Discovery, Volume 19, Number 58, May 14, 2014
Design of Cosine Control
Firing Scheme for Single Phase Fully Controlled
Bridge Rectifier
Dnyanesh Shirpurkar1, Kushal Raut2, Sagar Warambhe3
1
B.C.Y.R.C’s Umrer College of Engineering /Electronics Engineering, Umrer, Nagpur, India
Email: shirpurkard@gmail.com
2
B.C.Y.R.C’s Umrer College of Engineering/Electronics Engineering, Umrer, Nagpur, India
Email: kushal.raut16@gmail.com
3
B.C.Y.R.C’s Umrer College of Engineering/Electronics Engineering, Umrer, Nagpur, India
Email: sagarwarambhe7715@yahoo.com
Mobile: 17276410421, 27774952888,3 8446355549
I INTRODUCTION
Single phase bridge rectifiers utilize thyristor or silicon
controlled rectifier (S.C.R.) as switching devices. To turn
on a thyristor, various control schemes are used to generate
gate pulses or firing pulses which are supplied between
gate and cathode of the thyristor. The number of degrees
from the beginning of the cycle when the thyristor is ted or
switched on is referred to as the firing angle, α and when
the thyristor is turned off is known as extinction angle, The
thyristors of bridge rectifier are switched on and off in
proper sequence by using control electronics and gate
driver circuits to get a controlled dc output voltage. For
this a sinusoidal ac voltage is supplied to control circuit
and the same supply is given to bridge rectifier circuit
through isolation and synchronization block. This paper
implements control electronics circuit by using the cosine
control firing scheme and the controlled dc output voltage
thus obtained from the bridge rectifier is effectively
utilized for resistive and motor loads.
Conventionally, ramp and cosine firing schemes are used
for generating the gate pulses [5], [7]. The cosine control
firing scheme has an advantage that it linearizes the
transfer characteristic of bridge rectifier by using an
indirect control variable as a substitute for firing angle, α
as given in (1) and (2). This scheme also provides
automatic negative feedback to the change in input ac
supply. The input ac voltage of peak value, Vm is
transformed to alow level ac voltage, Vao of 9 V is
obtained by using a 230/9 V, and 50 Hz step down
transformer. The cosine wave generator integrates Vao to
obtain a cosine wave of peak value, Emwhich is compared
with a variable dc control voltage, EC by using a
comparator. The comparator output is fed to mono-stable
block. The mono-stable output is modulated at high
frequency to obtain the firing pulses. After proper
amplification and isolation, these firing pulses are supplied
to the thyristors of the bridge rectifier circuit.
The firing angle, α is given by
cos 1(E/Em)
(1)
The output voltage of the converter is
V 0 2Vm /( *cos )
V 0 2Vm/( *(EC/Em))
V 0 EC
69
Index Terms—Comparator, cosine control firing
scheme, fully controlled bridge rectifier, isolation
circuit, mono stable multi-vibrator.
II COSINE CONTROL SCHEME
Fig. 2 Block diagram of cosine control scheme.
Dnyanesh Shirpurkar et al.
Design of Cosine Control Firing Scheme for Single Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Rectifier,
Discovery, 2014, 19(58), 69-72,
http://www.discovery.org.in/d.htm
www.discovery.org.in
© 2014 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
Page
Abstract—As per the industrial needs, regulated dc
voltage with linear transfer characteristics is important
in many applications such as dc magnet power supplies
in a beam line system. To accomplish this motto, cosine
control firing scheme is suggested to get the output
voltage which is proportional to control voltage.
Present paper deals with design and implementation
ofcosine control firing scheme for single phase fully
controlled rectifier with desired results simulated in
MATLAB/Simulink and simulation results are verified
experimentally.
Discovery, Volume 19, Number 58, May 14, 2014
The block diagram of implemented cosine control firing
scheme is shown in Fig. 2 and the utility of each module is
explain below [8], [9].
The gate pulses obtained from AND operation
may not beable to turn on the thyristor [10]. It is therefore
common tofeed these gate pulses to a pulse amplification
and isolationcircuitry to meet the two objectives of
strengthening thesepulses and providing proper isolation.
A. Cosine wave generator
III BRIDGE RECTIFIER
Cosine wave generator uses an op-amp along with
resistors and capacitors to realize the integrator function. It
provides a phase shift of 900 to the input voltage Va0 and
thus a cosine wave is obtained.
B. DC control voltage
The dc control voltage, EC that can be varied
between ± 12V is used to vary the firing angle, α ranging
from 00 to 1800.The ground point of the dc supply is
connected to the common ground point zero of the
transformer.
C. Comparator
The typical single phase bridge rectifier circuit
consists offour thyristors T1, T2, T3 and T4 as shown in
Thegenerated gate pulses are supplied between gate, G
andcathode, K to trigger T1 & T3 during positive half
cycle and T2& T4 during negative half cycle of ac supply
voltage
Thetypical controlled dc output voltage
waveforms for resistiveand motor loads are shown in Fig. 4
and Fig. 5. Theexpression of average output voltage, V0 as
a function offiring angle,
and extinction angle,
with
resistive load andmotor load are given in (4) and (5)
respectively.
An op-amp is used as comparator. The variable dc
voltage is applied to the non-inverting terminal and the
cosine wave is applied to the inverting terminal of the
comparator.
