Q1.
The graphs in List A show how the velocities of three vehicles change with time.
The statements in List B describe different motions.
Draw one line from each graph in List A to the description of the motion represented by that
graph in List B.
List A
Velocity–time graphs
List B
Descriptions of motion
(Total 3 marks)
Q2.
The diagram shows the horizontal forces acting on a car of mass 1200 kg.
Page 1 of 54
(a)
Calculate the acceleration of the car at the instant shown in the diagram.
Write down the equation you use, and then show clearly how you work out your
answer and give the unit.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Acceleration = .............................
(4)
(b)
Explain why the car reaches a top speed even though the thrust force remains
constant at 3500 N.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
Page 2 of 54
(c)
The diagram shows a car and a van.
The two vehicles have the same mass and identical engines.
Explain why the top speed of the car is higher than the top speed of the van.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
Q3.
In the early part of the 20th century scientists used the ‘plum pudding’ model to explain the
structure of the atom.
(a)
What did scientists think that the ‘pudding’ part of the atom was?
........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 3 of 54
(b)
The scientists Geiger and Marsden devised an experiment to test the ‘plum pudding’
model. They fired positively charged alpha particles at a very thin sheet of gold foil. They
then measured the different paths taken by the alpha particles.
List A gives some of the observations from the experiment. List B gives the conclusions
reached from the observations.
Draw one line from each observation in List A to the conclusion reached in List B.
List A
Observation
List B
Conclusion
(2)
(c)
Following the work of Geiger and Marsden, the ‘plum pudding’ model of the atom was
replaced by the ‘nuclear model’ of the atom.
Explain why it is sometimes necessary for scientists to replace a scientific model.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 4 of 54
Q4.
The table gives information about the three types of particle that make up an atom.
Particle
Relative mass
Relative charge
Proton
(a)
+1
Neutron
1
Electron
very small
–1
Complete the table by adding the two missing values.
(2)
(b)
Use the information in the table to explain why an atom has no overall electrical charge.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Uranium has two natural isotopes, uranium-235 and uranium-238.
Uranium-235 is used as a fuel inside a nuclear reactor.
Inside the reactor, atoms of uranium-235 are split and energy is released.
(i)
How is the structure of an atom of uranium-235 different from the structure of an
atom of uranium-238?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The nucleus of a uranium-235 atom must absorb a particle before the atom is able to
split.
What type of particle is absorbed?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
The nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts in a reactor.
What name is given to this process?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 5 of 54
Q5.
(a)
The diagram shows a three-pin plug and electrical cable.
Name a suitable material to make:
the plug casing .................................................................
the inner cores of the cable. ..............................................
Give the reason for your choice of each material.
plug casing .....................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
inner core of the cable ...................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(4)
Page 6 of 54
(b)
The pictures show mains electricity being used to operate various devices.
Some of the pictures show the electricity being used in a dangerous way.
In the box underneath each picture put:
a tick ( ) if the electricity is being used safely
a cross (
) if the electricity is being used dangerously.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 7 of 54
##
The table shows the braking distances for a car at different speeds and kinetic energy. The
braking distance is how far the car travels once the brakes have been applied.
(a)
Braking distance
in m
Speed of car in
m/s
Kinetic energy of
car in kJ
5
10
40
12
15
90
20
20
160
33
25
250
45
30
360
A student suggests, “the braking distance is directly proportional to the kinetic energy.”
(i)
Draw a line graph to test this suggestion.
(3)
(ii)
Does the graph show that the student’s suggestion was correct or incorrect? Give a
reason for your answer.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 8 of 54
(iii)
Use your graph and the following equation to predict a braking distance for a speed
of 35 metres per second (m/s). The mass of the car is 800 kilograms (kg). Show
clearly how you obtain your answer.
kinetic energy = ½ mv2
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
Braking distance = ........................................ m
(2)
(iv)
State one factor, apart from speed, which would increase the car’s braking distance.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The diagram shows a car before and during a crash test. The car hits the wall at
14 metres per second (m/s) and takes 0.25 seconds (s) to stop.
