INTRODUCTION
TO
INSTRUMENTATION
INTRODUCTION
• There are three main categories of conventional
lights.
o Spot- Focused pool of light, hard edges.
o Wash-Somewhat controllable, soft edges.
o Flood- Very little control
• Major parts of a lighting instrument
o C-Clamp- Device used to attach instrument.
o Yoke- Attaches body of the light to the c-clamp. Allows the light to tilt and
pan.
o Instrument lead- cable that attaches to the instrument and includes the
plug.
o Instrument housing- Body of the light that includes the lamp, lens and
reflector.
Basic Parts of a Lighting
Instrument.
ERS
ELLIPSOIDAL REFLECTOR
SPOTLIGHT
MAJOR COMPONENTS
• ELLIPSOIDAL REFLECTOR
▫ Known also as a Leko in US
▫ Profile Spot in UK
• PLANO- CONVEX LENS SYSTEM
• SHUTTER SYSTEM
▫ Four framing shutters
• GOBO OR PATTERN SLOT
▫ Sometimes called a gate.
• COLOR SLOT
• AVAILABLE IN
• LED
• ARC
• Tungsten Halogen
ERS
(Ellipsoidal Reflector Spotlight)
Typically fixed focal lengths
•Lens type 6x9,6x12,6x16.
•Field angle, 19,26,36 Degree.
ERS are excellent for
 Sharp edge beam
Shutter cuts off scenery
Project a pattern
ERS
(Ellipsoidal Reflector
Spotlight)
FRESNEL
MAJOR COMPONENTS
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•
•
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Spherical reflector
Fresnel lens
Moveable sled
Color frame slot
Available with two different sources
o Arc
o Tungsten Halogen
FRESNEL
PAR
Parabolic Aluminized
Reflector
MAJOR COMPONENTS
• Parabolic reflector
• Sealed beam lamp
o The traditional PAR is no more than a can holding a lamp.
• Main function
• Altman vs. S4 Par
PAR
Parabolic Aluminized Reflector
•Standard Sizes
•vnsp (very narrow spot)
•nsp (narorow spot)
•mfl (medium flood)
•wfl (wide flood)
Accessories & Attachments
• Color Scroller
o Attach to the front of the light and is controlled
by the light board.
o Ability to change color by scrolling
to different gels.
• Barn Door
o Attach to the front of the
light.
o Usually used on Fresnel’s.
o Helps control the beam of
the light.
• Top Hat
o Attach to the front of the
light.
o Usually used on Ellipsoidal
instruments.
o Helps mask the source of the
light from the audience.
Lamp Types
Lamp Structure
Three Major Components
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Bulb
Base
Filament
ANSI CODE
•COLOR TEMPERATURE
•LCL
•MOL
DIFFERENT SOURCES
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Incandescent
Tungsten Halogen
Arc Lamps
Fluorescent
LED
Incandescent
• As a material is heated it begins to glow and emit
light. This is called incandescence. The filament is
heated by passing an electrical current through the
filament. The resistance created causes the
filament to emit light.
Incandescent
• filament heated in air would oxidize and burn up
• Filaments are made of Tungsten
• The filament is placed in a sealed envelope and
filled with gas to help maintain the life of the
filament
• A nitrogen and argon gas is usually used.
• As the tungsten evaporate from the filament and is
deposited on the walls of the lamp. This causes the
blackening of the envelope
• Eventually the filament will weaken and the lamp
will blow.
Tungsten Halogen
• Same principle as a standard incandescent lamp, It uses a
Tungsten filament inside a sealed envelope. The main
difference is the addition of a halogen gas.
• The halogen gas is usually iodine or bromine.
• When mixed the gasses react to the evaporated tungsten
filament.
• The tungsten is re deposited back onto the filament instead of
being deposited on the walls of the envelope.
• The strength of the filament lasts much longer.
• If proper voltage is not applied to the lamp blackening can
still occur
• Tungsten halogen lamps can have much higher internal
pressure which can help raise lamp life and color
temperature.
LAMP BASE
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Candelabra base
Medium screw base
Medium skirted
Medium prefocus
Medium bipost
Mogul bipost
Medium two pin
LAMP BASES
LAMP SHAPES
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A- arbitrary
Ps- pear shapes
R- reflector
T-tubular
Par- parabolic alumized reflector
B- torpedo bulb
LAMP SHAPES