Opening the Door Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech Salary and Demographic Profile Premium Report Partner PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE Skilled and talented people fuel the innovation and growth of Canada’s bio-economy. Each year, our industry welcomes hundreds of new college and university graduates in all areas of the industry, eager to enter the workforce. The cost of hiring new grads is often a challenge for companies in biotech. So much so, in our recent Labour Market Study, a majority of biotech companies we surveyed across Canada stated their greatest business challenges as “access to capital,” followed closely by “access to talent.” The Career Focus federal wage subsidy program addresses both these challenges directly. Funded by the federal government’s Youth Employment Strategy, it opens the door for new graduates to their first biotech job and at the same time, helps firms in the industry offset the cost of on-boarding. This report is a compilation of the salary and demographic profiles of new graduates in Canada’s biotechnology sector. It gives a snapshot of hiring trends regionally and nationally, and can serve as a guide for students who plan to enter the biotech job force, and for employers to use to ensure their recruitment and compensation programs remain current and competitive. I am pleased to say that with the funding support of the federal government, since 2005 BioTalent Canada has successfully given over 400 new graduates their first jobs in biotech. It is by far BioTalent Canada’s most successful program to date. With the continued support of federal, provincial and municipal governments, BioTalent Canada is committed to helping new graduates continue to make a substantive contribution to Canada’s vibrant bio-economy. Rob Henderson, President and CEO, BioTalent Canada BIOTALENT CANADA BioTalent Canada is the HR partner of Canada’s bio-economy. As an HR expert and national non-profit organization, BioTalent Canada focuses on building partnerships and skills for Canada’s bio-economy to ensure the industry has access to job-ready people. Through projects, research and product development, BioTalent Canada connects employers with job seekers, delivers human resource information and skills development tools so the industry can focus on strengthening Canada’s biotech business. Table of Contents Opening the Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Canada’s Bio-economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The Industry in Brief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 About Career Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 About Career Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Employer Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Benefits for New Graduates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Career Focus Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Premium Report Partner New Grad Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Bio-economy New Graduate Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 New Graduate Infographic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Placement Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Visible Minorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 New Grad Salaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 New Graduate Salaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Salary Increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Visible Minorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Preferred Official Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Previous Employment Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Career Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 The National Occupational Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 The North American Industry Classification System . . . . . . . . . . 18 Where science meets business. UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO MISSISSAUGA mbiotech.ca Major Partners Norma K. Biln, Chief Executive Officer, Augurex Life Sciences Corp. Executive Patron Skills Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Skills and Competency Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Occupations with a Bachelor’s of Science Degree . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Occupations with a Master’s of Science Degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Final Thoughts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Would this Position Have Been Created Otherwise? . . . . . . . . . . 24 Impact for All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Gathering the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Supporting Report Partners Opening the Door Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech Salary and Demographic Profile BioTalent Canada is a national non-profit organization devoted to extensive research in Canada’s bio-economic labour market. Grads often leave school for the first time only to discover that most employers want a year From 2013-15, BioTalent Canada worked with biotech companies across the country to place new graduates from Canada’s universities and colleges in their first private sector jobs through the Career Focus wage subsidy program. of relevant private sector work experience The program is designed to off-set the on-boarding and training costs a company incurs by hiring an un-tested candidate for the first time. The program has been a resounding success for the industry and for new graduates. experience? It’s a classic catch-22. before they’ll be considered as a viable hire. How does a new grad secure a year of work experience without a year of work “As a startup company, every penny counts. These types of initiatives really help us to push beyond what we could do on our own.” Derek Glennie, VP Engineering, Spartan Bioscience Inc. Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech 1 Canada’s Bio-economy THe INDUSTRY IN BRIEF Canada’s bio-economy is largely divided into four sub-sectors of the broader bio-economy (see Figure 1-1). The majority of Canada’s biotech companies appear to be concentrating on biotech R&D. Over 80% of Canada’s biotech companies are small or medium sized enterprises when measured both by number of full-time employees and also by total gross revenue. For new graduates wishing to enter this sector, it can be difficult to identify and connect with these companies – but these are the companies that are hiring. Biotechnology innovation is a classic example of this sector’s contribution to the Canadian knowledge economy. The bio-economy can be defined as the economic activity associated with the invention, development, production, and use of products and processes that are based primarily on biological resources.1 The bio-economy includes the use of resources from agriculture, forestry, fishery-based biomass, and organic waste. The field is multidisciplinary in that it cuts across health, energy, agriculture, chemicals, and materials industries. Similarly, biotechnology involves the comingling of basic sciences (such as biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, immunology, microbiology, pharmacology, fermentation, and agriculture) with various engineering fields related to biotechnology applications. 