FABRICATION ANALYSIS OF INCENCE STICK MAKING
MACHINE
PROJECT REFERENCE NO.: 39S_BE_0930
COLLEGE
BRANCH
GUIDE
STUDENTS
: SRINIVAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MANGALORE
: DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
: PROF. RAVI S M
: MR. PRADEEP R SHETTIGAR
MR. RAJATH PRABHU
MR. VIRAL N PATEL
Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
India is a vast country and the Indian people follow various religions, speak different
languages and follow different customs and traditions. Inspite of this diversity, all people use
agarbatti (Incense sticks) at all the places of worship, religious functions, festive occasions,
weddings. This itself speaks volumes of the high importance agarbatti has. The burning
incense in religious and social functions has been practised in India since early times. The
demand for agarbatti is increasing both in the domestic and export markets because of the
improvement in quality and increase in the types of products. India is the largest producer of
agarbattis in the world.
Incense-stick making machines that are currently available in India remain
unaffordable to many poor workers who continue to make them manually by smearing the
paste, which is a mixture of charcoal powder, wood powder and binding agent, around a
bamboo stick. Such labour intensive work mostly involves about half a million poor women
in rural and urban slum areas across India. To aid the process of incense-stick making and to
mitigate the issue of health problem arising from working for more than 8 hours a day in
degraded workspaces and also to boost the income of poverty-stricken women workers, a
hand-driven mechanism has been developed. The motivation for developing a low-cost
solution to alleviate their problems and to boost their incomes originated when the first author
of this paper made need-finding feasibility trips to various slum areas in Bengaluru, India
only to witness that most of the women dwellers and their daughters who were involved in
incense-stick making made them with their bare hands. Even more disturbing fact is that the
workers face severe health hazards ranging from bruising of palm-skin to back-pain problems
and are paid a pittance for such arduous work. A machine that will reduce the labour of
incense-stick making is desperately needed as about 0.5 million women workers in India are
involved. Development of such a machine will not only aid these workers in making incensesticks but will also provide livelihood opportunities for other poor women workers who are
either unemployed or are involved in challenging and labour-intensive non-cottage industries.
With such a machine they will be able to make more sticks in the same given time, eventually
earning more money.
Dept. of mechanical engineering, SIT, Valachil, Mangaluru
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
Various mechanisms have been developed in many Asian countries such as Vietnam,
China etc to produce incense sticks which usually do not have bamboo cores. However, in
India incense-sticks with bamboo core is very popular.
A mechanism to produce such incense-sticks having a bamboo core was developed
recently but the prohibitive cost and limitations make it an unviable solution. Market search
of available electric incense-stick machines shows that most worked on principle of extrusion
wherein the continuous streaming of paste and bamboo stick feed was easy to design. In view
of the sporadic power outages in rural India, electric machines are also not viable. Most of the
machines are too large to be used within the small living spaces of these worker’s homes.
The challenge then was to develop a machine that is affordable, hand-operated (so
that workers did not lose their work during erratic electricity supplies in the rural areas), be of
small-size to be stored in their little home, that should be easy to maintain and clean, and
more importantly that one which will produce uniformly coated and high quality incensesticks. In view of these constraints, a low-cost hand-operated incense stick making prototype
was conceived and built after several design iterations.
Dept. of mechanical engineering, SIT, Valachil, Mangaluru
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Literature survey and review has been carried out based on the reference gathered, on
agarbatti manufacturing, and discuss about the aspects of technical, economic, safety and
ergonomic aspects from the project materials collected. Besides, this chapter will also
explains about data requirement and the basic concept in designing machine, the required
functions and finally obtain details of manufacturing specifications sufficient for fabricating
and assembling the desired project.
2.1 Types of machine available
The table 2.1 shows the type of incense stick machine available in India. From this
table we can come to know that the availability of machine at high cost around our country.
The power consumed can also add to the monthly expenditure on the machines. The
capacities of machines are also shown in table. The requirement of floral space is also more
for the cheapest machine available which increases the weight of machine.
Table 2.1 Types of machines
S.N
Machine Available
Machine
Wt(Kg)
Machine
Product
Size(mm)
Power
HP
Capacity/Hr
Price(Rs)
1
Auto Doopathi Making
Machine
175
6,8,10/3”4”,2”
2
13-15Kg/24Hr
112000/-
2
High Speed Agarbatti
Making machine
50
3,5,8/1”,2”,1.5”
5
12-15kg/10Hr
140000/-
3
Incense Powder
Mixing Machine
50
0.5
15-20Kg/24Hr
84000/-
6,8,10/3”,4”,2”
Dept. of mechanical engineering, SIT, Valachil, Mangaluru
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
2.1.1 Auto dhoopbatti making machine
Auto dhoopbatti making machine is the machine which is high in cost. This machine
works with the help of motor connected to the rotating pinion which moves the rack and
extrusion process takes place. The power required to run the motor is high which increases
the expenditure. This also requires high maintenance which indeed increasing the cost of the
machine.
Fig 2.1 Auto dhoopbatti machine
Dept. of mechanical engineering, SIT, Valachil, Mangaluru
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
2.1.2 High speed agarbatti making machine
This machine has high output compared to all the machines. This machine has high
operating cost and high initial cost. This machine works with piston movement horizontally
which moves the paste inside it. This machine contains sensors which move the stick at right
time. The fig 2.2 shows the high speed agarbatti making machine.
Fig 2.2 High speed agarbatti making machine
2.1.3 Incense powder mixing machine
This machine is used for mixing the incense powder. Normally there are 3 to 4
different kind of powders which must be mixed with proper proportion. This machine works
similar to the mixer used in house to mix the powders or crush the fruits. This machine
carries high power motor which rotates the blade inside the machine.
Fig 2.3 Incense powder mixing machine
Dept. of mechanical engineering, SIT, Valachil, Mangaluru
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
2.2 Literature review

