P2, Chapter 1
Answers
Marks
1
2
a
b
c
d
e
f
distance
continuous
30 to 31 metres
7.5 to 8.5 seconds
stationary; no change in distance/gradient is zero
a
b
c
d
e
21 km
135 minutes (2 hours 15 minutes)
20 minutes
A to B or D to E; steepest gradient
D to E
f speed  gradient 
(14 000  8000)
(30  60)
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
3
6000
1800
 3.3 m/s

3
a gradient = acceleration
b i Between A and B the cyclist accelerates
ii Between B and C the cyclist travels at constant speed
iii Between C and D the cyclist decelerates
c i 11 m/s
ii (8 – 4) × 11 = 44 m
iii
44 44  (6  11)

 99 m
2
2
New AQA GCSE Science © Nelson Thornes Ltd 2011
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1
P2, Chapter 2
Answers
1
a i If the tractor and trailer are accelerating A is greater than B.
ii If the tractor and trailer are moving at a constant speed A and B are
the same.
b i 12 000 – 10 000 = 2000 N
ii a 
2
3
4
Marks
a
b
c
d
e
F
 2000/2300  0.87 m/s 2
m
Thinking distance
time = distance/speed = 19/30 = 0.63 s
–5 m/s2
100 m
Any two relevant factors, for example, consuming
alcohol/drugs/medicine/ fatigue/old age/illness
a Air resistance/drag
b Increase (until it equals the driving force); air resistance increases with
speed
c Work done by friction force/friction between the brakes and the wheel;
reduces kinetic energy; temperature of brakes increases and the
dragster slows to a stop
a 20 mm
b elastic potential energy
c W = m × g = 0.1 × 10 = 1 N
d Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of
Written Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific
response.
There is a clear, balanced and detailed description of the
improvements she could make in order to carry out the investigation
more precisely and gain sufficient data to draw a valid conclusion. The
answer shows almost faultless spelling, punctuation and grammar. It is
coherent and in an organised, logical sequence. It contains a range of
appropriate or relevant specialist terms used accurately.
There is a description of a range of the ways in which improvements
could be made in order to carry out the investigation more precisely
and gain sufficient data to draw a valid conclusion. There are some
errors in spelling, punctuation and grammar. The answer has some
structure and organisation. The use of specialist terms has been
attempted, but not always accurately.
There is a brief description of at least two ways in which improvements
could be made in order to carry out the investigation more precisely
and gain sufficient data to draw a valid conclusion, which has little
clarity and detail.The spelling, punctuation and grammar are very
weak. The answer is poorly organised with almost no specialist terms
and/or their use demonstrating a general lack of understanding of their
meaning.
New AQA GCSE Science © Nelson Thornes Ltd 2011
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1
1
3
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2
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
2
5-6
3-4
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1
P2, Chapter 2
Answers
No relevant content.
Marks
0
Examples of physics points made in response:
• use a boss/clamp/stand
• ruler in fixed position
• method to reduce parallax, e.g. use a set square
• repeats measurements
• use a larger range of masses
• and smaller intervals.
New AQA GCSE Science © Nelson Thornes Ltd 2011
2
P2, Chapter 3
Answers
1
2
3
Marks
a i Energy is transferred when work is done.
ii Gravitational potential energy is the energy that an object has by
virtue of its position in a gravitational field.
iii The kinetic energy of an object depends on its mass and speed.
iv Power is the energy transferred in a given time.
b work is done on the meteorite; energy transferred by heating; kinetic
energy transferred by heating
1
1
a p=m×v
A: = 650 × 40 = 26 000 kg m/s
B: = 1250 × 18 = 22 500 kg m/s
C: = 1500 × 15 = 22 500 kg m/s
A is greatest because although it has the smallest mass, it has a much
larger velocity.
b i 22 500 kg m/s
ii (1500 + 650) × v = 22 500
v = 22 500/2150 = 10.5 m/s
c The crumple zone causes the change in momentum to happen over a
longer time;
This means the maximum force on the occupants is reduced;
This reduces chance of injury.
3
a WD = F × d = 800 × 170
= 136 000 J
b i P  E  (800  170)/180
t
 756 W
3
1
1
 m  v 2   950  (170/180) 2
2
2
 424 J
ii E k 
1
1
3
1
2
3
3
3
2
c work done against gravitational force; when an object is raised vertically
4
a W = F × d = 20 × 0.15
= 3.0 J
3
3
1
Ek   m  v 2
2
b
3 = 0.5 × 0.049 = v2
v2 = 122
v = 11 m/s
New AQA GCSE Science © Nelson Thornes Ltd 2011
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P2, Chapter 4
Answers
1
2
Marks
a electrons move from cloth to rod; electrons have negative charge
b positive
c repels
3
a i voltmeter
1
1
1
ii
iii variable resistor
iv
v battery/power supply
b Electric current is a flow of charge. The potential difference between two
points in a circuit is the energy transferred per unit of charge that
passes between the points.
