITISH STANDARD (BSI) CONVENTIONS
THREADED PARTS
Threaded parts are usually dimensioned as shown below.
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EXTERNAL THREAD
ELEVATION
END ELEV.
Screw threads are shown as double lines. External
threads have the outer line thicker than the inner line.
Note the split on the inside circle, this shows the start of the
thread.
INTERNAL THREAD
The inner circle is the thicker line in this instance.
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Third Angle Projection Symbol
This symbol should be added to all Orthographic drawings
to help explain their layout.
The view is a truncated cone which is viewed
in an elevation and an end elevation
Knurling
Knurling is a pattern on a surface, providing a better
grip.
Sometimes it is a diamond pattern
Sometimes it is straight
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Ø
R
Indicates a diameter e.g. Ø 40
Indicates a radius e.g. R 20
Indicates a square section e.g.40
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Stonelaw High Graphic Communication
SCALES
Drawings of objects that would fit on to the paper are known as 'full size' (they are drawn to a scale of 1: 1). However, the
objects you draw will not always fit easily on to the paper. If an object is too large you will need to draw it smaller than its
real size, using a reduction scale (e.g. an object drawn half its actual size is drawn to a scale of 1:2).
The reduction scales recommended by the British Standards Institution are1:2,1:5, 1:10, 1 :20, 1:50, 1:100, 1 :200, 1:500 and
1 :1000. If an object is too small for the details to be seen, you will need to draw a larger version, using an enlargement scale.
Sometimes only part of an object needs to be enlarged and is shown in a separate view on the same drawing. The
recommended enlargement scales are 2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, and 50:1.
The scale you use depends on the size of the paper available and the size of the object you are drawing, but it should always
be a scale that allows information to be easily and clearly seen. Also, the scale used should always be stated clearly on the
drawing in order to avoid misunderstandings. Without a scale indicated, the house in the drawing in the picture could be a
dolls house or a real house!
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Design Principles:
Keys to DTP Success
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So what is good design?
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There are certain qualities that every printed
document must have, regardless of its purpose or
form
Use what we learn as a safety checklist, not rules
I’ll also expect you to start explaining items using the
terminology and design skills we discuss
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The Design Principles
Dominance
Balance
Proximity/Unity
Alignment
White Space
Rhythm
Alignment
Flow
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Dominance
Design Principle #1
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Dominance
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How well does each piece of
the puzzle relate to the other pieces
Hold the layout at a distance and concentrate on the
Total Picture
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is it pleasing to your eye?
Proportion Obtainers
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Importance
White Space
Margins
Grids
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Dominance- Importance
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The size of an element should be determined by its
relative importance to its environment.
The larger an element, the more important it
seems to the reader
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Works with graphical or textual elements
Stair-stepping elements
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Like this
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Or even this
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Stonelaw High Graphic Communication
White Space
 Areas of a page without text or graphics
 Structured Order White Space
 gutters, leading, indents, etc.
 Less Structured White Space
 drops, empty left/right column, bands of white
 White Space is very inexpensive to use
 Readers welcome it as a place to rest their eyes (or place to take notes)
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Proportion-White Space
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Too little
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How to repel readers
Can look hard to read
Overwhelming & confusing
Enough
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More inviting
 Less intimidating
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Proportion-White Space
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Plan for it - Treat white space as an element
on the page
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equal in importance to text and graphics
shouldn’t be seen as “leftover” space
should be organized
Use it along the outside edges of a page
Use it in unequal concentrations
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Margins, drops, etc.
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Trapped White Space
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Space trapped on all 4 sides
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Fails to realize its potential
One of the biggest no-no’s in DTP
Distracts the reader’s eye
Seems to push away other elements on the page
Looks like a mistake
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Equally Divided WS
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When you have an item that doesn’t fill the space,
don’t “float” the item by splitting the space evenly
 Group WS together
White space, White space, White space
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Proportion - Margins
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Defined by the grid, which describes
proportion and placement of the margin
Should occupy about 50 percent of the page
Margins should always be unequal –
equal margins breed monotony
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the
Should use progressive margins
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Proportion – Margins
(Simplex)
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Proportion – Margins (Duplex)
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Proportion –Margins (Simplex)
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A series of non-printing horizontal and
vertical guidelines on the page.