The literature reveals agarbatti (incense stick) has a huge demand and a sizeable
market both in India and abroad, very little development has taken place in this field.

The people involved in this trade are mostly below the poverty line and still use
primitive ways of manufacturing incense sticks.

It was concluded from the existing literature that there is no proper safety measures
during agarbatti manufacturing to the workers.

The literature review concludes there is a need for improved ergonomic machines and
safety design to be introduced there is low or almost no awareness of the new designs
and techniques that have been developed in our country.

Emerging of new technology in agarbatti manufacturing will make India leading
producer of agarbatti throughout the world.

The government has come out with loan facility which helps interested people in
starting up business of agarbattis manufacturing especially of rural peoples.

All India Agarbatti Manufactures Association (AIAMA), the main purpose of the
association was to overcome the problem of sales tax. But now the association
addresses the issues facing the industry at a national level.

The study reveals there is lot of business opportunity in agarbatti manufacturing were
design intervention is required fill those gaps

Latest Powder mixing technology and different types of mixing methods and their
mixing ratio, how to find the perfect mixing and which type of blenders shafts are
suitable for best mix and their specification detail was carried out in the study .
Dept. of mechanical engineering, SIT, Valachil, Mangaluru
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
CHAPTER 3
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Incense stick making machine mainly works on many mechanisms which are listed
below.
3.1 Extrusion
Extrusion is a process used to create objects of a fixed cross sectional profile.
A Material is pushed through a die of the desired cross-section. The two main advantages of
this process over other manufacturing processes are its ability to create very complex crosssections,
and
to
work
materials
that
are
brittle,
because
the
material
only
encounters compressive and shear stresses. It also forms parts with an excellent surface
finish.
In incense stick machine the extrusion process takes place in nozzle. Nozzle is the
place where the stick is fed from one side and extrusion takes from other side. Here extrusion
is the coating on the stick. The nozzle design is given below in fig 3.1. Cylinder consists of
semi solid material which is to be extruded. The force required for the extrusion is applied
from the piston. Extrusion is such a way that the movement of semi solid paste moves over
the bamboo stick and the pastes adheres to it. Figure 3.1 shows the extrusion carried out
horizontally from right to left.
Fig 3.1 Extrusion process
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
3.2 Piston Cylinder arrangement
Piston is a part which is normally used in engines. Piston is occupied inside the
cylinder always. Piston moves vertically up and down inside the cylinder. In incense stick
making machine the piston provides the force requires extruding the semi solid paste. Piston
is made up of stainless steel normally to avoid corrosion.
Semi solid paste required for extrusion is fed into the cylinder from the top. After
filing the semi solid paste in the cylinder, piston is moved in for the extrusion process. Length
of cylinder and piston depends on the amount of paste to fed inside the cylinder.
3.3 Chain Drive Mechanisms
Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another. It is
often used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly bicycles and motorcycles.
It is also used in a wide variety of machines besides vehicles.
Most often, the power is conveyed by a roller chain, known as the drive
chain or transmission chain, passing over a sprocket gear, with the teeth of the gear meshing
with the holes in the links of the chain. The gear is turned, and it pulls the chain, thus putting
mechanical force into the system.
In incense stick machine gears are arranged to transmit power from leg of human
being to piston present inside the cylinder. The force required for extrusion process is high,
hence to multiply the force, the gears are used which increases the forces. The required force
for the process from the pedal is transmitted using the shafts first then by the gear on to
piston.
Fig 3.3 Chain drive mechanism
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
3.4 Ratchet and pawl mechanism
A ratchet is a mechanical device that allows continuous linear or rotary motion in only
one direction while preventing motion in the opposite direction. Ratchets are widely used in
machinery and tools.