(i)
Write down the equation which links acceleration, change in velocity and time taken.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the deceleration of the car.
..........................................................................................................................
Deceleration = ........................................ m/s2
(1)
(iii)
In an accident the crumple zone at the front of a car collapses progressively. This
increases the time it takes the car to stop. In a front end collision the injury to the car
passengers should be reduced. Explain why. The answer has been started for you.
By increasing the time it takes for the car to stop, the ...................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
Page 9 of 54
Q7.
A radioactive source emits alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ) radiation. The diagram shows
what happens to the radiation as it passes between two charged metal plates.
(a)
Which line P, Q or R shows the path taken by:
(i)
alpha radiation
....................
(1)
(ii)
gamma radiation?
....................
(1)
(b)
The diagram shows three different boxes and three radioactive sources. Each source
emits only one type of radiation and is stored in a different box. The box reduces the
amount of radiation getting into the air.
Draw three lines to show which source should be stored in which box so that the
minimum amount of radiation gets into the air.
(2)
Page 10 of 54
(c)
The graphs show how the count rates from three different radioactive sources, J, K, and
L, change with time.
(i)
Which source, J, K, or L, has the highest count rate after 24 hours? ..............
(1)
(ii)
For source L, what is the count rate after 5 hours?
............................. counts per second
(1)
(iii)
Which source, J, K, or L, has the longest half-life? ........................................
(1)
(iv)
A radioactive source has a half-life of 6 hours.
What might this source be used for?
Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your choice.
To monitor the thickness of paper as it is made in a factory
To inject into a person as a medical tracer
To make a smoke alarm work
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 11 of 54
Q8.
A crane is used to lift a steel girder to the top of a high building.
When it is lifted by the crane:
•
the girder accelerates from rest to a speed of 0.6 m/s in the first 3 seconds;
•
it then rises at a steady speed.
(a)
Calculate the acceleration of the girder.
(Show your working.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
(i)
What is the weight of the steel girder?
Answer ............................................. N
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the power of the crane motor as it lifts the girder at a steady speed of
0.6 m/s.
(Show your working. You can ignore the weight of the cable and hook which is small
compared to the weight of the girder.)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Answer .......................................... W
(2)
Page 12 of 54
(c)
A new motor is fitted to the crane. This motor accelerates the girder at 0.3 m/s2.
Calculate the force which the crane applies to the girder to produce this acceleration.
(Show your working.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Answer ........................................... N
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Q9.
The diagram shows part of the life cycle of a star which is much bigger than the Sun.
(a)
(i)
What is the relationship between the masses of the dust and gas in the cloud in
Stage 2 and the force of gravity between them?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 13 of 54
(ii)
What is the relationship between the distance apart of the dust and gas in the cloud
in Stage 2 and the force of gravity between them?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
In Stage 3 the star remains stable for millions of years.
Explain why.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
What happens in Stage 4?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q10.
(a)
Choose the best words from the box to complete the following sentences.
billions
gravity
(i)
fission
liquids
friction
fusion
millions
gases
thousands
Stars form when enough dust and .................................................................... from
space are pulled together by ........................................................................... .
(2)
(ii)
Stars are able to give out energy for millions of years by the process of
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
The Sun is one of many ........................................................ of stars in our galaxy.
(1)
Page 14 of 54
(b)
What is the name of our galaxy?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q11.
The diagram shows a supermarket worker stacking jars of coffee onto a shelf.
(a)
The mass of each jar of coffee is 0.4 kg.
Calculate the weight of each jar of coffee.
gravitational field strength = 10 N/kg
Write down the equation you use, and then show clearly how you work out your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Weight = ................................... N
(2)
Page 15 of 54
(b)
The distance between the floor and the middle shelf is 1.2 m.
Calculate the work done to lift one jar of coffee from the floor onto the shelf.