The greater the resistance the lower the current for a given potential
difference.
3
a i 9V
ii 4 V
b i 27 Ω
ii I 
I
1
1
4
1
1
1
V
 9/27  0.33 A
R
iii 0.33 + 0.5 = 0.83 A
c
1
1
V
 9 / 0.5  18 
R
d Q = I × t = 0.5 × 120 = 60 C
e W = V × Q = 9 × 3000 = 27 000 J
4
2
1
2
3
2
3
a
b i V = I × R = 1.6 × 2 = 3.2 V
ii R 
c
V
 12 / 3  4 
I
2
3
There is a clear, balanced and detailed description of how the change in
resistance of the filament bulb occurs. The answer shows almost faultless
spelling, punctuation and grammar. It is coherent and in an organised,
logical sequence. It contains a range of appropriate or relevant specialist
terms used accurately.)
5-6
There is a description of a range of the ways in which the change in
resistance of the filament bulb occurs. There are some errors in spelling,
punctuation and grammar.The answer has some structure and
3-4
New AQA GCSE Science © Nelson Thornes Ltd 2011
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P2, Chapter 4
Answers
Marks
organisation. The use of specialist terms has been attempted, but not
always accurately.
There is a brief description of at least two ways in which the change in
resistance of the fi lament bulb occurs, which has little clarity and detail.
The spelling, punctuation and grammar are very weak. The answer is
poorly organised with almost no specialist terms and/or their use
demonstrating a general lack of understanding of their meaning.
1-2
No relevant content. (0 marks)
Examples of physics points made in response:
•
as the voltage increases, the current increases
•
this increases the collisions between electrons and ions
•
•
the ions vibrate with a greater amplitude
and this increases the temperature
•
and the resistance.
New AQA GCSE Science © Nelson Thornes Ltd 2011
2
P2, Chapter 5
Answers
1
2
Marks
a Too many plugs in one socket. The current may be too large in the socket
and cause a fire.
b The cable has been repaired with tape. This tape could come off and
leave a bare live wire.
c A knife is being pushed into the toaster. The knife may touch the live
heating element inside the toaster and the person could be electrocuted.
d green and yellow
e electrical conductor
f 0 volts
g Residual Current Circuit Breaker
a i 3A
ii P = I × V = 0.26 × 230
= 59.8 W
iii Q = I × t = 0.26 × 3600 = 936 C
P
b i I   1150/230  5 A
V
ii 13 A
c E = P × t = 1150 × 30 × 60
= 2.1 MJ
d There is a clear, balanced and detailed description of how the fuse and
earth wire together protect the wiring of the circuit. The answer shows
almost faultless spelling, punctuation and grammar. It is coherent and in
an organised, logical sequence. It contains a range of appropriate or
relevant specialist terms used accurately.
There is a description of how the fuse and earth wire together protect the
wiring of the circuit. There are some errors in spelling, punctuation and
grammar. The answer has some structure and organisation. The use of
specialist terms has been attempted, but not always accurately.
There is a brief description of how the fuse and earth wire together protect
the wiring of the circuit, which has little clarity and detail. The spelling,
punctuation and grammar are very weak. The answer is poorly organised
with almost no specialist terms and/or their use demonstrating a general
lack of understanding of their meaning.
No relevant content.
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
2
1
3
5-6
3-4
1-2
0
Examples of physics points made in response:
•
a fault may cause the live wire to touch the metal casing
•
the metal casing is connected to the earth wire
•
a large current will flow through the live wire to earth
•
•
due to the low resistance of the earth wire
the large current will blow the fuse which is in the live wire
•
this disconnects the circuit
New AQA GCSE Science © Nelson Thornes Ltd 2011
1
P2, Chapter 5
Answers
•
3
4
Marks
which prevents the circuit being damaged by the large current.
E
 420 000/230  1826 C
V
b t  E  420 000/2 200
P
 191 seconds
3
a The trace goes above and below the central line (positive and negative).
b 4 or 4.1 V
c i 0.04 seconds
I
ii Frequency   1/0.04  25 Hz
t
d A horizontal line on the third division below the centre.
1
1
1
a
Q
New AQA GCSE Science © Nelson Thornes Ltd 2011
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2
2
2
P2, Chapter 6
Answers
1
2
3
Marks
a Particles shown by the symbol x in the diagram are called electrons.