A ratchet consists of a round gear or linear rack with teeth, and a pivoting, springloaded finger called a pawl that engages the teeth. The teeth are uniform but asymmetrical,
with each tooth having a moderate slope on one edge and a much steeper slope on the other
edge.
When the teeth are moving in the unrestricted direction, the pawl easily slides up and
over the gently sloped edges of the teeth, with a spring forcing it into the depression between
the teeth as it passes the tip of each tooth. When the teeth move in the opposite (backward)
direction, however, the pawl will catch against the steeply sloped edge of the first tooth it
encounters, thereby locking it against the tooth and preventing any further motion in that
direction.
Fig: 3.4 Ratchet wheel
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
3.5 Rack and pinion mechanism
A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair of gears which
convert rotational motion into linear motion. A circular gear called "the pinion" engages teeth
on a linear "gear" bar called "the rack"; rotational motion applied to the pinion causes the
rack to move relative to the pinion, thereby translating the rotational motion of the pinion into
linear motion.
The rack carries the full load of the actuator directly and so the driving pinion is
usually small, so that the gear ratio reduces the torque required. This force, thus torque, may
still be substantial and so it is common for there to be a reduction gear immediately before
this by either a gear or worm gear reduction. Rack gears have a higher ratio, thus require a
greater driving torque, than screw actuators.
Fig 3.5 Rack and pinion
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
3.6 Nozzle and Die
A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid flow
as it exits an enclosed chamber or pipe.
A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area and it can be used to
direct or modify the flow of a fluid. Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow,
speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges from them.
In nozzle velocity of fluid increases on the expense of its pressure energy.
Fig 3.6 Nozzle and Die
3.7 Materials used
Different types of materials are used in our project which has its own advantages over
the other for those particular parts.
3.7.1 Cast iron
In our machine the channel used is made up of cast iron which gives high strength to
the base. This channel holds up all the weight of our project. This is made to stand on wooden
board which is kept on the stand. Figure 3.7 shows the channel used in the project.
Dept. of mechanical engineering, SIT, Valachil, Mangaluru
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
Fig 3.7 Cast Iron Channel
Cast iron tends to be brittle, except for malleable cast irons. With its relatively low
melting point, good fluidity, cast ability, excellent machinability, resistance to deformation
and wear resistance, cast irons have become an engineering material with a wide range of
applications and are used in pipes, machines and automotive industry parts, such as cylinder
heads (declining usage), cylinder blocks and gearbox cases (declining usage). It is resistant to
destruction and weakening by oxidation. The melting temperatures usually range from 1,150
to 1,200 °C.
3.7.2 Mild steel
Mild steel, or carbon steel, is a metal alloy. It is a combination of two
elements, iron and carbon. Other elements are present in quantities too small to affect its
properties. The only other elements allowed in plain-carbon steel are: manganese (1.65%
max), silicon (0.60% max), and copper (0.60% max). Steel with low carbon content has the
same properties as iron, soft but easily formed. As carbon content rises the metal becomes
harder and stronger but less ductile and more difficult to weld. Higher carbon content lowers
steel's melting point and its temperature resistance in general.
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
Fig 3.8 Mild steel plates
Mild steel is the most common form of steel as its price is relatively low while it
provides material properties that are acceptable for many applications. Mild steel has low
carbon content (up to 0.3%) and is therefore neither extremely brittle nor ductile. It becomes
malleable when heated, and so can be forged. It is also often used where large amounts of
steel need to be formed, for example as structural steel. Density of this metal is 7861.093
kg/m³ ( 0.284 lb/in³) and the tensile strength is a maximum of 500 MPa (72500 psi)
3.7.3 Stainless steel
Stainless steel does not readily corrode, rust or stain with water as ordinary steel does.
However, it is not fully stain-proof in low-oxygen, high-salinity, or poor air-circulation
environments. There are different grades and surface finishes of stainless steel to suit the