Write down the equation you use, and then show clearly how you work out your answer
and give the unit.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Work done = ...........................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Q12.
(a)
A radioactive source emits alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ) radiation.
(i)
Which two types of radiation will pass through a sheet of card?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Which two types of radiation would be deflected by an electric field?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Which type of radiation has the greatest range in air?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
A student suggests that the radioactive source should be stored in a freezer at – 20 °C.
The student thinks that this would reduce the radiation emitted from the source.
Suggest why the student is wrong.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 16 of 54
(c)
Phosphorus-32 is a radioactive isotope that emits beta radiation.
(i)
How is an atom of phosphorus-32 different from an atom of the stable isotope
phosphorus-31?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The graph shows how the count rate of a sample of phosphorus-32 changes with
time.
Use the graph to calculate the half-life of phosphorus-32.
Show clearly how you used the graph to obtain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Half-life = ....................................... days
(2)
Page 17 of 54
(iii)
Plants use phosphorus compounds to grow. Watering the root system of a plant
with a solution containing a phosphorus-32 compound can help scientists to
understand the growth process.
Explain why phosphorus-32 is suitable for use as a tracer in this situation.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 18 of 54
Q13.
The diagram shows the fuel gauge assembly in a car.
•
The sliding contact touches a coil of wire and moves over it.
•
The sliding contact and the coil form a variable resistor.
•
The sliding contact is connected to a float via a pivot.
•
The fuel gauge indicator is an ammeter.
•
When the petrol level changes, the resistance of the circuit changes.
•
This causes the pointer in the fuel gauge indicator to move.
Page 19 of 54
(a)
Use standard symbols to draw a circuit diagram for the fuel gauge assembly.
(3)
(b)
How will the current in the circuit change as the level of petrol in the tank falls?
.....................................................................................................................................
Explain the reason for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 20 of 54
Q14.
Our Sun is just one of many millions of stars in a galaxy called the Milky Way.
Our Sun is in the main stable period of a star’s lifetime. The massive force of gravity draws its
matter together. This force is balanced by the very high temperatures, from the fusion of
hydrogen atoms, which tend to make the Sun expand. Describe and explain what will happen to
the Sun as the hydrogen is eventually used up.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)
Q15.
(a)
The diagrams represent three atoms, X, Y and Z.
Which of these atoms are isotopes of the same element?
........................................................................................................................
Give a reason for your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 21 of 54
(b)
In a star, nuclei of atom X join to form nuclei of atom Y.
Complete the sentences.
The process by which nuclei join to form a larger nucleus is called
nuclear .................................................... .
This is the process by which a star releases ............................................... .
(2)
(c)
In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly
and using specialist terms where appropriate.
A star goes through a lifecycle.
Describe the lifecycle of a star like the Sun.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 10 marks)
Q16.
The table shows how the count rate from a radioactive substance changes in 10 days.
Time in days
Count rate in counts
per minute
0
2
4
6
8
10
880
555
350
220
140
90
Page 22 of 54
(a)
Draw a graph of count rate against time.
The first two points have been plotted for you.
(3)
(b)
(i)
Use your graph to find out how long it takes for the count rate to fall from 880 counts
per minute to 440 counts per minute.
Time = ....................................... days
(1)
(ii)
What is the half-life of this substance?
Half-life = ....................................... days
(1)
Page 23 of 54
(c)
The table gives the half-life and type of radiation given out by four different radioactive
isotopes.
Radioactive
isotope
bismuth-210
polonium-210
radon-222
thorium-234
Half-life
in days
5.0
138.0
3.8
24.1
Radiation given out
beta
alpha and gamma
alpha
beta and gamma
Some samples of each isotope have the same count rate today. Which sample will have
the lowest count rate one month from today?
.....................................................................................................................................
Give a reason for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q17.
(a) A chair lift carries two skiers, Greg and Jill, to the top of a ski slope. Greg weighs 700
N and Jill weighs 500 N.