1 See OECD 2009. The Bio-economy to 2030: designing a policy agenda. Chapter 1. OECD: Paris 2 Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech d equipment service R & D an s Bio-health Agri-biotech Bio-energy Bio-industrial d equipment service R & D an s d equipment service R & D an s Bio-molecules d equipment service R & D an s Figure 1-1: S ectors of the Bio-economy and Example Products, BioTalent Canada, 2015 Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech 3 ABOUT CAREER FOCUS About career focus For many new graduates, landing a job without extensive work experience is a challenge. Yet without that first biotechnology position, the necessary experience will never come. BioTalent Canada’s Career Focus Program paves the way to employment by helping offset the costs of orientation, integration and skills development. 123 132 56 15 95 33 72 0 30 2014-15 2013-14 2012-13 60 2011-12 2009-11 90 120 150 2008-09 2005-08 Figure 2-1: Career Focus Wage Subsidy Program Placements, BioTalent Canada, 2015 The Career Focus Program is a wage subsidy program, funded by the federal Youth Employment Strategy, for bio-economy employers to hire the talent they need and for recent graduates to gain the work experience they require – by subsidizing a portion of the salary of a recent graduate. Employer Benefits Through the Career Focus Program biotech employers are able to: • • • • Meet their staffing needs with less financial risk Grow their business Access a pool of eager-to-learn new workers Develop new talent within their companies Benefits for new graduates Through the Career Focus Program participants are able to: • • • • 4 Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech Gain real-world work experience in biotech Establish a network of bio-economy contacts Develop personally and as a bio-economy professional Approach potential employers with a subsidized wage offer in hand once they are eligible Career Focus Success The Career Focus Program has been an extremely successful program for both employers and new graduates with over 400 placements since 2005. Figure 2-2: Pre-participation Employment Status, BioTalent Canada, 2015 Unemployed Participants 33.5% Student 34.3% Employed No Answer 28.3% 3.9% The Career Focus Program is a fantastic initiative and is administered beautifully. I have only gratitude for allowing Bio and our participants to be a part of such an important program that will certainly improve Figure 2-3: Post-participation Employment Status, BioTalent Canada, 2015 Unemployed Participants* 5.1% Student 5.1% Employed with Same Company Employed with Different Company 67.7% 22.2% * Due to rounding, percentages do not necessarily equal 100%. Eighty-nine-point-nine percent (89.9%) of participants were employed full-time post-program. Ninety-five percent (95%) of participants were either employed or returned to school; surpassing previous year’s participant program success. Part of the success of this program has been the overall industry engagement as seen in the following report and on the BioTalent Canada website, where some participating organizations talk and share news about the Career Focus Program. For more success stories, visit www.biotalent.ca/success. Canada’s position in the global biotech realm. Jeremy deWaard, Director of Collections, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario Employer Employers Eighty-eight employers participated in the Career Focus Program from 2013-2015. Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech 5 NEW GRAD PROFILE BIO-Economy new graduate profile The program has provided me with the perfect balance of structure and non-structure to pursue my interests and passions. My employer has done an outstanding job of mentoring me and guiding me through the complex world of biotech and corporate structure. Michael G. Participant 6 Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech The average new graduate entering the Canadian bio-economy for the first time with wage subsidy funding has a 3 in 5 chance of being female and is on average 25 years old. Odds are she speaks English fluently with a 13% chance she speaks only French. Before entering the program there was a 34% chance that she was either unemployed or had a 34% chance she had just graduated and was looking for her first work-placement that would make good use of her university or college education. As a condition of entry into the Career Focus wage subsidy program, all participants must have recently completed some form of post-secondary education. As such, there is an 82.3% chance that this new graduate has a bachelor’s degree, 24.4% chance she has a college diploma or Diplôme d’Études Collégiales (DEC) and 21.3% chance that she’s got a master’s, doctoral or post-doctoral degree. The typical graduate participated in the program for 6.3 months and had a 95% chance of continued full-time employment or returning to school. With a success rate this high, employers should consider revising their estimate of a full year of work experience required. This data suggests that 6-7 months of practical work experience is sufficient to learn the day-to-day skills necessary to be successful in a post-education work environment. 82.3% Ba c h Gender ratio 24.4% elor ’s d egree 21.3% Colle g e / DEC First language Maste PhD r / NEW GRADS English 88% French 12% ENTERING BIOTECH THROUGH Average age 25 CAREER FOCUS Earns between Length of participation 6.3 months $21,500 $80,000 34% CAREER FOCUS Unemployed 90% Employed full-time Figure 3-1: New Grads Entering Biotech Through Career Focus, BioTalent Canada, 2015 Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech 7 Placement location 49% 4.7% 4.7% PLACEMENTS BY REGION 14.1% 1.6% 3.5% SK QC ON NS MB BC AB 22.4% 31.3% 10.7% COMPANIES BY REGION 9.1% MB/SK NB/NL/NS/PE QC AB/BC ON Unidentified 26.3% 13.6% 9.1% Figure 3-2: Comparison of Location of Placements for New Grads with National Industry Job Placements, BioTalent Canada, 2015 Figure 3-2 shows the percentage of participant placements broken down by region and is compared to the data from BioTalent Canada’s Sequencing the Data national labour market study report of bio-economy companies across Canada. Although about one third of bio-economy companies are found in Ontario, nearly half of all Career Focus Program placements were in that province. Low