They orbit the nucleus of an atom. This is made up of protons and
neutrons. Protons have a positive charge. This diagram shows the
nuclear model of the atom which replaced the plum pudding model.
b more (or fewer) electrons
c 12
d 6
e same number of protons (it is also carbon); same number of electrons; 2
more neutrons (carbon-14, a different isotope of carbon)
6
a Sample 1: alpha, beta and gamma
Sample 2: alpha and gamma
Sample 3: alpha and beta
b Two protons and two neutrons; helium nucleus
c Gamma, beta, alpha
d i alpha particle has positive charge, beta particle has negative charge.
Positive plate further away so beta more deflected.
ii gamma particles have no charge
iii absorbed by air particles
3
a i 99
ii 44
iii 0
iv -1
There is a clear, balanced and detailed description of the reasons why
cobalt-60 is not used as a medical tracer in humans and why technetium99 is used. The answer shows almost faultless spelling, punctuation and
grammar. It is coherent and in an organised, logical sequence. It
contains a range of appropriate or relevant specialist terms used
accurately.
1
1
1
3
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
5-6
There is a description of a range of the main reasons why cobalt-60 is
not used as a medical tracer in humans and why technetium-99 is. There
are some errors in spelling, punctuation and grammar. The answer has
some structure and organisation. The use of specialist terms has been
attempted, but not always accurately.
3-4
There is a brief description of at least one reason why cobalt-60 is not
used as a medical tracer in humans or why technetium-99 is, which has
little clarity and detail. The spelling, punctuation and grammar are very
weak. The answer is poorly organised with almost no specialist terms
and/or their use demonstrating a general lack of understanding of their
meaning.
No relevant content.
1-2
New AQA GCSE Science © Nelson Thornes Ltd 2011
0
1
P2, Chapter 6
Answers
Marks
Examples of physics points made in response:
•
half-life (of cobalt) is longer than necessary
•
and could cause harm long after diagnosis
•
ionising power of cobalt is much higher
•
and could damage cells unnecessarily
•
•
half-life of technetium-99 is short enough to limit harm/risk
but long enough to allow detection (before the count rate falls
significantly)
•
the low ionising power reduces harm/risk to a minimum.
4
New AQA GCSE Science © Nelson Thornes Ltd 2011
2
P2, Chapter 7
Answers
1
2
3
Marks
3
a
b Plutonium-239 (Pu-239)
c i Carbon dioxide
ii It can have a very long half-life.
iii One advantage from: land not used; no visual pollution; rocks shield
surface from radiation; security
One disadvantage from: more difficult to monitor or repair containers;
expensive
iv Any suitable explanation, for example: not all countries have enough
wind; wind doesn’t blow all the time; not enough suitable sites for wind
farms.
d i Any two benefits from the following: safer than nuclear fission;
accidents that release large amounts of radioactive substances are not
possible; large amounts of power could be generated to meet
increasing world demand; no greenhouse gases; very little waste; fuel
is abundant.
ii Any two of the following objections: expensive to research and
develop; a working power station may be 20 to 50 years away;
investment into renewables or making current methods safer and
cleaner may be a better solution.
1
1
1
1
2
a The Sun’s energy is produced by nuclear fusion. This is where atomic
nuclei join to form a larger one.
b hydrogen
c VV Cephei has a greater mass than Betelgeuse. So the gravitational force
on VV Cephei is larger (and the star continues to collapse).
d A main sequence star/a star during its
stable period.
e i gravitational force
ii Star B is about to collapse.
iii Fusion stops, or is reduced, as the fuel (e.g. hydrogen) is used up.
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
There is a clear, balanced and detailed description of the formation of the
solar system and why it contains elements heavier than iron. The answer
shows almost faultless spelling, punctuation and grammar. It is coherent
and in an organised, logical sequence. It contains a range of appropriate or
relevant specialist terms used accurately.
5-6
There is a description of the formation of the solar system and possibly
why it contains elements heavier than iron. There are some errors in
spelling, punctuation and grammar. The answer has some structure and
organisation. The use of specialist terms has been attempted, but not
3-4
New AQA GCSE Science © Nelson Thornes Ltd 2011
1
P2, Chapter 7
Answers
Marks
always accurately.
There is a brief description of either the formation of the solar system or
why it contains elements heavier than iron. There is little clarity and detail.
The spelling, punctuation and grammar are very weak. The answer is
poorly organised with almost no specialist terms and/or their use
demonstrating a general lack of understanding of their meaning.
No relevant content.
Examples of physics points made in response:
• the Sun/solar system formed when enough dust
• and enough gas
• were pulled together by gravitational attraction
• smaller masses/planets also formed due to gravitational attraction
• and were attracted to the larger mass/Sun
• elements heavier than iron are formed in supernovae
• the Sun/solar system is formed from gas/dust from supernovae
• the Sun is a second generation star.
New AQA GCSE Science © Nelson Thornes Ltd 2011
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0
2