One Week Look Ahead
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Review of US Power Grid System
Smart Grid Definition and Characteristics
High Voltage Transmission
Distributed Generation
New Systems in Smart Grid
Construction Market
Introduction of Project
Power Grid Basics
• All power systems have three major
components: Generation, Load and
Transmission.
• Generation: Creates electric power.
• Load: Consumes electric power.
• Transmission: Transmits electric power from
generation to load.
Power generation, Transmission
and Distribution
http://www.ferc.gov/industries/electric/indus-act/rto.asp
Eastern North American High Voltage
Transmission Grid
H A W T H O R N
M A S S
7 6 5
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B R U J B 5 6 1
B R U J B 5 6 9
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C L A I R V I L
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Figure shows
transmission
lines at 345 kV
or above in
Eastern U.S.
Power Grid Basics
• Transmission
– Converting to high voltage allows less power loss
during transmission (step-up).
• Losses 7.2% in U.S.
– High resistance causes high heat in transmission
line
– Need to step-down voltage before it reaches
homes.
Power Grid Basics
• Very large graph consisting of power
generators, consumers and transmission lines
– Electricity distributed as a 3-phase AC current
(new voltage waveform generated 3 times per
cycle).
– Need to convert to a single-phase before reaching
homes.
What is Smart Grid??
Smart Grid Definition
A “smart grid” is a digital, self-healing energy system that
delivers electricity or gas from generation sources, including
distributed renewable, to points of consumption. It is capable
of optimizing power delivery and facilitating two-way
communication across the grid, enabling end-user energy
management, minimizing power disruptions and transporting
only the required amount of power. The result is lower cost
to the utility and the customer, more reliable power and
reduced carbon emissions.
Source: World Economic Forum
Smart Grid Project Task Force & Steering Board
Smart Grid Key Factors
• Smart Grid is more
– Reliable
– Secure
– Economic
– Efficient
– Environment Friendly
– Safe
Smart Grid Characteristics
Enable active participation by consumers
Utilize all generation and storage options
Enable new products, services, and markets
Provide power quality for the digital economy
Optimize asset utilization and operate efficiently
Anticipate & respond to system disturbances (selfheal)
• Operate resiliently against attack and natural
disaster
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High Voltage Transmission Line
Construction
Transmission Lines
• 115KV to 765KV
• Line losses are less with higher voltage (reason
for the higher voltages)
• Higher voltage systems (765KV) need wider
ROW (Right-of-Way), taller towers, larger
distances between conductors to safely isolate
power
Components to be constructed
• Tower
• Substations
• ROWs
– For high voltage lines (125ft to 175ft)
• Access Roads
• Conductors
Towers
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/transmission_lines.html
Transmission Towers
• Typical height, 100 feet
• Foundation depth ~10’
• Foundation Diameter ~5’
Design,Construciton and Operation of High Voltage Tranmission Lines, Argonne Labs of
Tower
• Auger, Blasting for foundation setting
Design,Construciton and Operation of High Voltage Tranmission Lines, Argonne Labs of
http://www.wilsonconst.com/default.asp
Substations
• Substations step down voltage
Access Roads
• Access Roads
Conductors
• Conductors (Wire)
– Formerly Copper
– Aluminum with steel core now used (higher
strength to weight)
Grisby Book
How would you string a line?
Conductor Installation
• Care must be taken during stringing
procedures
• Two main types
– Slack Stringing
– Tension Stringing
Slack Stringing
• Limited typically to lower voltage lines
(smaller conductors)
• Conductor placed on reel at one end of the
operation
• Conductor pulled by truck or pulling device to
tower (wire typically on ground)
• Conductor placed in stringing sheaves (blocks)
Stringing Sheaves (Blocks) and Reel
Stand
www.timberland.on.ca/images/gallery/ydcbf892f
www.timberland.on.ca/images/gallery/ydcbf892f
Tension Stringing
• Typically used for transmission conductors
• Conductor does not touch the ground and is
kept under tension
• Pilot line (synthetic rope) is strung through
stringing sheaves
Basket Grip Pulling Device
Bullwheel Tension Retarder
Drum Puller
Figure 4.72
http://www.wilsonconst.com/helicopter_services.asp
Underground
• Direct Buried
• Total Conduit System
• Cable in Conduit
Direct Buried and Total Conduit
System
• Conductor (or conductor with conduit) is laid
directly in trench
http://unitedutilityservicesltd.supersites.ca/nss-folder/pictures/Trench%2006a.jpg
Cable in Conduit
• Cable is pulled through conduit (typically not
more than 1,000ft)
• Steel is used to pull rather than synthetic rope
(rope generates heat)
Conduit 108 on LOX Drawings
• Wire pulling machine
• Lubricate lines before pulling
Underground Cable Pulling
• Equipment is similar to overhead equipment