participation is particularly evident in eastern Canada where the share of participant placements was significantly lower than would be expected given the eastern share of the number of bio-economy companies. Anecdotal feedback from those outside central Canada suggests there is a perception that national programs tend to be reserved for Ontario companies and that non-Ontario companies will be uncompetitive in the review process of their applications for subsidies. This suggests more communication of the program and its simple application process may be required across the country. Education It is important to note that one of the criteria of the Career Focus Program is that participants must be between the ages of 15 and 30 at the time of start of the placement, and they must have completed the post-secondary education requirement (either at least a degree or diploma) within the past three years. They must also not currently be enrolled in further studies and willing to work full-time. Notably, the number of years often required to complete a doctoral or post-doctoral degree likely means that many applicants to the program would be ineligible due to the 30 year old upper age limit. The average age of a Canadian post-doctoral graduate is 342. Two data-sets were captured – the participant’s most recent education and their previous. Some participants had more than two diploma/degrees but this number was limited and thus data not collected on more than two levels of education. The previous level of education of most of the graduates that participated in the program was most likely to be a bachelor’s degree with a distant second being the college diploma or diplôme d’études collégiales (DEC) as seen in Figure 3-3. A handful of applicants had more advanced degrees. There was a much more even distribution of education types at the most recent level of education as seen in Figure 3-4. About a third of participants had acquired a bachelor’s degree most recently, while a quarter each had secured a master’s degree or a college diploma. 2 8 Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech T he 2013 Canadian Postdoc Survey: Painting a Picture of Canadian Postdoctoral Scholars, p.12, The Canadian Association of Postdoctoral Scholars/L’Association Canadienne de Stagiaires Postdoctoraux (CAPS - ACSP) and Mitacs, October 2013 For those applicants that completed a bachelor’s degree, 48.3% went on to complete a master’s degree, and 25.9% chose to complete a college diploma (Figure 3-5). For those applicants that completed a diploma/ DEC, 60% went on to complete a bachelor’s degree and 32% opted to complete a second diploma/DEC (Figure 3-6). The number of years of education the participants have completed in order to begin an entry-level position in the biotechnology industry demonstrates the importance of programs such as the Career Focus wage subsidy program to help bridge them from academia to the private sector. This data reinforces what HR managers reported to BioTalent Canada in 2013 concerning the advanced educational requirements by occupational function that can be found in Figure 2-1 of the Sequencing the Data report. 29.5% 71.4% 23.0% 2.2% 4.9% 0.8% Figure 3-3: Previous Education of New Grads, BioTalent Canada, 2015 48.3% 8.6% 25.9% Post-Doc PhD Master Bachelor Diploma/DEC Other 4.9% 0.4% 2.2% 35.3% Post-Doc PhD Master Bachelor Diploma/DEC Other Post-Doc PhD Master Bachelor Diploma/DEC Other 6.9% 10.3% Figure 3-5: Most Recent Education After Bachelor’s Degree, BioTalent Canada, 2015 25.4% Figure 3-4: M ost Recent Education of New Grads, BioTalent Canada, 2015 60.0% 32.0% 4.0% Post-Doc PhD Master Bachelor Diploma/DEC Other 4.0% Figure 3-6: M ost Recent Education After Diploma/DEC, BioTalent Canada, 2015 Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech 9 100 CITIZENSHIP 94.5% Permanent Resident Canadian 80 60 40 Visible Minorities 20 4.5% 0 Figure 3-7: Citizenship Status of New Grads, BioTalent Canada, 2015 80 67% 70 No Yes No Answer 60 50 40 30 24% 20 10 In order to participate in the Career Focus Program, all participants had to be either Canadian citizens, permanent residents or refugees with recognized status in Canada. While there were no refugees identified as part of the program, the clear majority of participants were Canadian citizens with a select few permanent residents (Figure 3-7). 9% 0 Figure 3-8: Part of a Visible Minority Group of New Grads, BioTalent Canada, 2015 It was optional for participants to respond to this question. However, most applicants did respond and fully one-quarter identified as being a member of a visible minority group (Figure 3-8). Since Statistics Canada data from the 2011 National Household Survey3 suggest that one fifth of Canada’s population self-identify as a member of a visible minority group, there is proportionate representation of visible minority groups in the Career Focus Program. Language About 20% of all participants are fully bilingual in Canada’s two official languages with the majority speaking English only (Figure 3-9). Only 6% of participants are unilingual French. According to the 2011 Statistics Canada household survey, the overall number of participants that have identified themselves as fluent in French is less than to the 30.1% of French speakers in the Canadian population. Participation of French speakers in the Career Focus Program is therefore under-represented in the country as a whole. The wage subsidy program allows AES to invest in high-potential graduate students. The trained participants can contribute by working for AES or by working on the application of our products. Tiemin Huang, CEO, Advanced Electrophoresis Solutions Ltd., Employer 3 10 Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-010-x/2011001/tbl/tbl2-eng.cfm Figure 3-9: Official Language of Choice, BioTalent Canada, 2015 English French The Career Focus Program helped me find full-time Both Official Language of Choice 88% 12% Ability to Speak Language 74% 6% 20% Ability to Write Language 74.3% 6% 19.7% employment in my field of study, which was biotechnology. The program AGE allowed me to find a Due to the age limits established as part of the program (15-30) it is difficult to draw comparative data from the program to Statistics Canada grouped data. The average age of participants was 25 (Figure 3-10). This age may be slightly higher for starting out in an entry-level career due to the number of years of education required in order to enter the industry for the first time. position where I can gain practical experience in the biotechnology industry and also apply the knowledge I acquired in school. Figure 3-10: Age of Participant, BioTalent Canada, 2015 21-24 Career Focus Participants* Sanah B. Participant 25-31 52.4% 47.6% * The youngest participant was 21 years old and the oldest turned 31 over the