environment the alloy must endure. Stainless steel is used where both the properties of steel
and corrosion resistance are required.
Fig 3.9 Piston cylinder
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
CHAPTER 4
COMPONENTS USED
4.1 Cylinder
The cylinder used in our project is made up of stainless steel. It has a diameter of 50
mm. Cylinder is the length of 340 mm. Stainless steel material is used because the incense
powder must not stick to the cylinder. Hence other materials cannot be used.
Fig 4.1 Cylinder
4.2 Rack
Rack is used to provide force required for the extrusion process. Bush type piston is
placed at the one end of the rack. This bush is passed inside the cylinder where incense paste
present. Rack is made up of stainless steel. Rack has 59 number of teeth’s on it. It is of 450
mm length. The module of each teeth is 1.85 mm. Pitch between two teeth are 11.5 mm.
Fig 4.2 Rack
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
4.3 Pinion
Pinion is used to move the rack up and down. Pinion rotates at the same place and
moves the rack upwards or downwards as per the rotation of pinion. Pinion is made up of
teeth along the circumferences which mesh with the teeth of rack. Pinion is made up of
stainless steel mounted inside cast iron hub. Pinion is fixed inside the cast iron hub with the
help of bearing at one end and the shaft is coming out of the other end. Pinion consists of 13
teeth. The diameter of the pinion is 50 mm.
Fig 4.3 Pinion inside the cast iron hub
4.4 Plummer Block
A Plummer block is a pedestal used to provide support for a rotating shaft with the
help of compatible bearings & various accessories. Housing material for a pillow block is
typically made of cast iron or cast steel.
The fundamental application of both types is the same which is to mount bearings
safely enabling their outer ring to be stationary while allowing rotation of the inner ring. The
housing is bolted to a foundation through the holes in the base. Bearing housings are either
split type or unspilt type. Split type housings are usually two piece housings where the cap
and base can be detached, while certain series are one single piece housings. Various seals
are provided to prevent dust and other contaminants from entering the housing.
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
Thus the housing provides a clean environment for the expensive bearings to freely
rotate, hence increasing their performance and duty cycle.
Fig 4.4 Plummer block
4.5 Chain Sprockets
Sprocket is the wheel which has profiled teeth on the circumference of it. These teeth
mesh with the chain. These sprockets rotate when shaft connected to it rotates. The driver
sprocket gear is connected to driven sprocket gear with the help of the chain. The tooth on the
driver sprocket is 15. The tooth on the driven sprocket is 32 teeth. The diameter of the driver
sprocket is 65mm and the diameter of the driven sprocket is 130mm.
Fig 4.5 Chain sprockets
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
4.6 Ratchet
Ratchet is the wheel which contains the inclined teeth on it. Ratchet is used for only
one sided motion. It restricts the opposite motion by using the pawl. The ratchet is made up
of stainless steel. The ratchet used in the project is 40 teeth and outer diameter is of 150mm
and inner diameter is of 135mm.
Fig 4.6 Ratchet wheel
4.7 Pawl
Pawl is the pivoted bar adapted to engage with the teeth of a ratchet wheel or the like
so as to prevent the movement or impart the motion. Pawl is made up of mild steel material.
Pawl is of length 200mm. It is provided with spring for proper engagement of the pawl to the
ratchet.
4.8 Nozzle
It is the main component where the extrusion process takes places. This nozzle is
made up of stainless steel. Stainless steel is used because the incense powder must not stick
on the nozzle. Nozzle can be adjusted for different values of thickness. Nozzle is of 105 mm
length.
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
Fig 4.8 Nozzle
4.9 Die
It is the component which is placed just in front of the nozzle. This component
provides the resistance of nozzle moving front side. The die has a hole in it which is of
thickness 1.8mm. This hole makes the thickness of the incense stick. The incense paste
comes out from that hole and adheres to the stick.
Fig 4.9 Die
4.10 Incense Powders
The powders required for the incense stick are of different kinds. It differs from
company to company for the adherence, burning rate, fragrance etc. Incense powders are
mostly mixture of two or three particles.
Dept. of mechanical engineering, SIT, Valachil, Mangaluru
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
There are mainly 3 types of powder mixed in our incense paste, they are as follows:

Wood dust

Charcoal powder

Jiggit powder
These powders are then mixed in proper concentration as per need of the company’s
quality. Normally the ratio of mixture used is 1:1:1. This is used because this provides all the
required quality on the incense stick.
This mixture is then mixed with water. The ratio of water to mix to the powder is
different from machines power. Hence the trial and error method is tried on in the machine
after the fabrication to obtain the proper ratio of the mixture of water and powders.
4.10.1 Wood Dust
Wood dust is the powder which is obtained after grinding the wood powder. This
powder is so fine that they are grinded to very fine structure. Wood is used for the burning of
the stick. This provides the fast burning of stick. More the wood powder in the incense stick
faster is the burning rate. Hence for better incense stick wood dust powder must be in lower
level.
Fig 4.10 Wood dust powder
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
4.10.2 Charcoal Powder
Charcoal powder is used for the constant burning of the incense stick. Charcoal is
crushed until it becomes very fine powder and mixed it with other powders in the mixture.
Since charcoal leaves black colour it gives black colour to the incense stick.
Fig 4.11 Charcoal Powder
4.10.3 Jiggit Powder
This powder is used as the binding agent. This powder provides the adhesiveness of
the mixture to the stick. This powder is sticky due to its properties. This powder is mostly
used in all the incense factories since it is best binding agent along with burning rate of it.
Fig 4.12 Jiggit Powder
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
CHAPTER 5
WORKING
Incense stick machine works on principle of extrusion, chain and sprocket, rack and
pinion. The machine includes the nozzle which is very important part in our machine. The
nozzle is the where extrusion takes place. In this extrusion process the semi solid incense
powder gets adhered to the bamboo stick coming from the circular hole present. Above the
nozzle there is a vertical cylinder where the semi solid incense powder is put in. This cylinder
is then fitted with piston which reciprocates vertically in the cylinder. Force put to the piston
is then acted on the semi solid incense powder which rushes into the spaces present inside the
nozzle.
The cylinder is perpendicular to the nozzle hence the semi solid incense powder
moves all around the nozzle of circumference of it. The semi solid incense powder from the
circumference moves into the convergent part of the nozzle which in turn moves into the gap
present into the hole from where the bamboo stick comes into the nozzle. The bamboo stick
is first inserted in and then the force is applied since there must be no wastage of the semi
solid incense powder. This semi solid incense powder moves tangentially to the bamboo
stick. Hence the force from the powder is applied to the stick and stick moves forward.
Nozzle must be placed such away that it fluid exiting must be tangential to the bamboo stick.
The force applied to the piston is from the leg of the operator. Where the operator pedals and
using the gear arrangements the force is transmitted such that rack moves downward. The
rack and pinion attached to the piston then makes the piston to move downwards. Ratchet and
pawl is used for the non return of the piston. The force put to the leg is transferred into the
ratchet using a pin. This pin pushes the ratchet and makes it rotate. This rotation is then
transferred to pinion using the chain mechanism. When pinion rotates the rack moves
downwards and extrusion process is carried on as mention above.
Dept. of mechanical engineering, SIT, Valachil, Mangaluru
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
CHAPTER 6
DESIGN
6.1 Selection & design criteria
Selecting the proper design is very essential in all departments of engineering fields.
General Requirements of Machine Design’s are:

Low Cost.

Simplicity of design

High productivity

Good Appearance.

Safety and convenience of control

Shape and size and also necessary surface finish.

Ability to produce and provide required accuracy

More durability
6.2 Design procedure
Before proceeding to the process of manufacturing, it’s necessary to have some
knowledge about the project design essential to design the project before starting the
manufacturing. Maximum cost of producing a product is established originally by the
designer. General Design procedure for a product when a new product or their elements are to
be designed, a designer may proceed as follows:

Make a detailed statement of the problems completely; it should be as clear as
possible & also of the purpose for which the machine is to be designed.