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Guarantees consistency throughout the document
Identifies margins
Determines orderly placement of columns and
illustrations on the page
Using the golden section
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Grid Structure
Birds of Paradise
Polly the Parrott
The
Norwegian Blue
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Proportion – Page Structure
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Laying out various text columns that account for
appropriate white space
You can interchange the page structures, but
remember to keep consistent margins
throughout a document
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Page Structures
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Page Structures
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Proportion – Columns in Grids
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Design Principle #2
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Balance
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The weight of the objects on the left
side of the page equals those on the right
Unbalanced objects make us uneasy
Balanced objects look proper and secure
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Balance: Optical Centre
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To obtain balance, you
work with the optical center
The spot the eye sees when it first encounters a page
Slightly above the mathematical center of the page
Similar to where we look on the face when we talk
to others:
the eyes
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Balance: Formal
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Symmetrically formatted
Balance is evident along the optical
center
Provide feeling of formality, precision, and
reserve
Examples: wedding invitations, title pages,
business cards, etc.
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Balance: Informal
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Asymmetrical format
Balance is dynamic instead
of static along the optical center
Reader adjusts the balance in own mind
More energy, more vigor, more
enthusiasm
Adds interest to the page and sparkle to the
presentation
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Design Principle #3
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Flow
Strive for simplicity in design
 DTP gives you so many tools
 Straight-forwardness is a virtue
 Effective design is invisible to reader
 Flow is achieved by leading the reader carefully through the document with appropriately
chosen typefaces, styles, and sizes
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Proximity / Unity
Do your designs have unity?
In design, proximity or closeness creates a bond between people and between elements on a
page. How close together or far apart elements are placed suggests a relationship (or lack of)
between otherwise disparate parts. Unity is also achieved by using a third element to connect
distant parts. Are title elements together? Is contact information all in one place? Do frames and
boxes tie together or separate related elements in your document?
Check Your Use of the Principle of Proximity
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Contrast
Do you have good contrast among elements of your
design?
In design, big and small elements, black and white text,
squares and circles, can all create contrast in design.
Contrast helps different design elements stand out. Is
there enough contrast between your text (size and color)
and background (color and pattern) to keep text
readable? Is everthing all the same size even when some
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elements are more important than others?
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Design Elements
Lines
Lines are one of the basic elements of design. These lessons define and explore the appearance,
patterns, and uses of lines in desktop publishing and graphic design projects.
Mass
Mass equals size. Each piece you create has a physical mass. Additionally, each component of the
design have their own mass relative to the whole piece. Explore mass, one of the elements of design, and
the related topics of size measurement.
Shape
The three basic types of shapes are geometric, natural, and abstract. Explore shapes with an emphasis
on the meanings and use of basic geometric shapes of square, circle, triangle as elements of design.
Texture
Texture is always a part of our designs whether intentional or not. Learn about texture - actual and visual one of the elements of design used in graphic design and desktop publishing.
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DTP Terminology
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Page Orientation
Portrait Format
Landscape Format
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DTP Terms
Headline
Rule: A line used in
DTP.
Header
Reverse: white text on a
black background.
Subheading
text columns
Gutter: space
separating columns of
text.
Margin:: white space
around the outside of
a page
Graphic
New Centre
Caption: Description
of a graphic
Column rule: a line to
separate text columns.
Folio/ Footer
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Typography
Justified (align) Left
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Typography
Justified (align) Left
Justified (align) Right
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Typography
Justified (align) Left
Justified (align) Right
Justified (align) Centre
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Typography
Justified (align) Left
Justified (align) Right
Justified (align) Centre
Fully (forced) justified
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Illustration
Ready-Made Art
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
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Clip Art
Background Textures and Patterns
Dingbat Sets and Picture Fonts
Information Graphics
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
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Charts and Diagrams
Tables
Screen Captures
Maps
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
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Colour Theory
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What colou
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There is no absolute right and wrong when it comes to selecting the
right colour for a particular task. Colour is only unsuitable if it is used
inappropriately or in combinations which are harmonious.