course of the program (participants could not be over 30 years old at the time of intake). This program has had a tremendous impact for MANTECH. A full-time marketing person has allowed MANTECH to almsot immediately start using social media as a sales tool. We quickly saw an increase in leads which directly impacts potential sales. As well, our products/technologies are now the topic of discussions with a wide variety of individuals that we never before had contact from which is helping MANTECH’s brand reach potential users from a broader range of industries. Kathleen’s knowledge and expertise has provided this. Lynn Menegotto, HR, Mantech Inc. Employer Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech 11 NEW GRAD SALARIES new graduate salaries This is the type of program the government should be funding. It benefits both the employer and recent graduate. It allows the employer to evaluate the peformance and productivity prior to making a more significant investment. I believe it is an invaluable experience/opportunity The salary ranges for new hires in this sector are significant. The highest-paid new graduate made $80,000 as a visualization developer with a bachelor of sciences degree. By comparison, the lowest paid starting salary was $21,500 as a Technical Writer – also with a bachelor of sciences degree. The average starting salary was $37,632. For those people that saw an increase in their salary, over the duration of the program, the average salary increase was $1,677. By comparison, based on the 2013 Statistics Canada National Graduate Survey, median starting salary for a Bachelors graduate was $57,000 for all new graduates in the country. Salary increase Figure 4-1: Salary Increase, BioTalent Canada, 2015 for the “intern” to get their foot in the door. Dianne Beveridge, President, Ayva Educational Solutions Ltd. Employer 12 Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech Average Lowest Highest Salary Increase $1,677 - $20,000 $14,020 Salary Increase Without Outliers * $2,423 $370 $7,750 * Two salaries acted as significant outliers in the data. As such, those two salaries at top and bottom were removed since they had such a significant impact on the average data to arrive at the salary information. GENDER Fifty-six-point-nine percent (56.9%) of program participants were female. According to Statistics Canada (2012) workforce survey, 59% of science graduates leaving university or college for the first time are women. The program is clearly representative of the graduates entering the labour market. Unfortunately, female graduates starting salaries are $6,728 less than their male counterparts. The gap between male and female salaries is similar in this program and sector to Canada as a whole, further investigation as to why women are consistently making less than men is necessary. Lowest Highest has helped me by opening the door for me to get hired in the industry that I am interested in working in, while giving me valuable experience in my field. Kevin T. Participant Figure 4-2: Starting Salary Based on Gender, BioTalent Canada, 2015 Average The Career Focus Program Median 4 Female $34,847 $21,500 $68,000 $51,200 Male $41,575 $21,500 $80,000 $57,000 * Statistics Canada, National Graduate Survey - Profile of Undergrads (BSc or BA equivalent), 2013 Visible MinoritIEs People who chose to self identify as being a member of a visible minority group are making slightly less than their non-minority counter-parts ($1,167). These numbers are so close however, that it is possible with a larger sample size there would be no siginificant difference. Figure 4-3: Salary Based on Visible Minority Status, BioTalent Canada, 2015 Average Lowest Highest Visible Minority $36,706 $21,500 $60,000 Non-Minority $37,873 $21,500 $80,000 Citizenship There is also little discrepancy between those people who are Canadian citizens and permanent residents in Canada. Permanent residents actually make $1,371 more annually than their Canadian counterparts. With more data, this discrepancy may very well disappear. 4 2013 Statistics Canada National GraduateSurvey Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech 13 Education AVERAGE salary The average salary of new biotech grads with a Bachelors degree is $15K less than the National Median. Generally as a rule in this sector, participants with post-graduate degrees tended to have higher salaries. Doctoral and post-doctoral graduates consistently started at significantly higher salaries than their peers in this sector. It is of particular interest to note that for those students that completed both a bachelor’s degree and a college diploma/DEC, they typically made less than their counterparts that completed only a bachelor’s degree or only a college diploma/DEC. This seems counter-intuitive and suggests further research from a larger dataset is required to understand what specifically these students studied compared to their peers who completed only one degree/ diploma/DEC. Even students that completed two bachelor’s degrees performed less well on average than their peers who completed a single bachelor’s degree. Figure 4-5: Salary Based on Level of Education, BioTalent Canada, 2015 Average Lowest Highest Median* Without the program, I likely Bachelor Only $37,806 $21,500 $80,000 $53,000 would not have been able to Diploma/DEC Only $35,622 $26,390 $72,000 $41,600 secure a full-time position at Bachelor and Diploma/DEC $34,509 $24,200 $56,345 Tipi Mountain. This funding Diploma/DEC and Bachelor $33,705 $26,390 $63,597 Master $40,001 $26,390 $60,000 $70,000 has allowed me to work with PhD/Post-Doc $49,655 $37,584 $60,000 $75,000 my employer to develop a Two Bachelor Degrees $33,242 $27,202 $40,000 position that is relevant to * Statistics Canada, National Graduate Survey, 2013 the business and in line with REgion my field of interest. Taylor W. Participant Regionally, participants that entered the program in Ontario and British Columbia/Alberta had higher salaries than participants in other provinces. It is of particular interest to note that in Quebec, salaries for the program were lower on average than in the other provinces. Figure 4-6: Salary Based on Region, BioTalent Canada, 2015 Average Lowest Highest Median* British Columbia/Alberta $38,416 $24,965 $63,597 $28,280 Ontario $40,611 $21,500 $80,000 $31,290 Quebec $32,607 $24,480 $68,000 $28,920 Manitoba/Saskatchewan $37,790 $27,040 $58,200 $35,702 Atlantic (Nova Scotia Only) $27,584 $24,200 $40,000 $27,290 * Statistics Canada, National Graduate Survey, 2013 14 Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech Preferred Official Language While the majority of respondents selected English as their preferred language of communication, 28 respondents from Quebec selected French as their official language of communication and three from Ontario. It is