(i)
Write down the equation that links distance moved, force applied and work done.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 24 of 54
(ii)
Calculate the work done to lift Greg and Jill through a vertical height of 200 m. Show
clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
work done = ....................................................................
(3)
(b)
The chair takes 5 minutes to move from the bottom to the top of the ski slope.
Use the following equation to calculate the power required to lift Greg and Jill to the top of
the ski slope. Show clearly how you work out your answer.
power =
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
power = .................................................................. watts
(2)
(c)
The chair lift is driven by an electric motor.
(i)
Why would the power output of the electric motor need to be larger than your answer
to part (b)?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Complete the following sentence.
When the ski lift is working ........................................ energy supplied to the motor
is usefully transferred as gravitational ........................................ energy.
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 25 of 54
Q18.
A car is driven along a straight, snow covered, road. The graph shows how the velocity of
the car changes from the moment the driver sees a very slow moving queue of traffic ahead.
(a)
Use the graph to calculate the distance the car travels while it is slowing down.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Distance = ....................................... m
(3)
(b)
The car has a mass of 1200 kg.
Calculate the kinetic of the car when it travels at a speed of 12 m/s.
Write down the equation you use, and then show clearly how you work out your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Kinetic energy = ....................................... J
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 26 of 54
Q19.
(a)
(i)
The table gives information about the radioactive isotope, radon-222.
mass number
222
atomic number
86
radiation emitted
alpha
particle
Complete the following sentence.
The mass number is the total number of ............................................................ and
.................................................. inside an atom.
(2)
(ii)
Radon-222 is an isotope of radon.
How many protons are there in an atom of radon-222?
...................................
(1)
(iii)
When an atom of radon-222 emits an alpha particle, the radon-222 changes into an
atom of polonium-218.
An alpha particle consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
How is the structure of the nucleus of a polonium-218 atom different from the
structure of the nucleus of a radon-222 atom?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 27 of 54
(b)
The pie chart shows the average radiation dose that a person in the UK receives each
year from natural background radiation.
The doses are measured in millisieverts (mSv).
(i)
Calculate the proportion of natural background radiation that comes from radon.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
Proportion of radon = .................................................
(2)
(ii)
Not all background radiation is from natural sources.
Name one source of background radiation that is not natural.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 28 of 54
(c)
The bar chart shows the average yearly dose from natural background radiation in different
European countries.
(i)
How many times bigger is the average annual background dose in Germany
compared to the UK?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The following table gives the effects of different radiation doses on the human body.
Radiation dose in mSv
Effects
10 000
Immediate illness; death within a few weeks
1 000
Radiation sickness; unlikely to cause death
50
Lowest dose with evidence of causing cancer
A family goes to Germany for a two-week holiday. Should they be concerned about
the higher level of background radiation in Germany?
Draw a ring around your answer.
Yes
No
Explain your answer.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 29 of 54
Q20.
(a) The diagram shows the circuit used by a student to measure the power of a filament
lamp.
Name a component connected in parallel with the filament lamp.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
By adding another component to the circuit, the student is able to obtain a range of
ammeter and voltmeter readings.
(i)
Ammeter
reading in
amps
Voltmeter
reading in
volts
0.10
1.0
0.15
2.0
0.20
4.0
0.25
7.0
0.30
11.0
Which one of the following components did the student add to the circuit?
Draw a ring around your answer.
fuse
switch
variable resistor
(1)
(ii)
What is the range of ammeter readings taken by the student?
from .............................. amps to .............................. amps
(1)
Page 30 of 54
(iii)
Use the data in the table and the equation in the box to calculate the maximum
power of the filament lamp.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Power = .............................. W
(3)
(c)
Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct line in the box.
increases
As the temperature of a filament lamp increases, its resistance
remains constant
decreases
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 31 of 54
Q21.
(a) The graphs, A, B and C, show how the current through a component varies with the
potential difference (p.d.) across the component.