The choice of colours and colour combinations often comes down to
nothing more than personal taste. However, equally as often the choice
is guided by a what message you wish to convey through the choice of
colour.
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SOME FUNCTIONS OF COLOUR
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In Graphic Communication we use colour extensively.
However, we do not simply use it for the sake of using it. We
use it for specific purposes. We select certain colours to
render, design and tone products to suit the individual
environment.
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The Colour Wheel
The Colour wheel is made up of
every colour in the visible spectrum. Inside
the colour wheel we have primary,
secondary and tertiary colours
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COLOUR ASSOCIATION
We are surrounded by colours everywhere and
colours are involved in everything we do, both
consciously and sub- consciously. In the following few
slides we will take a look at what certain colours mean
to us and how they are manipulated in every day life.
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COLOUR ASSOCIATION
Red is associated with areas such as passion,
danger, speed, stopping, blood, fear and warmth.
Certain items will be coloured red due to this colour
association.
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COLOUR ASSOCIATION
Blue is a formal colour, it is associated with
sophistication, elegance and reliability. It is a cool
colour which is rarely used in foods as it is
associated with mould! For this reason, chef’s sticking
plasters are blue.
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COLOUR ASSOCIATION
Yellow is an easily seen, luminous colour. It is
associated with brightness, sunshine, holidays, being happy
and cheerful.
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COLOUR ASSOCIATION
Orange is similar to yellow in its associations. Orange is
linked with areas such as warmth, fire, sun, being happy,
cheerful and is also associated with flavour and energy.
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COLOUR ASSOCIATION
Green is a very restful and peaceful colour. It is associated
with areas such as nature, health, the environment,
informal, youthful and cool.
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COLOUR ASSOCIATION
Purple combines the courage of red and the nobility of
blue.
It is a rich, pompous, impressive and regal colour.
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COLOUR ASSOCIATION
White is luminous, positive, light, delicate and clean. It is
also associated with innocence and purity in our
culture but with death in some other cultures.
If white is added to another colour it becomes a tint.
If
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COLOUR ASSOCIATION
Black is very subdued, solemn, profound; it is
associated with death, sorrow and evil in our culture.
If black is added to another colour it becomes a shade.
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Symbols
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Signs
• Signs are used to convey information in
pictorial form.
• This has many advantages over written
instructions.
• People who talk different languages can understand
the same common signs.
• Instructions for some tasks can be clearer when given
as drawings.
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Signs & Symbols
• Signs & symbols are commonly used in everyday
situations.
• Roadsigns, information, engineering symbols, flow charts
and circuit diagrams are types of drawings that you will
need to know about for your exams.
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• There are different families of signs.
• These are:
– mandatory signs
– prohibition signs
– warning signs
– safety signs
– danger signs
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Signs - Mandatory signs
• These signs are blue in colour.
• They give a positive instruction. In other words
they tell you what to do rather than what not to do.
Turn left
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Signs - Prohibition signs
• These signs are circular with a line across the
circle.
• They are red in colour.
No smoking
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Signs - Warning signs
• These signs are yellow.
• They are normally triangular but can be other
shapes.
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Signs - Safety Signs
• These signs tell people of safe places to go or
safe conditions.
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Signs - Danger signs
• These signs warn people of dangerous
situations.
• Commonly found on road signs and the back of
long vehicles.
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Signs
• There are also general information signs used
for a number of different purposes.
• Some common signs are shown over the next few
slides.
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Signs - Kitemark
• The Kitemark is used to tell consumers that
the products they buy are safety tested to BSI
standards.
• All products sold must carry this Kitemark to be
legally sold.
The British
Standards
Kitemark.
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Signs- Fragile
• This mark is placed on breakable objects’
packaging to tell people handling the box to
treat it with care.