of interest to learn that only 20.1% of respondents in the program identified themselves as being fully bilingual with most of those coming from Quebec as well. Salary information provided seems to indicate that French speakers in the program earned less than English speakers, but it is very possible that this was influenced more by region of work than official language of work. The impact has been extremely positive, allowing an ‘incubation’ period which has facilitated skills development greatly benefiting both employee Figure 4-7: Salary Based on Preferred Official Language, BioTalent Canada, 2015 Average Lowest Highest English $38,995 $21,500 $80,000 French $31,104 $24,480 $65,000 Bilingual $34,579 $24,200 $68,000 and employer. Jennifer Meade, CEO, Tipi Mountain Native Plants Ltd. Employer Previous Employment Status As a condition of the program, none of the participants had previous employment in their discipline of study and interest. For those participants that had been employed in other sectors, they tended to earn more, as did those participants that were older demonstrating that employers tend to value previous work experience, regardless of the sector. Those that identified as students or unemployed before entering their first biotechnology job tended to earn less than their previously employed peers. Figure 4-8: Salary Based on Previous Employment Status, BioTalent Canada, 2015 Average Lowest Highest Unemployed $37,107 $21,500 $72,000 Student $37,855 $22,000 $72,000 Employed $38,500 $23,000 $80,000 Figure 4-9: Salary Based on Age Group, BioTalent Canada, 2015 Average Lowest Highest 21-24 Years Old $36,850 $21,500 $72,000 25-31 Years Old $38,484 $21,500 $80,000 Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech 15 CAREER PATHS The National Occupational Classification After graduating from biochemistry, I wasn’t too sure what I wanted to do, but moving forward I now have a better idea of what I want and how to get there. Daniel A. Participant The National Occupational Classification (NOC) is the nationally accepted reference on occupations in Canada. It organizes over 40,000 job titles into 500 occupational group descriptions. It is used daily by thousands of people to compile, analyze and communicate information about occupations, and to understand the jobs found throughout Canada’s labour market. The NOC provides a standardized framework for organizing the world of work in a coherent system. It is used to manage the collection and reporting of occupational statistics and to provide understandable labour market information. The structure and content of the NOC are also implemented in a number of major services and products throughout the private and public sectors5. Standard classifications systems provide a good framework for identifying positions and gathering trend data. In reality, actual job titles may not always fit within a certain job category. Different positions may be grouped together in a category because a clear match cannot be found due to emerging careers such as Bioinformatics Programmer Analyst and Native Plant Ecologist, which fall under the same NOC group. The following figures highlight a few of the differences between the NOC and the actual job titles. This difference may indicate that further updates are required for the NOC system to represent labour-market realities. For a full list of the Career Focus position titles vs. the NOC see Appendix 1A. 5 16 Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/NOC/English/NOC/2011/AboutNOC.aspx Figure 5-1: Sample Comparison of NOC Code Titles with Actual Occupation Titles Used in the Biotech Industry NOC Code NOC Title Actual Title 0013 Manager in Communication Assistant to the COO Corporate Communications Manager 112 HR and Business Services Professional Recruitment Manager 0114 Other Administrative Services Managers Account Manager Figure 5-2: Sample Comparison of NOC Code Titles with Actual Occupation Titles Given NOC Code NOC Title Actual Title 2121 Biologists and Related Scientists Assay Development Testing Scientist Bioinformatics Programmer Analyst Environmental Scientist Field Biologist The Career Focus Program has Food Scientist given me enough flexibility to Native Plant Ecologist explore my interests and passions, Support Scientist Tech Histology and it has also provided me with Technician the perfect amount of direction Toxicology Technician and mentorship to ensure that my “exploration” was not Figure 5-3: Sample Comparison of NOC Code Titles with Actual Occupation Titles Given NOC Code NOC Title Actual Title 2221 Biological Technologists and Technicians Analyst Immunology ungrounded. Michael G. Participant Aquaculture Technician Necropsy Technician Research Technician Science and Technology Product Specialist Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech 17 The North American Industry Classification System The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is an industry classification system developed by the statistical agencies of Canada, Mexico and the United States. Created against the background of the North American Free Trade Agreement, it is designed to provide common definitions of the industrial structure of the three countries and a common statistical framework to facilitate the analysis of the three economies. NAICS is based on supply-side or production-oriented principles, to ensure that industrial data, classified to NAICS, are suitable for the analysis of production-related issues such as industrial performance. NAICS is designed for the compilation of production statistics and, therefore, for the classification of data relating to establishments. It takes into account the specialization of activities generally found at the level of the producing units of businesses. The criteria used to group establishments into industries in NAICS are similarity of input structures, labour skills and production processes6. Similar differences between the actual job titles and NOC apply to NAIC as well such as Corporate Communications Specialist and Quality Control and Research Chemist falling under the “All Other Professional Scientific and Technical Services” group. The following Figures highlight a few of the differences between the NAIC system and the actual job titles which may indicate further updates are required for the NAIC system to represent labour market realities. For a full list of the Career Focus position titles vs. NAIC see Appendix 1B. Figure 5-4: Comparison of NAICS Codes to Actual Position Titles Given BioTalent Canada’s Bio-economy Skills Profiles identify the core skills required for careers in biotech. NAICS Code NAICS Company Sector Actual Position 5417 Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences Assistant Flavour Technologist (BioScience) Chemical Technician Customer Service Representative Environmental Scientist Process Engineer in Training Regulatory Assistant Research Assistant Research Associate Research Commercialization Manager Research Technician Research Technologist 6 18 Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech http://www.statcan.gc.ca/subjects-sujets/standard-norme/naics-scian/2007/ introduction-eng.htm Figure 5-5: Comparison of NAICS Codes to Actual Position Titles Given NAICS Code NAICS Company Sector Actual Position 5419 All Other Professional, Scientific and Technical Services Analyste Immunologié et Chimie Analytique Assay Development & Testing Scientist Bioinformatics Programmer/Analyst Chemist Corporate Communications Specialist Field Biologist Food Scientist Marketing Associate Native Plant Ecologist Quality Control & Research Chemist R&D Assistant Research Chemist Scientist Support Scientist Systems and Optics Engineer Tech Histology Technician Toxicology Technician BioTalent Canada’s BioCareer Pathways identify where you want to go in the bio-economy workforce. Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech 19 SKILLS REQUIREMENTS skills and competency requirements I have been able to apply the knowledge learned in University to real-life applications in my field of study. Working in a large company has allowed me to learn different aspects of developing flavours, quality control and production. This is valuable knowledge which can be applied to many fields in the food industry. Working under a flavorist has helped me to succesfully and efficiently develop flavours and gain knowledge about the food industry. Natasha R. Participant 20 Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech In 2013, BioTalent Canada concluded in Sequencing the Data that the single biggest obstacle to company product and/or service development was access to capital, closely followed by a lack of practical, non-academic skills of their full-time employees. The Career Focus Program for many years has supported new graduates in entering their first private-sector biotechnology jobs by offering employers wage subsidies to hire recent graduates. This support through BioTalent Canada from the Government of Canada’s Youth Employment Strategy has responded to both of these critical barriers facing the biotechnology industry by providing much needed capital to on-board entry-level candidates who are then trained with the practical skills required in the industry. Furthermore, the next most significant issue companies identified as a barrier to development was difficulty in identifying and maintaining required skills. With 89% of candidates (see Figure 6-1) staying in the industry after they complete the wage subsidy program, this issue has also been addressed. Where employers specified a degree in the job description, this table compares the highest level of post-secondary education attained: By setting goals in the beginning of the program, I was able to focus on particular tasks and activities and Figure 6-1 : Degree Requirement in Job Description vs. Actual Hire BioTalent Canada, 2015 Degree Specified Actual Education Completed Diploma/DEC PhD/Post-doc 2 Master 1 Bachelor Diploma/DEC Other associate these directly with my Bachelor Master PhD/ Post-Doc 100% 100% 106 9.43% 67.92% 19.81% 32 45.16% 48.39% 6.45% 110 10.91% 66.36% 20% 2.83% 2.73% goals. Through this program, I have became more comfortable in the professional working-environment and have learned to make more accurate judgements during tasks dealing with clients and deadlines. Maida H. Participant In many cases, employers did not stipulate a specific degree/diploma requirement, requesting only that candidates had experience in a specific discipline. This program allowed our company to open more positions for recent graduates. Having more employees allowed us to be more competitive and service more customers. It also helped with the “growth pain”, having to hire and train employees before being able to sell the services. Elena Zveaghina, Office Manager, ERA Environmental Consulting Inc. Employer Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech 21 Where employers specified a specific post-secondary education in their job description, they often hired candidates with more education and training than that specified (Figure 6-2). Figure 6-2: Disciplines in Science Led to the Following Occupations, BioTalent Canada, 2015 Discipline in Sciences Specified Actual Education Completed Diploma/DEC Bachelor Master PhD/Post-doc 2 Master 1 Bachelor 106 10 -Total 1-Environmental Technician 1-Biotechnology 1-Agriculture 2-Science 2-Business 1-Lab Technician 1-Human Science 1-Chemical Engineer 72-Total 1-Agriculture & Environmental Science 3-Computer Science 1-International Studies 1-Natural Resource Conservation 3-Arts 41-Science 2-Chemistry 3-Biology 6-Applied Science 1-Arts and Science 1-Biochemistry 1-Chemical Engineering 1-Commerce 4-Engineering 1-Food Science 1-Media Studies 1-Medical Science 21-Total 13-Science 1-Engineering 1-Health Science 1-Pathology & Lab Science 1-Biostatistics 1-Computer Science 1-Microbiology and Immunology 2-Applied Science Diploma/DEC 32 14-Total 3-Animal Health 1-Animal Technician 1-Bioecology 1-Biotechnology 1-Electrical Industrial Technology 5-Science 2-Pharmaceutical Manufacturing 16-Total 1-Agricultural & Environmental Sciences 4-Biology 1-Medical Sciences 1-Pharmacy 6-Science 2-Biochemistry 1-Labour and Communications 2-Total 1-Microbiology & Immunology 1-Science & Neuroscience Other * 110 12-Total 73-Total 22-Total PhD/ Post-Doc 1-Ecology & Evolutionary Biology 1-Chemistry 1-Chemistry *No educational qualification was specified by the employer - thus no sub-comparison can be made 22 Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech 3- Total 1- Biology 1-Science 1-Pharmacology 3-Total It has long been known that education in one area can lead to a variety of career opportunities. It is interesting to see the variety of positions Career Focus participants worked in whether they had a bachelor’s or master’s degree in science. The lists below show science background can lead to a variety of careers. Occupations with a bachelor’s of Science Degree • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Account Manager Analyst (Biomarkers) Analyst Lab Assistant Buyer Assistant Flavour Technologist (BioScience) Customer Service Representative Downstream Operator Environmental Scientist Field Biologist Laboratory Assistant Laboratory Technician Laboratory Technician I Laboratory Assistant Manufacturing Associate Marketing Associate Quality Assurance Technician Research Assistant Research Associate Research Technician Research Technologist Sales Rep Technical Writer/Technical Assistant/Laboratory Assistant Visualization Developer Without the Career Focus Program I may have not landed a position with Nutrasource. With guidance from my