Draw a line to link each graph to the correct component.
Draw only three lines.
(2)
(b)
Each of the circuits, J, K and L, include two diodes.
In which one of the circuits, J, K or L, would the filament lamp be on?
............................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
Page 32 of 54
Q22.
The diagram shows two oscilloscope traces, A and B.
Trace A shows how the potential difference between the live and neutral terminals of an
electricity supply changes with time.
(a)
Describe how the potential of the live terminal varies with respect to the neutral terminal of
the electricity supply.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
What does trace B show?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Each horizontal division on the oscilloscope represents 0.005 s.
(i)
What is the period of this electricity supply?
..........................................................................................................................
Period = .................................. seconds
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the frequency of the supply.
..........................................................................................................................
Frequency = .................................. hertz
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 33 of 54
Q23.
(a)
A student rubs a nylon comb on the sleeve of his jumper.
(i)
Use words from the box to complete the following sentence.
electrons
hand
jumper
protons
The comb becomes negatively charged because ............................................ move
from the student’s ........................................... to the comb.
(2)
(ii)
What type of charge is left on the jumper?
.......................................................................
(1)
(iii)
The negatively charged comb is placed close to a charged plastic ruler. The comb
and the ruler attract each other.
Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct line in the box.
negatively charged
The ruler is
positively charged
uncharged
(1)
Page 34 of 54
(b)
Electrostatic charge can damage computer chips. People working with computer chips
may wear a special bracelet, with a wire joining the bracelet to earth (the earth wire). Any
negative charge on the person will flow through the wire to earth.
(i)
Which one of the following materials should the bracelet be made from?
Draw a ring around your answer.
copper
plastic
rubber
Give a reason for your answer.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Which one of the following words is used to describe the rate of flow of charge
through a wire?
Draw a ring around your answer.
current
resistance
voltage
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 35 of 54
M1.
1 mark for each line
if more than 1 line is drawn from a graph in List A then all those
lines are marked incorrect
[3]
M2.
(a)
1.25
allow 1 mark for correct resultant force ie 1500N
allow 2 marks for correct transformation and substitution
ie
allow 1 mark for a correct transformation but clearly substituting an
incorrect value for force
eg =
3
m/s 2
1
(b)
as speed increases so does the size of the drag force
accept frictional force / resistive force / air resistance for drag
1
eventually the drag force becomes equal to the thrust
1
the resultant force is now equal to zero and therefore
there is no further acceleration
1
Page 36 of 54
(c)
the car and van will reach top speed when the forward
force equals the drag force
accept air resistance / frictional / resistive force for drag force
1
the drag force at any speed is smaller for the car than
for the van
1
as the car is more streamlined
1
therefore the car’s drag force will equal the forward force
at a higher speed
1
allow converse throughout
[11]
M3.
(a)
(mass of) positive charge
1
(b)
three lines correct
allow 1 mark for 1 correct line
if more than 1 line is drawn from a box in List A then all those lines
are incorrect
2
(c)
new scientific evidence / data is obtained
1
which cannot be explained by the model
1
[5]
Page 37 of 54
M4.
(a)
Particle
Relative
Mass
Proton
1
Neutron
Relative
charge
0
accept one, accept +1
do not accept –1
1
accept zero
do not accept no charge/ nothing/neutral unless given with 0
1
(b)
equal numbers/amounts of protons and electrons
1
protons and electrons have equal but opposite charge
accept protons charge +1 and electron charge –1
accept (charge) on proton
cancels/balances (charge) on electron
accept positive (charges) cancel out the negative(charges)
neutrons have no charge is neutral
do not accept total charge of protons, electrons (and neutrons) is 0
unless qualified
1
(c)
(i)
(3) fewer neutrons
accept lower/ smaller mass number
do not accept different numbers of neutrons
any mention of fewer/more protons/electrons negates mark
accept answers in terms of U-238 providing U-238 is specifically
stated i.e. U-238 has (3) more neutrons
1
(ii)
neutron
1
(iii)
(nuclear) fission
accept fision
do not accept any spelling that may be taken as fusion
1
[7]
Page 38 of 54
M5.