Make selection of the possible mechanism which will give the desire motion.

Determine the forces acting on it and energy transmitted by each element of the
Machine
 Select the material best suited for each element of the machine.
 Determine the allowable or design stress considering all the factors that affect the
strength of the machine part.
 Identify the importance and necessary and application of the machine.
 Problems with the existing requirement of the machine, productivity and demand.
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
 Determine the size of each element with a view to prevent undue distortion or
breakage under the applied load.
 Modify the machine element or parts to agree with the past experience and judgment
and to facilitate manufacture.

Make assembly and detail drawings of machine with complete specification for the
materials and manufacturing methods i.e. accuracy, surface finish etc.
6.3 Calculation
Input force applied by the leg,
F1 = 50N = 5.09 Kg.
Torque transmitted by the link on the ratchet wheel,
T1 = F1* L1
=50*0.23
=11.5 N-mm
Torque is same on the driven wheel of the chain sprocket,
Hence torque on the chain sprocket T2 = 11.5 N-mm
Gear ratio (i) = (Z1/Z2) = (15/32) = 0.47
Torque transmitted by the chain on the sprocket,
T3 = (T2/i) = (11.5/0.47)
=24.46 N-mm.
Pinion diameter (d) =50mm
Torque transmitted by shaft of chain sprocket is equal to torque transmitted to pinion,
T3=T4=24.46 N-mm.
T4=F2 * r
Where tr is torque on the pinion
F is force put on the rack tooth
r is radius of pinion.
T4 = F2 * 0.025
24.46 = F2 * 0.025
F2 =978.4N.
Dept. of mechanical engineering, SIT, Valachil, Mangaluru
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
Hence force on each rack tooth,
Area of trapezoid (A1) = 0.5*(b1+b2) h
=0.5(5+2)*6
=21mm2.
Stress on each tooth = (F1/A1) = (978.4/21)
=46.59 N/mm2.
Dept. of mechanical engineering, SIT, Valachil, Mangaluru
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
CHAPTER 7
FABRICATION
Fabrication is the building of metal structures by cutting, bending, and assembling
processes. It is a value added process that involves the construction of machines and
structures from various raw materials. A fabrication shop will bid on a job, usually based on
the engineering drawings, and if awarded the contract will build the product. Large
fabrication shops will employ a multitude of value added processes in one plant or facility
including welding, cutting, forming and machining.
Fabrication of incense stick making machine began with fabrication of stand for the
support. This stand is made up of links of mild steel. The floor area covering the stand is
around 1m2. Stand is made so strong to carry heavy weights on it. The stand was drilled for
the accurate size for the fixing of plywood with help of bolts and nuts. The plywood is fixed
above the stand.
The channel used as the support for everything is fixed on the plywood using bolt and
nut. This channel is made up of cast iron which gives high strength to the machine. At the top
of the channel 4 holes are drilled of 8mm diameter for fixing the pinion hub. The pinion hub
is fixed with the screws and tightened properly.
The plate is welded at the centre of the channel. On this plate the slots are cut for the
fixing of the plummer block on it. Slots are cut in order to adjust the tightness of the chain.
The plummer block holds the shaft of length 250mm. At the one end of the shaft, the ratchet
is fixed and at the other end the chain sprocket is kept. In between the ratchet and the
plummer block a bearing is fitted in. This bearing is then welded to the link forming a
movement of link along with movement of ratchet. On the ratchet end the handle is locked
using the lock nut for the opposite motion of the shaft.
At the other end of the shaft, the chain sprocket is placed. This chain sprocket is then
connected to the other sprocket using chain which is placed beside the pinion hub. When
chain rotates the pinion also rotates.
The link in between ratchet and plummer block is then connected by other two links
which are fixed by bearing to each other. The last link at the bottom is welded to the other
Dept. of mechanical engineering, SIT, Valachil, Mangaluru
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
link in such a way that the joint is fixed to shaft using the plummer block and angle between
the joint and link two must be nearly perpendicular to the stand. This perpendicular angle of
link makes the link to move around the maximum distance.
All the links are kept with the slots in order to adjust the force required for the
extrusion process. These slots are used for joining the links at different angles and so that
different amount of force can be given.
The pinion hub at the top of the channel is connected to the rack. Rack consists of the
piston head at the bottom. This piston is then passed into the cylinder. At the bottom of
cylinder the nozzle and die apparatus is kept.
Nozzle and die apparatus at the bottom is holed by two big screws which cover the
full apparatus. At the back end of nozzle the incense stick is put in and the force is applied
and stick comes out from the other end.
Fig 7.1 Fabricated incense stick machine
Dept. of mechanical engineering, SIT, Valachil, Mangaluru
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
CHAPTER 8
ANALYSIS
We are comparing our manual incense stick making machine with automatic incense
stick making machine.
The following table shows the difference between the two machines.
Table 8.1 Comparison between pedal and automatic machine.
S.N
Description
Pedal
Automatic
1
Cost of the machine(Rs)
14275/-
122500-200000/-
2
Production rate(Sticks/Min)
8
15
3
Production per day(Kg/day)
14.4
30
4
Electric power
consumption(Rs/month)
Nil
500
5
Quality
Moderate thickness
is achieved
Better thickness is
achieved
6
Maintenance
Less
High
7
Labour required/machine
1
1
8
Stick dimension
Irregular stick can
be used
Round sticks only
Dept. of mechanical engineering, SIT, Valachil, Mangaluru
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
CHAPTER 9
COST ANALYSIS
Table 9.1 Cost analysis
Sl.No Component
Quantity
Cost (in Rs)
1
cylinder
1
600
2
Chain sprocket
2
1000
3
Rack
1
1500
4
chain
1
500
5
ratchet
1
1000
6
Nozzle and die apparatus
1
2000
7
Pinion hub
1
800
8
Plummer blocks
3
600
9
Shaft
1
400
10
links
4
1500
11
stand
1
1500
12
channel
1
200
13
plywood
1
400
14
Incense powder
2
200
15
Incense stick
500
75
16
miscellaneous
1
1000
17
Labor cost
1
1000
Total cost
Dept. of mechanical engineering, SIT, Valachil, Mangaluru
14275
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
CHAPTER 10
ADVANTAGES