supervisors and other employees within the organzation, I’ve gained more confidence professionally and have obtained valuable experience that will stay with me throughout my career. Patricia D. Participant Occupations with a master’s of science degree • • • • • • • • • • • • • Bioinformatics Programmer/Analyst Controlled Substance Officer Data Management Specialist Inside Sales Representative Laboratory Assistant Laboratory Technician Logistics Coordinator Medical Writer Product Interface Developer Research Chemist Research Technician Software Developer Support Scientist Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech 23 FINAL THOUGHTS Would this position have been created otherwise? “No. The wage subsidy allowed the company “No, not immediately. At that time we did to take the time to properly train the not have an open position. We only began candidate.” considering this position due to the subsidy.” Lynn Menegotto, HR, Mantech Inc. Leon Linseman, Accountant, Bauman Sawmill Inc. “Yes. However, this subsidy has greatly “For some participants, we might have been helped to free limited resources that has able to hire them without subsidies. However for helped with the company growth.” some others, our departmental budgets were very Lew Lim, President & CEO, Vielight Inc. stretched. Therefore the subsidies had a significant impact on the mandate length, and thus allowing the new grad to contribute more!” “No, our company is still a start-up and this subsidy helped us out tremendously!” Graham Jack, Senior Director of R&D, Xagenic Inc. 24 Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech Jody Cohen, Talent Mining Specialist, Pharmascience Inc. “Possibly not. Although the section was very “No, we would not have created this busy and the work was certainly there, our position without the subsidy because it is budgets have been very tight. This funding too expensive to hire inexperienced grads. was a tremendous help!” We would have looked for someone with Arlene Girardin, HR Specialist, experience.” Atlantic Region, Maxxam Analytics Bedrich Videl, President, Nucro-Technics “As a start-up organization, we operate in “No, AES, as a start up business, cannot a resource constrained environment. Likely, afford to hire a newly graduated student we would have hired for this position, but without the wage subsidies.” approximately 9-12 months later. Through Biotalent, we have been able to achieve our Tiemin Huang, CEO, Advanced Electrophoresis Solutions Ltd. corporate milestones much earlier.” Kenneth To, Chief Operating Officer, ViewsIQ “It would not have been possible for TMNP to create this position without the subsidy and while we would have wanted to hire Taylor, impact for all The Career Focus wage subsidy program has had a great impact on new graduates to develop new skills and learn the industry. Employers have been able to access the young talent they need, add resources and grow their companies. All helping to strenthening the available talent pool and Canada’s bio-economy as a whole. we would have been able to offer a less stable and significant position.” Jennifer Meade, CEO, Tipi Mountain Native Plants Ltd. Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech 25 APPendices Appendix 1A: Comparison of NOC Code Titles with Actual Occupation Titles Given NOC NOC Title Actual Title 0013 Manager in Communication Assistant to the COO Corporate Communications Specialist 112 HR and Business Service Professional Recruitment Manager 0114 Other Administrative Services Managers Account Manager 212 Life Science Professionals Research Commercialization Manager 0823 Manager in Aquaculture Fish Farm Technician 1122 Professional Occupation in Business Management Consulting Junior Consultant 1123 Professional Occupation in Advertising, Marketing and Public Relations Marketing & Communications Associate Marketing & Sales Assistant Marketing Associate 1241 Administrative Assistant Admin Assistant 1254 Statistical Officers and Related Research Support Occupations R&D Assistant 1254 Research Assistant 1411 General Office Support Worker Documentation Coordinator 1523 Production Logistics Coordinators Logistics Coordinator 2112 Chemist Analyste Immunologié et Chimie Analytique (2) Chemist (2) Quality Control & Research Chemist (2) Research Chemist Scientist 2115 Other Professional Occupations in Physical Sciences Systems and Optics Engineer 2121 Biologists and Related Scientists Assay Development & Testing Scientist Bioinformatics Programmer/Analyst Environmental Scientist (5) Field Biologist Food Scientist Native Plant Ecologist Support Scientist Tech Histology Technician Toxicology Technician (7) 2132 Mechanical Engineers Mechanical Engineer 2133 Electrical and Electronics Engineers Electrical & Mechanical Engineer 2134 Chemical Engineers Junior Process Engineer Process Engineer in Training (2) 2141 Industrial and Manufacturing Engineers Quality Engineer Associate 2148 Other Professional Engineers, N.E.C. Engineering Intern Executive Intern - Bioenergy 2171 Information Systems Analysts and Consultants Technical Analyst 2172 Database Analysts and Data Administrators Data Management Specialist 2174 Computer Programmers and Interactive Media Developers Business Application Developer Product Interface Developer Software Developer Visualization Developer 26 Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech Appendix 1A: Comparison of NOC Code Titles with Actual Occupation Titles Given NOC NOC Title Actual Title 2211 Chemical Technologists and Technicians Analyst Analyst (Biomarkers) (3) Analyst lab Assistant Flavour Technologist (BioScience) Chemical Technician (2) Chemistry Preparation Technologist Controlled Substance Officer Lab Analyst (3) Laboratory Analyst Laboratory Assistant QA/QC Technician Research Technologist (2) Technician (Toxicology) Technologist 2221 Biological Technologists and Technicians Analyst Immunology Aquaculture Technician Necropsy Technician Research Technician (4) Science and Technology Product Specialist 2233 Forestry Technologists and Technicians Manufacturing Associate Quality Assurance Technician Reagent Manufacturing Lead 2241 Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technologists and Technicians Electro mecanicien 2252 Industrial Designer Designer (Dessinateur) 2262 Engineering Inspectors and Regulatory Officer Regulatory Assistant 2283 Information Systems Testing Technicians Software Tester 3212 Medical Laboratory Technicians and Pathologists' Assistant Lab Assistant (3) Lab Technician (2) Lab Technician I Laboratory Associate - IHC Laboratory Clerk Laboratory Technician 3213 Animal Health Technologists and Veterinary Technicians Animal Technician 3215 Medical Radiation Technologist Imaging Technologist 3219 Other Medical Technologists and Technician (Except Dental Health) In Vivo Pharmacology Technician 4011 