(a)
plastic
accept rubber
1
as it is a good electrical insulator
accept as it is a poor electrical conductor
any mention of heat negates this mark
1
copper
1
as it is a good electrical conductor
any mention of heat negates this mark
1
(b)
all ticks and crosses in the correct places
A–
B–
C–
D–
allow 1 mark for 3 correct
2
[6]
M6.
(a)
(i)
linear scales used
do not credit if less than half paper used
1
points plotted correctly
all of paper used
1
(straight) line of best fit drawn
allow a tolerance of half square
1
(ii)
correct and straight line through origin
all needed
e.c.f. if their (a)(i) is straight but not through the origin - incorrect
because line does not go through origin
credit a calculation that shows proportionality
1
(iii)
62 ± 0.5 (m)
credit 1 mark for KE = 490000 or 490kJ
credit 1 mark for correct use of graph clearly shown
2
Page 39 of 54
(iv)
any one from: wet or icy or worn or smooth road
accept slippery slope
brakes worn
accept faulty brakes
car heavily loaded
worn tyres
downhill slope
do not accept anything to do with thinking distance e.g. driver tired
or drunk
1
(b)
(i)
acceleration =
accept correct transformation
accept
2
accept m/s =
do not accept acceleration =
1
(ii)
56
accept –56
1
(iii)
deceleration is reduced
accept deceleration is slower
accept acceleration
1
force on car and or passengers is reduced
accept an answer in terms of change in momentum for full credit
1
[11]
M7.
(a)
(i)
P
1
(ii)
Q
1
Page 40 of 54
(b)
3 lines correct
allow 1 mark for 1 correct line
two lines drawn from any source or box – both incorrect
2
(c)
(i)
K
1
(ii)
56
accept 50 – 60 inclusive
1
(iii)
K
1
(iv)
to inject... tracer
1
[8]
M8.
(a)
*evidence of acceleration =
gains 1 mark
or
but 0.2
gains 2 marks
units m/s2
for 1 mark
3
(b)
(i)
2000 or 1960
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
evidence of power =
or weight × speed (credit figures)/
(iii)
gains 1 mark
but 1200/1176 or figure consistent with (b)(i)
gains 2 marks
2
Page 41 of 54
(c)
evidence of force = mass × acceleration or 200 × 0.3
gains 1 mark
but 60
gains 2 marks
but 60 + weight of girder (2060/2020*) (or figure consistent with (b)(i))
gains 3 marks
3
[9]
M9.
(a)
(i)
the bigger the masses (of the dust and gases then) the bigger
the force / gravity (between them)
accept the converse
1
(ii)
the greater the distance (between the dust and gases then) the
smaller the force / gravity (between them)
accept the converse
1
(b)
radiation ‘pressure’ and gravity / gravitational attraction
these are balanced / in equilibrium
1
must be in correct context
do not accept are equal
or there is sufficient / a lot of hydrogen / fuel to last a very long time
second mark consequent on first
1
(c)
any two from:
•
hydrogen runs out / is used up
•
nuclei larger than helium nuclei formed
accept bigger atoms are formed however do not accept any
specific mention of an atom with a mass greater than that of iron
•
(star expands to) / become(s) a red giant
2
[6]
Page 42 of 54
M10.
(a)
(i)
gases (1)
gravity (1)
correct order essential for credit
2
(ii)
fusion
1
(iii)
billions
1
(b)
Milky Way
u.c. initials not essential
1
[5]
M11.
(a)
4 (N)
allow 1 mark for correct substitution into correct equation
ie 0.4 × 10
2
(b)
4.8
their (a) × 1.2 correctly calculated gains 2 marks
allow 1 mark for substitution into correct equation
ie 4 × 1.2 or their (a)(i) × 1.2
2
joule or J
1
[5]
M12.