This machine provides employment opportunities to the women in rural areas.

The incense stick is adhered properly.

No electric power consumptions.

Less maintenance charges.

Less initial cost.

Easily can be disassembled.

Reduces man power.
Dept. of mechanical engineering, SIT, Valachil, Mangaluru
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION
The main objective of our project is to prepare incense stick making machine which
gives employment to the women in rural area. The fabrication cost of our machine is way
cheaper than the automatic incense stick making machine. The fabrication of the machine is
done in such a way that it can be easily portable from one place to other. This machine can be
used in small villages of India where women can works from house.
Dept. of mechanical engineering, SIT, Valachil, Mangaluru
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
CHAPTER 12
SCOPE FOR FUTURE IMPROVEMENT
Although this machine performs its functions there is a room for further development.
These are specific areas where machine can be further improved.

Pneumatic compressor can be used to put force and make it work with air.

Can change the design of nozzle and can make that particular part better.

By using heating coil at the nozzle exit, a dry agarbatti stick can be obtained. Which
intern reduces the production time.

Can mix the fragrance material with incense paste and reduce the overall production
time.
Dept. of mechanical engineering, SIT, Valachil, Mangaluru
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Fabrication and analysis of incense stick making machine
REFERENCE
1. Improvement of women employment in rural area, (IOSR-JBM), e-ISSN: 2278-487X,
p-ISSN: 2319-7668. PP 59-65, www.iosrjournals.org
2. Patchouli in fragrances-incense stick production from patchouli spent charge powder,
March,
2013,
Agric
Eng
Int:
CIGR
Journal,
Open
access
at
http://www.cigrjournal.org Vol. 15, No.1 187.
3. Krishna S. Vishwakarma, et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications,
www.ijera.com, ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 1), April 2014, pp.442447.
4. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Website:
www.ijetae.com, ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2012.
5. International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management
(IJAIEM), Web Site: www.ijaiem.org, ISSN 2319 – 4847.
6. Visited Siri Gramodhaya samsthe at Dharmasthala, Belthangadi.
Dept. of mechanical engineering, SIT, Valachil, Mangaluru
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