University Professor and Lecturer Postdoctoral Fellow 4012 Post-secondary Teaching and Research Assistant Laboratory Assistant (8) 4163 Business Development Officers and Marketing Researchers and Consultants Business Development Associate Learning Consultant Marketing Assistant 4165 Health Policy Researchers, Consultants and Program Officers Research Associate (2) 5121 Authors and Writers Jr. Medical Writer Medical Writer Technical Writer/Technical Assistant/Laboratory Assistant 6221 Technical Sales Specialist - Wholesale Trade Forestry Representative Sales Rep (2) Sales Trainee - Alberta Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech 27 Appendix 1A: Comparison of NOC Code Titles with Actual Occupation Titles Given NOC NOC Title Actual Title 6222 Retail and Wholesale Buyers Assistant Buyer 6411 Sales and Account Representatives - Wholesale Trade (NonTechnical) Inside Sales Representative (2) 6552 Other Customer and Information Services Representatives Customer Service Representative 8432 Nursery and Greenhouse Workers Cultivation Assistant 9537 Other Products Assemblers, Finishers and Inspectors Downstream Operator Appendix 1B: Comparison of NAICS Code Positions with Actual Position Titles Given NAICS NAICS Company Sector Actual Position 1153 Support Activities for Forestry Forestry Representative 4183 Agricultural Chemical and Other Farm Supplies Merchant Wholesalers Sales Rep Sales Rep - Alberta Sales Trainee - Alberta 4189 All Other Merchant Wholesalers Fish Farm Technician 5112 Software Publishers Technical Analyst 5413 Architectural Services Electrical and Mechanical Engineer Designer (Dessinateur) 5415 Computer Systems Design and Related Services Business Application Developer Product Interface Developer Software Developer Visualization Developer Software Tester 5416 Environmental Consulting Services Junior Consultant Lab Analyst Medical Writer 5417 Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering and Life Sciences Research Commercialization Manager Research Assistant (2) Environmental Scientist (5) Process Engineer in Training Assistant Flavour Technologist (BioScience) Chemical Technician Research Technologist Research Technician (4) Regulatory Assistant Research Associate Customer Service Representative 5418 Other Services Relating to Advertising Marketing & Communications Associate 28 Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech Appendix 1B: Comparison of NAICS Code Positions with Actual Position Titles Given NAICS NAICS Company Sector Actual Position 5419 All Other Professional, Scientific and Technical Services Corporate Communications Specialist Marketing Associate R&D Assistant Analyste Immunologié et Chimie Analytique (2) Chemist (2) Quality Control & Research Chemist (2) Research Chemist Scientist Systems and Optics Engineer Assay Development & Testing Scientist Bioinformatics Programmer/Analyst Field Biologist Food Scientist Native Plant Ecologist Support Scientist Tech Histology Technician Toxicology Technician (7) Mechanical Engineer Junior Process Engineer Process Engineer in Training Quality Engineer Associate Engineering Intern Executive Intern - Bioenergy Data Management Specialist Analyst (Biomarkers) (3) Chemical Technician Chemistry Preparation Technologist Controlled Substance Officer QA/QC Technician Research Technologist Technician (Toxicology) Technologist Analyst Immunology Aquaculture Technician Necropsy Technician Science and Technology Product Specialist Manufacturing Associate Quality Assurance Technician Reagent Manufacturing Lead Lab Technician Animal Technician In Vivo Pharmacology Technician Postdoctoral Fellow Business Development Associate Learning Consultant Marketing Assistant Research Associate Jr. Medical Writer Technical Writer/Technical Assistant/Laboratory Assistant (2) Cultivation Assistant Downstream Operator 5611 Office Administrative Services Account Manager Admin Assistant Inside Sales Representative 5613 Employment Placement Agencies and Executive Search Services Recruitment Manager Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech 29 Appendix 1B: Comparison of NAICS Code Positions with Actual Position Titles Given NAICS NAICS Company Sector Actual Position 5619 All Other Support Services Assistant to the COO Marketing & Sales Assistant Documentation Coordinator Logistics Coordinator Assistant Buyer Inside Sales Representative 6215 Medical and Diagnostic Laboratories Analyst Analyst lab Laboratory Analyst Laboratory Assistant (12) Lab Technician I Laboratory Associate - IHC Laboratory Clerk Laboratory Technician (2) Imaging Technologist 8112 Electronic and Precision Equipment Repair and Maintenance Electro mecanicien Biotech Career Resources • The PetriDishTM Job Board • Scotiabank StartRight® Biotech Resumé Builder • BioCareer Pathways • Bio-economy Skills Profiles • Bio-economy Skills At-a-Glance • Bio-economy Career Profiles • BioSkills Recognition Program • Alternative Careers • Courses and Webinars • Labour Market Information Visit www.biotalent.ca to learn more. 30 Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech Gathering the data Eighty-eight companies hired 255 of graduates from postsecondary institutions across Canada as part of the BioTalent Canada administered Career Focus wage subsidy program funded by the Government of Canada’s Youth Employment Strategy. The sample group had good representation for regional, education level, gender, self-identified minority group, language profile, age and prior employment status. When comparing the data from the Career Focus Program, occasionally Statistics Canada data was entered based on the 2011 and 2012 workforce surveys and the 2014 National Graduate Survey as presented in CANSIM. Lastly, position titles were tied to National Occupation Codes (NOC) most closely aligned with the functions of the positions. Companies where participants worked were tied to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) that best represents the function of their industry. Opening the Door: Building Careers for New Grads in Biotech 31 BioTalent Canada wishes to thank those companies who have participated in the Career Focus Program. Through their support in hiring new grads, these companies have helped to strengthen the biotech industry’s talent pool. Special thanks to our Premium and Supporting Report Partners. Premium Report Partner Where science meets business. UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO MISSISSAUGA mbiotech.ca Major Partners Norma K. Biln, Chief Executive Officer, Augurex Life Sciences Corp. Executive Patron Supporting Report Partners Data collection funded in part by the Government of Canada’s Youth Employment Strategy. The opinions and interpretations expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Government of Canada. Copyright BioTalent Canada 2015. www.biotalent.ca