(a)
(i)
beta and gamma
both answers required
accept correct symbols
1
(ii)
alpha and beta
both answers required
accept correct symbols
1
(iii)
gamma
accept correct symbol
1
Page 43 of 54
(b)
nothing (you do to a radioactive substance / source) changes the
count rate / activity / rate of decay / radiation (emitted)
accept it = radiation emitted
or (reducing) the temperature does not change the activity / count rate / rate of decay /
radiation (emitted)
1
(c)
(i)
has one more neutron
correct answer only
1
(ii)
14 days
no tolerance
allow 1 mark for showing a correct method on the graph
2
(iii)
any two from:
•
beta particles / radiation can be detected externally
•
beta particles / radiation can pass out of / through the plant
•
long half-life gives time for phosphorus to move through
the plant / be detected / get results
•
phosphorus-32 is chemically identical to phosphorus-31
•
phosphorus-32 is used in the same way by a plant
as phosphorus-31
2
[9]
M13.
(a)
3
one mark for each symbol
allow more than 2 cells joined
max. 2 marks if symbols incorrectly allow rheostat arrow in either
direction
Page 44 of 54
(b)
current will decrease
1
since resistance greater
1
[5]
M14.
any three from
max 2 if stages but no explanation
•
the star (Sun) expands because
(inward) gravitational forces no longer balance (outward) force
accept the star collapses rapidly causing the core temperature to
increase and the star to expand
accept it expands because the forces are unbalanced
•
to become a red giant
•
when the fusion stops it contracts / cools
accept (when hydrogen is used up) it collapses under gravity
accept when fusion stops it contracts and explodes
•
to become a white dwarf
accept to become a supernova / pulsar / neutron star / black hole
(only if red giant has exploded)
[3]
M15.
(a)
Y and Z
both required, either order
1
same number of protons
1
(b)
fusion
correct order only
1
energy
1
Page 45 of 54
(c)
Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the
Quality of Written Communication (QWC) as well as the
standard of the scientific response.
No relevant content.
0 marks
There is a brief description of the life cycle of a star like the sun.
Level 1 (1–2 marks)
There is some description of the life cycle of a star like the sun.
Level 2 (3–4 marks)
There is a clear and detailed description of the life cycle of a star
like the sun.
Level 3 (5–6 marks)
examples of the physics points made in the response
to score full marks either the term red giant or white
dwarf must be used
•
gases and dust pulled together by gravity
•
nuclear fusion begins
•
when forces are balanced star is stable
•
expands
•
cools
•
becomes a red giant
do not accept red supergiant
•
shrinks
•
temperature rises
•
glows much brighter
•
becomes a white dwarf
any mention of supernova negates a mark
any mention of black hole negates a mark
individual points must be linked in a correct sequence
[10]
M16.
(a)
all points correctly plotted
tolerance ±
square on y axis only
allow 1 mark for 3 correctly plotted points
2
attempt made to draw a smooth curve
do not accept dot-to-dot line
1
Page 46 of 54
(b)
(i)
3 days
0.2
or any value correctly obtained using
their graph line
if no line drawn in (a), answer must be exactly 3
1
(ii)
3 days or their (b)(i)
1
(c)
radon-222
accept radon or 222
accept alpha or 3.8
correct isotope required for reason to score
1
has the shortest half-life
accept the others have longer half-lives
1
[7]
M17.
(a)
(i)
work (done) = force (applied) × distance (moved)
accept W = F × s or W = F × d
accept
provided subsequent method is correct
1
(ii)
240 000
allow 1 mark for correct substitution or correct use of 1200 (N)
2
joules
accept J
do not accept j / Nm
1
(b)
800 (watts)
accept 0.8 kW
accept their (a)(ii) ÷ 300 correctly evaluated for 2 marks
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
(a)(ii) ÷ 5 correctly evaluated for 1 mark
2
Page 47 of 54
(c)
(i)
any one from:
•
needs to raise the chair / lift
•
lifting more than one chair
allow lifting more than 2 people
implication of a heavier weight
•
energy transfer to the surroundings
correctly qualified
accept loss for transfer
do not accept motor inefficient
do not accept motor gets hot
do not accept friction unless the location is specified as external to
the motor
1
(ii)
electrical
accept electric
potential
both answers required for the mark
1
[8]
M18.