The Fragile
symbol.
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Signs - Recycled
• This mark is placed on recycled objects to
tell the consumer that they are buying a
recycled product.
• This is a big advertising point as companies
like their products to be seen as being
environmentally friendly.
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Signs - Disabled
• This is used to show disabled access.
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These signs are used commonly to distinguish the
male and female toilets.

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Flow Charts
• A Flow Chart is a method of showing the
correct steps to follow in order to complete
some type of problem.
• There are some symbols used in flow charts to
show certain processes that have to be done
when completing the problem.
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Flow Charts
• These symbols are shown below.
Output/Input
Start/Stop
Process
Decision
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Start
Flow Charts
Has button
been pushed?
No
`
• An example of a flow
chart for a pelican
crossing is shown:
Yes
Amber light on
Wait 2
Red light on
Wait 10
Red Light off
Amber light flash
Wait 5
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Building Symbols
• This is law as when submitting planning
permission a company must be able to prove
the quality of the houses or buildings they
want to build.
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Building Symbols
• These are some common symbols that you
will need to remember.
Shower tray
Sink top
Bath
Sink
Radiator
Wash Basin
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• These are some common symbols that you
will need to remember.
In-line valve
(any type)
Crossover
Window
Door
Sawn wood
Junctions
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Building Symbols
• These are some common symbols that you
need to remember.
`Lamp
Switch
Socket
Insulation
Brickwork
Concrete
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Storyboards
• Storyboards give step by step instructions on how
to operate something using pictures to illustrate
what is to be done at each stage.
• Short statements further help the user
understand what to do.
• They are often found on change machines and in
electrical appliance instructions.
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Storyboards
• These are advantageous as a person does not
have to speak any specific language to
understand what to do.
• The written instructions are kept very short
which helps people who, for any reason,
cannot read things properly.
• Often the statements are also given in many
different languages to help foreigners.
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• A number of different drawings are required to
be completed and submitted to the local
authorities when developers want to build new
buildings.
• This group of drawings is called a Project Set.
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Project Set
• A project set consists of a number of different drawings
including
– elevations
– sketches
– sectional drawings
– schematic diagrams
– Block plans
– site plans
– floor plans
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Project Set
• Elevations, sketches and sectional drawings
are required to view the actual building.
• Schematic diagrams are used by tradesmen to
install any electrical circuit work or plumbing and
heating.
• Schematic diagrams use British Standards
symbols covered in these slides.
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Block Plans
• This type of drawing shows the position of the
new building in its surrounding area.
• It is normally drawn to a scale of 1:1250.
• It details:
o Contours
o Other buildings
o Access Roads
o North Symbol
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Block Plans
• This is an example of a block plan.
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Site Plans
• This type of drawing shows the building from
closer in than a Location Plan.
• It shows the building in its immediate
surrounding area.
• It is normally drawn at a scale of 1:250 1:200
1:500 It details:
o Contours
o Trees: proposed and existing
o Drainage
o North Symbol
o Plot Boundary
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Site Plans

This is an example of a site plan.
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Floor Plans
• This type of drawing shows the internal layout of a
building including the materials used in the walls.
• Any electrical appliances fitted will also be
drawn like, radiators, electrical sockets and
switches.
• This type of drawing is normally drawn at a
scale of 1:50 or 1:100.
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Floor Plans
• This is an
example of a
floor plan.
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Pictorial Views
Vp
30º
30º
Isometric
90º
45º
Oblique
One-point perspective
VP2
VP1
60º
Planometric
30º
45º
45º
Planometric
Two-point
perspective
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Orthographic Projection
Elevation: height and length
End elevation: height and breadth

Plan: length and breadth







Isometric view







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Drawing Title Block
Identifies on the drawing:
Name
Title of drawing
Scale
Date
Tolerances
Drawing number
Material
Surface finish
Type of drawing
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Sectioned Views
Removed Section
Revolved Section
Half Section
Stepped Section
Part Section
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