Liberty Mutual lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling and carrying guidelines
Introduction
Since the late 1970’s, Liberty Mutual Group Loss Prevention field organization has been
analyzing and evaluating lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling and carrying tasks using
“Psychophysical Tables” (hereafter called “Tables”). These Tables are based on research by Drs.
Stover Snook, and Vincent Ciriello at the Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety. Their
research used psychophysical methodology and provided important information about capability
and limitations of workers and design of manual handling tasks to reduce low back disability.
Psychophysical methodology includes measurements of oxygen consumption, heart rate, and
anthropometric characteristics. Subjects were given control of either the weight or force variable.
All other task variables such as frequency, size, height, distance, etc., were controlled by the
experimenter. The subject then monitored his or her own feelings of exertion or fatigue, and
adjusted the weight or force of the object accordingly. Details of the experimental designs are
found in the individual papers (Ciriello and Snook 1983, Ciriello et al. 1990, Ciriello et al. 1993).
The Tables used by Loss Prevention were much different from those in the published literature.
Some have referred to those in the published literature as “Snook Tables” (Snook, 1978) and
later “Snook and Ciriello Tables” (Snook and Ciriello, 1991). Tables used by Loss Prevention
provide the male and female population percentages able to perform these tasks while the
published articles provided Maximum Acceptable Weights and Forces for 10, 25, 50, 75, 90
percent of the male and female population. Tables used by Loss Prevention are called “Liberty
Mutual Tables” and were later developed into an ergonomic software analysis program called
CompuTask™.
These Tables were developed with the goal of controlling costs associated with manual handling
operations. These costs can be attributed to high low back disability costs, reduced productivity
and quality due to poor job design. These Tables provide the user with an objective risk
assessment of a problem manual handling job and the foundation on which to build a solution by:
1) helping recognize risk factors associated with manual handling activity and,
2) helping make good business decisions on implementing cost effective ergonomic
solutions that offer the highest degree of control.
Using these Tables effectively requires basic level training in ergonomics and manual handling
task analysis and evaluation. Users should be knowledgeable of biomechanical, physiological
and psychophysical workload criteria (Waters, 1994) and evaluation methods. Training should
include developing an analysis strategy and collection of basic measurements including weights,
initial and sustained forces, distances (lifting, lowering, carrying, hand distance from body) and
task frequency.
The illustrations, instructions, and principles contained in the material are based on published
research and, to the best of our knowledge, current at the time of publication. No attempt has
been made to interpret any referenced codes, standards, or regulations. Please refer to the
appropriate code, standard, or regulation-making authority for interpretation or clarification.
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
Using the Tables: Population Percentage Criteria
As a general rule of thumb, designing manual tasks for greater than 75% of the female work population will
offer the best protection from manual handling injuries. Studies have shown that two-thirds of low back
claims from low percentage tasks (tasks capable of being performed by a small percentage of the
population) can be prevented if the tasks are designed to accommodate at least 75% of the female work
population (Snook et al., 1978). Tasks having population percentages of less than 10% should be
prioritized for task redesign.
However, for certain jobs and industries, it is very difficult to design jobs that can be performed by 75% of
the female work population. These tables are very often used to perform what-if scenarios of various
ergonomic interventions to help determine the most cost effective and practical solution that offers the
highest degree of control.
The tables are self-explanatory and easy to use. Here’s an example; suppose you want to find the female
population percentage for lifting tote pans. Your measurements show:
•
•
•
•
Tote pan weight of 29 lb.(Object Weight)
Hand distance of 7 in. (Hand Distance Away from Body)
An initial hand height of 30 in. (Hand Height at Start)
A final hand height of 50 in. (Hand Height at End), and pans are lifted once every 5 min. (Task
Frequency)
First you must find the correct table. Since this is a lifting task ending between knuckle and shoulder height
(≥28" and ≤53") and you are looking for female population percentage, go to Table C.2-3.
Using the object weight of 29 lb. to select the row and hand distance of 7 in. to select the column, locate
the large cell, for example:
Lifting
Distance
Frequency
15s
30s
1m
5m
8h
30
12
18
33
45
75
20
34
39
49
60
83
10
34
45
62
71
89
Lifting Distance is 20 in. and frequency is once every 5 minutes, therefore, this task is acceptable to 60% of
the female work population.
Since measurements seldom correspond exactly to the data points used in the tables, it will often be
necessary to estimate the population percentage. For example, if the object weighed 30 lb., it would fall
between the 29 lb. cell as shown above and the 32 lb. cell. Interpolation gives a population percentage of
55.
One dimension that is occasionally confusing is Hand Distance. Hand Distance is the distance from the
front of the body to the hands. (Note that this is a different measurement from the one used for the
NIOSH model.). Hand Distance will normally be half the width of the object being handled unless the
object is purposely held away from the body.
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
i
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
For Pushing and Pulling Tasks you will need to obtain a spring scale, a load cell or other force measurement
device and enter the initial force, in pounds, needed to start the object moving. Take several measurements
and enter the highest value particularly when floor or wheel conditions are poor. For pushing tasks, if you
only have a spring scale device, you can measure the force by pulling. However, while the effect on the
worker may be different between a push and pull, the measured force will be the same. Also obtain the
sustained force measurement to keep the object moving. All measurements should be taken at an
acceleration representative of the task as performed in the actual operating environment.
Frequency can also be confusing when more than one task component is present, for example, lifting an
object, carrying it a distance and putting it back down. Frequency is defined as the average time between
handling individual objects. In our example, if objects are lifted, carried, and lowered within a job cycle
time of 30 seconds, the frequency would be 30 seconds for the lift, 30 seconds for the carry and 30 seconds
for the lower.
A word of caution on using the tables:
Tasks should not be evaluated based solely on population percentages. Other important considerations are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Injuries - Any job that is producing injuries is a good candidate for redesign.
Bending - Any task that begins or ends with the hands below knuckle height presents some degree
of risk. The deeper the bending motion, the greater is the physical stress on the low back. Frequent
bending regardless of weight is not recommended.
Twisting - This motion puts uneven forces on the back thereby presenting additional physical
stress. The greater the twist, the more physically stressful the task.
Reaching - The distance away from the body that a load is held greatly affects the forces on the
back, shoulders, and arms. The farther the reach, the more physically stressful the task
One-Handed Lifts - The tables cannot be used to evaluate one-handed tasks. By nature, these
tasks place uneven loads on the back and present a greater physical stress than two-handed lifts
Hand-holds - Inability to get a good grip on the load presents a greater physical stress.
Catching or Throwing Items - The tables cannot be used to evaluate these types of tasks. Any
tasks involving catching or throwing items are physically stressful and, therefore, are good
candidates for redesign.
Population percentages:
The population percentages in these tables are based on weights selected by subjects in the laboratory
working as hard as they could without straining themselves, or without becoming unusually tired, weakened,
overheated, or out of breath. Jobs designed ergonomically should fit most workers and that’s why 75% of
the female work population is selected as a design starting point. Do not use population percentages in
these tables to determine whether male or female workers can perform certain jobs and then place workers
accordingly. Use these tables only for designing manual handling jobs with physical requirements such that
as many workers as possible can perform them without risk of injury.
As mentioned, to effectively use these Tables requires training in ergonomics and task evaluation methods.
Users of these Tables should be trained in how to collect the hand distance, lifting distance and task
frequency measurement. Liberty Mutual Group workers compensation insured customers can call their
Loss Prevention Consultant for details.
ii
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
Table of Contents
TABLE 1 F - Female Population Percentages for Lifting Tasks Ending Below Knuckle Height
(<28")……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
1
TABLE 1 M - Male Population Percentages for Lifting Tasks Ending Below Knuckle Height
(<31")……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2
TABLE 2F - Female Population Percentages for Lifting Tasks Ending Between Knuckle and
Shoulder Height (≥28" and ≤53") ………………………………………………………………………
3
TABLE 2M - Male Population Percentages for Lifting Tasks Ending Between Knuckle and
Shoulder Height (≥31" and ≤57")……………………………………………………………………….
4
TABLE 3F - Female Population Percentages for Lifting Tasks Ending Above Shoulder Height
(>53") ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5
TABLE 3M - Male Population Percentages for Lifting Tasks Ending Above Shoulder Height
(>57") …………………………..………………………………………………………………………….
6
TABLE 4F - Female Population Percentages for Lowering Tasks Beginning Below Knuckle
Height (<28") ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
7
TABLE 4M - Male Population Percentages for Lowering Tasks Beginning Below Knuckle Height
(<31") ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8
TABLE 5F - Female Population Percentages for Lowering Tasks Beginning Between Knuckle
and Shoulder Heights (≥28" and ≤53") …………………………………………………………………
9
TABLE 5M - Male Population Percentages for Lowering Tasks Beginning Between Knuckle
and Shoulder Height (≥31" and ≤57") ………………………………………………………………….
10
TABLE 6F - Female Population Percentages for Lowering Tasks Beginning Above Shoulder
Height (>53") ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
11
TABLE 6M - Male Population Percentages for Lowering Tasks Beginning Above Shoulder
Height (>57") ……………………………………………………………………………………….……..
12
TABLE 7 - Population Percentages for Pushing Tasks Initial Forces ……………………………..
13
TABLE 8F - Female Population Percentages for Pushing Tasks Sustained Force ………….……
15
TABLE 8M - Male Population Percentages for Pushing Tasks Sustained Force ……………….…
16
TABLE 9 - Population Percentages for Pulling Tasks Initial Forces ………………………….…...
17
TABLE 10F - Female Population Percentages for Pulling Tasks Sustained Force …………….…
19
TABLE 10M - Male Population Percentages for Pulling Tasks Sustained Force ……………….…
20
TABLE 11F - Female Population Percentages for Carrying Tasks ………………………………....
21
TABLE 11M - Male Population Percentages for Carrying Tasks ……………………………….…...
22
References ………………………………………………………………………………………………...
23
Worksheet …………………………………………………………………………………………………
24
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 1 F - FEMALE POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR LIFTING TASKS
ENDING BELOW KNUCKLE HEIGHT (<28")
HAND
DISTANCE
FREQUENCY
ONE LIFT EVERY
65
62
59
56
50
47
44
41
38
35
32
29
26
23
20
17
14
LIFTING DISTANCE (INCHES)
OBJECT WEIGHT (POUNDS)
53
28
20
10
28
20
10
28
20
10
28
20
10
28
20
10
28
20
10
28
20
10
28
20
10
28
20
10
28
20
10
28
20
10
28
20
10
28
20
10
28
20
10
28
20
10
28
20
10
28
20
10
28
20
10
7 INCHES
10 INCHES
15 INCHES
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
14
21
16
30
17
25
40
27
36
51
39
49
63
53
61
73
66
73
81
78
82
88
87
89
+
+
+
+
16
14
23
12
22
33
19
32
43
30
43
54
43
55
65
56
67
75
69
77
83
79
85
89
88
+
+
+
+
+
14
16
20
24
29
16
33
38
25
44
49
36
55
59
49
65
69
61
75
78
73
83
85
82
89
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
12
13
17
19
24
11
27
32
18
36
41
26
46
50
37
56
60
48
65
69
60
74
77
70
81
83
80
87
89
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
13
29
34
17
35
40
22
41
46
29
48
53
35
54
59
43
61
65
51
67
71
58
73
76
66
78
81
73
83
85
79
87
88
84
+
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
16
16
25
14
25
37
25
38
49
38
51
62
54
65
73
69
77
82
81
86
89
89
+
+
11
14
18
22
11
27
32
20
38
43
32
51
55
46
63
67
60
74
77
73
83
85
84
+
+
+
+
+
11
13
17
20
24
13
29
34
21
39
44
31
50
55
44
62
66
57
72
75
70
81
83
80
88
89
88
+
+
+
+
+
14
20
19
26
25
32
14
31
38
20
38
45
26
45
53
34
53
60
42
60
67
51
68
73
60
74
78
68
80
83
76
85
87
82
89
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
11
21
14
22
36
29
39
54
50
59
71
71
77
84
14
16
26
18
30
42
35
48
59
55
66
74
74
81
86
12
18
22
14
31
36
27
46
51
45
63
66
64
77
79
80
87
89
13
18
22
13
29
34
24
43
48
39
58
62
57
72
75
73
83
85
85
+
+
13
18
14
25
20
32
12
28
41
18
36
50
27
46
58
37
56
67
49
66
75
60
74
81
71
82
87
80
87
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
14
11
22
12
19
33
21
30
46
35
44
59
50
59
71
66
72
81
79
83
88
88
+
+
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
- = LESS THAN 10%
1
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 1 M - MALE POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR LIFTING TASKS
ENDING BELOW KNUCKLE HEIGHT (<31")
HAND
DISTANCE
FREQUENCY
ONE LIFT EVERY
96
92
88
84
76
72
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
32
28
LIFTING DISTANCE (INCHES)
OBJECT WEIGHT (POUNDS)
80
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
7 INCHES
10 INCHES
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
11
15
20
11
25
15
31
15
20
37
20
26
44
27
34
51
35
41
58
43
49
65
52
58
71
60
65
76
68
73
81
76
79
86
82
84
89
87
89
+
11
15
19
11
23
14
28
14
19
34
19
24
40
25
31
46
31
37
53
39
45
59
46
52
65
54
59
71
62
66
76
69
73
81
76
79
85
81
84
88
86
88
+
+
+
+
13
25
14
17
30
17
21
34
22
26
40
27
31
45
33
37
51
39
43
56
45
50
62
52
56
67
58
62
72
64
68
76
70
73
80
76
78
84
80
82
87
85
86
+
88
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
30
34
48
34
39
52
39
44
57
45
49
61
50
54
65
55
59
69
60
64
73
65
69
77
70
73
80
75
77
83
79
81
86
82
84
88
85
87
+
88
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
49
54
65
54
58
69
58
62
72
63
66
75
67
70
78
71
73
80
74
77
83
78
80
85
81
83
87
84
85
89
86
88
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
11
15
19
12
25
12
16
31
17
22
38
23
29
45
31
37
52
39
45
60
48
53
66
57
62
73
66
70
79
73
77
84
80
83
88
86
87
+
13
16
20
14
25
14
18
30
19
23
36
24
29
42
30
35
48
37
42
55
44
49
61
52
56
67
59
63
72
66
69
77
73
75
82
78
81
86
83
85
89
88
89
+
+
+
+
16
20
33
20
24
38
25
29
43
30
34
48
35
40
53
41
46
58
47
51
63
53
57
68
59
63
72
65
68
76
70
73
80
75
78
84
80
82
87
84
85
89
87
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
35
39
53
40
44
57
45
49
61
50
54
65
55
59
69
60
63
73
64
68
76
69
72
79
73
76
82
77
80
85
81
83
87
84
86
89
87
88
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
18
11
26
14
19
35
23
29
46
35
40
57
48
53
67
61
66
77
14
21
11
14
28
17
22
37
26
31
47
37
42
57
48
53
66
60
64
75
71
74
82
14
19
11
14
25
16
20
33
22
27
40
30
35
48
39
44
57
49
53
65
59
62
72
68
71
78
76
78
84
83
84
88
11
15
19
13
24
13
17
29
18
22
35
24
28
42
30
35
48
37
42
55
45
50
62
53
57
68
61
64
74
68
71
79
75
77
83
81
83
87
86
87
+
+
+
+
12
23
12
16
28
16
20
33
20
25
38
25
30
43
31
36
49
37
42
55
43
48
60
50
54
66
57
60
71
63
66
75
69
72
79
75
77
83
80
82
86
84
85
89
88
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
16
21
13
28
13
18
35
19
25
42
27
33
51
36
42
59
45
52
66
56
61
73
65
70
80
74
77
85
81
84
89
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
2
15 INCHES
- = LESS THAN 10%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 2F - FEMALE POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR LIFTING TASKS
ENDING BETWEEN KNUCKLE AND SHOULDER HEIGHT (≥28" AND ≤ 53")
HAND
DISTANCE
FREQUENCY
ONE LIFT EVERY
59
56
53
50
44
41
38
35
32
29
26
23
20
17
14
11
8
LIFTING DISTANCE (INCHES)
OBJECT WEIGHT (POUNDS)
47
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
7 INCHES
10 INCHES
15 INCHES
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
-
14
18
25
30
18
39
45
33
55
60
52
70
74
70
83
85
84
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
14
12
23
22
35
20
34
49
33
49
62
50
64
75
66
77
84
80
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
15
12
23
21
34
18
32
47
30
46
60
45
60
71
60
73
81
74
83
88
85
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
15
11
21
17
29
12
24
38
19
34
48
29
44
58
40
56
68
52
66
76
64
76
83
75
83
89
84
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
11
14
22
27
17
38
43
34
56
61
54
73
76
74
86
88
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
18
18
31
17
31
45
32
47
61
50
64
75
68
79
85
83
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
18
16
29
15
28
42
27
43
56
43
58
70
61
73
81
76
84
89
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
14
11
21
17
30
14
26
41
22
38
52
34
50
63
48
62
73
61
74
82
74
83
88
84
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
17
18
14
37
37
35
60
61
63
80
81
85
+
+
+
+
+
12
21
26
20
41
47
44
64
69
70
83
85
88
+
+
+
+
+
13
14
26
16
30
44
35
51
64
59
71
80
80
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
11
11
22
11
23
37
26
41
55
46
61
72
68
79
85
85
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
17
16
28
14
28
42
27
42
56
43
58
70
60
73
81
76
84
89
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
11
20
20
12
34
34
25
50
50
43
66
67
62
80
80
79
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
18
18
11
32
33
25
51
51
46
69
69
68
83
84
85
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
- = LESS THAN 10%
3
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 2M - MALE POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR LIFTING TASKS
ENDING BETWEEN KNUCKLE AND SHOULDER HEIGHT (≥31" AND ≤57")
HAND
DISTANCE
FREQUENCY
ONE LIFT EVERY
96
92
88
84
76
72
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
32
28
LIFTING DISTANCE (INCHES)
OBJECT WEIGHT (POUNDS)
80
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
7 INCHES
10 INCHES
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
12
17
23
12
30
12
18
38
18
25
47
26
34
56
36
44
64
46
54
72
57
64
79
68
73
85
77
81
89
84
87
+
+
+
+
11
15
20
26
14
33
11
20
41
17
27
49
25
35
57
33
45
65
43
54
72
54
63
78
64
72
84
73
79
88
81
85
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
16
20
25
12
31
17
38
11
23
45
16
30
52
22
37
59
30
45
65
38
54
72
48
62
77
57
69
82
66
76
86
74
82
+
81
87
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
21
26
13
32
17
38
11
23
44
16
29
51
21
36
58
28
44
64
36
52
70
45
60
76
54
67
81
63
74
85
71
80
88
78
85
+
84
89
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
25
46
16
30
52
21
36
57
27
42
63
33
49
68
40
55
72
47
61
77
54
67
81
61
73
84
68
78
87
74
83
+
80
86
+
85
+
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
13
19
25
14
33
12
20
42
19
29
51
28
39
60
38
49
68
50
60
76
61
70
82
72
78
88
81
85
+
88
+
+
12
17
22
11
29
16
36
22
43
16
29
51
23
38
59
32
47
67
41
56
73
52
65
80
62
74
85
72
81
89
80
86
+
86
+
+
+
+
+
13
17
22
11
28
15
35
21
42
15
28
50
21
36
57
29
44
64
38
53
71
48
62
77
58
70
83
67
77
87
76
84
+
83
88
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
12
30
16
36
21
42
13
26
48
18
32
54
24
39
60
31
47
66
39
54
72
47
61
77
55
68
81
63
74
85
70
80
88
77
84
+
83
88
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
13
20
12
30
14
20
42
24
32
54
38
46
66
53
61
76
68
74
85
13
20
11
29
11
19
40
19
29
51
31
42
63
45
56
73
60
69
82
73
79
88
14
20
28
17
37
13
25
47
21
36
57
32
47
67
44
59
75
58
70
82
70
79
88
81
87
+
13
19
26
15
34
22
44
17
31
53
27
42
63
38
53
71
51
64
79
63
74
85
74
83
+
84
89
+
13
17
23
11
29
16
36
11
23
44
16
30
52
24
39
60
32
48
67
42
57
74
53
66
80
63
74
85
72
81
89
80
87
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
11
16
23
13
31
13
20
41
21
28
50
31
39
60
42
51
69
55
62
77
66
72
84
77
81
89
85
88
+
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
4
15 INCHES
- = LESS THAN 10%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 3F - FEMALE POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR LIFTING TASKS
ENDING ABOVE SHOULDER HEIGHT (>53")
HAND
DISTANCE
FREQUENCY
ONE LIFT EVERY
40
38
36
34
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
LIFTING DISTANCE (INCHES)
OBJECT WEIGHT (POUNDS)
32
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
7 INCHES
10 INCHES
15 INCHES
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
11
11
18
18
28
28
16
40
40
27
53
53
41
65
66
57
76
77
71
85
85
83
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
11
14
18
22
27
14
33
38
23
45
50
36
58
62
50
69
73
64
79
82
77
87
89
86
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
18
15
26
11
22
36
18
32
46
27
43
57
39
55
67
52
66
76
65
76
84
76
84
89
85
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
15
11
21
18
29
12
24
38
19
33
47
28
44
57
39
54
67
51
65
75
63
74
82
73
82
88
82
88
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
13
26
40
19
33
48
26
41
55
34
50
63
43
59
70
53
67
77
62
74
82
71
81
87
79
86
+
85
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
13
17
21
27
33
19
40
46
32
54
59
48
68
72
64
79
82
78
88
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
19
16
28
13
25
39
22
37
51
34
50
63
49
63
74
63
75
83
76
84
89
86
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
14
21
17
29
13
26
40
21
37
51
33
49
62
46
61
72
59
72
81
72
81
87
82
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
22
17
30
12
24
38
18
32
46
26
41
55
35
51
64
45
60
72
56
69
79
66
77
84
76
84
89
83
89
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
16
16
30
30
22
48
48
42
66
66
64
81
81
82
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
13
20
25
15
35
40
30
52
57
50
70
73
70
83
85
85
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
17
16
28
15
28
43
28
44
58
46
61
72
64
76
83
80
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
17
15
27
13
26
40
24
40
54
40
55
68
57
70
79
73
82
88
85
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
13
20
17
29
13
25
39
21
36
50
32
48
61
45
60
72
59
72
80
72
81
87
82
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
13
13
23
23
13
35
35
24
49
50
39
64
64
57
76
77
73
86
86
85
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
- = LESS THAN 10%
5
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 3M - MALE POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR LIFTING TASKS
ENDING ABOVE SHOULDER HEIGHT (>57")
HAND
DISTANCE
FREQUENCY
ONE LIFT EVERY
77
74
71
68
62
59
56
53
50
47
44
41
38
35
32
29
26
LIFTING DISTANCE (INCHES)
OBJECT WEIGHT (POUNDS)
65
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
7 INCHES
10 INCHES
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
12
16
21
27
13
33
12
18
39
17
24
46
23
31
53
31
39
60
39
47
67
48
56
73
57
64
79
65
71
83
73
78
87
80
84
+
85
88
+
+
+
+
16
20
25
12
31
16
37
13
22
43
18
28
50
24
34
56
31
42
62
38
50
68
47
57
74
55
65
79
63
72
83
71
78
87
78
83
+
83
87
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
14
33
17
38
22
44
14
27
49
19
33
55
24
40
60
31
46
66
38
53
71
45
59
76
52
66
80
60
72
84
67
77
87
74
82
+
79
86
+
84
89
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
18
39
11
23
45
15
28
50
19
34
55
25
40
61
31
46
66
37
52
71
44
59
75
51
65
79
58
77
83
65
76
86
72
81
89
77
85
+
82
88
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
28
44
64
33
49
68
39
54
72
45
59
75
50
64
79
56
69
82
62
73
85
68
78
87
73
81
89
77
85
+
82
87
+
85
+
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
12
17
22
27
14
34
11
20
41
17
26
48
23
34
55
31
42
63
40
51
69
49
59
75
58
67
81
67
75
85
75
81
89
82
86
+
88
+
+
18
22
28
14
33
18
39
12
24
46
16
30
52
22
37
58
29
44
64
37
52
70
45
59
76
53
67
80
62
73
84
70
79
88
77
84
+
83
88
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
24
11
29
14
34
19
40
12
24
46
16
30
52
22
37
58
28
44
64
35
51
69
43
58
74
51
65
79
59
71
83
67
77
87
74
82
+
80
86
+
85
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
14
28
49
18
33
54
23
38
59
29
44
64
35
50
69
41
56
73
47
62
77
54
67
81
61
72
84
67
77
87
73
81
89
78
85
+
82
88
+
86
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
11
16
23
13
31
13
20
41
21
29
51
31
40
61
43
52
70
56
63
78
68
74
85
12
18
25
13
33
12
20
41
19
29
51
28
39
60
39
50
69
50
61
76
62
71
83
73
79
88
11
16
21
27
15
34
21
42
15
28
50
22
37
58
31
46
66
41
56
73
52
65
79
62
74
85
72
81
89
81
87
+
11
16
21
27
14
33
20
41
14
27
49
20
35
56
28
44
64
37
53
71
48
62
77
58
70
83
68
78
87
76
84
+
83
89
+
19
23
11
28
14
34
19
40
12
25
46
17
31
53
23
38
59
30
45
65
37
53
71
46
60
76
54
67
81
62
74
85
70
79
88
77
84
+
83
88
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
13
18
24
12
30
11
17
38
17
24
46
24
32
54
32
41
61
42
50
69
51
59
75
61
68
81
70
76
86
78
83
+
85
88
+
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
6
15 INCHES
- = LESS THAN 10%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 4F - FEMALE POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR LOWERING TASKS
BEGINNING BELOW KNUCKLE HEIGHT (<28")
HAND
DISTANCE
FREQUENCY
ONE LOWER EVERY
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
14
20
12
27
18
35
15
25
44
23
34
53
32
44
62
43
55
71
54
65
78
65
74
84
75
81
89
83
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
17
12
24
18
31
12
25
39
19
34
48
27
43
57
37
53
66
47
63
74
58
72
80
69
79
86
78
85
+
85
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
11
14
18
19
24
25
31
13
33
39
19
41
48
26
50
56
36
59
64
46
67
72
56
75
79
66
81
84
75
87
89
82
+
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
17
22
25
31
14
35
41
20
42
49
26
50
56
34
58
63
42
65
70
51
72
76
60
78
81
68
83
86
76
87
89
82
+
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
47
69
73
56
75
79
65
81
84
71
84
87
76
87
89
80
+
+
84
+
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
12
18
14
26
22
35
16
31
45
25
41
55
36
53
65
49
64
74
61
74
82
72
82
88
86
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
14
15
20
21
27
29
35
17
39
45
25
49
55
35
59
64
47
68
73
58
77
80
69
84
86
79
89
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
14
16
21
22
28
29
35
15
37
43
22
45
52
30
54
60
40
63
68
50
70
75
60
77
81
69
83
86
77
88
+
84
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
26
50
56
36
59
64
46
68
72
53
73
77
60
78
81
67
82
85
73
86
88
78
89
+
83
+
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
16
11
26
12
21
39
23
34
53
47
59
74
72
80
88
89
+
+
13
11
22
20
33
17
32
46
30
46
60
54
68
78
77
85
+
+
+
+
11
15
18
23
28
34
18
40
46
29
53
59
44
66
71
66
82
85
84
+
+
+
+
+
13
14
19
22
27
11
31
37
19
41
48
29
53
59
41
64
69
54
74
78
67
82
85
82
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
16
18
24
27
33
14
34
41
19
42
48
26
50
56
34
58
63
43
66
70
52
73
77
62
79
82
70
84
87
78
88
+
84
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
51
48
43
OBJECT WEIGHT (POUNDS)
41
39
37
35
33
31
29
27
25
23
21
18
15
12
LOWERING DISTANCE (INCHES)
45
7 INCHES
10 INCHES
15
22
14
30
13
22
40
21
32
51
31
43
61
43
55
71
56
67
79
69
77
86
83
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
15 INCHES
- = LESS THAN 10%
7
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 4M - MALE POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR LOWERING TASKS
BEGINNING BELOW KNUCKLE HEIGHT (<31")
HAND
DISTANCE
FREQUENCY
ONE LOWER EVERY
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
21
24
13
29
13
16
33
16
20
37
20
24
42
24
29
47
29
34
52
35
40
57
40
45
62
46
51
66
52
57
71
58
62
75
64
68
78
70
73
82
75
77
85
79
81
88
83
85
+
14
28
13
17
32
16
20
36
20
24
40
24
28
45
28
33
50
33
38
54
38
43
59
44
49
63
49
54
67
55
59
72
60
64
75
66
69
79
71
74
82
75
78
85
79
81
87
83
85
+
+
+
+
23
28
42
27
32
46
31
36
50
35
40
54
40
45
58
45
49
62
50
54
66
54
59
69
59
63
73
64
67
76
68
71
79
72
75
82
76
79
85
80
82
87
83
85
89
86
87
+
88
89
+
+
+
+
47
51
64
51
55
67
55
59
70
58
62
72
62
66
75
66
69
78
69
72
80
73
76
82
76
78
84
79
81
86
82
83
88
84
86
+
86
88
+
88
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
73
76
83
75
78
84
78
80
86
80
82
87
82
84
88
84
85
89
85
87
+
87
88
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
11
14
17
21
11
25
11
14
30
15
18
35
19
23
41
24
28
46
29
34
52
36
40
58
42
47
63
49
54
68
56
60
73
63
67
78
69
72
82
75
78
85
14
17
20
11
24
11
14
29
14
18
33
18
22
38
23
27
44
28
32
49
33
38
54
39
44
59
45
50
64
52
56
69
58
62
74
64
68
78
70
73
82
75
78
85
80
82
88
11
14
26
14
17
30
17
21
35
21
25
39
25
29
44
29
34
48
34
39
53
39
44
58
45
49
62
50
55
66
56
60
71
61
65
74
66
70
78
71
74
81
76
78
84
80
82
87
83
85
89
87
88
+
31
36
50
35
40
54
40
44
58
44
49
61
49
53
65
53
57
68
57
61
72
62
66
75
66
69
78
70
73
80
74
76
83
77
80
85
80
82
87
83
85
89
86
87
+
88
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
62
66
75
65
69
77
69
72
80
71
74
81
74
77
83
77
79
85
79
81
87
82
84
88
84
85
89
86
87
+
88
89
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
14
18
24
11
14
30
16
20
37
22
26
44
30
34
52
38
43
60
47
52
67
13
17
21
13
27
14
18
33
19
23
40
26
30
47
33
38
54
41
46
61
49
54
67
58
62
74
11
15
18
11
23
12
15
27
15
19
33
20
24
38
26
30
44
32
36
50
38
43
56
45
50
62
52
57
68
60
63
73
66
70
78
73
75
82
20
12
24
12
15
28
15
19
32
19
23
36
23
27
41
27
32
46
32
37
51
38
43
56
43
48
61
49
54
66
55
59
70
61
65
74
66
70
78
71
74
81
76
79
85
80
82
87
84
86
+
33
38
52
37
42
55
41
46
59
46
50
63
50
54
66
54
59
70
59
63
73
63
67
76
67
70
79
71
74
81
75
77
84
78
80
86
81
83
88
84
86
+
86
88
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
87
84
78
OBJECT WEIGHT (POUNDS)
75
72
69
66
63
60
57
54
51
48
45
42
39
36
LOWERING DISTANCE (INCHES)
81
7 INCHES
10 INCHES
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
8
15 INCHES
- = LESS THAN 10%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 5F - FEMALE POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR LOWERING TASKS
BEGINNING BETWEEN KNUCKLE AND SHOULDER HEIGHTS (≥28" AND ≤53")
HAND
DISTANCE
FREQUENCY
ONE LOWER EVERY
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
14
14
21
21
29
30
14
40
40
23
51
51
34
62
62
47
72
72
60
81
81
72
87
88
86
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
11
14
16
21
24
30
13
33
39
20
44
50
30
55
60
42
65
70
55
75
79
67
83
85
78
89
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
11
15
22
16
29
23
38
16
31
47
24
41
57
34
52
66
45
62
74
57
71
81
68
80
87
77
86
+
85
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
21
17
30
12
26
41
17
33
49
24
41
57
32
49
64
40
58
71
50
66
77
59
73
82
68
80
87
76
85
+
82
89
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
25
43
58
35
53
67
46
63
75
54
69
79
61
75
83
68
80
87
74
84
+
80
88
+
85
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
13
16
21
24
30
14
35
41
23
47
53
35
59
65
49
71
75
63
80
83
81
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
13
19
14
27
22
37
16
31
47
25
43
58
37
54
68
50
66
77
63
76
84
74
84
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
14
22
15
29
22
37
14
29
45
21
38
54
30
47
62
39
57
70
50
66
77
60
74
83
70
81
88
79
87
+
85
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
23
38
17
33
49
26
44
59
33
51
65
41
59
72
50
66
77
58
72
82
66
78
86
74
83
89
80
88
+
85
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
18
19
31
31
19
46
46
43
69
70
70
86
87
89
+
+
12
16
21
27
13
34
40
25
50
55
50
72
76
76
88
+
+
+
+
12
20
16
30
13
27
43
24
41
57
39
56
70
63
76
85
83
+
+
+
+
+
16
11
23
18
33
13
27
43
22
38
54
33
50
65
46
62
74
59
73
82
71
82
89
86
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
20
14
27
20
35
13
27
43
20
36
52
28
45
61
37
55
69
48
64
76
59
73
82
69
80
87
77
86
+
85
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
51
48
43
OBJECT WEIGHT (POUNDS)
41
39
37
35
33
31
29
27
25
23
21
18
15
12
LOWERING DISTANCE (INCHES)
45
7 INCHES
10 INCHES
13
13
21
21
31
32
16
43
44
27
56
56
41
68
68
56
78
78
76
89
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
15 INCHES
- = LESS THAN 10%
9
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 5M - MALE POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR LOWERING TASKS
BEGINNING BETWEEN KNUCKLE AND SHOULDER HEIGHT (≥31" AND ≤57")
HAND
DISTANCE
FREQUENCY
ONE LOWER EVERY
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
15
21
41
19
26
46
24
31
51
29
36
56
34
42
61
40
48
68
47
54
71
53
60
75
60
66
79
66
71
82
71
76
85
76
80
88
81
84
+
85
88
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
17
25
46
21
30
50
25
35
55
31
41
60
36
47
65
43
52
69
49
58
73
55
64
77
61
69
81
67
74
84
73
78
87
78
82
89
82
86
+
86
89
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
20
33
54
24
38
58
29
44
63
35
49
67
41
55
71
47
60
75
53
65
78
59
70
81
65
74
84
70
79
87
75
82
89
80
86
+
84
88
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
36
51
68
41
55
71
47
60
75
52
64
78
57
69
81
62
73
83
67
76
86
72
80
88
76
83
+
80
86
+
83
88
+
87
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
62
73
83
66
76
85
70
79
87
74
81
89
77
84
+
80
86
+
83
88
+
85
+
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
27
14
32
12
18
37
16
22
42
21
28
48
26
34
54
32
40
59
39
47
65
46
53
70
53
60
75
60
67
79
67
72
83
73
78
86
79
82
89
84
86
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
13
31
17
36
13
21
41
17
26
47
22
32
52
28
38
58
34
44
63
41
51
68
48
57
73
55
64
77
62
70
81
68
75
85
74
80
88
80
84
+
84
88
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
19
39
12
24
44
16
29
49
21
34
54
26
40
59
32
46
64
38
52
69
45
58
74
52
64
78
58
70
81
65
75
84
71
79
87
77
83
+
82
87
+
86
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
22
36
56
26
41
60
32
46
64
37
51
69
43
57
72
49
62
76
55
67
79
61
71
82
66
76
85
72
80
88
76
83
+
81
86
+
85
89
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
49
62
76
54
66
79
59
70
81
63
73
84
68
77
86
72
80
88
76
83
89
79
85
+
82
88
+
85
+
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
15
20
25
14
32
13
19
38
18
25
45
25
32
53
32
40
60
41
49
67
50
57
73
59
65
78
68
73
83
75
80
87
82
85
+
87
89
+
11
14
18
23
12
29
17
35
14
22
42
20
29
49
26
36
56
34
44
63
43
53
69
52
61
75
61
68
80
69
75
85
76
81
89
83
86
+
88
+
+
12
16
20
25
13
31
18
37
12
23
43
16
29
50
22
36
56
29
44
63
37
52
69
46
59
74
55
67
79
63
73
84
71
79
87
78
84
+
84
89
+
89
+
+
27
14
31
18
37
11
22
42
15
28
48
20
34
54
26
40
59
32
47
65
39
53
70
47
60
75
54
66
79
62
72
83
69
78
86
75
82
89
81
86
+
85
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
20
34
54
25
39
58
30
44
63
35
50
67
41
55
71
47
60
75
53
65
78
59
70
82
65
75
84
70
79
87
75
82
89
80
86
+
84
88
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
75
72
66
OBJECT WEIGHT (POUNDS)
63
60
57
54
51
48
45
42
39
36
33
30
27
24
LOWERING DISTANCE (INCHES)
69
7 INCHES
10 INCHES
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
10
15 INCHES
- = LESS THAN 10%+
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 6F - FEMALE POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR LOWERING TASKS
BEGINNING ABOVE SHOULDER HEIGHT (>53")
HAND DISTANCE
FROM BODY
FREQUENCY
ONE LOWER EVERY
51
48
43
OBJECT WEIGHT (POUNDS)
41
39
37
35
33
31
29
27
25
23
21
18
15
12
LOWERING DISTANCE (INCHES)
45
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
7 INCHES
10 INCHES
15 INCHES
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
-
12
16
19
24
29
35
18
41
47
29
54
59
43
66
71
58
77
80
78
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
15
11
22
17
31
12
26
42
20
37
53
31
49
64
44
61
73
58
72
82
70
81
88
85
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
17
12
23
17
31
11
24
39
17
32
48
24
41
57
34
51
66
44
61
73
55
70
80
66
78
86
75
85
+
83
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
18
33
13
27
43
21
38
53
28
45
61
36
53
67
44
61
73
53
68
79
61
75
84
69
81
88
77
86
+
83
89
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
13
16
22
27
13
34
39
24
48
53
38
62
66
63
80
83
83
+
+
+
+
+
13
11
20
18
30
14
29
42
24
42
55
38
55
67
53
68
78
74
84
89
89
+
+
+
+
+
12
18
15
26
22
35
16
31
45
24
42
55
35
53
65
47
64
74
59
73
81
71
82
87
80
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
14
11
21
19
31
12
26
39
17
33
47
24
42
55
33
50
63
42
59
70
52
67
77
62
75
83
71
81
87
78
87
+
85
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
11
21
21
19
46
46
48
73
73
78
+
+
12
14
24
27
25
50
52
55
75
77
82
+
+
13
17
24
15
31
38
39
56
63
67
79
83
88
+
+
13
15
21
11
25
32
21
37
45
34
51
59
49
65
71
71
82
85
87
+
+
+
+
+
13
14
19
21
27
15
29
37
23
40
47
33
51
58
45
62
68
58
72
77
69
81
84
79
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
16
17
25
26
12
37
37
22
50
50
35
63
63
50
74
75
72
87
87
88
+
+
+
+
+
11
11
19
19
30
31
17
44
44
31
59
59
56
78
78
79
+
+
+
+
+
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
- = LESS THAN 10%
11
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 6M - MALE POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR LOWERING TASKS
BEGINNING ABOVE SHOULDER HEIGHT (>57")
HAND
DISTANCE
FREQUENCY
ONE LOWER EVERY
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
30
20
10
20
24
12
29
11
16
35
15
21
41
20
27
47
26
33
53
32
40
60
40
48
66
48
55
71
55
62
76
63
69
81
70
75
85
77
81
88
82
85
+
87
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
23
11
28
15
34
12
20
39
16
25
45
22
31
51
28
38
57
34
45
63
42
52
69
50
59
74
57
66
79
65
72
83
72
78
86
78
83
89
83
87
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
14
31
17
37
11
22
42
15
27
48
20
33
53
25
39
59
32
46
64
38
53
69
46
59
74
53
66
79
61
72
82
68
77
86
74
82
89
80
86
+
85
89
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
16
28
49
20
33
54
25
39
58
30
45
63
36
50
68
42
56
72
49
62
76
55
67
80
62
72
83
68
77
86
73
81
88
78
85
+
83
88
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
42
56
72
47
60
75
52
65
78
57
69
81
62
73
83
67
76
86
72
80
88
76
83
89
80
86
+
83
88
+
86
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
16
21
26
14
33
13
20
39
19
26
46
25
33
53
33
41
60
41
49
67
50
57
73
59
65
78
67
73
83
75
79
87
81
85
+
87
89
+
+
+
+
12
15
20
25
13
31
18
37
15
23
43
20
30
50
27
37
57
35
45
64
43
53
70
52
61
75
61
68
80
69
75
85
76
81
88
82
86
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
18
22
11
27
15
33
19
39
13
25
45
18
31
51
24
38
58
31
45
64
39
53
70
47
60
75
56
67
80
64
74
84
71
80
87
78
84
+
84
88
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
15
34
19
39
13
24
44
17
30
50
22
36
56
27
42
61
34
48
66
41
55
71
48
61
76
56
67
80
63
73
83
69
78
87
76
83
89
81
86
+
85
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
27
41
60
32
46
65
37
52
69
43
57
72
49
62
76
55
67
79
61
71
82
66
76
85
71
80
87
76
83
+
80
86
+
84
89
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
13
18
25
14
32
15
21
41
22
29
49
31
39
58
41
49
67
53
60
74
64
69
81
73
78
86
82
85
+
11
16
22
12
29
17
36
16
24
45
23
33
53
33
43
62
43
53
70
54
63
77
65
72
83
74
80
88
82
86
+
12
17
22
12
29
17
36
12
24
44
18
32
52
26
41
60
36
50
68
46
60
75
57
69
81
67
77
86
76
83
+
84
88
+
12
16
21
26
14
32
19
39
14
26
46
19
33
53
26
41
60
35
49
67
44
57
73
53
65
78
62
73
83
71
79
87
78
84
+
84
89
+
89
+
+
14
32
18
37
11
22
42
15
28
48
20
34
54
26
40
59
32
46
65
39
53
70
46
60
75
54
66
79
61
72
83
68
77
86
74
82
89
80
86
+
85
89
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
73
70
64
OBJECT WEIGHT (POUNDS)
61
58
55
52
49
46
43
40
37
34
31
28
25
22
LOWERING DISTANCE (INCHES)
67
7 INCHES
10 INCHES
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
12
15 INCHES
- = LESS THAN 10%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 7 - POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR PUSHING TASKS
INITIAL FORCES
FREQUENCY
ONE PUSH EVERY
130
127
121
118
115
112
109
106
103
100
97
94
91
88
85
82
79
HAND HEIGHT (INCHES) - MALES
INITIAL PUSHING FORCE (POUNDS)
124
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
FEMALE
30s
1m
5m
30m
8h
11
13
16
12
19
14
23
12
17
26
14
21
30
17
25
35
21
29
39
25
33
44
29
38
49
34
43
53
39
48
58
44
12
14
17
12
19
14
23
12
17
26
15
20
30
18
23
34
21
27
38
24
31
42
28
36
46
33
40
51
37
45
55
42
50
59
47
54
64
51
59
68
56
13
15
18
12
20
15
23
13
17
27
15
20
30
18
24
34
21
27
38
24
31
42
28
35
46
32
39
50
36
44
54
41
48
58
45
53
62
50
57
66
54
62
70
59
66
73
63
14
16
11
19
13
21
11
16
25
13
18
28
16
21
31
19
25
35
22
28
39
26
32
43
29
36
47
33
41
51
38
45
55
42
49
59
46
54
63
51
58
67
56
63
71
60
67
74
64
25
36
22
28
39
25
31
42
29
35
46
32
38
49
35
42
52
39
46
56
43
49
59
46
53
63
50
57
66
54
60
69
58
64
72
61
67
75
65
71
77
68
74
80
72
77
82
75
79
84
78
82
86
80
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
HAND HEIGHT (INCHES) - FEMALES
MALE
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
25
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
30s
1m
5m
30m
8h
-
-
14
14
-
11
11
14
15
19
20
-
13
13
17
17
22
22
27
28
-
- = LESS THAN 10%
13
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 7 (CONTINUED) - POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR PUSHING TASKS
INITIAL FORCES
FREQUENCY
ONE PUSH EVERY
76
73
67
64
61
58
55
52
49
46
43
40
37
34
31
28
25
HAND HEIGHT (INCHES) - MALES
INITIAL PUSHING FORCE (POUNDS)
70
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
FEMALE
30s
1m
5m
30m
8h
53
63
50
59
67
55
63
71
60
68
75
65
73
79
70
77
82
74
80
85
78
84
88
82
87
+
85
89
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
64
72
61
68
75
66
72
78
70
76
82
74
79
84
78
83
87
81
85
89
84
88
+
87
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
70
77
68
74
80
72
77
82
75
80
85
79
83
87
82
86
89
85
88
+
87
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
71
77
68
74
80
72
78
83
76
81
85
79
84
88
82
86
+
85
89
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
84
88
83
86
+
85
88
+
87
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
14
HAND HEIGHT (INCHES) - FEMALES
MALE
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
25
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
30s
1m
5m
30m
8h
14
13
20
19
27
26
36
34
45
44
12
55
54
19
64
63
28
73
72
39
80
79
51
86
86
63
+
+
74
+
+
83
+
+
89
+
+
+
12
12
17
17
23
24
30
31
39
39
48
48
15
57
57
23
65
66
32
73
74
42
80
80
54
86
86
64
+
+
74
+
+
82
+
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
19
19
24
25
31
31
38
39
46
46
14
54
54
20
61
62
27
69
69
36
75
76
45
81
81
55
86
86
64
+
+
73
+
+
80
+
+
86
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
25
25
31
31
38
38
45
46
14
53
53
19
60
61
26
67
68
34
74
74
43
79
80
52
84
85
61
88
89
70
+
+
78
+
+
84
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
34
34
40
41
11
47
48
15
54
55
21
61
62
27
68
68
35
74
74
44
80
80
52
84
84
61
88
88
69
+
+
76
+
+
83
+
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
- = LESS THAN 10%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 8F - FEMALE POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR PUSHING TASKS
SUSTAINED FORCE
PUSHING
DISTANCE
FREQUENCY
ONE PUSH EVERY
76
72
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
32
28
24
20
16
12
HAND HEIGHT (INCHES)
SUSTAINED PUSHING FORCE (POUNDS)
80
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
25
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
7 FEET
25 FEET
50 FEET
30s
1m
5m
30m
8h
30s
1m
5m
30m
8h
30s
1m
5m
30m
8h
16
23
16
32
24
12
43
34
20
54
46
30
64
57
43
74
69
57
82
78
70
88
86
80
+
+
88
+
+
+
13
19
13
26
19
35
27
14
44
36
21
54
46
31
64
57
43
73
67
55
80
76
67
86
83
77
+
89
85
+
+
+
+
+
+
13
18
12
24
17
31
23
11
40
31
17
48
40
25
57
49
34
65
59
45
73
67
55
80
75
66
85
82
75
89
87
83
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
14
19
12
25
17
31
23
11
39
30
17
47
39
24
55
47
32
63
56
42
70
65
52
77
72
62
83
79
71
87
85
79
+
89
85
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
23
16
28
21
34
26
13
40
32
18
47
39
24
54
46
30
60
53
38
66
60
46
72
67
54
77
73
62
82
78
70
86
83
77
89
87
82
+
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
12
15
20
13
24
29
22
35
41
33
48
53
46
61
65
59
73
76
71
82
84
81
89
+
89
+
+
+
12
16
18
23
16
27
32
25
37
43
35
48
54
46
60
64
58
71
74
69
80
82
79
87
88
86
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
12
12
16
11
17
22
15
23
29
21
30
36
28
39
44
36
47
53
45
56
61
54
65
69
63
72
75
71
79
82
78
85
86
84
89
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
16
14
13
29
26
25
46
43
42
64
61
60
79
77
76
89
88
88
13
17
22
16
29
35
27
44
49
41
59
64
57
73
76
72
84
86
83
+
+
+
11
15
19
24
17
30
35
27
42
48
40
56
61
54
69
73
68
80
82
79
88
89
88
+
+
+
14
17
21
15
26
31
23
37
43
35
50
55
47
62
67
60
74
77
72
83
85
82
+
+
89
+
+
+
12
14
18
12
20
25
18
28
34
26
38
43
35
48
53
46
58
63
57
68
72
67
77
80
76
84
86
83
89
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
13
12
21
20
18
32
31
28
45
44
41
58
57
55
71
70
68
81
81
79
89
88
88
+
+
+
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
11
15
17
22
15
25
30
23
34
40
32
44
50
42
55
60
53
66
70
64
75
78
74
83
85
82
89
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
- = LESS THAN 10%
15
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 8M - MALE POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR PUSHING TASKS
SUSTAINED FORCE
PUSHING
DISTANCE
FREQUENCY
ONE PUSH EVERY
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
HAND HEIGHT (INCHES)
SUSTAINED PUSHING FORCE (POUNDS)
105
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
7 FEET
25 FEET
30s
1m
5m
30m
8h
30s
1m
5m
30m
8h
30s
1m
5m
30m
8h
13
12
16
20
19
23
28
27
33
38
37
44
49
47
55
59
58
66
70
69
76
78
78
84
85
85
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
13
12
14
18
17
21
25
24
29
33
32
38
43
42
48
52
51
58
62
61
67
71
70
76
78
78
83
85
84
88
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
11
13
17
16
18
22
21
24
29
28
31
36
35
39
44
43
48
53
52
57
61
60
65
69
68
72
76
75
79
82
81
85
86
86
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
11
12
15
14
16
20
19
22
26
25
28
33
32
36
41
39
44
49
47
52
57
55
60
64
63
68
71
71
75
78
77
81
83
83
86
88
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
23
28
27
29
34
32
35
40
39
42
47
45
49
53
52
56
60
59
63
67
66
69
72
72
75
78
77
80
82
82
85
86
86
88
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
11
18
16
13
26
25
21
37
36
31
49
47
43
61
59
55
72
71
67
81
80
78
88
87
86
+
+
+
+
+
+
13
12
19
18
14
27
25
21
36
34
29
46
44
39
56
55
50
66
65
61
75
74
71
82
81
79
88
87
86
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
11
-
11
16
14
11
21
20
16
27
26
22
35
33
29
43
41
37
51
50
45
60
58
54
67
66
63
75
74
71
81
80
78
86
85
84
+
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
15
19
20
28
33
34
44
49
50
62
66
67
77
80
80
88
+
+
12
11
20
19
15
32
30
25
45
43
38
58
57
53
71
70
67
82
81
79
89
89
88
+
+
+
12
12
19
18
14
28
27
23
39
38
33
51
50
45
62
61
57
73
72
69
82
81
79
88
88
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
15
14
11
23
22
18
33
31
26
43
42
37
55
53
49
66
65
61
76
75
72
83
83
81
89
89
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
13
12
19
18
14
26
24
20
34
33
28
43
42
37
53
52
47
62
61
57
71
70
67
79
78
75
85
85
83
+
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
11
14
13
20
23
23
32
36
35
47
50
50
62
65
65
75
77
77
86
87
87
+
+
+
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
16
50 FEET
16
15
12
23
21
17
31
29
25
40
38
34
50
48
44
60
58
54
69
68
64
77
76
73
84
83
81
89
89
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
- = LESS THAN 10%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 9 - POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR PULLING TASKS
INITIAL FORCES
FREQUENCY
ONE PULL EVERY
130
124
121
118
115
112
109
106
103
100
97
94
91
88
85
82
79
HAND HEIGHT (INCHES) - MALES
INITIAL PULLING FORCE (POUNDS)
127
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
FEMALE
30s
1m
5m
30m
8h
11
14
17
21
11
26
14
31
19
37
23
42
29
48
35
54
12
15
18
22
11
27
15
31
18
36
23
42
28
47
33
53
39
58
45
63
51
68
13
16
19
23
12
27
15
31
18
36
22
41
27
46
32
51
37
56
43
61
49
66
54
71
60
75
11
14
17
20
24
13
28
16
33
19
38
24
43
28
48
33
53
39
58
44
63
50
68
56
72
11
62
76
13
29
16
33
19
37
22
41
26
45
30
49
34
53
39
58
43
62
48
66
53
70
58
73
12
62
77
16
67
80
20
71
83
25
75
85
30
79
88
37
82
+
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
HAND HEIGHT (INCHES) - FEMALES
MALE
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
25
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
30s
1m
5m
30m
8h
-
-
13
12
18
14
12
19
12
17
24
13
11
17
15
22
14
20
28
19
26
34
- = LESS THAN 10%
17
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 9 (CONTINUED) - POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR PULLING TASKS
INITIAL FORCES
FREQUENCY
ONE PULL EVERY
76
70
67
64
61
58
55
52
49
46
43
40
37
34
31
28
25
HAND HEIGHT (INCHES) - MALES
INITIAL PULLING FORCE (POUNDS)
73
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
FEMALE
30s
1m
5m
30m
8h
42
60
48
66
55
71
12
62
76
17
68
81
23
74
84
31
79
88
40
83
+
49
87
+
59
+
+
68
+
+
76
+
+
82
+
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
57
73
13
63
77
17
69
81
24
74
85
31
79
88
39
83
+
47
86
+
56
89
+
64
+
+
72
+
+
78
+
+
84
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
15
66
79
20
71
83
26
76
86
33
80
88
40
84
+
48
87
+
56
+
+
64
+
+
72
+
+
78
+
+
83
+
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
16
67
80
21
72
83
27
77
86
34
81
89
42
84
+
50
88
+
58
+
+
66
+
+
73
+
+
79
+
+
84
+
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
43
85
+
50
88
+
56
+
+
63
+
+
69
+
+
75
+
+
80
+
+
84
+
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
18
HAND HEIGHT (INCHES) - FEMALES
MALE
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
25
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
30s
1m
5m
30m
8h
13
13
19
14
19
27
21
27
36
29
37
46
40
47
56
50
58
65
61
68
74
71
76
82
80
84
87
87
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
11
15
15
22
15
21
29
22
29
38
31
38
47
40
48
57
51
58
66
61
67
74
70
76
81
79
83
87
85
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
17
24
17
22
31
23
29
38
30
37
46
38
46
54
47
54
63
56
63
70
65
71
77
73
78
82
80
83
87
85
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
17
23
31
23
30
38
30
37
46
38
45
54
46
53
62
55
62
69
63
69
76
71
76
81
78
82
86
84
87
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
25
32
41
32
40
49
40
47
56
48
55
63
56
63
70
64
70
76
71
76
82
78
82
86
83
87
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
- = LESS THAN 10%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 10F - FEMALE POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR PULLING TASKS
SUSTAINED FORCE
PULLING
DISTANCE
FREQUENCY
ONE PULL EVERY
72
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
HAND HEIGHT (INCHES)
SUSTAINED PULLING FORCE (POUNDS)
76
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
25
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
53
35
22
7 FEET
30s
14
12
23
20
12
35
31
21
48
45
34
62
59
49
74
72
64
84
82
77
+
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
25 FEET
50 FEET
1m
5m
30m
8h
30s
1m
5m
30m
8h
30s
1m
5m
30m
8h
12
19
16
29
26
17
41
38
27
54
51
40
67
64
55
78
76
69
86
85
80
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
16
13
24
21
12
34
30
20
45
41
30
56
53
43
67
65
55
77
75
68
85
83
78
+
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
16
13
23
20
12
32
29
19
42
39
28
53
50
39
64
61
51
73
71
63
81
80
74
88
86
82
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
13
11
19
16
25
21
13
32
29
19
41
37
26
49
46
35
58
55
44
66
63
54
74
72
64
80
79
73
86
85
80
+
89
86
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
16
13
27
23
15
40
36
26
55
51
41
69
66
57
80
78
72
89
88
84
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
20
17
30
26
17
42
38
28
55
52
41
67
65
56
78
76
69
86
85
81
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
13
19
16
26
22
14
34
31
21
44
40
30
54
50
40
63
60
51
72
70
62
80
78
72
86
85
80
+
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
23
20
12
43
39
28
64
61
51
81
80
74
+
+
89
+
+
+
19
16
33
29
19
50
46
35
67
64
55
81
79
73
+
89
86
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
21
18
33
30
20
48
45
34
64
60
51
77
75
68
87
85
81
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
18
15
29
25
16
42
38
28
56
53
43
70
67
59
81
79
73
89
88
85
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
15
12
22
19
11
32
28
19
43
39
29
55
51
41
66
63
54
74
74
66
84
83
77
+
89
86
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
17
14
28
25
16
43
40
29
59
56
46
74
71
64
85
84
79
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
12
19
16
28
24
15
39
35
25
51
47
36
63
59
50
73
71
63
82
81
75
89
88
84
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
- = LESS THAN 10%
19
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 10M - MALE POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR PULLING TASKS
SUSTAINED FORCE
PULLING
DISTANCE
FREQUENCY
ONE PULL EVERY
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
HAND HEIGHT (INCHES)
SUSTAINED PULLING FORCE (POUNDS)
105
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
57
37
25
7 FEET
25 FEET
30s
1m
5m
30m
8h
30s
1m
5m
30m
8h
30s
1m
5m
30m
8h
16
18
25
29
37
43
50
20
57
64
35
70
76
54
81
85
71
89
+
85
+
+
+
+
+
11
16
18
25
28
36
40
48
17
53
61
30
66
72
46
77
81
63
86
89
78
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
15
16
22
24
31
34
41
11
45
53
19
57
63
32
68
73
46
78
82
62
85
88
75
+
+
86
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
13
13
19
19
26
27
34
35
43
11
45
53
18
55
62
28
65
71
40
74
78
53
81
85
66
87
+
77
+
+
86
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
18
25
24
31
31
38
38
46
11
46
54
17
54
61
25
62
69
34
70
75
45
77
81
56
83
86
66
87
+
76
+
+
83
+
+
89
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
12
16
23
29
37
11
46
53
26
63
69
47
78
82
70
89
+
86
+
+
16
18
25
29
37
42
50
20
56
64
35
70
76
54
81
85
71
89
+
85
+
+
+
+
+
11
12
17
19
25
28
36
39
47
15
51
58
26
63
69
41
74
79
57
83
86
72
89
+
84
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
13
13
19
19
26
27
35
36
44
11
46
53
18
56
63
28
65
71
41
74
79
54
81
85
67
87
+
78
+
+
86
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
18
26
33
44
52
27
64
70
53
81
84
77
+
+
13
19
23
31
38
46
17
54
61
34
70
75
56
82
86
75
+
+
89
+
+
14
17
23
29
36
43
51
22
59
66
40
74
78
61
85
88
79
+
+
+
+
+
12
18
20
27
32
40
11
45
53
22
59
66
37
72
77
56
83
86
73
+
+
86
+
+
+
+
+
11
11
17
18
24
26
34
36
44
12
48
55
22
59
66
34
70
75
49
79
83
64
86
89
77
+
+
87
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
14
21
29
39
47
23
60
67
48
78
82
74
+
+
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
20
50 FEET
- = LESS THAN 10%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 11F - FEMALE POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR CARRYING TASKS
CARRYING
DISTANCE
FREQUENCY
ONE CARRY EVERY
73
70
67
64
58
55
52
49
46
43
HAND HEIGHT (INCHES)
OBJECT WEIGHT (POUNDS)
61
7 FEET
14 FEET
28 FEET
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
40
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
31
-
-
-
-
21
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
31
-
-
-
-
28
-
-
-
-
70
-
-
-
-
12
40
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
-
-
13
-
-
-
-
-
31
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
-
-
21
-
-
-
-
18
40
-
-
-
-
22
-
-
-
-
19
-
-
-
-
-
31
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
-
-
29
-
-
-
-
25
40
-
-
-
-
30
-
-
-
-
27
-
-
-
-
13
31
-
-
-
-
54
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
-
-
34
40
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
-
-
20
31
-
-
-
11
63
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
-
-
43
40
-
-
-
-
50
-
-
-
-
46
-
-
-
-
29
31
-
-
14
18
71
-
-
-
-
57
-
-
-
-
54
40
-
-
-
-
60
-
-
-
-
57
-
-
-
-
39
31
-
14
22
27
79
-
-
11
14
67
-
-
-
12
63
40
-
-
13
17
70
-
-
11
14
67
-
-
-
-
51
31
18
22
33
39
85
-
-
18
23
75
-
15
15
20
73
40
-
13
22
27
78
-
-
19
24
76
-
-
-
11
62
31
28
34
45
51
89
-
-
29
34
82
12
25
25
30
80
40
17
23
34
40
85
-
-
31
36
83
-
15
15
20
73
31
41
47
58
63
+
-
13
42
47
88
22
37
37
43
86
40
29
36
48
54
+
-
15
44
50
89
18
27
27
32
81
31
55
60
70
74
+
-
23
55
61
+
35
51
51
57
+
37
40
44
51
62
67
+
11
27
59
64
+
31
41
41
47
88
31
68
72
80
83
+
19
38
69
73
+
50
65
65
70
+
34
40
60
66
75
79
+
23
43
72
76
+
47
57
57
63
+
31
79
82
87
89
+
34
54
80
83
+
65
77
77
81
+
40
74
79
85
87
+
40
60
83
86
+
64
72
72
76
+
31
88
+
+
+
+
51
70
88
+
+
78
86
86
88
+
40
85
88
+
+
+
59
76
+
+
+
78
84
84
86
+
31
+
+
+
+
+
69
82
+
+
+
87
+
+
+
+
40
+
+
+
+
+
77
87
+
+
+
88
+
+
+
+
31
+
+
+
+
+
83
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
40
31
28
25
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
- = LESS THAN 10%
21
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
TABLE 11M - MALE POPULATION PERCENTAGES FOR CARRYING TASKS
CARRYING
DISTANCE
FREQUENCY
ONE CARRY EVERY
99
15s
30 s
1m
14 FEET
5m
8h
15s
1m
5m
8h
15s
30 s
1m
5m
8h
43
-
-
-
18
50
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
-
-
22
-
11
22
36
67
-
-
11
21
54
-
-
-
15
47
43
-
-
12
23
56
-
-
-
12
42
-
-
-
-
28
33
-
15
28
42
71
-
-
15
27
60
-
-
11
20
53
89
43
-
-
17
29
62
-
-
-
17
49
-
-
-
-
34
33
14
20
35
49
75
-
-
21
34
65
-
15
16
26
59
85
43
-
-
22
35
66
-
-
11
21
54
-
-
-
-
40
33
18
25
40
54
78
-
-
26
39
70
-
19
20
32
64
43
-
14
27
41
70
-
-
15
27
60
-
-
-
14
46
33
23
31
46
59
81
-
13
31
45
73
11
24
25
38
68
43
13
19
33
47
74
-
-
20
33
65
-
-
-
19
52
33
29
37
52
64
84
-
17
38
51
77
15
30
31
44
73
43
18
25
40
53
78
-
-
26
39
69
-
13
14
25
58
33
35
44
58
69
86
11
23
44
57
80
21
37
38
50
76
43
24
32
46
59
81
-
13
32
46
74
-
18
19
31
63
33
42
50
64
74
88
16
29
51
63
83
27
44
45
57
80
77
73
69
65
61
57
53
49
45
41
36
31
HAND HEIGHT (INCHES)
81
43
31
39
53
65
84
-
19
40
53
78
-
25
26
38
69
33
49
57
69
78
+
22
37
58
69
86
34
51
52
63
83
43
39
47
60
71
87
13
26
47
60
82
16
32
34
46
74
33
57
64
74
82
+
29
44
64
74
88
42
58
59
69
86
43
47
55
67
76
89
19
34
55
67
85
23
41
42
54
79
33
64
70
79
85
+
37
52
70
78
+
50
65
66
74
88
43
56
62
73
80
+
27
43
63
73
88
31
50
51
62
83
33
70
75
83
88
+
46
60
76
83
+
58
71
72
79
+
43
64
70
78
84
+
37
52
70
78
+
41
58
59
69
86
33
76
80
86
+
+
55
68
81
86
+
66
77
78
83
+
43
71
76
83
88
+
47
61
76
83
+
51
67
68
76
89
33
81
85
89
+
+
64
75
85
89
+
73
82
82
87
+
43
78
82
87
+
+
58
70
82
87
+
61
74
75
82
+
33
86
88
+
+
+
72
81
88
+
+
80
86
87
+
+
43
85
87
+
+
+
70
79
88
+
+
73
82
83
87
+
33
+
+
+
+
+
81
87
+
+
+
86
+
+
+
+
43
+
+
+
+
+
81
87
+
+
+
82
89
89
+
+
33
+
+
+
+
+
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ = GREATER THAN 90%
22
30 s
28 FEET
33
94
OBJECT WEIGHT (POUNDS)
7 FEET
- = LESS THAN 10%
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Guidelines
References
Ciriello, V. M., The effects of box size, vertical distance, and height on lowering tasks. International Journal
of Industrial Ergonomics, 28:61-67, 2001.
Ciriello, V. M. and Snook, S. H., A study of size, distance, height, and frequency effects on manual handling
tasks, Human Factors, 25:5, 1983.
Ciriello, V. M., Snook, S. H. and Hughes, G., Further studies of psychophysically determined maximum
acceptable weights and forces. Human Factors, 35:11, 175-186, 1993.
Ciriello, V. M., Snook, S. H., Blick, A. C. and Wilkinson, P. L., The effects of task duration on
psychophysically-determined maximum acceptable weights and forces, Ergonomics, 33:2, 187-200, 1990.
Ciriello, V.M., McGorry, R.W., Martin, S., and Bezverkhny, I.B., Maximum acceptable forces of dynamic
pushing: comparison of two techniques. Ergonomics, 42:1, 32-39, 1999a.
Snook, S.H., The design of manual handling tasks, Ergonomics, 21:12-963-985, 1978.
Snook, S. H. and Ciriello, V. M.; The design of manual handling tasks: revised tables of maximum
acceptable weights and forces, Ergonomics, 34:9 1197-1213, 199l.
Waters, T.R., Putz-Anderson, V., Garg, A., (1994), Applications Manual for the Revised NIOSH Lifting
Equation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, Cincinnati, OH,
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-110.
©Liberty Mutual Group-All Rights Reserved
23
Manual Handling Task Evaluation Worksheet
Instructions: Use this worksheet to record measurements when using the Liberty Mutual Tables.
Customer
Task Description (include
Location
department and job title)
Filename
Evaluated By
Office
Date
Continous Duration (hrs)
Total workers exposed
Period From:
Mininum Rest Period (mins.)
Total injuries produced by task
Coupling
To:
(Good, Fair or Poor)
Component
Lift, Lower,
Push, Pull,
Carry
LP 397 R8
Hand
Height at
start
(in.)
Lift, Lower
Distance
(in.)
Push, Pull,
Carry
Distance
(ft.)
Lift, Lower
Hand Dist.
from Body
(in.)
Lift, Lower,
Weight
Carry
Push, Pull
Object Wt. Initial Force
(pounds)
(pounds)
Push, Pull
Sustain
Force
(pounds)
Task
Unit of
Frequency Time
One every: (Sec, Twisting (in
(S,M,H)
Min,Hr) degrees)
©2004 Liberty Mutual Group — All Rights Reserved.
Comments
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