(a)
35 (m)
allow 1 mark for indicating the correct area
allow 1 mark for obtaining correct figures from the graph
allow 1 mark for calculating area of triangle (25) but
omitting the rectangle underneath (2 x 5)
3
(b)
86 400
allow 1 mark for correct substitution into the correct equation
ie 1/2 × 1200 × 122
2
[5]
M19.
(a)
(i)
protons
1
neutrons
answers may be in either order
1
(ii)
86
1
Page 48 of 54
(iii)
two fewer protons and two fewer neutrons
do not accept two fewer protons and neutrons
or 84 protons 134 neutrons
do not accept 218 protons and neutrons
1
(b)
(i)
0.4
accept
/ accept 40 % for 2 marks
allow 1 mark for correct totalling = 1.8
allow 1 mark for a clearly correct method with a clearly incorrect
total
2
(ii)
any one from:
•
nuclear weapon testing
do not accept nuclear
•
nuclear power (stations)
accept nuclear/ radioactive waste
•
nuclear accidents
•
medical
accept X-rays
1
(c)
(i)
2
accept 2:1
accept twice as big
ignore units
1
Page 49 of 54
(ii)
No with a reasonable reason explained
only going for two weeks so
or even staying for a year
total exposure well under lowest limit for causing cancer
1 mark is for a time frame
1 mark is for correctly relating to a dose
1
or Yes with a reasonable reason explained
all levels of radiation are (potentially) hazardous (1)
accept low doses could still cause cancer
accept all levels affect you
do not accept radiation dose is high(er)
do not accept level of background radiation is higher in Germany
harm caused by lower doses may not have been recorded (1)
or evidence may not be complete
or insufficient research into effect of small doses
1
[10]
M20.
(a)
voltmeter
and no other
do not accept voltage
1
(b)
(i)
variable resistor
1
(ii)
0.10 – 0.30
accept 0.1 – 0.3
accept 0.3 – 0.1
accept 0.30 – 0.10
1
(iii)
3.3 (W)
allow 1 mark for correct data choice
allow 2 marks for substitution of correct
data i.e. 0.30 × 11.0
the following answers gain 2 marks
0.10 / 0.30 / 0.80 / 1.75
allow 1 mark for substitution of incorrect
of data incorrectly calculated e.g.
0.20 × 4.0 = 0.6 scores 1 mark
3
Page 50 of 54
(c)
increases
1
[7]
M21.
(a)
three lines drawn correctly
allow 1 mark for 1 correct line
if more than one line goes from a graph, both are incorrect
2
(b)
J
1
[3]
Page 51 of 54
M22.
(a)
alternates
accept switches
accept (constantly) changes
accept goes up and down
1
between positive and negative
1
(b)
potential difference between the neutral and earth (terminal)
accept voltage for p.d
or potential of the neutral terminal with respect to earth
1
(c)
(i)
0.025 (s)
1
(ii)
40 (Hz)
accept 1 ÷ their (a)(i)
1
[5]
M23.
(a)
(i)
electrons
1
jumper
1
(ii)
positive
accept protons
accept +
1
(iii)
positively charged
accept any clear way of indicating the answer
1
(b)
(i)
copper
1
it is an (electrical) conductor
only accept if copper is identified
do not accept it conducts heat
accept it conducts heat and electricity
accept copper is the best conductor
accept correct description of conduction
1
Page 52 of 54
(ii)
current
1
[7]
Page 53 of 54
Page 54 of 54