D. Monostable
Fig. 3 Typical single phase bridge rectifier circuit diagram.
E. Carrier wave
V0
Pulse gating of thyristor is not suitable for RL
loads, thisdifficulty can be overcome by using continuous
gating.However, continuous gating may lead to increased
thyristorlosses and distortion of output pulse. So, a pulse
traingenerated by modulating the pulse gate at high
frequency isused to trigger the thyristor. This high
frequency wave isknown as carrier wave and is generated
by using astablemultivibrator.
F. AND
V0
) Vm cos
(1/ ) [Vm(cos
cos ) E(
)] (5)
AND operation is performed between monostable
outputsand carrier wave thus pulses required for triggering
thethyristors called firing pulses or gate pulses are
obtained.
G. Pulse amplification and isolation circuitry
Fig. 4 Typical output waveform of single phase
bridgerectifier with resistive load.
Dnyanesh Shirpurkar et al.
Design of Cosine Control Firing Scheme for Single Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Rectifier,
Discovery, 2014, 19(58), 69-72,
http://www.discovery.org.in/d.htm
www.discovery.org.in
© 2014 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
70
‘E’ is back e.m.f. of the motor.
Page
The square wave output of the comparator is fed
as input tothe monostable multivibrator which gives two
complementary outputs, Q and Q’ each of 10 ms duration.
These complementary outputs are primary firing pulses
which are modulated to trigger the thyristors. The time
period, T of monostable multivibrator is given in
T
0.33 * R *C
(2)Where R and C are the resistance and capacitance used.
Discovery, Volume 19, Number 58, May 14, 2014
Fig. 5 Typical output waveform of single phase bridge
rectifier with motor load.
Fig. 6(b) Experimental results for Input and output to
fcosine wave generator.
IV RESULTS
a) Cosine wave generator
The simulation results and experimental outputs of the
cosine wave generator are shown in Fig. 6 (a) and Fig. 6(b)
respectively. The upper half shows an input sine wave and
lower half indicates the cosine wave.
b) Comparator
The simulation results and experimental outputs of the
comparator are shown in Fig. 7 (a) and Fig. 7 (b)
respectively. The lower half shows the square output
voltage which is obtained by comparing cosine wave and
DC control voltage.
Gate pulses obtained by cosine control scheme have
been effectively utilized to control the dc output single
phase fully controlled bridge rectifier on both resistive
load and motor load. The present control scheme
provides linear control transfer characteristics between
input and output i.e., firing angle is directly proportional
to the dc control voltage. The experimental results are in
coordination with the simulation results. Thus, presented
control scheme can be successfully utilized to get the
controlled dc voltage for industrial applications.
In order to produce steady and smooth DC, a filter
may be introduced at the output[7]. Pulse amplification
and isolation circuit may be replaced by driver ICs.
Monostable are may be replaced by zero-crossing
detector and gates to avoid the false triggering due to
output bouncing[11].
VI REFERENCES
1.
c) Monostable
The square wave output of the comparator is fed to the
monostable multivibrator. The simulation results
andexperimental outputs of the monostable multivibrator
are shown in below respectively. The lower and upper
halves indicate two output waves each of 10 ms duration
and are complement to each other.
2.
3.
4.
5.
0
0.01 0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
.
Dnyanesh Shirpurkar et al.
Design of Cosine Control Firing Scheme for Single Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Rectifier,
Discovery, 2014, 19(58), 69-72,
http://www.discovery.org.in/d.htm
P.S.Bimbhra,“PowerElectronics,”KhannaPublishe
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TirtharajSen, Pijush Kanti Bhattacharjee and
Manjima
Bhattacharya,
“Design
And
Implementation Of Firing Circuit For SinglePhase Converter,” International Journal of
ComputerandElectricalEngineering,vol.3,pp.368www.discovery.org.in
© 2014 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
71
A. Cosine Control Scheme
V.CONCLUSION
Page
cosine control firing pulses are supplied to single
phase bridge rectifier circuit and the controlled dc output
voltage issued to drive the resistive and motor loads. The
voltage waveforms at different stages of control circuit and
output of the bridge rectifier circuit as simulated in
MATLAB/Simulink are discussed. Afterwards the
experimental results are also compared with simulation
results.
Discovery, Volume 19, Number 58, May 14, 2014
6.
7.
8.
9.
374,June 2011.
PhilipT.Krein,“ElementsofPowerElectronics,”4the
dition Oxford University Press, 2003.
Ahmad Azhar Bin Awang, “Single Phase
Controlled
Rectifier
Using
Thyristor,”
undergraduate thesis, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, 2009-10.
Geno Peter,“ Design Of Single Phase Fully
Controlled Converter Using Cosine Wave
Crossing Control With Various Protections,
”International Journal of Engineering Science
and Technology, vol. 2(9), pp4222-4227, 2010.
Paul B. Zbarand Albert P.Malvino, “Basic
Electronics: A Text Lab Manual,” Tata McGrawHill Publisher, 7th edition, 2001.
Page
72
.
Dnyanesh Shirpurkar et al.
Design of Cosine Control Firing Scheme for Single Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Rectifier,
Discovery, 2014, 19(58), 69-72,
http://www.discovery.org.in/d.htm
www.discovery.org.in
© 2014 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved