Instructor’s Manual
to accompany
Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology
Laboratory Manual,
Eleventh Edition
Terry R. Martin
Kishwaukee College
i
Instructor’s Manual to Accompany
LABORATORY MANUAL TO ACCOMPANY HOLE’S HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, ELEVENTH EDITION.
Published by McGraw-Hill Higher Education, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The contents, or parts thereof, may be reproduced in print form solely for classroom use with
LABORATORY MANUAL TO ACCOMPANY HOLE’S HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, ELEVENTH EDITION BY TERRY R.
MARTIN, provided such reproductions bear copyright notice, but may not be reproduced in any other form or for any other purpose without the prior
written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or
broadcast for distance learning.
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ii
CONTENTS
PREFACE ..............................................................................................................................................................................................vi
AN OVERVIEW..................................................................................................................................................................................... vii
INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACHES ...................................................................................................................................................... viii
CORRELATION OF TEXTBOOK SYSTEMS AND SUPPLEMENTAL FROG LABORATORY EXERCISES ....................................... ix
SUGGESTED TIME SCHEDULE ......................................................................................................................................................... xii
Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Laboratory Exercise 1 – Scientific Method and Measurements..............................................................................................................1
Laboratory Exercise 2 – Body Organization and Terminology................................................................................................................2
Laboratory Exercise 3 – Chemistry of Life ..............................................................................................................................................4
Laboratory Exercise 4 – Care and Use of the Microscope .....................................................................................................................5
Cells
Laboratory Exercise 5 – Cell Structure and Function .............................................................................................................................6
Laboratory Exercise 6 – Movements Through Cell Membranes.............................................................................................................7
Laboratory Exercise 7 – Cell Cycle.........................................................................................................................................................8
Tissues
Laboratory Exercise 8 – Epithelial Tissues .............................................................................................................................................9
Laboratory Exercise 9 – Connective Tissues........................................................................................................................................10
Laboratory Exercise 10 – Muscle and Nervous Tissues.......................................................................................................................11
Integumentary System
Laboratory Exercise 11 – Integumentary System .................................................................................................................................12
Skeletal System
Laboratory Exercise 12 – Bone Structure and Classification................................................................................................................13
Laboratory Exercise 13 – Organization of the Skeleton........................................................................................................................14
Laboratory Exercise 14 – Skull .............................................................................................................................................................15
Laboratory Exercise 15 – Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage..........................................................................................................17
Laboratory Exercise 16 – Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb...................................................................................................................19
Laboratory Exercise 17 – Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb ......................................................................................................................21
Laboratory Exercise 18 – Joints............................................................................................................................................................23
Muscular System
Laboratory Exercise 19 – Skeletal Muscle Structure ............................................................................................................................24
Laboratory Exercise 20 – Muscles of the Face, Head, and Neck .........................................................................................................25
Laboratory Exercise 21 – Muscles of the Chest, Shoulder, and Upper Limb .......................................................................................26
Laboratory Exercise 22 – Muscles of the Deep Back, Abdominal Wall, and Pelvic Outlet ...................................................................27
Laboratory Exercise 23 – Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb............................................................................................................ 28
Laboratory Exercise 24 – Cat Dissection: Musculature ........................................................................................................................29
Nervous System
Laboratory Exercise 25 – Nervous Tissue and Nerves.........................................................................................................................30
Laboratory Exercise 26 – Meninges and Spinal Cord...........................................................................................................................31
Laboratory Exercise 27 – Reflex Arc and Reflexes ..............................................................................................................................32
Laboratory Exercise 28 – Brain and Cranial Nerves.............................................................................................................................33
Laboratory Exercise 29 – Dissection of the Sheep Brain......................................................................................................................35
iii
General and Special Senses
Laboratory Exercise 30 – Receptors and General Senses...................................................................................................................36
Laboratory Exercise 31 – Smell and Taste ...........................................................................................................................................37
Laboratory Exercise 32 – Ear and Hearing...........................................................................................................................................38
Laboratory Exercise 33 – Equilibrium ...................................................................................................................................................39
Laboratory Exercise 34 – Eye Structure ...............................................................................................................................................40
Laboratory Exercise 35 – Visual Tests and Demonstrations ................................................................................................................41
Endocrine System
Laboratory Exercise 36 – Endocrine Histology and Diabetic Physiology..............................................................................................42
Cardiovascular System
Laboratory Exercise 37 – Blood Cells...................................................................................................................................................43
Laboratory Exercise 38 – Blood Testing – A Demonstration ................................................................................................................44
Laboratory Exercise 39 – Blood Typing ................................................................................................................................................45
Laboratory Exercise 40 – Heart Structure.............................................................................................................................................46
Laboratory Exercise 41 – Cardiac Cycle...............................................................................................................................................48
Laboratory Exercise 42 – Blood Vessels ..............................................................................................................................................49
Laboratory Exercise 43 – Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure...................................................................................................................50
Laboratory Exercise 44 – Arteries and Veins........................................................................................................................................51
Laboratory Exercise 45 – Cat Dissection: Cardiovascular System.......................................................................................................53
Lymphatic System
Laboratory Exercise 46 – Lymphatic System........................................................................................................................................54
Digestive System
Laboratory Exercise 47 – Digestive Organs .........................................................................................................................................55
Laboratory Exercise 48 – Cat Dissection: Digestive System ................................................................................................................57
Laboratory Exercise 49 – Action of a Digestive Enzyme ......................................................................................................................58
Respiratory System
Laboratory Exercise 50 – Respiratory Organs......................................................................................................................................59
Laboratory Exercise 51 – Cat Dissection: Respiratory System ............................................................................................................60
Laboratory Exercise 52 – Breathing and Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ...................................................................................61
Laboratory Exercise 53 – Control of Breathing .....................................................................................................................................62
Urinary System
Laboratory Exercise 54 – Kidney Structure ..........................................................................................................................................63
Laboratory Exercise 55 – Urinalysis .....................................................................................................................................................64
Laboratory Exercise 56 – Cat Dissection: Urinary System ...................................................................................................................65
Reproductive Systems and Development
Laboratory Exercise 57 – Male Reproductive System ..........................................................................................................................66
Laboratory Exercise 58 – Female Reproductive System......................................................................................................................67
Laboratory Exercise 59 – Cat Dissection: Reproductive Systems........................................................................................................68
Laboratory Exercise 60 – Fertilization and Early Development ............................................................................................................69
Laboratory Exercise 61 – Genetics.......................................................................................................................................................70
Supplemental Frog Laboratory Exercises
Laboratory Exercise 62 – Skeletal Muscle Contraction ........................................................................................................................72
Laboratory Exercise 63 – Nerve Impulse Stimulation ...........................................................................................................................73
Laboratory Exercise 64 – Factors Affecting the Cardiac Cycle.............................................................................................................74
iv
Appendix 1: Materials Needed..............................................................................................................................................................75
Appendix 2: Laboratory Suppliers.........................................................................................................................................................78
Appendix 3: Student Safety Rules Agreement......................................................................................................................................80
Appendix 4: Student Informed Consent Form.......................................................................................................................................81
v
PREFACE
This instructor’s manual is designed to assist those who are using the Laboratory Manual to Accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and
Physiology, eleventh edition by Terry R. Martin. It describes the purpose of the laboratory manual and its special features, and
provides suggestions for presenting the laboratory exercises to students. The instructor’s manual also parallels the laboratory manual,
exercise by exercise, providing labels for unlabeled diagrams and answers to questions that appear in the laboratory reports. For some
exercises, special instructional suggestions that propose alternative procedures, laboratory equipment, or laboratory techniques are
provided.
Most of the illustrations and labels parallel the textbook very closely as requested by many of the users of the laboratory
manual. Many of the leader lines are arranged differently than the book, and several illustrations are different than the textbook. This
has been requested also by many of the users of the laboratory manual. I have attempted to reach a balance that will be beneficial for
all students and instructors.
vi
AN OVERVIEW
The Laboratory Manual to Accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, eleventh edition, was written to accompany the
textbook Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, eleventh edition, by Shier, Butler, and Lewis. As in the case of the textbook, the
laboratory manual is planned for students pursuing careers in allied health fields who have minimal backgrounds in the physical and
biological sciences.
The manual contains sixty-four laboratory exercises that are closely integrated with the content of a textbook (three of these
exercises only appear in the text website). The exercises are designed to review and illustrate various anatomical and physiological
facts and principles presented in the textbook and to help students investigate some of these ideas in more detail.
The laboratory exercises include a variety of special features that are designed to stimulate student interest in the subject
matter, to involve students in the learning process, and to guide them through the planned experiences. These features include the
following:
Materials Needed. The laboratory materials listed are those that students require to complete the exercise and to perform the
demonstrations and learning extensions.
Safety. If the laboratory exercise requires special safety guidelines, this section is included. General safety guidelines also appear
inside the front cover.
Some institutions might have committees for reviewing labs using live animals, biohazards, and physiology experiments
performed on students. Be sure your labs conform to their guidelines. You might find the forms available in Appendixes 3 and 4
useful at your school.
Introduction. The introduction briefly describes the subject of the exercise or the ideas that will be investigated.
Purpose of the Exercise. The purpose provides a statement concerning the intent of the exercise—that is, what will be accomplished.
Learning Objectives. The learning objectives list in general terms what a student should be able to do after completing the exercise.
Procedure. The procedure provides a set of detailed instructions for accomplishing the planned laboratory activities. Usually these
instructions are presented in outline form so that a student can proceed through the exercise in stepwise fashion. Frequently, the
student is referred to particular sections of a textbook for necessary background information or for review of subject matter presented
in some previous part of the course.
The procedures include a wide variety of laboratory activities and, from time to time, direct the student to complete various
tasks in the laboratory reports.
Demonstrations. Demonstrations appear in separate boxes. They describe specimens, specialized laboratory equipment, or other
materials of interest that the instructor may want to display to enrich the student’s laboratory experience.
Learning Extensions. Learning extensions also appear in separate boxes. They are planned to encourage students to extend their
laboratory experiences. Some of these activities are open-ended in that they suggest how a student can plan an investigation or
experiment and carry it out after receiving approval from the laboratory instructor.
Illustrations. Diagrams are used as aids for reviewing subject matter. Other illustrations provide visual instructions for performing
steps in procedures or are used to identify parts of instruments or specimens. Micrographs often are included to help students identify
microscopic structures or to evaluate student understanding of tissues.
Some figures, such as those involving the skull, are presented so that they are suitable for coloring. You may want to have
your students use colored pencils to highlight various parts of these illustrations. This activity should enhance their ability to observe
the figures more carefully and help them locate and identify important anatomical features.
Laboratory Reports. Immediately following each exercise, there is a laboratory report to be completed by the student. These reports
include various types of review activities, spaces for sketches of microscopic objects, tables for recording observations and
experimental results, and questions dealing with the analysis of such data.
As a result of these laboratory exercises, students should develop a better understanding of the structural and functional
characteristics of their bodies. In addition, their skills in gathering information by observation and experimentation should increase.
vii
INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACHES
Exercise Selection
Although the laboratory manual contains sixty-four separate exercises, it may not be possible to include all of them in any one
program. However, because many of the exercises are relatively short and because the procedures of others are divided into sections,
an instructor can easily select those exercises or parts of exercises that best meet the needs of a particular class.
These exercises also vary in the quantities of equipment needed to complete them; if necessary, an instructor can make some
selection based upon the amount of laboratory equipment available for use by a class.
Animal Dissection
In the laboratory manual, the preserved cat is used as the major animal to be dissected. Detailed instructions for dissecting certain
organs, such as the sheep brain, sheep heart, pig kidney, and mammalian eye are also included.
A laboratory option is to obtain a cadaver as a demonstration specimen. If this is not possible, consider a field trip to a
location that has a prosected cadaver. A minimum of two viewings is recommended—one during muscle study and the other near the
end of the course.
The Use of Animals in Biology Education*
The National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT) believes that the study of organisms, including nonhuman animals, is essential
to the understanding of life on Earth. NABT recommends the prudent and responsible use of animals in the life science classroom.
NABT believes that biology teachers should foster a respect for life. Biology teachers also should teach about the interrelationship and
interdependency of all things.
Classroom experiences that involve nonhuman animals range from observation to dissection. NABT supports these
experiences so long as they are conducted within the long-established guidelines of proper care and use of animals, as developed by
the scientific and educational community.
As with any instructional activity, the use of nonhuman animals in the biology classroom must have sound educational
objectives. Any use of animals, whether for observation or dissection, must convey substantive knowledge of biology. NABT believes
that biology teachers are in the best position to make this determination for their students.
NABT acknowledges that no alternative can substitute for the actual experience of dissection or other use of animals and
urges teachers to be aware of the limitations of alternatives. When the teacher determines that the most effective means to meet the
objectives of the class do not require dissection, NABT accepts the use of alternatives to dissection including models and the various
forms of multimedia. The Association encourages teachers to be sensitive to substantive student objections to dissection and to
consider providing appropriate lessons for those students where necessary.
To implement this policy, NABT endorses and adopts the “Principle and Guidelines for the use of Animals in Precollege
Education” of the Institute of Laboratory Animals Resources (National Research Council). Copies of the “Principle and Guidelines”
may be obtained from the ILAR (2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington DC 20418; 202-334-2590).
*Adopted by the Board of Directors in October 1995. This policy supersedes and replaces all previous NABT statements regarding
animals in biology education.
Background Information
The procedures of many exercises begin by suggesting that students review specific sections of the textbook. If the subject matter
involved in a particular exercise has been covered recently in lecture, the students may be able to accomplish such a review rather
quickly. On the other hand, if the material has not been presented previously, this part of a procedure may be used as a means of
introducing information needed to understand the ideas presented in the exercise.
When the procedure is used to introduce new material, an instructor may ask students to complete the first section before coming to
the laboratory. Following this, some portion of the laboratory time may be needed for class discussion of the new material.
viii
CORRELATION OF TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS AND
LABORATORY EXERCISES
Textbook Chapters
Ch. 1
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
Related Laboratory Exercises
Ex. 1
Scientific Method and Measurements
Ex. 2
Body Organization and Terminology
Ch. 2
Chemical Basis of Life
Ex. 3
Chemistry of Life
Ch. 3
Cells
Ex. 4
Ex. 5
Ex. 6
Ex. 7
Care and Use of the Microscope
Cell Structure and Function
Movements Through Cell Membranes
Cell Cycle
Ch. 4
Cellular Metabolism
Ch. 5
Tissues
Ex. 8
Ex. 9
Ex. 10
Epithelial Tissues
Connective Tissues
Muscle and Nervous Tissues
Ch. 6
Integumentary System
Ex. 11
Integumentary System
Ch. 7
Skeletal System
Ex. 12
Ex. 13
Ex. 14
Ex. 15
Ex. 16
Ex. 17
Bones and Structure and Classification
Organization of the Skeleton
Skull
Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage
Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Ch. 8
Joints of the Skeletal System
Ex. 18
Joints
Ch. 9
Muscular System
Ex. 19
Ex. 20
Ex. 21
Ex. 22
Ex. 23
Ex. 24
Skeletal Muscle Structure
Muscles of the Face, Head, and Neck
Muscles of the Chest, Shoulder, and Upper Limb
Muscles of the Deep Back, Abdominal Wall, and
Pelvic Outlet
Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb
Cat Dissection: Musculature
Ch. 10
Nervous System I: Basic Structure and Function
Ex. 25
Nervous Tissue and Nerves
Ch. 11
Nervous System II: Divisions of the Nervous System
Ex. 26
Ex. 27
Ex. 28
Ex. 29
Meninges and Spinal Cord
Reflex Arc and Reflexes
Brain and Cranial Nerves
Dissection of the Sheep Brain
Ch. 12
Nervous System III: Senses
Ex. 30
Ex. 31
Ex. 32
Ex. 33
Ex. 34
Ex. 35
Receptors and General Senses
Smell and Taste
Ear and Hearing
Equilibrium
Eye Structure
Visual Tests and Demonstrations
Ch. 13
Endocrine System
Ex. 36
Endocrine Histology and Diabetic Physiology
Ch. 14
Blood
Ex. 37
Ex. 38
Ex. 39
Blood Cells
Blood Testing—A Demonstration
Blood Typing
Ch. 15
Cardiovascular System
Ex. 40
Ex. 41
Ex. 42
Ex. 43
Ex. 44
Ex. 45
Heart Structure
Cardiac Cycle
Blood Vessels
Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure
Arteries and Veins
Cat Dissection: Cardiovascular System
ix
Ch. 16
Lymphatic System and Immunity
Ex. 46
Lymphatic System
Ch. 17
Digestive System
Ex. 47
Ex. 48
Ex. 49
Digestive Organs
Cat Dissection: Digestive System
Action of a Digestive Enzyme
Ch. 18
Nutrition and Metabolism
Ch. 19
Respiratory System
Ex. 50
Ex. 51
Ex. 52
Ex. 53
Respiratory Organs
Cat Dissection: Digestive System
Breathing and Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Control of Breathing
Ch. 20
Urinary System
Ex. 54
Ex. 55
Ex. 56
Kidney Structure
Urinalysis
Cat Dissection: Urinary System
Ch. 21
Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
Ch. 22
Reproductive Systems
Ex. 57
Ex. 58
Ex. 59
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
Cat Dissection: Urinary System
Ch. 23
Human Growth and Development
Ex. 60
Fertilization and Early Development
Ch. 24
Genetics and Genomics
Ex. 61
Genetics
x
CORRELATION OF TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS AND
SUPPLEMENTAL FROG LABORATORY EXERCISES
Ch. 9
Muscular System
Ex. 62
Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Ch. 10
Nervous System I: Basic Structure and Function
Ex. 63
Nerve Impulse Stimulation
Ch. 15
Cardiovascular System
Ex. 64
Factors Affecting the Cardiac Cycle
xi
SUGGESTED TIME SCHEDULE
Different instructional programs provide different lengths of time for laboratory preparations, work activities, and follow-up
discussions. Other factors that influence the time required for each exercise are the availability and variety of laboratory equipment
and materials. Consequently, it is difficult to make precise suggestions for the amounts of time that should be set aside for particular
laboratory exercises.
The suggested time schedule was prepared with these limitations in mind. The hours listed for each exercise indicate the
minimal time that probably will be needed for students who are acquainted with the subject matter of the exercise to complete the
laboratory work. Students who lack background information and who have to read various sections of the textbook before beginning
an exercises probably will require additional time. Similarly, students who are expected to complete the laboratory reports in class
may need more time.
Laboratory Exercise
Minimal Time
Ex. 1
Scientific Method and Measurements
2 hr.
Ex. 2
Body Organization and Terminology
2 hr.
Ex. 3
Chemistry of Life
2 hr.
Ex. 4
Care and Use of the Microscope
2 hr.
Ex. 5
Cell Structure and Function
2 hr.
Ex. 6
Movements Through Cell Membranes
3 hr.
Ex. 7
Cell Cycle
1 hr.
Ex. 8
Epithelial Tissues
2 hr.
Ex. 9
Connective Tissues
2 hr.
Ex. 10 Muscle and Nervous Tissues
1 hr.
Ex. 11 Integumentary System
1 hr.
Ex. 12 Bone Structure and Classification
1 hr.
Ex. 13 Organization of the Skeleton
1 hr.
Ex. 14 Skull
3 hr.
Ex. 15 Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage
2 hr.
Ex. 16 Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
2 hr.
Ex. 17 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
2 hr.
Ex. 18 Joints
2 hr.
Ex. 19 Skeletal Muscle Structure
1 hr.
Ex. 20 Muscles of the Face, Head, and Neck
1 hr.
Ex. 21 Muscles of the Chest, Shoulder, and Upper
Limb
2 hr.
Ex. 22 Muscles of the Deep Back, Abdominal Wall,
and Pelvic Outlet
1 hr.
Ex. 23 Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb
2 hr.
Ex. 24 Cat Dissection: Musculature
6 hr.
Ex. 25 Nervous Tissue and Nerves
2 hr.
Ex. 26 Meninges and Spinal Cord
1 hr.
Ex. 27 Reflex Arc and Reflexes
1 hr.
Ex. 28 Brain and Cranial Nerves
2 hr.
Ex. 29 Dissection of the Sheep Brain
2 hr.
Ex. 30 Receptors and General Senses
2 hr.
Ex. 31 Smell and Taste
2 hr.
Ex. 32 Ear and Hearing
2 hr.
Laboratory Exercise
Minimal Time
Ex. 33 Equilibrium
1 hr.
Ex. 34 Eye Structure
3 hr.
Ex. 35 Visual Tests and Demonstrations
2 hr.
Ex. 36 Endocrine Histology and Diabetic Physiology 2 hr.
Ex. 37 Blood Cells
2 hr.
Ex. 38 Blood Testing—A Demonstration
2 hr.
Ex. 39 Blood Typing
1 hr.
Ex. 40 Heart Structure
2 hr.
Ex. 41 Cardiac Cycle
3 hr.
Ex. 42 Blood Vessels
1 hr.
Ex. 43 Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure
2 hr.
Ex. 44 Arteries and Veins
2 hr.
Ex. 45 Cat Dissection: Cardiovascular System
3 hr.
Ex. 46 Lymphatic System
1 hr.
Ex. 47 Digestive Organs
2 hr.
Ex. 48 Cat Dissection: Digestive System
2 hr.
Ex. 49 Action of a Digestive Enzyme
2 hr.
Ex. 50 Respiratory Organs
2 hr.
Ex. 51 Cat Dissection: Respiratory System
2 hr.
Ex. 52 Breathing and Respiratory Volumes and
Capacities
1 hr.
Ex. 53 Control of Breathing
1 hr.
Ex. 54 Kidney Structure
2 hr.
Ex. 55 Urinalysis
3 hr.
Ex. 56 Cat Dissection: Urinary System
1 hr.
Ex. 57 Male Reproductive System
2 hr.
Ex. 58 Female Reproductive System
2 hr.
Ex. 59 Cat Dissection: Reproductive Systems
2 hr.
Ex. 60 Fertilization and Early Development
2 hr.
Ex. 61 Genetics
2 hr.
Ex. 62 Skeletal Muscle Contraction
3 hr.
Ex. 63 Nerve Impulse Stimulation
3 hr.
Ex. 64 Factors Affecting the Cardiac Cycle
3 hr.
xii
LABORATORY EXERCISE 1
SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND MEASUREMENTS
Critical Thinking Application Answers
Answers and data will vary.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
3. Answers will vary, however many students will conclude that the data will support the original hypothesis.
PART B
1-6. Answers will vary
1
LABORATORY EXERCISE 2
BODY ORGANIZATION AND TERMINOLOGY
Instructional Suggestions
If a dissectible human torso model (manikin) is not available, you might want to have students consult the figures in various
sections of a textbook, particularly the body sections in the reference plates, to gain some understanding of the organizational
pattern of the human body.
Figure Labels
FIG. 2.1
1. Thoracic cavity
2. Abdominal cavity
3. Abdominopelvic cavity
4.
5.
6.
Pelvic cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal (spinal cavity)
FIG. 2.2.a
1. Visceral pleura
2. Pleural cavity
3. Parietal pleura
4.
5.
6.
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
FIG. 2.2b
7. Visceral peritoneum
8. Peritoneal cavity
9.
Parietal peritoneum
FIG. 2.5
1. Sagittal plane (midsagittal plane)
2. Coronal (frontal) plane
3.
Transverse (horizontal) plane
FIG. 2.6a
1. Epigastric region
2. Right hypochondriac region
3. Right lumbar region
4. Umbilical region
5. Right iliac region (right inguinal region)
6.
7.
8.
9.
Left hypochondriac region
Left lumbar region
Left iliac region (left inguinal region)
Hypogastric region
12.
13.
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
FIG. 2.6b
10. Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
11. Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
FIG. 2.7a
1. Nasal
2. Oral
3. Cervical
4. Acromial
5. Axillary
6. Mammary
7. Brachial
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Antecubital
Abdominal
Antebrachial
Carpal
Palmar
Digital
Gential
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Crural
Tarsal
Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Buccal
Mental
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
FIG. 2.7b
29. Otic
30. Occipital
31. Acromial
32. Vertebral
33.
34.
35.
36.
Brachial
Dorsum
Cubital
Lumbar
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sacral
Gluteal
Perineal
Femoral
41. Popliteal
42. Sural (calf) or crural (leg)
43. Plantar
2
Sternal
Pectoral
Umbilical
Inguinal
Coxal
Patellar
Pedal
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. a
2. d
3. a
4.
5.
6.
a
b
c
7.
8.
9.
a
c
d
10. e
11. d
12. a
PART B
1. c
2. d
3. h
4.
5.
6.
g
j
i
7.
8.
9.
e
f
k
10. b
11. a
PART C
1. Inferior
2. (Correct)
3. (Correct)
4.
5.
6.
Anterior
(Correct)
(Correct)
7.
8.
9.
Distal
(Correct)
Superficial
10. (Correct)
11. Contralateral
12. Deep
PART D
1. e
2. k
3. b
4.
5.
6.
i
l
j
7.
8.
9.
g
c
d
10. h
11. f
12. a
PART E
1. h
2. c
3. i
4.
5.
6.
j
l
f
7.
8.
9.
k
g
d
10. a
11. b
12. e
4.
5.
6.
RUQ
LUQ or LLQ
LUQ
Critical Thinking Application Answers
PART F
1. LUQ
2. RLQ
3. Any or all quadrants
3
LABORATORY EXERCISE 3
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Instructional Suggestions
1. The 7 assorted common liquids for the pH tests could include among the following: orange juice, lemon juice, milk, bottled
water, baking soda solution, aspirin solution, borax solution, ammonia, vinegar, antacid, liquid soap, cola, and diluted
catsup. Any beverage can be used, and any household product, even solids if they can be dissolved.
2.
The unknown compounds could include among the following: diluted milk, diluted corn syrup, chicken or beef broth,
diluted potato soup, diluted pudding, salad dressing, egg substitute, and diluted yogurt. It is very important to use some
numbering code to keep track of which unknown is which. The unknowns often look alike and are easily confused. The
students need to be instructed to take care not to contaminate their unknown. They need to be reminded to perform all tests,
as students often think if they get one positive result they can stop. Be aware that different brands of food products can
contain different ingredients. Inform the students when heating the samples using Benedict’s solution, if there is a protein
present it may denature or become solid, which should not be interpreted as a positive result.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A (matching)
1. b
2. e
3. h
4. j
5.
6.
7.
8.
f
i
c
d
PART A (molecules and bonding)
1. 1; 1
3. (sketches)
2. 17; 7
4. No; No
PART B
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
3. No
PART C
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
4.
Various substances
dissolved in tap water
will influence the pH
3.
4.
(experimental results)
(experimental results)
9.
10.
11.
12.
k
g
a
l
5.
6.
Ionic
(sketches)
5.
(experimental results)
Critical Thinking Application Answers
Answers will vary. However, albumin has the highest protein value along with the lowest amount of carbohydrates (starch and
sugar.)
PART D
1-4. (experimental results) Answers will vary depending upon the unknown compound selected.
4
LABORATORY EXERCISE 4
CARE AND USE OF THE MICROSCOPE
Instructional Suggestions
1. To stimulate student interest in use of the microscope, you may want to have students prepare wet mounts of pond water and
observe the various forms of life present. A plankton net is a helpful device to concentrate pond organisms. Students can be
encouraged to bring samples of pond water to class in preparation for this experiment.
2.
You may want to provide students with prepared slides of major human organs to examine as a way of increasing their
experience with using the microscope.
3.
If oil-immersion objectives are available, you may want to provide students with prepared slides of various forms of bacteria
to observe using these objectives.
Critical Thinking Application Answers
Answers will vary depending upon the order of the three colored threads. However, the colored thread on the top will be in focus
first, the middle one second, and the bottom one last as the student continues to turn the fine adjustment the same direction.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. 100 ×
2. 1,000 ×
PART B
1. (sketch)
2. About 4.5 mm for scanning power (using
4× objective)
3. About 4,500 micrometers
PART C
1. (sketch)
2. About 1.7 mm (using a 10× objective)
3. The diameter of the scanning-power field of view is
about 2.6 times greater than that of the low-power
field of view.
4. Student is unable to see two adjacent mm lines on the
scale in a high-power field of view.
PART D
1. f
2. i
3. c
4. a
5. h
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
4.
5.
About 2.2 mm
About 2,200 micrometers
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Light intensity is decreased when high-power objective is used.
(sketch)
Upside down and reversed from right to left
Left
Toward the observer
j
d
b
g
e
PART E
(sketches)
5
LABORATORY EXERCISE 5
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Instructional Suggestions
1. Instead of preparing cheek cell slides, you may want to have students prepare slides of plant cells using Elodea leaves or
onion skin.
2. If live frogs are available, you may want to pith the frogs and have students prepare wet mounts using small samples of the
ciliated epithelium that lines the oral cavity. They also can prepare smears of frog blood and stain the cells with methylene
blue, and prepare wet mounts of sperm cells from the testes of the male frogs. You then might provide students with
prepared slides of human ciliated epithelium, blood, and sperm cells and have the students compare the frog cells with the
human cells.
Figure Labels
FIG. 5.1
1. Flagellum
2. Centrioles
3. Golgi apparatus
4. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
5. Nucleus
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondrion
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Cilia
Critical Thinking Application Answers
The outer body surface is the same tissue as inside the cheek, however outer surface cells are dead from drying out.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. a
2. g
3. k
4. l
5.
6.
7.
8.
i
f
c
b
9.
10.
11.
12.
PART B
1. (sketch)
3.
2. The wet-mount cells look like shells or “ghosts.”
The stained cells made the nucleus and other cellular
components more clearly visible.
PART C
1. (sketches)
2. They should always notice cytoplasm, nucleus,
nuclear envelope, and cell membrane
d
e
h
j
Yes. The stained cheek cells are essentially the same size
and shape; however, the process of cell removal may cause
many of the cells to become folded and distorted.
3.
Answers will vary.
PART D (FIG. 5.4)
1. Ribosomes
2. Nuclear envelope
3. Golgi apparatus
4. Mitochondrion (cross section)
5. Chromatin
6. Mitochondria
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Centrioles
Cell membrane
PART E
1. Answers will vary.
2.
Only nonliving cells can be observed, and only sections of a cell
can be observed.
6
LABORATORY EXERCISE 6
MOVEMENTS THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES
Instructional Suggestion
Instead of using human blood for Procedure C, you may want to substitute some other type of animal blood obtained from a meat
packing house, a veterinarian, or a biological supplier. The hemolysis experiment, using RBCs from a safe source, demonstrates
concepts of osmosis, tonicity, and membrane characteristics.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
3. Answers will vary.
4.
Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration as a result of
molecular motion.
4.
5.
No
Yes
4.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through a
selectively permeable membrane.
4.
5.
Yes
Yes
3.
4.
Tube 1. There was a net movement of water into the cells.
Tube 2. There was no net movement of water into or out of
the cells.
5.
6.
Pore in the filter paper were too small.
Filtration is the movement of substances through a membrane
as a result of hydrostatic pressure that is greater on one side
of the membrane than on the other side.
4.
5.
No
Yes
Critical Thinking Application Answers
1.
2.
3.
Yes
Yes
No
PART B
1. Answers will vary.
2. Answers will vary.
3. A greater volume of fluid is in the thistle tube.
Critical Thinking Application Answers
1.
2.
3.
Yes
Yes
No
PART C
1. (sketches)
2. Tube 3. There was a net movement of water out of
the cells.
PART D
1. Water, glucose, and starch.
2. The tests for glucose and starch were positive.
3. Gravity
4. Charcoal
Critical Thinking Application Answers
1.
2.
3.
No
Yes
No
7
LABORATORY EXERCISE 7
CELL CYCLE
Figure Labels
FIG. 7.2
1. Chromosome (chromatid)
2. Centromere
3.
4.
Centriole
Spindle fiber (microtubules)
Critical Thinking Application Answers
Interphase. Even in rapidly dividing cells interphase is the most prevalent because it requires the longest period of time for
growth and duplication of cell structures.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
Table:
Stage
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytoplasmic division
Major Events Occurring
Growth, duplication of cell structures, and normal metabolism take place.
Nuclear envelope disappears; chromatin fibers condense, forming chromosomes (paired chromatids);
centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell.
Chromosomes align midway between centrioles.
Microtubules pull chromosomes toward centrioles.
Chromosomes elongate and become chromatin fibers; nuclear envelopes reappear.
Cell membrane constricts, dividing cell into new cells (daughter cells).
PART B
(sketches)
PART C
1. Each new cell contains identical chromosomes.
2. They may be slightly different in size and numbers
of organelles.
3.
Mitosis involves the division of the nuclear contents and the
distribution of identical sets of chromosomes to the new cells;
cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) involves the division of the
cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles.
PART D (FIG. 7.5a-d)
a. Metaphase
b. Telophase
c.
d.
Prophase
Anaphase
PART E (FIG. 7.5a-d)
1. Chromosome (chromatid)
2. Cytokinesis (cleavage furrow)
3. Cell membrane
4.
5.
6.
Nuclear envelope
Centrioles/centrosome
Spindle fibers (microtubules)
8
LABORATORY EXERCISE 8
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. f
2. d
3. c
4.
5.
6.
d
c
d
7.
8.
9.
e
f
b
10. a
11. a
12. e
PART B
(sketches)
Critical Thinking Application Answers
Stratified squamous epithelium would have excellent protection as it is several cells thick. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
with cilia would provide good movement of mucus and trapped particles away from the lungs.
9
LABORATORY EXERCISE 9
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. e
2. a
3. b
4. c
5.
6.
7.
8.
i
d
a
h
9.
10.
11.
12.
g
c
f
j
PART B
(sketches)
Critical Thinking Application Answers
The spleen is composed of reticular connective tissue. This type of tissue contains only short, thin, collagenous fibers (reticular
fibers) that are widely scattered. The result is a delicate distribution of fibers among cells and a fluid ground substance. (Spleen
repair is almost impossible due to the short reticular fibers. A ruptured spleen is usually removed in surgery.)
10
LABORATORY EXERCISE 10
MUSCLE AND NERVOUS TISSUES
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. b
2. a
3. d
4. a
5.
6.
7.
8.
c
b
c
a
9. d
10. b
PART B
(sketches)
11
LABORATORY EXERCISE 11
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Figure Labels
FIG. 11.1
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
4. Hair shaft
5.
6.
7.
8.
Stratum corneum
Stratum basale
Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili muscle
9. Hair follicle
10. Sweat gland (eccrine gland)
11. Blood vessels
FIG. 11.2
1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum lucidum
3.
4.
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
5.
6.
Stratum basale
Basement membrane
4.
5.
Sebaceous gland
Hair follicle
6.
Sweat gland (eccrine gland)
FIG. 11.3
1. Arrector pili muscle
2. Region of cell division
3. Hair shaft
Critical Thinking Application Answers
Melanin granules are concentrated within some of the most superficial living cells of the body. Because melanin absorbs the
ultraviolet radiation of sunlight, minimal damaging wavelengths reach the living cells of the dermis. (Most of the melanin
granules are orientated on the superficial side of the nucleus that serve as a protective shield of the nucleus of the epidermal
cells.)
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. j
2. l
3. a
4. h
5.
6.
7.
8.
c
d
e
i
9.
10.
11.
12.
g
k
f
b
PART B
1. Answers will vary.
2. Answers will vary.
3. Epidermal cells at the base of the hair follicle
divide and grow, pushing older cells outward;
as these cells die, they become keratinized
parts of the hair.
4. The pigment melanin is produced by melanocytes.
PART C
1. Epidermis is the outer layer of the skin, whereas
dermis is the inner layer; the subcutaneous layer binds the
dermis to the underlying organs.
2. Cells of the stratum basale are living and reproduce actively;
cells of the stratum corneum are dead and keratinized
and form the surface layer of the skin.
PART D
1. Hair root
2. Dermis
3.
Melanin is found in the stratum basale.
4.
It contains both elastic and collagenous fibers that give
the dermis the qualities of elasticity and strength.
3.
Sebaceous glands are usually connected to hair
follicles and secrete sebum into the follicles.
Dermis
4.
PART E
(sketch)
12
LABORATORY EXERCISE 12
BONE STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION
Figure Labels
FIG. 12.1
1. Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
2. Spongy bone (red marrow)
3. Medullary cavity
4. Yellow marrow
5. Compact bone
FIG. 12.2
1. Spongy bone
2. Compact bone
3. Osteon
4. Perisoteum
5. Central canal
6.
7.
8.
9.
Periosteum
Proximal epiphysis
Diaphysis
Distal epiphysis
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Perforating canal
Blood vessels
Nerve
Canaliculus
Osteocyte
Critical Thinking Application Answers
The closest blood supply to an osteocyte is located in the central canal of an osteon unit. Nutrients and wastes can move from one
cell to another via small cellular processes located in minute tubes in the matrix called canaliculi. In this way, all of the
osteocytes of one osteon are tied together to a blood source.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Flat
8.
2. Short
9.
3. Long
4. Irregular
10.
5. Round or sesamoid
6. Flat
7. Epiphysis refers to the expanded end of a long bone;
diaphysis refers to the shaft between the ends of such
a bone.
PART B
1. Compact bone has osteons closely packed together, 3.
and spongy bone has large spaces between thin
bony plates called trabeculae.
2. Compact bone provides strength in the shaft and
along the borders of the bone. Spongy bone reduces
the weight of the bone and provides spaces occupied
by red marrow.
PART C (FIG. 12.5 a-b)
1. Epiphysis (distal)
2. Diaphysis
3. Epiphysis (proximal)
4.
5.
6.
Hyaline cartilage covers the articular ends of a long bone.
Dense connective tissue comprises the periosteum that encloses
the bone except for its articular ends
Periosteum forms the outer covering of a bone, whereas
endosteum lines its hollow, internal chambers.
The marrow of the medullary cavity of an adult is yellow, but
marrow in the spaces of spongy bone is red.
Medullary cavity
Compact bone
Spongy bone
13
LABORATORY EXERCISE 13
ORGANIZATION OF THE SKELETON
Figure Labels
FIG. 3.1a
1. Cranial bones (cranium)5.
2. Facial bones (face)
6.
3. Skull
7.
4. Clavicle
Sternum
Rib
Vertebral column
(vertebra)
8.
9.
10.
11.
Coxa (hipbone)
Carpals
Metacarpal
Phalanx
12.
13.
14.
15.
FIG. 13.1b
1. Scapula
2. Humerus
3. Ulna
Radius
Femur
Tibia
7.
8.
Fibula
Vertebral column
(vertebra)
9. Sacrum
10. Coccyx
4.
5.
6.
Patella
Tarsals
Matatarsal
Phalanx
Critical Thinking Application Answers
The largest foramen in the skull is the foramen magnum in the occipital bone. The largest foramen in the human body is the
obturator foramen in the coxae (hipbones).
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Sutural bones (wormian bones)
2. Sesamoid
3. Skull
4. Hyoid
5. Coccyx
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Sternum
Twelve
Pectoral girdle
Ulna
Carpals
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Sacrum
Pelvis
Patella
Tarsals
Phalanges
PART B
1. c
2. f
3.
4.
a
e
5.
6.
g
b
7.
d
PART C
1. c
2. a
3.
4.
g
e
5.
6.
b
d
7.
f
PART D (FIG. 13.2)
1. Coxa (hipbone; pelvic
bone; innominate)
2. Sternum
3. Sacrum
4.
5.
6.
7.
Fibula
Ulna
Scapula
Radius
8.
9.
10.
11.
Clavicle
Humerus
Patella
Femur
12. Tibia
13. Rib
14
LABORATORY EXERCISE 14
SKULL
Instructional Suggestion
You might want to have the students use colored pencils to color the bones in figures 14.1 and 14.2. They should use a different
color for each of the individual bones in the series. This activity should cause the students to observe the figures more carefully
and help them to locate the various bones that are shown from different views in the figures. The students can check their work
by referring to the corresponding full-color figures in the textbook.
Figure Labels
FIG. 14.1
1. Parietal bone
2. Frontal bone
3. Coronal suture
4. Temporal bone
5. Perpendicular plate (of ethmoid bone)
6. Infraorbital foramen
7. Vomer bone
8. Mandible
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Supraorbital foramen
Nasal bone
Sphenoid bone
Zygomatic bone
Middle nasal concha (of ethmoid bone)
Inferior nasal concha
Maxilla
Mental foramen
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Coronoid process
FIG. 14.3
1. Maxilla
2. Zygomatic bone
3. Sphenoid bone
4. Vomer bone
5. Zygomatic arch
6. Styloid process
7. Mastoid process
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Occipital condyle
Temporal bone
Palatine process (of maxilla)
Palatine bone
Foramen magnum
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
FIG. 14.4
1. Ethmoid bone
2. Foramen magnum
3. Crista galli
4. Cribriform plate (olfactory foramina)
5. Frontal bone
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Sella turcica
Parietal bone
Occiptal bone
FIG. 14.5
1. Coronal suture
2. Frontal bone
3. Sphenoid bone
4. Frontal sinus
5. Nasal bone
6. Maxilla
7. Parietal bone
8. Temporal bone
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Squamous suture
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Sella turcica
Styloid process
Sphenoidal sinus
Vomer bone
Mandible
FIG. 14.2
1. Parietal bone
2. Squamous suture
3. Lambdoid suture
4. Temporal bone
5. Occipital bone
6. Temporal process (of zygomatic bone)
7. External acoustic meatus
8. Mastoid process
9. Styloid process
10. Mandibular condyle
11. Zygomatic process (of temporal bone)
15
Critical Thinking Application Answers
The cribiform plate of the tehmoid bone with numerous olfactory foramina is a weak location of the cranium. Excessive pressure
on the cribiform plate could result in a skull fracture.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. d
2. a
3. a
4.
5.
6.
f
c
f
PART B
1. Coronal
2. Sagittal
3. Lambdoid
7.
8.
9.
f
a
c
10. e
11. f
12. b
4.
5.
6.
Squamous
Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
Maxillary bone
PART C
1. e
2. c
3. c
4.
5.
6.
h
d
g
7.
8.
9.
h
a
d
10. c
11. f
12. b
PART D
1. c
2. a
3.
4.
g
f
5.
6.
d
b
7.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Mandible
Middle nasal concha (of ethmoid bone)
Inferior nasal concha
Mental foramen
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Mandibular condyle
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Zygomatic process (of temporal bone)
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Palatine process of maxilla
Palatine bone
Vomer bone
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
5.
6.
7.
8.
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Sella turcica
Foramen magnum
5.
6.
7.
Maxilla
Frontal bone
Mandible
e
PART E (FIG. 14.7-14.11)
FIG. 14.7
1. Frontal bone
2. Nasal bone
3. Zygomatic bone
4. Infraorbital foramen
5. Maxilla
FIG. 14.8
1. Parietal bone
2. Squamous suture
3. Temporal bone
4. Lambdoid suture
5. Occipital bone
6. External acoustic meatus
7. Mastoid process
FIG. 14.9
1. Maxilla
2. Zygomatic bone
3. Sphenoid bone
4. Temporal bone
5. Occipital bone
6. Incisive foramen
FIG. 14.10
1. Frontal bone
2. Temporal bone
3. Parietal bone
4. Occiptal bone
FIG. 14.11
1. Parietal bone
2. Sphenoid bone
3. Temporal bone
4. Zygomatic bone
16
LABORATORY EXERCISE 15
VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND THORACIC CAGE
Figure Labels
FIG. 15.1
1. Cervical vertebrae
2. Thoracic vertebrae
3. Lumbar vertebrae
4. Sacrum
FIG. 15.2 a-b
8
3
4
7
FIG. 15.3 a-c
6
7
3
5
4
5.
6.
7.
Coccyx
Intervertebral foramina
Intervertebral discs
5.
6.
7.
8.
Superior articular process
Tubercle
Posterior sacral foramen
Sacral hiatus
1
6
5
2
1
9
2
8
FIG. 15.4
1. Superior articular process
2. Anterior sacral foramen
3. Coccyx
4. Sacral canal
Critical Thinking Application Answers
The four curvatures allow more resiliency and flexibility, which will enable the vertebal column to function more like a spring
instead of a rigid rod.
FIG. 15.5
1. True ribs
2. False ribs
3. Thoracic vertebra
4. Manubrium
5. Body
6.
7.
8.
9.
Xiphoid process
Sternum
Costal cartilage
Floating ribs
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Axis
Dens
Lumbar
Five
Sacroiliac
Sacral promontory
Sacral hiatus
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Spinal cord
2. 26
3. Bodies
4. Intervertebral discs
5. Spinous process
6. Spinal nerves
7. Vertebral arteries
8. Atlas
17
PART B
Vertebra
Number
Size
Body
Spinous Process
Cervical
7
Smallest
Smallest
Thoracic
12
Intermediate
Intermediate
Lumbar
5
Largest
Largest
C2 through C5 are
forked
Pointed and angled
downward
Short, blunt, and
nearly horizontal
PART C
1. 206
2. Floating
3. Transverse
4. Hyaline cartilage
PART D (FIG. 15.6)
1. Spinous process
2. Atlas
3. Axis
Transsverse
Foramina
Present
Absent
Absent
5.
6.
Clavicles
a. Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs
b. Protects visceral organs
c. Functions in breathing
4.
5.
6.
Transverse process
Intervertebral disc
Body (of sixth cervical vertebra)
18
LABORATORY EXERCISE 16
PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB
Figure Labels
FIG. 16.1
1. Clavicle
2. Rib
3. Sternum
4. Costal cartilage
5. Scapula
6. Humerus
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Ulna
Radius
Acromion process
Head of humerus
Coracoid process
FIG. 16.2
1. Acromion process
2. Coracoid process
3. Spine
4. Supraspinous fossa
5. Infraspinous fossa
6.
7.
8.
9.
Glenoid cavity
Acromion process
Coracoid process
Glenoid cavity
Critical Thinking Application Answers
The clavicles brace the freely movable scapulae, helping to hold the shoulders in place. If an excessive lengthwise force occurs
on this structurally weak bone, as when a person breaks a fall with an outstretched rigid upper limb, it is likely to fracture.
FIG. 16.3a-b
1. Head
2. Greater tubercle
3. Lesser tubercle
4. Deltoid tuberosity
5. Medial epicondyle
6. Coronoid fossa
7. Lateral epicondyle
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Capitulum
Trochlea
Greater tubercle
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Medial epicondyle
Olecranon fossa
5.
6.
7.
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Head of ulna
FIG. 16.5
1. Olecranon process
2. Humerus
3. Olecranon fossa
4.
5.
6.
Head of radius
Radius
Ulna
FIG. 16.6
1. Scaphoid
2. Capitate
3. Trapezoid
4. Trapezium
5. Carpals (carpus)
6. Metacarpals (metacarpus)
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Phalanges
Lunate
Triquetrum
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
5.
6.
7.
8.
Spine
Acromion process
Coracoid process
Head
FIG. 16.4
1. Head of radius
2. Radial tuberosity
3. Styloid process of radius
4. Olecranon process
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Scapulae
2. Manubrium (clavicular notch)
3. Acromion processes
4. Clavicle
19
PART B
1. a
2. b
3. b
4.
5.
6.
b
c
d
7.
8.
9.
b
a
b
PART C (FIGS. 16.7, 16.8, and 16.9)
1. Ulna
2. Humerus
3. Olecranon process
4. Head of radius
5. Radius
6. Acromion process
7. Head of humerus
8. Humerus
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Clavicle
Scapula
Rib
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Carpals
Distal phalanx
Proximal phalanx
PART D (FIG. 16.10)
1. Scaphoid
2. Lunate
3. Triquetrum
4. Pisiform
5. Hamate
6. Capitate
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Metacarpals
Proximal phalanges
Middle phalanges
Distal phalanges
20
10. e
11. a
12. f
LABORATORY EXERCISE 17
PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB
Figure Labels
FIG. 17.1
1.
2.
Coxa (hipbone; pelvic bone; innominate)
Sacrum
3.
Coccyx
FIG. 17.2a
1. Ilium
2. Posterior superior iliac spine
3. Greater sciatic notch
4. Ischial spine
5. Lesser sciatic notch
6. Ischium
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Ischial tuberosity
Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine
Acetabulum
Pubis
Obturator foramen
FIG. 17.2b
13. Anterior superior iliac spine
14. Ilium
15. Pubis
16. Iliac crest
17.
18.
19.
20.
Iliac fossa
Posterior superior iliac spine
Ischial spine
Ischium
Critical Thinking Application Answers
All of the features examined are wider in the female pelvis which will result in a larger pelvic cavity and must also serve as a
birth canal for a vaginal delivery.
FIG. 17.3a-b
1. Head
2. Fovea capitis
3. Greater trochanter
4. Neck
5.
6.
7.
8.
Lateral epicondyle
Lesser trochanter
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
FIG. 17.4
1. Head of fibula
2. Fibula
3. Lateral malleolus
4. Medial condyle
5.
6.
7.
Tibial tuberosity
Tibia
Medial malleolus
FIG. 17.5
1. Medial condyle
2. Femur
3. Lateral condyle
4.
5.
Fibula
Tibia
FIG. 17.6
1. Calcaneus
2. Talus
3. Cuboid
4. Navicular
5. Lateral cuneiform
6. Intermediate cuneiform
7. Medial cuneiform
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
Tarsals (tarsus)
Metatarsals (metatarsus)
Phalanges
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Coxae (hipbones)
2. Acetabulum
3. Ilium
4.
5.
6.
Ischial spines
Symphysis pubis
Iliac crest
7.
8.
9.
Tuberosity
Pubic arch
Obturator foramen
21
10. Sacroiliac
PART B
1. e
2. a
3. g
4.
5.
6.
a
f
f
7.
8.
9.
g
f
a
PART C (FIGS. 17.7, 17.8, and 17.9)
1. Obturator foramen
2. Symphysis pubis
3. Ilium
4. Sacrum
5. Head of femur
6. Pubis
7. Femur
8. Tibia
9. Lateral epicondyle
PART D (FIG. 17.10)
1. Distal phalanges
2. Proximal phalanges
3. Metatarsals
4. Medial cuneiform
5. Intermediate cuneiform
6. Lateral cuneiform
22
10. b
11. d
12. c
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Lateral condyle
Head of fibula
Fibula
Tibia
Talus
Calcaneus
Metatarsal
Proximal phalanx
Distal phalanx
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Navicular
Talus
Middle phalanges
Cuboid
Calcaneus
LABORATORY EXERCISE 18
JOINTS
Critical Thinking Application Answers
Maximum flexion of body parts can occur when in fetal position or performing a cannon ball into a swimming pool.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. b
2. c
3. d
4.
5.
e
a
PART B (FIG. 18.6)
1. Suture (fibrous)
2. Symphysis (cartilaginous)
3. Symphsysis (cartilaginous)
4. Gliding/plane (synovial)
5. Hinge (synovial)
6.
7.
8.
9.
Pivot (synovial)
Condyloid/ellipsoid (synovial)
Saddle (synovial)
Ball-and-socket (synovial)
PART C
1. a
2. b
3. e
4. d
5. d
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
a
d (b and c also present)
f
c
c
PART D (FIG. 18.7)
1. Rotation
2. Elevation
3. Depression
4. Supination
5. Pronation
6. Abduction
7. Adduction
8. Flexion
9. Extension
10. Abduction
11. Adduction
12. Circumduction
13. Protraction
14. Retraction
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Extension
Flexion
Extension
Flexion
Flexion
Extension
Flexion
Extension
Flexion
Extension
Flexion
Extension
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
PART E
Table:
Type of Joint
Ball-and-socket
Hinge, gliding, and pivot
Ball-and-socket
Hinge (modified),
condyloid, and gliding
Bones Included
Humerus, scapula
Humerus, radius, ulna
Femur, coxa
Femur, tibia, patella
Types of Movement Possible
Movements in all planes and rotation
Flexion and extension between humerus and ulna; twisting
movements occur between radius and humerus; rotation between
radius and ulna
Movements in all planes and rotation
Flexion and extension between femur and tibia and slight rotation
when flexed; sliding (gliding) movements occur between femur
and patella
23
LABORATORY EXERCISE 19
SKELETAL MUSCLE STRUCTURE
Figure Labels
FIG. 19.2
1. Fascicle
2. Sacrolemma (cell membrane)
3. Sacroplasmic reticulum
4. Tendon
5.
6.
7.
8.
Epimysium
Perimysium
Nucleus
Myofibrils
FIG. 19.4
1. Coracoid process
2. Origins of biceps brachii (tendons)
3. Biceps brachii
4.
5.
6.
Radius
Insertion of biceps brachii (tendon)
Ulna
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. l
2. i
3. c
4.
5.
6.
f
g
b
PART B (FIG. 19.5)
1. Sarcomere
2. Z line
PART C
1. Origin
2. Insertion
3.
4.
Two heads
Biceps brachii
7.
8.
9.
h
a
j
3.
4.
I band (light)
A band (dark)
5.
6.
Prime mover
Synergists
24
10. k
11. e
12. d
7.
Prime movers
LABORATORY EXERCISE 20
MUSCLES OF THE FACE, HEAD, AND NECK
Figure Labels
FIG. 20.1
1. Temporalis
2. Occipitalis (epicranius)
3. Masseter
4. Sternocleidomastoid
5. Platysma
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Frontalis (epicranius)
Orbicularis oculi
Zygomaticus major
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
FIG. 20.2
1. Lateral pterygoid
2.
Medial pterygoid
3.
Splenius capitis
PART A
1. Zygomaticus major
2. Buccinator
3. Orbicularis oris
4. Lateral pterygoid
5. Raise the jaw/elevate mandible (as in biting)
6. Medial
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Lateral
Orbicularis oculi
Sternocleidomastoid
Splenius capitis
Platysma
Zygomaticus
PART B
1. Epicranius
2. Zygomaticus major
3. Masseter
4. Lateral pterygoid
5. Sternocleidomastoid
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Buccinator
Platysma
Temporalis
Splenius capitis
Semispinalis capitis
4.
5.
Orbicularis oris
Platysma
FIG. 20.3
1. Longissimus capitis (erector spinae)
2. Semispinalis capitis
Laboratory Report Answers
Critical Thinking Application Answers
PART C (FIG. 20.4)
1. Epicranius (frontalis)
2. Zygomaticus major
3. Orbicularis oculi
25
LABORATORY EXERCISE 21
MUSCLES OF THE CHEST, SHOULDER, AND UPPER LIMB
Figure Labels
FIG. 21.1
1. Trapezius
2. Deltoid
3. Latissimus dorsi
4. Levator scapulae
5. Supraspinatus
6.
7.
8.
9.
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
Rhomboid major
FIG. 21.2
1. Pectoralis minor
2. Internal intercostal
3. Pectoralis major
4.
5.
Deltoid
Serratus anterior
FIG. 21.3a
1. Levator scapulae
2. Supraspinatus
3. Deltoid
4.
5.
6.
Teres minor
Teres major
Triceps brachii
FIG. 21.3b
1. Deltoid
2. Subscapularis
3.
4.
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
FIG. 21.4a
1. Pronator teres
2. Brachioradialis
3.
4.
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
FIG. 21.4b
1. Flexor carpi ulnaris
2. Extensor carpi ulnaris
3.
4.
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor digitorum
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. c
2. g
3. e
4.
5.
6.
i
h
j
7.
8.
9.
a
b
l
PART B
1. Rhomboid major
2. Serratus anterior
3. Pectoralis minor
4. Coracobrachialis
5. Teres major
6. Subscapularis
10. k
11. d
12. f
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Teres minor
Brachialis
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
Biceps brachii
Trapezius
Deltoid
Triceps brachii
Brachioradialis
Critical Thinking Application Answers
PART C (FIG. 21.5)
1. Trapezius
2. Deltoid
3. Pectoralis major
4. Rectus abdominis
5. Sternocleidomastoid
6. Biceps brachii
7. Serratus anterior
8. External oblique
9. Deltoid
10. Trapezius
11. Infraspinatus
26
LABORATORY EXERCISE 22
MUSCLES OF THE DEEP BACK, ABDOMINAL WALL, AND PELVIC OUTLET
Figure Labels
FIG. 22.1
1. Longissimus (intermediate group)
2. Spinalis (medial group)
3.
Iliocostalis (lateral group)
FIG. 22.2
1. External oblique
2. Internal oblique
3.
4.
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
FIG. 22.3
1. Bulbospongiosus
2. Ischiocavernosus
3. Superficial transversus perinei
4.
5.
6.
Levator ani
Gluteus maximus
External anal sphincter
FIG. 22.4
1. Ischiocavernosus
2. Bulbospongiosus
3. Superficial transversus perinei
4.
5.
6.
Levator ani
Gluteus maximus
External anal sphinchter
Critical Thinking Application Answers
An appendectomy incision would involve the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles from
superficial to deep.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Linea alba
2. Rectus abdominis
3. Transversus abdominis
4.
PART B
1. Pelvic diaphragm
2. Anal canal and vagina
3. Support the pelvic viscera and provide sphincterlike
action in the anal canal and vagina (aid the levator ani)
4. Bulbospongiosus
5. Constrict the vagina
27
5.
6.
Tense the abdominal wall and compress the contents of
the abdominal cavity
Tense the abdominal wall and flex the vertebral column
Erector spinae group
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Ischial tuberosity
Levator ani
Support the pelvic viscera
Ischial spine
Sphincter urethrae
LABORATORY EXERCISE 23
MUSCLES OF THE HIP AND LOWER LIMB
Figure Labels
FIG. 23.1
1. Tensor fasciae latae
2. Sartorius
3. Rectus femoris
4. Vastus lateralis
5. Vastus medialis
6.
7.
8.
9.
Psoas major
Iliacus
Adductor longus
Gracilis
4.
5.
6.
Tensor fasciae latae
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
FIG. 23.3
1. Adductor magnus
2. Gracilis
3. Gluteus medius
4. Gluteus maximus
5.
6.
7.
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
FIG. 23.4
1. Fibularis (peroneus) longus
2. Tibialis anterior
3.
Extensor digitorum longus
FIG. 23.5
1. Gastrocnemius
2. Soleus
3. Fibularis (peroneus) longus
4.
5.
6.
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis
FIG. 23.6
1. Gastrocnemius
2.
Soleus
PART A
1. e
2. b
3. f
4. h
5. c
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
d
j
a
g
i
PART B
1. Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
2. Adductor magnus
3. Sartorius
4. Gastrocnemius
5. Tensor fasciae latae
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Vastus lateralis
Semitendinosus
Vastus medialis
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis anterior
5.
6.
7.
8.
Vastus medialis
Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
FIG. 23.2
1. Gluteus medius
2. Gluteus maximus
3. Biceps femoris
Laboratory Report Answers
Critical Thinking Application Answers
PART C (FIG. 23.7)
1. Rectus femoris
2. Vastus medialis
3. Vastus lateralis
4. Sartorius
28
LABORATORY EXERCISE 24
CAT DISSECTION: MUSCULATURE
Instructional Suggestions
1.
You may want to provide the students with preserved cats that have been preskinned. Such cats are available from various
biological supply companies. The use of preskinned cats will save about an hour of class time and avoid the unpleasantness
that some students associate with the skinning procedure.
2.
You may want to reduce the amount of time spent in dissecting the cat muscles by having the students dissect only selected
areas of the cat. For example, you might have them complete Procedure D (muscles of the thorax), Procedure E (muscles of
the abdominal wall), Procedure F (muscles of the shoulder and back), and Procedure H (muscles of the hip and hind limb),
omitting the other sections.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Sternocleidomastoid
2. Masseter
3.
Sternohyoid, mylohyoid
PART B
1. Pectoantebrachialis
2. Xiphihumeralis
3. Pectoralis major
4. Pectoralis minor
5.
6.
7.
8.
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
PART C
1. Clavotrapezius
2. Acromiotrapezius
3. Spinotrapezius
4. Clavodeltoid (clavobrachialis)
5. Acromiodeltoid
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
Spinodeltoid
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres major
PART D
1. Biceps brachii
2. Brachialis
3.
4.
Epitrochlearis
Triceps brachii
PART E (FIG. 24.24)
1. Pectoralis major
2. Biceps brachii
3. External oblique
4. Rectus abdominis
5. Sartorius
6. Rectus femoris
7. Vastus medialis
8. Tibialis anterior
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Infraspinatus
Teres major
Triceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Biceps femoris
Gastrocnemius
29
LABORATORY EXERCISE 25
NERVOUS TISSUE AND NERVES
Figure Labels
FIG. 25.1
1. Nucleus
2. Nucleolus
3. Nodes of Ranvier
4. Schwann cell
FIG. 25.2
1. Schwann cell nucleus
2. Myelin (of Schwann cell)
5.
6.
7.
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon (nerve fiber)
3.
4.
Axon (nerve fiber)
Neurilemma (of Schwann cell)
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. g
2. c
3.
4.
h
f
5.
6.
e
d
7.
8.
a
b
PART B
1. d
2. f
3.
4.
h
g
5.
6.
e
a
7.
8.
c
b
PART C
1. (sketch)
2. (sketch)
3. (sketch)
PART D
1. (sketch)
2. (sketch)
30
LABORATORY EXERCISE 26
MENINGES AND SPINAL CORD
Figure Labels
FIG. 26.1
1. Subarachnoid space
2. White matter
3. Dorsal root of spinal nerve
4. Ventral root of spinal nerve
5.
6.
7.
Body of vertebra
Epidural space
Gray matter
FIG. 26.2
1. Posterior horn
2. Lateral funiculus
3. Anterior horn
4. Posterior funiculus
5. Posterior median sulcus
6.
7.
8.
9.
Central canal
Gray commissure
Anterior median fissure
Anterior funiculus
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. b
2. c
3.
4.
d
f
5.
6.
g
a
PART B
1. Spinal nerves
2. Cervical enlargement
3. Lumbar enlargement
4. Posterior median sulcus
5. Horns
PART C
1. b
2. e
3. a
PART D (FIG. 26.4)
1. Dorsal root of spinal nerve
2. White matter
3. Ventral root of spinal nerve
4. Posterior median sulcus
31
7.
e
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Anterior
Gray commissure
Central canal
Funiculi
Nerve tracts
Meninges
4.
5.
d
c
5.
6.
7.
8.
Gray matter
Dorsal root ganglion
Anterior median fissure
Central canal
LABORATORY EXERCISE 27
REFLEX ARC AND REFLEXES
Figure Labels
FIG. 27.1
5
3
4
1
2
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Nerve pathways
2. Central nervous system (spinal cord)
3. Reflexes
4. Muscles
5. Sensory
6. Quadriceps femoris
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
PART B
1. Table:
Response Observed
Extension of leg at the knee joint
Plantar flexion of the foot
Flexion of forearm at the elbow joint or slight biceps twitch
Extension of forearm at the elbow joint or slight triceps twitch
Plantar flexion of the foot and flexion of toes
2.
Quadriceps femoris
Upright posture
Skin
Flexor
Flexion
Babinski
Effector Involved
Quadriceps femoris
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Gastrocnemius, soleus, and flexor digitorium longus
The quadriceps femoris is stretched, stimulating stretch receptors (muscle spindles) within the muscle. As a result, impulses
pass along sensory neurons into the spinal cord and synapse with a motor neuron. Motor impulses travel out of the cord on
nerve fibers that lead to the quadriceps femoris. Muscle fibers contract, and the leg is extended at the knee joint.
Critical Thinking Application Answers
All of these reflexes are rapid, subconscious responses to physical stimuli.
32
LABORATORY EXERCISE 28
BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES
Figure Labels
FIG. 28.1
12
1
8
10
4
3
6
11
5
7
9
2
FIG. 28.2
1. Frontal lobe
2. Temporal lobe
3.
4.
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
FIG. 28.3
1. Motor area for voluntary muscle control
2. Motor speech area (Broca’s area)
3. Auditory area
4.
5.
6.
Cutaneous sensory area
General interpretative area
Visual area
FIG. 28.4
1. (I) Olfactory nerve
2. (II) Optic nerve
3. (III) Oculomotor nerve
4. (IV) Trochlear nerve
5. (V) Trigeminal nerve
6. (VI) Abducens nerve
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
(VII) Facial nerve
(VIII) Vestibulocochlear nerve
(IX) Glossopharyngeal nerve
(X) Vagus nerve
(XI) Accessory nerve
(XII) Hypoglossal nerve
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
i
l
h
e
g
b
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. j
2. f
3. k
4. d
5. c
6. a
PART B
Table:
Location
Anterior to primary motor cortex (frontal lobe)
Medulla oblongata
Between cerebellum and brainstem
Midbrain
Midbrain
Frontal lobe superior to Broca’s area
Diencephalon
Diencephalon floor and associated inner cerebrum
Medulla oblongata
Brainstem
Diencephalon
Medulla oblongata
PART C (FIG. 28.5)
1. Corpus callosum
2. Thalamus
3. Hypothalamus
4. Diencephalon
5. Midbrain
Major Functions
Coordinates speech
Regulates heartbeat
Relays impulses to and from cerebellum
Provides motor pathways between cerebrum and lower parts
Contains visual and auditory reflex centers
Controls voluntary movements of eyes and eyelids
Regulates body temperature and many visceral activities
Controls emotional feelings
Regulates rate and depth of breathing
Activates state of wakefulness
Relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex
Controls diameter of blood vessels and blood pressure
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Brainstem
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
33
PART D
1. Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
2. Facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX)
3. Optic (II)
4. Olfactory (I)
5. Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
6. Trigeminal (V)
7. Trigeminal (V)
8. Oculomotor (III)
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Oculomotor (III)
Oculomotor (III)
Oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), abducens (VI)
Facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX)
Accessory (XI)
Vagus (X), accessory (XI), hypoglossal (XII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI),
hypoglossal (XII)
34
LABORATORY EXERCISE 29
DISSECTION OF THE SHEEP BRAIN
Instructional Suggestion
Rather than have students dissect sheep brains, you might want to provide the class with samples of whole sheep brains and
sectioned brains for examination. This should extend the use of the available specimens.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. The human cerebral hemispheres are relatively
5.
larger than those of the sheep.
2. There are more convolutions and sulci in the
6.
human cerebrum.
3. The human cerebrum with its larger size and
7.
greater number of convolutions is more complex
and thus able to carry on more complex functions.
4. The human cerebellum is divided in the midline (vermis)
into two hemispheres, whereas the sheep cerebellum is
not divided.
The olfactory bulbs of the sheep brain are larger than those of
the human brain.
The olfactory, optic, and trigeminal nerves seem to be most
highly developed in the sheep brain.
The senses of smell and sight and the sensory functions
associated with the trigeminal nerve are highly developed.
Critical Thinking Application Answers
PART B
1-6. Answers will vary. The sheep brain and the human brain features are more similar than different. Therefore a complete list
of similar features would be very long. Among similar features include two cerebral hemispheres, medulla oblongata, pineal
gland, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, pons, olfactory bulb, four ventricles, and others. (Note only 6 answers are
needed.) Mammal brains have more similarities than differences.
35
LABORATORY EXERCISE 30
RECEPTORS AND GENERAL SENSES
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Chemoreceptors
2. Pain
3. Thermoreceptors
4. Photoreceptors
5. Sensory adaptation
6. Touch
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Pressure
25ºC (77ºF) and 45ºC (113ºF)
10ºC (50ºF) and 20ºC (68ºF)
Brain
Referred pain
PART B
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
3.
Answers will vary.
2.
Answers will vary.
3.
Answers will vary.
PART C
1. (experimental results)
PART D
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
36
LABORATORY EXERCISE 31
SMELL AND TASTE
Figure Labels
FIG. 31.1
6
5
3
7
FIG. 31.3
6
1
4
1
2
4
3
5
2
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Bipolar
2. Cilia
3. Water
4. Cribriform plate
5. Crista galli
PART B
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Olfactory tracts
Frontal
Sensory adaptation
Outside environment
Odorless
3.
Answers will vary.
Critical Thinking Application Answers
Answers will vary. Any variations in time for sensory adaptation could be a result of the concentration of the test substance,
volatility of the test substance, or the number of receptors for the test substance.
PART C
1.
2.
3.
4.
Epithelial
Taste pore
Taste hairs (microvilli)
Water
5.
6.
7.
8.
Receptor
Acids
Salts
Bitter
PART D
1. (experimental results)
2 (a-d). Answers will vary.
37
LABORATORY EXERCISE 32
EAR AND HEARING
Figure Labels
FIG. 32.1
1. Auricle
2. Malleus
3. Incus
4. Semicircular canals
5. Stapes
6. Cochlea
FIG. 32.2
4
6
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
5
3
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Oval window
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Auditory (Eustachian) tube
External acoustic meatus
1
2
FIG 32.3
1. Tectorial membrane
2. Hair cells (receptor cells)
3.
4.
Branch of cochlear nerve
Basilar membrane
Critical Thinking Application Answers
The largest ear structure is the auricle which is able to trap and funnel a minute sound wave into the middle and inner ear
structures. This will allow a concentration of the vibrations making the sound detection more likely to occur.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. d
2. k
3. j
4.
5.
6.
PART B (FIG. 32.8)
1. Cochlear duct
2. Tectorial membrane
3. Hair cells (receptor cells)
PART C
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
h
c
b
7.
8.
9.
l
i
e
4.
5.
Basilar membrane
Scala tympani
3.
4.
(experimental results)
Answers will vary.
38
10. f
11. a
12. g
LABORATORY EXERCISE 33
EQUILIBRIUM
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Utricle
2. Temporal
3. Macula
4. Calcium carbonate
5. Vestibulocochlear (vestibular branch)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Ampulla
Crista ampullaris
Cupula
Inertia
Cerebellum
PART B
1. a. The eyes, inner ears, and proprioceptors provide information needed to maintain equilibrium when the eyes are open.
b. The inner ears and proprioceptors provide such information when the eyes are closed.
2. a. (experimental results)
b. Probably yes; this demonstrates the importance of visual information in maintaining equilibrium.
c. With the eyes closed, such a person would receive very little sensor information needed to maintain equilibrium.
3. a. (experimental results)
b. Answers will vary.
Critical Thinking Application Answers
Vision, touch, and proprioception would all supplement equilibrium.
39
LABORATORY EXERCISE 34
EYE STRUCTURE
Figure Labels
FIG. 34.1
1. Lacrimal gland
2. Superior and inferior canaliculi
3.
4.
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
FIG. 34.2
1. Superior oblique
2. Superior rectus
3. Medial rectus
4.
5.
6.
Lateral rectus
Inferior rectus
Inferior oblique
FIG. 34.3
1. Pupil
2. Iris
3. Ciliary body
4. Suspensory ligaments
5. Lens
6. Cornea
7. Aqueous humor
8. Anterior cavity
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Retina
Choroid coat
Sclera
Vitreous humor
Fovea centralis
Optic nerve
Optic disc
Posterior cavity
Critical Thinking Application Answers
The delicate retina is only located next to the choroid coat by the pressure maintained by the vitreous humor. Any alteration of
this pressure could allow the retina to detach as was easily observed during the dissection. No connective tissue was observed
between the inner and middle tunics of the eye.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. b
2. j
3. e
4. d
5. g
6. l
7. h
8. f
9. a
PART B
1. The outer tunic/layer (sclera) is toughest.
2. Dense (fibrous) connective tissue.
3. The pupil of the dissected eye probably was
elliptical in shape, and the human pupil is round.
4. Aqueous humor occurs between the cornea and
the lens.
PART C (FIG. 34.10)
1. Aqueous humor
2. Lens
3. Cornea
4. Iris
5. Conjunctiva
6. Retina/inner tunic
10.
11.
12.
13.
i
k
c
Cornea, aqueous humor, pupil of iris, lens, vitreous humor,
retina
14. More rods than cones; rods stimulated by dim light; cones
enable perception of color [other answers could be acceptable.]
5.
7.
The dark pigment absorbs excess light and keeps the eye dark
dark inside.
The lens is biconvex, flexible, and transparent. It may be firm
and opaque in a preserved eye.
The vitreous humor is a transparent, jellylike fluid.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Vitreous humor
Optic disc
Optic nerve
Choroid coat/middle tunic
Sclera/outer tunic
6.
40
LABORATORY EXERCISE 35
VISUAL TESTS AND DEMONSTRATIONS
Critical Thinking Application Answers
When using both eyes for observations, if the image of a small object falls on the optic disc of one eye, the object is still seen by
the other eye. This can be confirmed because the blind-spot demonstration will not work with both eyes open.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
3. (experimental results)
4. (experimental results)
5. a. A person with 20/70 vision can see from 20 feet what the normal eye sees from 70 feet. This person has less than normal
vision.
b. A person with 20/10 vision can see fro 20 feet what the normal eye sees from 10 feet. This person has better than normal
vision.
c. Astigmatism results in blurred vision because some parts of the image on the retina are in focus, while other parts are not
in focus.
d. The elastic quality of the lens tends to decrease with age.
e. The retina is lacking cones that are sensitive to red or green wave lengths (an X-linked/sex-linked trait).
PART B
1. (experimental results)
2. The optic disc lacks receptors (rods and cones) and thus creates a blind spot in the retina.
3. The photopupillary reflex involves the construction of the pupil in response to exposure to bright light.
4. The photopupillary reflex occurs in both eyes even when one eye is shielded from the light; however, the shielded eye may
not show as much change as the exposed one.
5. When an eye is focused on a close object, the pupil constricts.
6. When the eyes are focused on a close object, they converge toward the midline.
41
LABORATORY EXERCISE 36
ENDOCRINE HISTOLOGY AND DIABETIC PHYSIOLOGY
Instructional Suggestions
1. The responses and recovery to insulin shock work faster if the fish selected is very small (total length about 1”). The species
of fish selected does not seem significant so try a fish species that is readily available.
2. HumulinR administered in 200 units usually will suffice to induce insulin shock within about 5 minutes. If the responses are
too slow, try an increase to 400 units. Consult with your local pharmacist or veterinarian to purchase insulin.
3. If the recovery from insulin shock is too prolonged using a 10% glucose solution, try a 20% glucose solution.
Figure Labels
FIG. 36.1
1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary gland
3. Parathyroid glands
4. Testis (male)
5. Pineal gland
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovary (female)
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
(sketches)
PART B
Table:
Characteristic
Onset age
Onset of symptoms
Percentage of diabetics
Natural insulin levels
Beta cells of pancreatic islets
Pancreatic islet cell antibodies
Risk factors of having the disease
Typical treatments
Type 1 Diabetes
Early age or adult
Rapid
10-15%
Below normal
Destroyed
Present
Heredity
Insulin administration
Untreated blood sugar levels
Hyperglycemia
Type 2 Diabetes
Usually over 40
Slow
85-90%
Normal or increased
Not Destroyed
Absent
Heredity, obesity, lack of exercise
Avoid foods that stimulate insulin
production, weight control, exercise,
medications
Hyperglycemia
PART C
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results)
The amount of time until insulin shock occurs varies with the type of insulin used and the size of the fish selected for the
experiment. Rapid or irregular swimming, gill cover, and mouth movements usually are noted within about 5-10 minutes.
3. (experimental results)
Recovery from insulin shock usually occurs within about 5-10 minutes.
Critical Thinking Application Answers
The main hormone regulating blood sugar is insulin. A normal person’s insulin level will adjust the blood sugar homeostasis
level according to changes in daily diets and exercise levels. A person with type 1 diabetes needs to attempt to have similar daily
diets and exercise to correlate with the designated daily insulin administered.
42
LABORATORY EXERCISE 37
BLOOD CELLS
Warning
Because of the possibility of blood-borne infections being transmitted from one student to another if blood slides are prepared in
the classroom, it is suggested that commercially prepared blood slides be used in this exercise. The instructor, however, may
wish to demonstrate the procedure for preparing such a slide. Mammal blood other than human or contaminant-free human
blood is suggested as a substitute for collected blood.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Erythrocytes
2. Biconcave
3. Transporting and exchanging gases (O2 and CO2)
4. Hemoglobin
5. Oxyhemoglobin
6. Nucleus
7. Leukocytes
8. Granulocytes
9. Agranulocytes
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Neutrophil
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basopils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Collagen
Serotonin
Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells)
2.
Answers will vary.
PART B
(sketches)
PART C
1. (experimental results)
Critical Thinking Application Answers
A total white blood cell count provides the number of white blood cells in a given volume of blood; a differential white blood cell
count gives the relative percentages of types of white blood cells in a blood sample.
43
LABORATORY EXERCISE 38
BLOOD TESTING—A DEMONSTRATION
Warning
Because of the possibility of blood-borne infections being transmitted from one student to another during blood-testing
procedures, it is suggested that the following demonstrations be performed by the instructor. Mammal blood other than human or
contaminant-free human blood is suggested as a substitute for collected blood.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
(demonstration results)
PART B
1. Answers will vary.
3.
2. Various forms of anemia and severe hemorrhage will
produce a decreased red blood cell percentage.
PART C
1. Answers will vary.
3.
2. Iron-deficiency anemia, lack of certain amino acids or
vitamin B12, pregnancy, severe hemorrhage, excessive
menstrual flow, or excessive fluid intake may cause a
decreased hemoglobin content.
PART D
1. Answers will vary.
3.
2. Anemia, leukemia, and severe hemorrhage may cause
a decreased red blood cell count.
PART E
1. Answers will vary.
3.
2. Aplastic anemia and adverse drug reactions may cause
a decreased white blood cell count.
Polycythemia, due to dehydration, shock, or excessive
production of red blood cells, will produce an increased
percentage of red blood cells.
Polycythemia, obstructive pulmonary diseases, congestive heart
failure, and living at high altitudes may cause an increased
hemoglobin content.
Severe dehydration, diarrhea, exercise, living at high altitudes,
rise in temperature, or polycythemia may cause an increased red
blood cell count.
Acute infections, leukemia, infectious mononucleosis, and
menstruation may cause an increased white blood cell count.
Critical Thinking Application Answers
RBC percentage (hematocrit), hemoglobin, and RBC count are all blood tests that could indicate anemia.
44
LABORATORY EXERCISE 39
BLOOD TYPING
Warning
Because of the possibility of blood-borne infections being transmitted from one student to another if blood-testing is preformed in
the classroom, it is suggested that commercially prepared blood-typing kits, containing virus-free human blood, be used for ABO
blood typing. The instructor may wish to demonstrate Rh blood typing. Simulated blood-typing kits are suggested as a substitute
for collected blood.
Critical Thinking Application Answers
The anti-A serum would contain anti-A antibodies if clumping was observed for a person with type A blood. The anti-B serum
would contain anti-B antibodies if clumping was observed for a person with type B blood.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Red blood cell membranes
2. Four
3. A
4. B
5. Anti-B
6.
7.
8.
9.
Anti-A
AB
O
Two to eight months
PART B
1. (experimental results)
2-5. Answers will vary.
PART C
1. Rhesus monkey
2. Antigen D
3. Rh-negative
4.
5.
6.
PART D
1. (demonstration results)
2-5. Answers will vary.
Rh-negative
Clump (agglutinate)
Rh-positive
45
LABORATORY EXERCISE 40
HEART STRUCTURE
Instructional Suggestions
1. You may want to have the students use colored
3.
pencils to color the features of the heart and blood
vessels in figure 40.3. This activity should help them
observe the illustrations more carefully and locate the 4.
various features shown from different views in the
figures. They can check their work by referring to the
corresponding figures in the textbook, which are
presented in full color.
2. Instead of using preserved sheep hearts, you might
want to provide fresh pig hearts for dissection.
To reduce the cost of specimens used, you might provide
predissected, preserved sheep hearts for observation and
save the specimens for use with other classes.
Fresh beef hearts are sometimes available from meat-packing
houses. You might want to demonstrate the dissection of this
large heart. Try to make sure that the atria and large blood
vessels are left attached for this purpose.
Figure Labels
FIG. 40.1
1. Aorta
2. Superior vena cava
3. Right atrium
4. Right coronary artery
5. Right ventricle
6. Inferior vena cava
FIG. 40.2
1. Aorta
2. Left pulmonary artery
3. Left pulmonary veins
4. Left atrium
5. Left ventricle
FIG. 40.3
1. Aorta
2. Superior vena cava
3. Aortic valve
4. Right atrium
5. Tricuspid valve
6. Chordae tendineae
7. Inferior vena cava
8. Left pulmonary artery
9. Pulmonary trunk
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Pulmonary trunk (artery)
Left atrium
Left coronary artery
Great cardiac vein
Left ventricle
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Apex
Superior vena cava
Right atrium
Inferior vena cava
Right ventricle
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Left pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Pulmonary valve
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Papillary muscle
Interventricular septum
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
e
g
i
b
c
a
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Interventricular septum
Left atrium
Mitral (biscupid) valve
Left ventricle
Apex
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. h
2. l
3. j
4. f
5. k
6. d
PART B (FIG. 40.6)
1. Superior vena cava
2. Aorta
3. Right atrium
4. Aortic valve
5. Tricuspid valve
6. Right ventricle
46
PART C
1. The tricuspid valve is composed of three relatively
4.
large cusps that contain chordae tendineae; the
pulmonary valve is made up of three smaller pocketlike cusps that lack chordae tendineae.
2. The cusps of the tricuspid valve move upward into a
horizontal position and close the opening between the 5.
right atrium and the right ventricle.
3. The chordae tendineae and papillary muscles prevent the
cusps of the tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid) valves from
swinging into the atria when the ventricles contract.
The thicker wall of the aorta allows it to withstand the
higher pressure of the blood pumped out from the left
ventricle. The thinner wall of the pulmonary trunk (artery)
is related to the lower pressure of the blood that leaves the
right ventricle.
Vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle,
pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary artery, capillary
of the lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral (bicuspid)
valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta.
Critical Thinking Application Answers
The thicker wall of the left ventricle allows it to contract with greater force and create the high pressure needed to move blood to
all parts of the body (systemic circuit) except the lungs. The thinner wall of the right ventricle creates the lower pressure needed
to move blood a relatively short distance to the lungs (pulmonary circuit).
47
LABORATORY EXERCISE 41
CARDIAC CYCLE
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. 70
2. Systole
3. Diastole
4. Closed
5. Open
6.
7.
6.
7.
8.
Ventricles
Vibrations
A-V valves
Pulmonary and aortic valves (semilunar valves)
Murmur
PART B
1. (experimental results)
2.
(experimental results)
PART C
1. Cardiac muscle
2. S-A (sinoatrial; sinu-atrial)
3. A-V (atrioventricular)
4. A-V bundle (bundle of His)
5. Purkinje fibers
6. Electrocardiogram
7. Polarized
8. Atria
PART D
1. (labeled ECG recordings)
2. Answers will vary.
3. Normal is 0.12-0.20 sec.
4. The P-Q (P-R) interval indicates the time it takes
for the atria to depolarize and the cardiac impulse
to reach the A-V node.
9. Ventricles
10. Ventricles
11. Atrial repolarization occurs at the same time that the
ventricular fibers depolarize. The QRS complex indicating
ventricular depolarization obscures any recording of the atrial
repolarization.
12. Tachycardia; bradycardia
5.
6.
Because each QRS wave in the pattern indicates a ventricular
contraction, the heart rate can be determined by counting the
QRS waves that occur in a minute.
(experimental results)
Critical Thinking Application Answer
36
48
LABORATORY EXERCISE 42
BLOOD VESSELS
Instructional Suggestions
If live frogs are not available for the microscopic observation of blood vessels, you might want to provide small goldfish. The
head of a fish can be wrapped loosely in wet cotton to keep its gills moist, and the fish can be placed on a glass plate on the stage
of a microscope. If its tail is spread out beneath the microscope slide, the blood vessels can be observed with low- and highpower magnification. However, if the fish is not returned to water within a few minutes, it will likely die.
Figure Labels
FIG. 42.1
1. Tunica interna
2. Tunica media
FIG. 42.2
1
4
3.
Tunica externa
3
2
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Endothelium
2. Tunica media (middle layer)
3. Tunica externa (outer layer)
4. Vasoconstriction
5. Vasodilation
6. Capillaries
7. Blood-brain barrier
8. Greater
PART B
1. (sketch)
2. (sketch)
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Precapillary sphincters
Diffusion
Lipid
Pores
Hydrostatic
Osmotic
Valves
Veins
3.
The tunica interna and tunica externa are similar in the artery
and vein. The tunica media of the artery contains relatively
greater amounts of smooth muscle and elastic tissue than that of
the vein.
Critical Thinking Application Answers
Because arteries are under higher pressure than veins, the thicker arterial walls help to maintain the strength and elasticity
necessary against their walls.
PART C
1. The blood in an arteriole moves with a pulsating
3.
rapid flow, whereas that in a venule moves with a
steady slower flow.
4.
2. A capillary could be identified by its small diameter
and the presence of blood cells moving in single file.
Blood moves fastest in arterioles, somewhat slower in venules,
and slowest in capillaries.
If noted, the flow from an arteriole into a capillary will change
from continuous flow to an interrupted flow and may cease flow
for brief periods of time. This irregular flow into the capillary is
a result of changes caused by the precapillary sphincter.
49
LABORATORY EXERCISE 43
PULSE RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE
Instructional Suggestions
The following suggestions should be considered when trying to obtain an accurate blood pressure:
1.
2.
3.
The room environment should have a moderate temperature and be quiet (no talking).
The client needs to be relaxed and comfortable. A temporary increase in blood pressure could exist from smoking, pain,
anxiety, or a full urinary bladder.
Palpate the pulse first so that you are certain to pump the cuff high enough to not miss the first tapping sound. It also assures
that you do not pump the cuff so high that we alter the blood pressure when releasing air.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Arterial
2. Systolic
3. Diastolic
4. Heart
5. Pressure
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Sphygmomanometer
Millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
Systolic
Pulse pressure
Brachial
PART B
1. (test results)
2.
Answers will vary.
PART C
1. (test results)
2. (test results)
3.
4.
Answers will vary.
Answers will vary.
Critical Thinking Application Answer
A palpated pulse would be characteristic of the systolic pressure as the arterial wall is expanding at that moment under the higher
pressure.
50
LABORATORY EXERCISE 44
ARTERIES AND VEINS
Figure Labels
FIG. 44.1
1. Superior vena cava
2. Pulmonary trunk
3. Inferior vena cava
4.
5.
6.
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary artery
Aorta
Critical Thinking Application Answers
The left ventricle wall is thicker which provides a more powerful contraction to force the blood through the longer distance of the
systemic circuit.
FIG. 44.2
1. Superficial temporal artery
2. Internal carotid artery
3. External carotid artery
4. Vertebral artery
5.
6.
7.
8.
Subclavian artery
Facial artery
Common carotid artery
Brachiocephalic artery
FIG. 44.3
1. Subclavian artery
2. Axillary artery
3. Deep brachial artery
4.
5.
6.
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Ulnar artery
FIG. 44.4
1. Celiac artery
2. Hepatic artery
3. Renal artery
4. Splenic artery
5.
6.
7.
8.
Left gastric artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Common Iliac arteries
FIG. 44.5
1. Right common iliac artery
2. External iliac artery
3. Deep femoral artery
4. Popliteal artery
5. Abdominal aorta
6.
7.
8.
9.
Internal iliac artery
Femoral artery
Anterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
FIG. 44.6
1. External jugular vein
2. Subclavian vein
3. Internal jugular vein
4.
5.
Vertebral vein
Brachiocephalic vein
5.
6.
7.
8.
Brachiocephalic veins
Subclavian vein
Superior vena cava
Azygos vein
FIG. 44.8
1. Subclavian vein
2. Right brachiocephalic vein
3. Axillary vein
4. Cephalic vein
5. Basilic vein
6.
7.
8.
9.
Brachial vein
Median cubital vein (antecubital vein)
Radial vein
Ulnar vein
FIG. 44.9
1. Hepatic portal vein
2. Superior mesenteric vein
3. Gastric vein (right)
4.
5.
Splenic vein
Inferior mesenteric vein
FIG. 44.7
1. Internal jugular vein
2. Axillary vein
3. Cephalic vein
4. External jugular vein
51
FIG. 44.10
1. Common iliac vein
2. External iliac vein
3. Interior vena cava
4. Internal iliac vein
5.
6.
7.
8.
Femoral vein
Great saphenous vein
Popliteal vein
Anterior tibial vein
PART A
1. d
2. j
3. b
4. a
5. g
6. c
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
k
h
e
f
l
i
PART B
1. Right subclavian artery
2. Aortic arch
3. Superior mesenteric artery
4. Inferior mesenteric artery
5. Right common carotic artery
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Vertebral artery
Facial artery
Brachial artery
External iliac artery
Left and right pulmonary arteries
PART C
1. a
2. b
3. d
4. e
5.
6.
7.
8.
h
c
g
f
PART D
1. Right brachiocephalic vein
2. Popliteal vein
3. Common iliac vein
4. Basilic vein
5. Anterior tibial vein
6.
7.
8.
9.
Femoral vein
Hepatic portal vein
Pulmonary veins
Renal vein
PART E (FIG. 44.11)
1. Common carotid artery
2. Brachiocephalic vein
3. Superior vena cava
4. Femoral vein
5. Great saphenous vein
6. Internal jugular vein
7. External jugular vein
8. Subclavian artery
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Subclavian vein
Pulmonary vein
Inferior vena cava
Aorta
Common iliac vein
Common iliac artery
Femoral artery
Laboratory Report Answers
52
LABORATORY EXERCISE 45
CAT DISSECTION: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. The parietal pericardium forms a relatively thick, tough sac that encloses the heart. It is attached to the large blood vessels at
the base of the heart and to the diaphragm.
2. The walls of the atria are much thinner than those of the ventricles. The wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than that of
the right ventricle.
3. Wall thickness is related to the force of its contraction and the amount of pressure it imparts to the blood inside a heart
chamber. The left ventricle has the thickest wall, contracts with the greatest force, and creates the greatest amount of blood
pressure in the heart chambers. The left ventricle is the pump for the systemic circuit.
4. In the human, the right common carotid artery branches from the brachiocephalic artery, whereas the left common carotid
artery comes directly from the aortic arch. In the cat, both common carotid arteries branch from the brachiocephalic artery.
5. In the human, the aorta divides to form the two common iliac arteries, which in turn give rise to external and internal iliac
arteries. In the cat, the aorta divides to form the external iliac arteries, and the internal iliac arteries branch from the aorta
independently.
PART B
1. In the human, the brachiocephalic vein is formed by the union of the internal jugular and the subclavian vein on each side. In
the cat, the brachiocephalic vein is formed by the union of the external jugular and the subclavian vein on each side.
2
In the human, the internal jugular vein is somewhat larger than the external jugular vein. In the cat, the external jugular vein
is larger.
3
Answers will vary.
53
LABORATORY EXERCISE 46
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Figure Labels
FIG. 46.1
6
3
2
4
8
1
5
7
FIG. 46.2
1
2
4
6
3
5
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Lymphatic capillaries
2. Squamous epithelial
3. Lymph
4. Veins
5. Valves
6.
7.
8.
9.
Lymph nodes
Intestinal
Jugular
Thoracic (left lymphatic) duct
PART B
1. Lymphocytes
2. Hilum
3. Nodules
4. Lymph sinuses
5. Afferent
6.
7.
8.
9.
Tonsils
Peyer’s patches
Scalp, face, nasal cavity, and pharynx
Inguinal
PART C
1. Mediastinum
2. Puberty
3. Adipose and connective tissues
4. Bone marrow
5. Thymosins
6. Spleen
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Hilum
Blood
White pulp
Red pulp
Macrophages
PART D
(sketches)
54
LABORATORY EXERCISE 47
DIGESTIVE ORGANS
Figure Labels
FIG. 47.1
1. Lip
2. Hard palate
3. Soft palate
4. Uvula
5.
6.
7.
Palatine tonsil
Tongue
Vestibule
FIG. 47.2
1. Parotid gland
2. Masseter muscle
3. Tongue
4.
5.
Sublingual gland
Submandibular gland
FIG. 47.3
1. Enamel
2. Dentin
3. Root
4.
5.
6.
Crown
Gingiva
Root canal
FIG. 47.5
1. Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
2. Opening of auditory tube (Eustachian tube)
3. Nasopharynx
4. Palatine tonsils
5.
6.
7.
8.
Oropharynx
Lingual tonsils
Epiglottis
Laryngopharynx
FIG. 47.7
1. Esophagus
2. Rugae
3. Pyloric sphincter
4. Duodenum
5. Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)
6.
7.
8.
9.
Fundic region
Cardiac region
Body region
Pyloric region
FIG. 47.8
4
2
5
6
1
3
7
FIG. 47.10
1. Cystic duct
2. Gallbladder
3. Duodenum
4. Hepatic duct (common)
5.
6.
7.
FIG. 47.11
10
1
3
7
2
Common bile duct
Pancreatic duct
Hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi)
6
9
8
5
4
Critical Thinking Application Answers
The small intestine, which is much longer than the large intestine and contains villi, provides more surface area for absorption
than the large intestine.
55
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. c
2. j
3. f
4.
5.
6.
g
h
k
PART B
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
4. Mucus
PART C
1. Cardiac, fundic, body, and pyloric regions
2. Pyloric sphincter
3. Chief cells
4. Parietal cells
5. Pepsin
6. Intrinsic factor
PART D
1. d
2. b
3. e
4.
5.
6.
a
f
i
7.
8.
9.
i
d
l
10. e
11. a
12. b
5.
6.
Esophageal hiatus
The esophagus provides a passageway for food from the
pharynx to the stomach
.
7.
8.
9.
Gastrin
Chyme
The stomach receives food from the esophagus, mixes it with
gastric juice, initiates the digestion of protein, does limited
amount of absorption, and moves food (chyme) into the small
intestine.
7.
8.
9.
c
h
g
5.
6.
7.
Ileocecal sphincter (valve)
Vermiform appendix
The small intestine receives secretions from the pancreas and
liver, completes digestion of nutrients, absorbs the products of
digestion, and transports the residues to the large intestine.
The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes, and forms
and stores feces.
PART E
(sketch)
PART F
1. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
2. A mesentery supports and suspends organs. It
contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
that supply the organs.
3. Lacteal
4. Peptidases, sucrase, maltase, lactase, intestinal lipase,
enterokinase (only 5 of 6 needed to answer the
question)
8.
56
LABORATORY EXERCISE 48
CAT DISSECTION: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. The major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual) in the human and the cat occupy similar locations.
2. The jaw of the cat has six incisors, two canines, eight premolars, and two molars; the jaw of the human child has four
incisors, two canines, four premolars, and six molars.
3. The cat’s canine teeth are adapted for stabbing and holding prey whereas its rear molars are adapted for cutting meat.
4. The uvula is missing in the cat.
5. The transverse ridges help to hold food.
6. Many of the papillae on the cat’s tongue have spiny projections that help the cat to clean its fur. These are lacking on the
human tongue.
PART B
1. The peritoneum is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. Double-layered folds in
this membrane form the mesentery that supports the abdominal organs.
2. The inner lining of the stomach is folded to form many ridges called rugae.
3. The cat’s liver has five lobes; the human liver has four.
4. The cat’s pancreas is relatively smaller than that of the human and it is double-lobed. One lobe lies along the duodenum, and
the other extends behind the stomach toward the spleen.
5. The appendix is missing in the cat.
57
LABORATORY EXERCISE 49
ACTION OF A DIGESTIVE ENZYME
Instructional Suggestion
For this experiment to work, it is very important to obtain amylase that is free of sugar. Some of the amylase sold by laboratory
suppliers in 2005 contained sugar, as can be determined by the control in tube 1 of this experiment. Ward’s Natural Science does
handle amylase (alpha amylase from Bacillus subtilis; catalog #944W4602) that is free of sugar, and several other companies
plan to add this product to their catalogs. If in doubt, call the supply company and consult with a person in technical support.
Keep any of the unused amylase frozen.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Expected experimental results:
Tube
Starch
Sugar
1
0
0
2
+
0
3
(varies)
+
2.
a. Testing the amylase solution for the presence of starch and sugar demonstrates the negative results of the tests.
b. Tube 2 demonstrates that starch will not change to sugar when warmed to 37ºC (98.6ºF).
c. The change of starch to sugar is a result of the action of the amylase in tube 3.
PART B
1. Expected experimental results:
Tube
Starch
Sugar
4
+
(varies)
5
(varies)
+
6
+
0
2.
a. Amylase is slow to act or inactive in low temperature and high temperature. Its optimum temperature is near 37ºC
(98.6ºF).
b. The tubes in which digestion failed to occur could be placed in the 37ºC (98.6ºF) water bath. If digestion occurred at this
temperature, the enzyme was not destroyed by the previous treatment.
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The test would show a positive result for sugar. The experiment would not be valid as it would not show a change from starch to
sugar when sugar is already present. (Note: some amylase sold is contaminated with sugar.)
58
LABORATORY EXERCISE 50
RESPIRATORY ORGANS
Figure Labels
FIG. 50.1
1. Nostril (external naris)
2. Oral cavity
3. Epiglottis
4. Larynx
5. Bronchus (right primary)
6. Right lung
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Trachea
Left lung
FIG. 50.2
1. Frontal sinus
2. Nostril (external naris)
3. Auditory (Eustachian) tube opening
4. Uvula
5. Palatine tonsil
6. Epiglottis
7. Trachea
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Superior nasal concha
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Sphenoidal sinus
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
FIG. 50.3
1. Epiglottis (epiglottic cartilage)
2. Thyroid cartilage
3. Cricoid cartilage
4.
5.
6.
Epiglottis (epiglottic cartilage)
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
FIG. 50.4
1. Epiglottis
2. Glottis
3.
4.
False vocal cord (vestibular fold)
True vocal cord (vocal fold)
7.
8.
9.
j
f
g
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. h
2. b
3. i
4.
5.
6.
a
e
d
10. c
PART B
(sketches)
PART C
1. The sticky mucus is secreted into the upper and
3.
lower respiratory tract, which will trap particles of
dust and microorganisms.
2. The cilia create a current of mucus toward the pharynx.
The mucus contains entrapped particles that are usually
swallowed.
If the smooth muscle of the bronchial tree relaxes, the air
passages dilate, which allows a greater volume of air movement.
Critical Thinking Application Answers
The simple squamous epithelial cells allow for rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the alveolar
air.
59
LABORATORY EXERCISE 51
CAT DISSECTION: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Laboratory Report Answers
1. The auditory tube allows air to pass between the cavity of the middle ear and the outside environment. As a result, air
pressure normally remains equal on both sides of the eardrum.
2. The glottis is the opening of the superior (anterior in cats) end of the larynx. The epiglottis is a flap-like structure that shunts
food and liquid away from the glottis during swallowing.
3. The tracheal rings are incomplete as they are in the human.
4. The structure of the primary bronchi and the trachea are similar.
5. The cat has three main lobes in each lung (anterior, middle, and posterior). The posterior lobe on the right side has an
accessory lobe associated with it, making a total of four lobes on the right lung. The human has three lobes in the right lung
and two in the left.
6. The diaphragm is attached to the lower rim of the thorax and to a central tendon.
7. The heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland are found in the mediastinum. These are the same major structures found in
the human mediastinum.
60
LABORATORY EXERCISE 52
BREATHING AND RESPIRATORY VOLUME AND CAPACITIES
Critical Thinking Application Answers
Aging results in some natural loss of elasticity of the lungs as well as the muscles (diaphragm and intercostal muscles) used in
breathing. This can be measured by a vital capacity test.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Ventilation
2. Atmospheric
3. 760
4. Atmospheric pressure
5. Phrenic
6. Increases
7. External intercostal
PART B
1. a
2. g
3.
4.
e
f
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Visceral pleura
Surfactant
Elastic recoil
Less
Internal intercostal
Abdominal wall
5.
6.
d
h
PART C
1. (experimental results).
2. a. Answers will vary.
b. Answers will vary.
c. A measurement of residual volume is needed.
3. Answers will vary.
61
7.
8.
c
b
LABORATORY EXERCISE 53
CONTROL OF BREATHING
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Pons, medulla oblongata
2. Dorsal
3. Ventral
4. Hydrogen
5. Increases
6. Carbon dioxide
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Bicarbonate ions
Reduced
Carotid
Increases
Vagus
Increased
PART B
1. (experimental results)
2. a. Hyperventilation lowers blood carbon dioxide levels, and the breathing center is stimulated to a lesser degree.
b. Air that is rebreathed has a higher concentration of carbon dioxide, and thus the breathing center is stimulated to a greater
degree.
c. Breath holding causes the blood carbon dioxide concentration to increase, stimulating the breathing center to a greater
degree.
d. Exercise causes an increase in the breathing rate. This is due in part to the joint reflex and in part to an increasing
concentration of blood carbon dioxide.
3. a. It is difficult for a person to breathe normally while thinking about it.
b. Depth of breath can be measured by breathing into an instrument that measures air volumes.
Critical Thinking Application Answer
A person who has hyperventilated may lose consciousness under water because of changes in the blood carbon dioxide and
oxygen levels causing respiratory alkalosis. This is accompanied by arteriole vasoconstriction to the brain, which deprives the
brain tissue of oxygen. Hyperventilation has a minimal influence on oxygen carrying capacity on the hemoglobin which is
normally nearly saturated (about 97.5%) in lung capillaries. However, hyperventilation can decrease the carbon dioxide enough
during breath-holding that depleted oxygen to the brain could cause unconsciousness. This loss of consciousness could occur
before the urge to take the next breath takes place.
62
LABORATORY EXERCISE 54
KIDNEY STRUCTURE
Figure Labels
FIG. 54.1
1. Kidney
2. Ureter
3.
4.
Urinary bladder
Urethra
FIG. 54.2
1. Minor calyx
2. Major calyx
3. Renal pelvis
4. Renal papilla
5. Ureter
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Renal pyramid
Renal column
Renal capsule
Renal medulla
Renal cortex
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Interlobular vein
Afferent arteriole
Distal convoluted tubule
Peritubular capillary
Collecting duct
6.
7.
8.
9.
c
d
g
b
FIG. 54.4
1. Glomerular capsule
2. Proximal convoluted tubule
3. Glomerulus
4. Efferent arteriole
5. Descending limb of the nephron loop
6. Ascending limb of the nephron loop
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. e
2. a
3. h
4. f
5. i
PART B
1. A renal corpuscle is the cluster of capillaries (glomerulus) and the saclike structure (glomerular capsule) that surrounds it; a
renal tubule is the coiled tube that leads away from the glomerular capsule and empties into a collecting duct.
2. 3 5 2 4 1 6
3. 1 3 2 4 5
4. Blood enters the glomerulus through the afferent arteriole and leaves through the efferent arteriole. Because the afferent
vessel has a somewhat greater diameter than the efferent one, blood pressure is increased in the glomerulus.
5. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a structure composed of epithelial cells within the distal convoluted tubule and smooth
muscle cells within the walls of arterioles near the glomerulus that regulates the flow of blood through certain renal blood
vessels.
PART C
(sketch)
PART D
(sketch)
63
LABORATORY EXERCISE 55
URINALYSIS
Instructional Suggestion
Because most students’ urine will produce negative results for glucose, protein, ketones, bilirubin, and hemoglobin, you may
want to provide samples of “artificial urine” (distilled water that contains weak concentrations of some of these substances). By
performing the urinalysis test on such samples, students will be able to obtain some positive results. Normal and abnormal
simulated urine specimens are suggested as a substitute for collected urine.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. (test results)
2. Answers will vary.
Critical Thinking Application Answers
If urine is not refrigerated, substances within it will begin to change as a result of bacterial action, and the composition of the
urine will be altered.
PART B
1. (sketch)
2. Answers will vary.
64
LABORATORY EXERCISE 56
CAT DISSECTION: URINARY SYSTEM
Laboratory Report Answers
1. In the human, the kidneys are located between the levels of the twelfth thoracic and the third lumbar vertebrae; in the cat, the
kidneys are found at the level of the third to the fifth lumbar vertebrae. In the human, the left kidney is usually higher than
the right one; in the cat, the right kidney is usually somewhat anterior to the left one. In both cases, the kidneys are
retroperitoneal.
2. In the human, the adrenal glands are located on the superior ends of the kidneys; in the cat, the adrenal glands are located
anteriorly and medially to the kidneys.
3. In the cat, the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder are retroperitoneal.
4. The wall of the urinary bladder is relatively thick, tough, and somewhat elastic. Its inner surface is irregular.
5. In the human kidney, there are about twelve renal pyramids that communicate with the renal pelvis by calyces. Each calyx
bears one or more papillae. In the cat kidney, there is a single pyramid and one papilla.
65
LABORATORY EXERCISE 57
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Figure Labels
FIG. 57.1
1. Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
2. Urethra
3. Penis
4. Glans penis
5. Prepuce
6. Testis
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Scrotum
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Epididymis
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Acrosome
Epididymis
Fructose
Alkaline
Bulbourethral
Alkaline
Scrotum
Glans penis
Emission
Ejaculation
FIG 57.2
6
1
4
3
7
5
2
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Spermatic cord
2. Testosterone
3. Gubernaculum
4. Inguinal canal
5. Lobules
6. Epididymis
7. Spermatogenic
8. Meiosis (spermatogenesis)
9. Spermatids
10. 23
PART B
1. (sketch)
2. (sketch)
3. (sketch)
4. a. Sustentacular cells support, nourish, and regulate the spermatogenic cells.
b. Spermatogenic cells give rise to sperm cells by meiosis (spermatogenesis).
c. Interstitial cells produce and secrete male sex hormones.
d. The epididymis stores sperm cells while they mature and propels them into the ductus deferens.
e. The corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum form three columns of erectile tissue that contain vascular spaces
(sinuses) that become engorged with blood during an erection. They also form most of the body of the penis.
66
LABORATORY EXERCISE 58
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Figure Labels
FIG. 58.1
1. Suspensory ligament of ovary
2. Uterine tube
3. Ovarian ligament
4. Round ligament of uterus
5.
6.
7.
8.
Fimbriae of uterine tube
Broad ligament
Left ovary
Uterus
FIG. 58.2
1. Uterine tube
2. Ovary
3. Uterus
4. Clitoris
5. Labium minus
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Labium majus
Vaginal orifice
Fimbriae
Cervix
Vagina
FIG. 58.3
1. Clitoris
2. External urethral orifice (meatus)
3. Vaginal orifice/vestibule
4. Mons pubis
5.
6.
7.
8.
Labium majus
Labium minus
Perineum
Anus
FIG. 58.4
5
10
9
4
3
8
1
2
7
6
FIG. 58.5
1. Areola
2. Nipple
3. Lacriferous duct
4. Alveolar glands (mammary glands)
5. Adipose tissue
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Pelvic
2. Broad
3. Ovarian follicles
4. Oogenesis
5. Follicular
6. First polar body
7. FSH
8. Ovulation
9. Fallopian tubes or oviducts
10. Infundibulum
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Round
Cervix
Endometrium
Smooth muscle
Hymen
Vulva
Mons pubis
Clitoris
Vestibular glands
Sacral
PART B
1. (sketch)
2. (sketch)
3. (sketch)
4. (sketch)
5. a. A mature follicle swells and ruptures under the influence of certain hormones. As this happens, the secondary oocyte
(egg cell) and follicular fluid escape from the ovary.
b. The cilia that line the uterine tube beat toward the uterus and help draw the secondary oocyte into the infundibulum of the
tube and continue to move it toward the uterus.
c. The uterine lining thickens and then it becomes glandular and vascular. If fertilization does not occur, the lining
disintegrates and sloughs away, creating the menstrual flow.
67
LABORATORY EXERCISE 59
CAT DISSECTION: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. The cat uterine tubes are small, coiled tubes near the ovaries that travel relatively short distances to join the uterine horns.
The human uterine tubes are much larger and longer, traveling from the region of the ovaries to the uterine body.
2. The human uterus contains a single chamber in which the offspring develop. The cat uterus is Y-shaped with branches,
forming right and left uterine horns.
3. The uterine horns of the cat provide room for many offspring to develop at one time.
4. In the cat, the vagina and urethra open into a common urogenital sinus; in the human each of these organs has a separate
opening to the outside.
PART B
1. The glans of the cat has small spines on its surface, whereas that of the human does not.
2. In the cat, the prostate gland is relatively small and is located some distance from the urinary bladder (it does not surround
the urethra). In the human, the prostate gland is relatively larger and surrounds the urethra near the base of the bladder.
3. The seminal vesicles are lacking in the cat.
4. The prepuce of the cat encloses the entire penis for protection. In the human, the prepuce or foreskin is vestigial and only
covers the glans of the penis. A circumcision is commonly performed on humans to remove the prepuce for sanitation and
other reasons.
68
LABORATORY EXERCISE 60
FERTILIZATION AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT
Instructional Suggestions
Sea urchin egg and sperm suspensions can be obtained from ripe sea urchins. The “Sea Urchin Embryology Kit” from Carolina
Biological Supply Company is one source of these materials.
Figure Labels
FIG. 60.1
1. Ovulation
2. Zygote
3.
4.
Morula (late)
Blastocyst
FIG. 60.2
1. Yolk sac
2. Mesoderm
3. Endoderm
4. Chorion
5.
6.
7.
Amnion
Chorionic villi
Connecting stalk
FIG. 60.3
1. Umbilical cord
2. Amniotic fluid
3.
Amniochorionic membrane
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Oocyte (egg cell)
2
Acrosome
3. Zygote
4.
5.
6.
Mitosis
Cleavage
Cilia
7.
8.
9.
Three
Blastocyst
Embryo
10. Fetus
4.
5.
6.
a
j
i
7.
8.
9.
e
b
c
10. d
PART B
(sketches)
PART C
(sketches)
PART D
1. h
2. f
3. g
PART E
1. Placental membrane
2. Amnion
3. Umbilical arteries
4. Amniochorionic membrane
5. Yolk sac
6. Yolk sac
7. Allantois
8. Eighth
9. Embryonic
10. Amniotic
69
LABORATORY EXERCISE 61
GENETICS
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results); Answers will vary.
PART B
1. Probability: 10/20 heads; 10/20 tails
(experimental results)
2. Probability: 8/24 number below 3
(experimental results)
3. Probability: 8/32 of two heads; 16/32 of a heads and a tails; 8/32 of two tails
(experimental results)
4. Probability: 8/32 of two odd numbers; 16/32 of an odd and an even number; 8/32 of two even numbers
(experimental results)
5. O = odd numbers
E = even numbers
O
E
6.
O
OO
OE
E
OE
EE
a. Yes
The results are closer to expected probabilities as trial numbers increase.
b. No
Each toss of a coin is an independent event.
c. ½ or 50%
Each fertilization is a separate independent event.
d. 1/16
Each fertilization has the probability of ½ for a girl. Therefore, the chances are ½ · ½ · ½ · ½ = 1/16
PART C
1. a. Rr x rr
b and c.
2.
3.
r
R
Rr
r
rr
r
Rr
rr
d. Genotypes: 50% Rr; 50% rr (1:1 genotypic ratio)
Phenotypes: 50% tongue rollers; 50% nonrollers (1:1 phenotypic ratio)
a. Ff x Ff
b and c.
F
f
F
FF
Ff
f
Ff
ff
d. Genotypes: 25% FF; 50% Ff; 25% ff (1:2:1 genotypic ratio)
Phenotypes: 75% freckles; 25% no freckles (3:1 phenotypic ratio)
a. IBi x IAIA
b and c.
IB
i
A
A B
I
I I
IA i
IA
IAIB
IAi
d. Genotypes: 50% IAIB; 50% IAi (1:1 genotypic ratio)
Phenotypes: 50% AB; 50% A (1:1 phenotypic ratio)
70
4.
5.
a. 1Ai x IBi
b and c.
i
IA
B
A B
B
I
I I
I i
i
IAi
ii
d. Genotypes: 25% IAIB; 25% IAi, 25% IBi, 25% ii (1:1:1:1 genotypic ratio)
Phenotypes: 25% AB; 25% A; 25% B; 25% O (1:1:1:1 genotypic ratio)
a. XHXh x XHY
b and c.
XH
Xh
H
H H
X
X X
XHXh
H
Y
X Y
XhY
d. Genotypes: 25% XHXH; 25% XHXh; 25% XHY; 25% XhY (1:1:1:1 genotypic ratio)
Phenotypes: 50% normal females; 25% normal males; 25% males with hemophilia (2:1:1 phenotypic ratio). Note that all
females will have normal blood clotting.
Critical Thinking Application Answers
1. WwEe x WwEe
2-3.
WE
We
wE
we
WE
WWEE WWEe WwEE WwEe
We
WWEe WWee
WwEe
Wwee
wE
WwEE WwEe
wwEE
wwEe
we
WwEe
Wwee
wwEe
wwee
4.
Genotypes 1 WWEE; 2 WWEe; 2 WwEE; 4 WwEe; 1 WWee; 2 Wwee; 1 wwEE; 2 wwEe; 1 wwee (1:2:2:4:1:2:1:2:1
genotypic ratio)
Phenotypes: 9 widow’s peak, free earlobe; 3 widow’s peak, attached earlobe; 3 straight hairline, free earlobe; 1 straight
hairline, attached earlobe (9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio)
71
LABORATORY EXERCISE 62
SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. h
2. a
3. c
4. i
5. b
6.
7.
8.
9.
f
g
d
e
PART B
1. Answers will vary.
2. Answers will vary.
Critical Thinking Application Answers
Probably not; differences in electrolyte concentrations and various other factors would probably result in slightly different values.
PART C
1. (Attached myogram)
2. (Labels for myogram)
3.
Answers will vary.
PART D
1. (Attached myogram)
2. (Labels for myogram)
3. Answers will vary.
4. Answers will vary.
5. Answers will vary.
6. Answers will vary.
72
LABORATORY EXERCISE 63
NERVE IMPULSE STIMULATION
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Potassium
2. Sodium
3. Potassium
4. Resting potential
5. Depolarized
6. Summation
7. Repolarized
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Repolarization
Refractory period
All-or-none
Lipid
Schwann cells
Saltatory
Faster
PART B
1. Answers will vary.
2. Answers will vary.
3. Answers will vary.
4. Answers will vary.
73
LABORATORY EXERCISE 64
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CARDIAC CYCLE
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. Pump the blood to the lungs and body cells
2. S-A node
3. Vagus
4. Acetylcholine
5. Accelerator
6. Norepinephrine (noradrenalin)
PART B
1. The atria contract as a unit followed by the
contraction of the ventricle (single in frogs)
2. (experimental results)
3. (experimental results)
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Medulla oblongata
Blood pressure (stretch)
Sympathetic (accelerator)
Increase
Potassium (K+)
4.
The S-A node activity at room temperature is slower than the
human resting heart rate. Colder temperatures slow the rate;
warmer temperatures increase the rate.
PART C
1. The force (amplitude) of the contractions normally
2.
increases as calcium ions help initiate muscle
contractions. There is danger of prolonged contraction.
Normally the rate and force of contractions decrease by altering
the usual polarized state of cardiac muscle cells. Excessive
potassium ions may result in cardiac arrest.
Critical Thinking Application Answer
This will allow the ionization to occur providing K+ and Ca++ when in a solution of water.
74
APPENDIX 1: MATERIALS NEEDED
This is a composite list of materials needed for the entire lab manual. The amount or number of each item will depend upon the
laboratory size and the number of students working as a group. The laboratory manual lists the materials needed at the beginning
of each lab, as some of these materials might not be needed if certain labs, demonstrations, or learning extensions are not
attempted. Items indicated with an (*) are either demonstration, learning extension, or alternative materials.
Prepared Microscope Slides
Three colored threads
Mitosis (whitefish blastula)
Human chromosomes from leukocytes in mitosis*
Simple squamous epithelium (lung)
Simple cuboidal epithelium (kidney)
Simple columnar epithelium (small intestine)
Pseudostratified (ciliated) columnar epithelium (trachea)
Stratified squamous epithelium (esophagus)
Transitional epithelium (urinary bladder)
Loose (areolar) connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Elastic connective tissue
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Bone tissue
Blood smear (Wright’s stain)
Skeletal muscle tissue (cross section and longitudinal section)
Smooth muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue
Nervous tissue (spinal cord smear and cerebellum)
Human scalp or axilla
Heavily pigmented human skin*
Thick skin (plantar or palmar)
Tattoo*
Dorsal root ganglion (section)
Neuroglial cells (astrocytes)
Peripheral nerve (cross section and longitudinal section)
Spinal cord cross section with spinal nerve roots
Cochlea (section)*
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle*
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle*
Olfactory epithelium*
Taste buds*
Semicircular canal (cross section through ampulla)*
Mammalian eye (sagittal section)
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas (normal)
Pancreas of diabetic*
Pathological blood, such as eosinophilia, leukocytosis,
leukopenia, and lymphocytosis*
Artery cross section
Vein cross section
Lymph node section
Human thymus section
Human spleen section
Parotid gland (salivary gland)
Esophagus
Stomach (fundus)
Small intestine (jejunum)
Large intestine
Trachea (cross section)
Lung, human (normal)
Lung tissue (smoker)*
Lung tissue (emphysema)*
Kidney section
Testis section
Epididymis, cross section
Penis, cross section
Ovary section with maturing follicles
Uterine tube, cross section
Uterine wall section
Uterine wall, early proliferative phase*
Uterine wall, secretory phase*
Uterine wall, early menstrual phase*
Sea urchin embryos (early and late cleavage)
Apparatus/Supplies/Equipment
Safety equipment (first aid kit, disposable latex and vinyl gloves,
safety glasses, laboratory coats, and disinfectant solution)
Compound light microscopes
Micrometer scale on microscope*
Oil immersion objective on compound microscope*
Stereomicroscopes (dissecting microscopes)
Lens paper
Microscope slides
Depression microscope slides
Coverslips
Transparent plastic millimeter ruler
Medicine dropper
Dissecting needle (needle probe)
Toothpicks (flat)
Single-edged razor blade*
Petri dish
Forceps
Thistle tube
Molasses (or Karo dark corn syrup)
Bone shears
Glass rod
Glass plate
Bunsen burner
Marking pen (washable)
Forceps (fine points)
Blunt metal probes
Watch that ticks
Tuning fork (128 or 256 cps)
Sterile cotton
Meterstick
Audiometer*
Ophtalmoscope*
Snellen eye chart
3” x 5” cards
Astigmatism chart
Pen flashlight
Ichikawa’s color plates or other colorblindness test
Small fish net
75
Dialysis tubing of 1 5/16-inch diameter or greater
Ring stand and clamp
Beakers (assorted sizes)
Rubber bands
Corn syrup (Karo)*
Laboratory balance*
Spoon*
Test tubes
Marking pen
Test-tube rack
Graduated cylinder (10 mL)
Glass funnel
Filter paper
Hand magnifier
Radiographs of skeletal structures and joints*
Kymograph recording system
Electronic stimulator (or inductorium)
Physiograph
Myograph and stand
Heavy thread
Rubber percussion hammer
Anatomical charts of various systems
Dissection instruments (scalpel, probe, scissors, and forceps)
Dissecting trays
Long knife
Identification tags
Large plastic bags
Lead selector switch
Paper towels
Frog board
Dissecting pins
Thread
Masking tape
Ice
Hot plate
Clock with second hand or timer
Sphygmomanometer
Pulse pickup transducer or plethysmogram*
Physiological recording appartus*
Test-tube clamps
Wax marker
Porcelain test plate
Pipets (1 mL and 10 mL)
Pipet rubber bulbs
Spirometer, handheld (dry portable)
Disposable mouthpieces for the spirometer
Paper bags, small
Flasks*
PTC paper
Laboratory thermometer
Cotton swabs (sterile; disposable)
Paper cups (small)
Swivel chair
Bright light
Sterile disposable blood lancets*
Slide staining rack and tray*
Heparinized microhematocrit capillary tube*
Sealing clay (or Critocaps)*
Microhematocrit centrifuge*
Microhematocrit reader*
Hemoglobinometer*
Hemolysis applicator*
Hemocytometer*
Unopette system (Becton Dickinson) for counting red
blood cells* (see Appendix 2 for a supplier of
Unopette systems)
Unopette system (Becton Dickenson) for counting white
blood cells* (see Appendix 2 for a supplier of
Unopette systems)
Hand counter (tally)*
ABO blood-typing kit
Anti-D serum*
Slide warming box (Rh blood-typing box or view box)*
Electrocardiograph (or other instrument for recording an
ECG)
Stethoscope
Cot or table
Electrode cream (paste)
Plate electrodes and cables
Glass tubing*
Rubber tubing*
Rubber stoppers, two-hole*
Pneumograph*
Disposable urine-collecting container
Urinometer cylinder
Urinometer hydrometer
pH test paper
Reagent strips (individual or combination) to test for the
presence of glucose, protein, ketones, bilirubin, and
hemoglobin/occult blood in the urine
Centrifuge
Centrifuge tubes
Normal and abnormal simulated urine specimens*
Paper cups
Vaseline*
Pennies (or other coins)
Dice
Syringe for U-100 insulin
Models/Skeletons
Dissectible human torso model with musculature
Animal cell
Animal mitosis
Human long bone, sectioned longitudinally
Articulated human skeleton
Disarticulated human skull (Beauchene)
Human skull, sagittal section
Fetal skull*
Disarticulated human skeleton
Vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar examples)
Male and female pelves*
Synovial joints (shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee)
Skeletal muscle fiber model
Muscular model of the upper limb
Muscular model of the lower limb
Neuron
Spinal cord
Dissectible human brain
Dissectible ear
Dissectible eye
Dissectible human heart
Teeth, sectioned
Tooth model, sectioned
Larynx model
Thoracic organs model
Kidney model
Model of male reproductive system
Model of female reproductive system
Lung function model*
Models of human embryos
76
Muscular models of male and female pelves
Cat skeleton*
Preserved Materials
Spinal cord with meninges intact*
Human brain
Sheep brains
Beef or sheep eyes
Sheep or other mammalian hearts
Pig or sheep kidneys
Animal lung with trachea*
Cats
Mammalian embryos*
Living Specimens/Fresh Material
Amoeba culture*
Paramecium culture*
Plant materials such as leaves, soft stems, fruits, and vegetables*
Uncoagulated animal blood
Fresh chicken bones (radius and ulna from wings)*
Fresh chicken eggs*
Fish (small goldfish, guppy, or other)
Fresh animal bones, sectioned longitudinally and
transversely
Fresh round beefsteak*
Fresh animal joint (knee joint preferred)*
Frog
Sea urchin egg and sperm suspensions (these can be
obtained by using Sea Urchin Embryology Kits sold
by Carolina Biological Supply Company)
Chemicals, Reagents, and Biologicals
(This includes any ingredients needed to mix solutions described in Appendix 1 of the laboratory manual.)
Distilled water
Clear carbonated soft drink
Methylene blue (dilute)
Bacterial amylase powder (store in a freezer)
Iodine-potassium-iodide (IKI) stain
(see Appendix 2 for a supplier of amylase that is free
Potassium permanganate crystals
of sugar)
0.9% NaCl (aqueous solution)
Glucose
3% NaCl (aqueous solution)
Sodium chloride
Powdered charcoal (or ground pepper)
Cornstarch
1% glucose solution
Potassium iodide
10% glucose solution
Iodine
1% starch solution
95% ethyl alcohol
10% starch solution
Potassium hydroxide
1% HCl solution
Sodium bicarbonate
1% NaCl solution
Potassium chloride
2% Novocain solution (procaine hydrochloride)*
Calcium chloride
Benedict’s solution
Stopper bottles of cinnamon, sage, garlic powder, oil of
Baking soda
clove, oil of wintergreen, and perfume
Biuret reagent
5% sucrose solution
Vinegar*
5% NaCl solution
Wright’s stain*
1% acetic acid or lemon juice
70% alcohol
0.5% quinine sulfate solution or 0.1% Epsom salt solution
Frog Ringer’s solution
Epinephrine, 1:10,000 solution
0.5% amylase solution (must be free of sugar)
Acetylcholine, 1:10,000 solution
0.5% starch solution
Caffeine, 0.2% solution
Sedi-stain
Calcium hydroxide solution (limewater)*
Insulin (regular U-100) (HumulinR in 10 mL vial—store in
refrigerator)
77
APPENDIX 2: LABORATORY SUPPLIERS
This list is not complete, but it does contain well-established names recognized by most anatomy and physiology instructors.
Additional suppliers often advertise in scientific journals or have booths at scientific association meetings. Some of these
companies also have regional offices.
Bio Corporation
3911 Nevada Street
Alexandria, MN 56308
www.biologyproducts.com
Carolina Biological Supply Company
2700 York Road
Burlington, NC 27215
www.carolina.com
Connecticut Valley Biological Supply Co.
82 Valley Road; P.O. Box 326
Southampton, MA 01073
www.ctvalleybio.com
Cynmar Corporation
21709 Route 4 North
P.O. Box 530
Carlinville, IL 62626
www.cynmar.com
Fisher Scientific
U.S. Headquarters
2000 Park Lane
Pittsburgh, PA 15275
www.fisheredu.com
(Fisher Scientific is a supplier of Becton Dickenson Uopette blood counting systems. For cases of 200, the RBC Unopette system
catalog number is 13-680-23; the WBC Unopette system catalog number is 13-680-1.)
Flinn Scientific
P.O. Box 219
Batavia, IL 60510
www.flinnsci.com
Frey Scientific
100 Paragon Pkwy.
Mansfield, OH 44903
www.freyscientific.com
Nasco, Inc.
901 Janesville Ave.
Fort Atkinson, WI 53538
www.enasco.com
Nebraska Scientific
3823 Leavenworth St.
Omaha, NE 68105
www.nebraskascientific.com
Phipps and Bird/Intelitool
P.O. Box 7475
Richmond, VA 23221
www.phippsbird.com
Sargent-Welch Scientific Company
P.O. Box 4130
Buffalo, NY 14217
www.sargentwelch.com
78
Science Kit and Boreal Laboratories
777 East Park Drive
P.O. Box 5003
Tonawanda, NY 14150
www.sciencekit.com
The Scope Schoppe
113 Read St., P.O. Box 1208
Elburn, IL 60119
www.scopeshoppe.com
Ward’s Natural Science
5100 West Henrietta Road
P.O. Box 92912
Rochester, NY 14692
www.wardsci.com
(Ward’s Natural Science is a supplier of the enzyme amylase that is free of sugar. The catalog number is 944W4602.)
79
APPENDIX 3
Student Safety Rules Agreement
I have read all of the “Laboratory Safety Guidelines” inside the front cover of the laboratory
manual. I agree to follow these guidelines, and any additional safety guidelines included in the
individual labs, to insure my own personal safety as well as the safety of all persons in the
laboratory. I will inform my instructor of any safety violations and any health conditions changes
that might impact the safety of anyone in the laboratory. I have read, understood, and agree to the
safety rules.
Signature
Date
80
APPENDIX 4
Student Informed Consent Form
My participation in a particular lab that has any safety or privacy concerns is voluntary; I may
choose not to participate in that specific lab, and be required to do an alternative project. The
potential risks have been included in the laboratory manual and/or explained to me by my
instructor. My individual personal data will be confidential although a summary of class results
may be included in a review of the laboratory exercise. I have no known health condition that
would prohibit me from participating in this laboratory exercise.
Signature
Date
81