LectureTopics
SOLAR PVFOR ARCHITECTS &ENGINEERS
Lecture#1:
SOLARPVBASICS
Lecturer,
Written/Checked:
Version:
Company:
1. SolarSystemTypes
2. PVSystemComponents(BOS)
3. PVRackingSystems
4. PVElectricalSystemDesign
5. Quiz
GregSachs,PE
CTO
30Sept2009
EmPowerCES,LLC
CleanEnergySolutions
CleanEnergySolutions
7Feb10
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TYPES,PhotoVoltaic
1. Conversion:
SolarRadiation>
MovingElectrons
(Electricity)
2. SolarPVistheFocusof
thisPresentation
3. Shownisthe
"PhotovoltaicEffect"
HarnessingEnergyfromtheSun
SOLARENERGYSYSTEMTYPES
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3
– Generatesapprox0.5
volts
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TYPES,PhotoVoltaic
TYPES,Thermal
1. Conversion:
SolarRadiation>
MovingElectrons
(Electricity)
2. SolarPVistheFocusof
thisPresentation
3. Shownisthe
"PhotovoltaicEffect"
1. SolarHotWater
2. Conversion:
SolarRadiation>
ThermalEnergy
3. TypicalCollectors
– EvacuatedTubes
– FlatPlateCollectors
– Generatesapprox0.5
volts
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TYPES,ConcentratedSolar
1. ThermalorPV
2. CollectorTypes
– ParabolicTrough
– Heliostats
"BalanceofSystem" BOS
PVSYSTEMCOMPONENTS
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BOS,PVProducts&Applications
BOS,PVProducts&Applications
1. ClassificationbyCrystal
Type
1. ClassificationbyCrystal
Type
2. RigidModules
– MonoCrystalline
– PolyCrystalline
– Amorphous
– MonoorPolyCrystalline
– Approximate3'x5'
– Produceapproximately
12W/SF
– Manymanufacturers
2. RigidModules
3. Thinfilm(glazing,rolls)
4. BuildingIntegrated
Photovoltaics(BIPV)
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3. Thinfilm(glazing,rolls)
4. BuildingIntegrated
Photovoltaics(BIPV)
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BOS,PVProducts&Applications
BOS,PVProducts&Applications
1. ClassificationbyCrystal
Type
2. RigidModules
3. Thinfilm(glazing,rolls)
1. ClassificationbyCrystal
Type
2. RigidModules
3. Thinfilm(glazing,rolls)
4. BuildingIntegrated
Photovoltaics(BIPV)
– Usedwhenthereis
plentyofroofspace
– Notthatcommoninthe
NYmarket
– Typicallyreplacesa
buildingmaterial
– Generallycustommade
– FirstSolar,GE,Sanyo,
SunSlate,UniSolar
4. BuildingIntegrated
Photovoltaics(BIPV)
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BOS,Inverters
BOS,Inverters
1. Definition:Inverter
1. Definition:Inverter
2. "GridTied"
(Mosttypical)
2. "GridTied"
(Mosttypical)
3. OffGrid(Battery)
3. OffGrid(Battery)
– ConvertshighvoltageDCinto
AC
– ConvertshighvoltageDCinto
AC
– Typical~450VDC to
240/120VAC (splitph)
– Contains(a)"HBridge",(b)
Filter,(c)Transformer
– ResidentialRange3kWto
7kW
– Converts~450VDCto
240/120VAC(splitph)
– Contains(a)"HBridge",(b)
Filter,(c)Transformer
– ResidentialRange3kWto
7kW
– Convertsbatterybankvoltage
toAC
– Typically12/24/48Vto
240/120VAC
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– Convertsbatterybankvoltage
toAC
– Typically12/24/48Vto
240/120VAC
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BOS,Inverters
BOS,ChargeController
1. Definition:Inverter
1. Definition:
DC/DCController
– ConvertshighvoltageDCinto
AC
2. "GridTied"
(Mosttypical)
– Convertmediumvoltage
DCtolowvoltageDC
– Asbefore,12/24/48VDC
– Typical~450VDC to
240/120VAC (splitph)
– Contains(a)"HBridge",(b)
Filter,(c)Transformer
– ResidentialRange3kWto
7kW
2. SmallController
(Lighting)
– Lightingcontrollers
– Requiresmallbattery
– Commontypes
3. OffGrid(Battery)
– Convertsbatterybankvoltage
toAC
– Typically12/24/48Vto
240/120VAC
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BOS,ChargeController
BOS,OCPDDevices
1. Definition:
DC/DCController
1. DCDisconnect
2. InverterOutput
Breakers
3. ACDisconnect
(UtilityRequired)
– Usedtoconvertmedium
voltageDCtolow
voltageDC
– Asbefore,12/24/28VDC
2. SmallController
(Lighting)
– Lightingcontrollers
– Requiresmallbattery
– Commontypes
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BOS,Meters&Monitoring
BOS,Meters&Monitoring
1. Importanceof
monitoring
production
1. Importanceofmonitoring
production
2. "RevenueGrade"
2. "RevenueGrade"
3. TypicalMeter
Socket
4. Prepackaged
"Solutions"
3. TypicalMeterSocket
4. Prepackaged"Solutions"
– Isthesystem
running?
– Istheproduction
asdesigned?
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– +/ 0.2%Accuracy
– Usedtoaccurately
measureenergyproduced
– "PerformanceBased"
incentives,FeedInTariff
(FIT),SREC,GreenTags
– PowerPurchase
Agreement(PPA)
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BOS,Meters&Perf.Monitoring
BOS,Meters&Perf.Monitoring
1. Importanceof
monitoringproduction
2. "RevenueGrade"
3. TypicalMeterSocket
1. Importanceof
monitoringproduction
2. "RevenueGrade"
3. TypicalMeterSocket
4. Prepackaged
"Solutions"
– TypicalAnalogMeter
– DigitalMeteringSystems
4. Prepackaged
"Solutions"
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– "FatSpaniel"
– Draker Laboratories
– Comeswithinverter
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BOS,Racking
1. Manytypes
2. Worthyofseparate
section....
MeansofSecuringPVtoStructureorGround
RACKING/MOUNTINGSYSTEMS
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RACKING,Residential
RACKING,Residential
1. Rail&LBracket
1. TypicalRail&LFoot
2. Considerations
–
–
–
–
UniRac,DPW,Schott
Topclips
Bottomclips
Capstrip
–
–
–
–
2. Considerations
3. Newtypes
4. CustomSystems
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Heightoffroof
Attachmentmethod
"Pullout"integrity
Watertightintegrity
3. Newtypes
4. CustomSystems
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RACKING,Residential
RACKING,Commercial
1. TypicalRail&LFoot
2. Considerations
3. Newtypes
1. KeyClassification
– Ballasted
(NonPenetrating)
– Anchored
(Penetrating)
– SharpSystem
– UniRac "ClickSys"
2. Examples
3. Pro's&Con's
4. CustomSystems
– Usedaslastresort
– Requiresengineering
– Nottestedasacomplete
system
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RACKING,Commercial
RACKING,Commercial
1. KeyClassification
1. KeyClassification
2. Examples
– Ballasted
(NonPenetrating)
– Anchored
(Penetrating)
– Ballasted
– Anchored
– Hybrid
2. Examples
3. Pro's&Con's
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3. Pro's&Con's
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RACKING,Commercial,Ballasted
RACKING,Commercial, Anchored
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RACKING,Commercial, Hybrid
RACKING,Commercial
1. KeyClassification
2. Examples
3. Pro's(+)&Con's()
– Ballasted
• (+)Doesn'tpenetrateroofingmembrane
• (+)LeastExpensive
• ()Heavy
• ()Collectionofleaves,etc.
– Anchored
– Hybrid
• Canlessenamountofballastperpointof
interconnection
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RACKING,Commercial
RACKING,Commercial
1. KeyClassification
2. Examples
3. Pro's&Con's
1. KeyClassification
2. Examples
3. Pro's&Con's
– Ballasted
– Anchored
• (+)Canbeestheticallypleasing
• (+)Elevatedarrayhasasmallfootprint
• ()Morecomplicated
• ()Moreexpensive
– Hybrid
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– Ballasted
– Anchored
– Hybrid
• (+)Usedtoreduceballast
• ()Complicatedinstallation
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ELECT,BasicResidentialSchematic
ManagingRenewableElectricity
SystemComponents:
1. PVStrings(DC)
2. RooftopJunctionBox
3. "CombinerBox"
4. "DCDisconnect"
BASICPVELECTRICALSYSTEM
DESIGN
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5.
6.
7.
8.
38
Inverter
"ACDisconnect“
PVProductionMeter
GridInterconnection
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ELECT,ModuleEnergyProduction
ELECT,ModuleEnergyProduction
1. ModulePerformance
Standards
1. ModuleProduction
Standards
2. Assemblingthearray
– "StandardTestConditions"
(STC),Celltemp25°C
– "ProductionTest
Conditions"(PTC),Cell
tempapprox50°C
– Voltagesaddinseries
– Currentaddsinparallel
– Maximizemodulesin
seriesfirstthanseries
circuitsinparallel
2. Assemblingthearray
3. Power=Volts*Current
4. Energy=Power*Time
5. Solarconditionsaffect
productionthroughout
theday
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3. Power=Volts*Current
4. Energy=Power*Time
5. Solarconditionsaffect
productionthroughout
theday
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ELECT,ModuleEnergyProduction
ELECT,ModuleEnergyProduction
1. ModuleProduction
Standards
2. Assemblingthearray
3. Power=Volts*Current
4. Energy=Power*Time
1. Module
Production
Standards
2. Assemblingthe
array
3. Power=Volts*
Current
4. Energy=Power*
Time
5. Solarconditions
affectproduction
throughoutthe
day
–
–
–
–
100Wattbulb=0.1kW
Onfor10hours
Or1hr,1kW,etc.
MeasureofENERGY
5. Solarconditionsaffect
productionthroughout
theday
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ELECT,ArraySizing
ELECT,ArraySizing
1. Mainconsiderations
1. Mainconsiderations
2. SolarInsolence
– Energyusage
– Availableroofarea
– Incentives
– EarthSurfaceExpected
– Alteredbasedonpitch&
orientation
– Concept:SunHours
2. SolarInsolence
3. MatchingSystemSizeto
EnergyUsage
4. Thumbrules
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3. MatchingSystemSizeto
EnergyUsage
4. Thumbrules
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ELECT,ArraySizing
ELECT,ArraySizing
1. Mainconsiderations
2. SolarInsolence
3. MatchingSystemSizeto
EnergyUsage
1. Mainconsiderations
2. SolarInsolence
3. MatchingSystemSizeto
EnergyUsage
4. Thumbrules
– EquatingSunHoursto
AnnualProduction
– Dividetotalconsumption
togetrequiredsystem
size
– TypicalhomeinAmerica
uses12,000kWh/Year
– A10kWsystematideal
pitchandorientationwill
produce12,000kWh/Year
– 80SF=1kW(contiguous
array)
4. Thumbrules
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ELECT,NetMetering
ELECT,NetMetering
1. Energyisnotstored ina
typicalgridtied
installation
2. Twowaypower
3. ImportantConcept:
"AntiIslanding"
(UL1741)
1. Energyisnotstored ina
typicalgridtied
installation
2. Twowaypower
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– Supplementalenergy
requiredfromthegrid
(meterspinforward)
– Excesssolarenergy
suppliedtothegrid
(meterspinbackward)
3. ImportantConcept:
"AntiIslanding"(UL1741)
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ELECT,NetMetering
ELECT,OffGridSystems
1. Energyisnotstored ina
typicalgridtied
installation
2. Twowaypower
3. ImportantConcept:
"AntiIslanding"
(UL1741)
1. Designedtooperate
withoutelectricalgrid
2. PVEnergysenttolarge
batterybankbycharge
controller
3. DCBatteryenergy
convertedtoACon
demand
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QUIZ
1. Q1:Whatarethethreecrystaltypesusedinsolar
photovoltaics?Whatarethepros&consofeach?
2. Q2:Whatarethetwogeneralcommercialracking
methods?Listtheprosandconsforeach.
3. Q3:Define"NetMetering"&howitdifferswithan
offgridsystem.
4. Q4:Describetheeffectsofaddingmodulesinseries
and/orparalleltoanarray.
TestingYourKnowledge
POPQUIZ
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QUIZ
5. Q5:DoesatypicalPVsystemsupplypowerthehome
whenthereisablackout?Whyorwhynot?What
governstheserules?
6. Q6:Whatisrevenuegrademeteringandwhenmight
itbemoreimportanttouserevenuegrade
metering?
7. Q7:WhattoSTC andPTC standfor?Describehow
eacharedetermined.
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Lecture#2:
ENGINEERING&ARCHITECTURE
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1. GuidelinesforArchitects
– General“bestpractice”designrules(residential&
commercial)
– MEP provisionsanddesign
2. GuidelinesforEngineers
GregSachs,PE
CTO
30Sept2009
EmPowerCES,LLC
CleanEnergySolutions
1
7Feb10
LectureTopics
SOLAR PVFOR ARCHITECTS &ENGINEERS
Lecturer,
Written/Checked:
Version:
Company:
Q&A
–
–
–
–
–
–
Clean Energy Solutions
7Feb10
Typicalresponsibilities
Residentialandcommercial
Structuralguidelines
Electricalguidelines
Roofingissues
Contractorselection
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SURVEY!
1. HowmanyArchitectsinAudience?
– ResidentialFocus?
– CommercialFocus?
2. HowmanyEngineersinAudience?
– Electrical?
– Plumbing?
– Other?
Designing"SolarReady"Homes
ARCHITECTS:RESIDENTIAL
3. OtherDisciplinesRepresented?
– GeneralContractors?
– SolarContractors?
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A:RESI,GeneralGuidelines
A:RESI,GeneralGuidelines
1. Orientation
1. Orientation
2. Pitch
– 180deg'True'south
– Nottobeconfused
withMagneticSouth
– Latitudeangle=
Theoreticalmax
irradiation
eg.40°39‘forNYC.
– 33° (8:12)=Ideal
– Lat+15° =maxwinter
– Lat15° =maxsummer
2. Pitch
3. RoofDesign
4. Shading
5. RoofFraming
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3. RoofDesign
4. Shading
5. RoofFraming
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A:RESI,GeneralGuidelines
A:RESI,GeneralGuidelines
1. Orientation
2. Pitch
3. RoofDesign
1. Orientation
2. Pitch
3. RoofDesign
4. ShadingIssues
– Affectssystem
aesthetics
– Avoidmultiangled
surfaces
– Avoidobstructions
(chimneys,vents,
antennas)
– Avoidhardshadingfrom
solidstructures
(chimneys,vents&
otherroofsurfaces)
– Minimizesoftshading
(treeshardwoods)
4. Shading
5. RoofFraming
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5. RoofFraming
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A:RESI,GeneralGuidelines
A:RESI,MEPGuidelines
1. Orientation
2. Pitch
3. RoofDesign
4. Shading
5. RoofFraming
1. Locationofelectrical&
plumbingequipment
– Inverterlocation?
– Conduit&piperuns?
– Consultwithsolar
integrator
– Assessmentofexisting
conditions(requiresvisual
inspection)
– Loadanalysis
– Assescoderequirements
– Mayneedextra
bracing/reinforcements
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2. Inverterplacement
guidelines
3. Preparingforrunfrom
rooforarraylocation
4. Preparingforelectrical
interconnection
5. Solarhotwaterstorage
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A:RESI,MEPGuidelines
A:RESI,MEPGuidelines
1. Preparingforelectrical&
plumbingequipment
2. Inverterplacement
guidelines
1. Preparingforelectrical&
plumbingequipment
2. Inverterplacement
guidelines
3. Preparingforrunfromroof
orarraylocation
– Typicallyoutside—notin
directsunlight(northside)
– Meetcoderequirements
(accessibility)
– Usedcommonsense(Not
nearaHVACcondenser)
– Provideapipechase
– Issueswithrunning
internally–needtoaccess
wallinterior(ripoutdrywall)
– Routingonroof(aesthetics)
– Minimizerun(energyloss)
3. Preparingforrunfromroof
orarraylocation
4. Preparingforelectrical
interconnection
5. Solarhotwaterstorage
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4. Preparingforelectrical
interconnection
5. Solarhotwaterstorage
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A:RESI,MEPGuidelines
A:RESI,MEPGuidelines
1. Preparingforelectrical&
plumbingequipment
2. Inverterplacement
guidelines
3. Preparingforrunfrom
rooforarraylocation
4. Preparingforelectrical
interconnection
1. Preparingforelectrical&
plumbingequipment
2. Inverterplacement
guidelines
3. Preparingforrunfrom
rooforarraylocation
4. Preparingforelectrical
interconnection
5. Solarhotwaterstorage
– Leaveroominelectric
panelforbackfed
breakers
– Leavespaceadjacentto
panelforadditionalpanel
– Typicalresidentialheater
is4060gal
– SHW storageis80gal
– Runningpipingismore
challengingthanelectrical
5. Solarhotwaterstorage
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A:RESI,PhotoExamples
1. Describeyourkey
observationswitheach
ofthefollowing
installation
photographs...
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A:RESI,Relationw/GreenBuilding
1. ZeroEnergyHomes
– Solarispartofamuchbigger
picture
– “WholeSystems”approachis
key
– SolarDecathlon—good
exampleofintegrated
approach
2. EnergyStar
– DOE Programfadingout
3. LEED
– Morestringentthanenergy
star
– Recentlyincreasedexam
difficultylevel
ARCHITECTS:COMMERCIAL
4. EnergyCodes
– State,NYC,Town
– ASHRAE 189.1(greenbldgstd)
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A:COMM,MarketPerspective
A:COMM,MiscIssues
1. ItstartswithYOU
2. Buildingamarketin
NY/LIsinceJan1,2009
3. Developedmarketsin
CA,NJ(SREC)
4. Totalinstalled7MW
5. TypicalPowerPlant
200MW
6. Warehouses/Large
roofsbestopportunity
(NotManhattan)
1. BIPV Vs.StandardModules
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– Complicateswiring
– Requiresmultipledisciplines
– Producesmuchlesspower(1/4)
2. EstimatingProduction
– Keyquestionformanyprojects
– Notstraightforwardthumbrule
3. EnlistagoodMEP early!
– Vitaltosuccessofcommercial
project
– NotmanyMEP firmshavespecific
PVexperience
– Solarcontractorshouldtakepartin
conceptualdesign
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E:SOW,EarlyDesign&Bidding
1. Workingcloselywith
architects&owners
2. Basicrooflayout&
makingbuildings"Solar
Ready"
3. Writingbidspecs
4. Reviewingproposals
TypicalEngineer"ScopeofWork"(SOW)
ENGINEER:
TYPICALRESPONSIBILITIES
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E:SOW,StructuralDesign
E:SOW,StructuralDesign
1. MODULELIFTOFF
Ensuretheracking
and/ortiedownis
sufficienttoprevent
modulesfromflyingoff
theroof
2. ROOF
COLLAPSE/FAILURE
1. MODULELIFTOFF
2. ROOF
COLLAPSE/FAILURE
Ensuringthestructureis
sufficienttowithstand
theforcesexertedbythe
solarequipment
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E:SOW,StructuralDesign
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E:SOW,ElectricalDesign
NOTE:
StructuralendorsementistypicallyrequiredbyAHJ
forIssuingabldgpermit.
1. PV,DCPowerCollection
– Module"Stringing"
– Array&CombinerBox
placement
– Wireselection,etc
2. ACInterconnection
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E:SOW,ElectricalDesign
E:SOW,ElectricalDesign
1. PV,DCPowerCollection
2. ACInterconnection
NOTE:
ElectricalendorsementTypicallynot requiredbyAHJ
onLongIsland.
– Inverterselection
– Methodof'tiein'
– Panel/Switchgear
Impacts
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E:RESI,KeyIssues
1. RecallTwoRequirements...
– "LiftOff"
– "RoofCollapse/Failure"
2. LiftOff
– Racking frequentlystamped
byPEinthatstatebythe
manufacturer(i.e.,UniRac)
– Mustbeinstalledto
"manufacturerguidelines/
specifications"
– ONLYCOVERSRACKING
INTEGRITY,NOTROOF!
Requirementsforthetypicalresidential"solarjob".
ENGINEER:RESIDENTIAL
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3. RoofCollapse/Failure
4. ElectricalInterconnection
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E:RESI,KeyIssues
E:RESI,KeyIssues
1. RecallTwo
Requirements...
2. LiftOff
3. RoofCollapse/Failure
1. RecallTwo
Requirements...
2. LiftOff
3. RoofCollapse/Failure
4. ElectricalInterconnection
– YourResponsibility!
– Mustunderstandthe
rackingforce
interactions
– Shouldreviewintegrator
selectedlocationoftie
downs
– Lookspecificallyatrafter
capacity
– Lookatintegrityofroof
structuralsystem
– Typicallydonebyasolar
knowledgeableelectrician
/solarcontractor
– Detailedinterconnection/
PEstamptypicallynot
required
4. Electrical
Interconnection
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E:COMM,Orientation&Obstructions
1. Building/SolarSystem
Orientation
– OnflatroofsPVmodules
aretypicallyoriented
paralleltoroofsides
– SeasawPVarraylayout
ismorecomplicatedto
install
2. RooftopMechanical
Equipment
3. ParapetShading
LargeScaleSolar,etc.
ENGINEER:COMMERCIAL
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Tilt Azimuth SunHrs ACProd. %Loss
32
180
4.58
1225
0%
32
90
3.73
974
19%
32
270
3.70
960
19%
0
NA
4.00
1050
13%
90
90
2.37
586
48%
90
180
3.09
798
33%
90
270
2.33
572
49%
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E:COMM,Orientation&Obstructions
E:COMM,Orientation&Obstructions
1. Building/SolarSystem
Orientation
2. RooftopMechanical
Equipment
1. Building/SolarSystem
Orientation
2. RooftopMechanical
Equipment
3. ParapetShading
– ForpitchedroofslocateRTUs
onnorthsideofroof
– ForflatroofsgroupRTUs on
northsideofroof(minimize
shading)
– Considerreductionor
eliminationofparapet
3. ParapetShading
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E:COMM,Orientation&Obstructions
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E:COMM,BasicElectrical
1. Firststeps
NOTE:
Commercialsitesare
often“ruined”by
amountofequipment
onroof
– CreateabasicDCelectrical
design
– EvaluateACinterconnection
requirements
– Evaluateinvertertypes
– Enlisttheassistanceofa
knowledgeableSolar
Integrator
– Stepthroughthe
implications
2. CommonMistakes
3. Provisionsforelectricalruns
&interconnection
4. ElectricalCapacityPlanning
5. Moduletypesusedin
commercial
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E:COMM,BasicElectrical
E:COMM,BasicElectrical
1. Firststeps
2. CommonMistakes
1. Firststeps
2. CommonMistakes
3. Provisionsforelectricalruns
&interconnection
– Notbalancingstrings
properly!
– Mustalwaysmaintain
propercombinationof
seriesandparallelstrings
ateach“combiner”
location
– Challengingto“coredrill”
bulkheadsandfloorstoget
toswitchgearroom,etc
– Leavechaseforplumbing
andelectricalfromroofto
electricalroomand
mechanicalroom
3. Provisionsforelectrical
runs&interconnection
4. ElectricalCapacity
Planning
5. Moduletypesusedin
commercial
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4. ElectricalCapacityPlanning
5. Moduletypesusedin
commercial
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E:COMM,BasicElectrical
E:COMM,BasicElectrical
1. Firststeps
2. CommonMistakes
3. Provisionsforelectricalruns
&interconnection
4. ElectricalCapacityPlanning
1. Firststeps
2. CommonMistakes
3. Provisionsforelectricalruns
&interconnection
4. ElectricalCapacityPlanning
5. Moduletypesusedin
commercial
– Rigidpanelsmost
common
– BIPV popularinsome
instances(e.g.glasswall
curtain)
– Amorphousroofing
material
– Leaveextraphysicalspace
forinverter/s(preferably
indoors)
– Planforextraelectrical
capacity
– Inverterplacementmuch
morechallengingthan
residential
5. Moduletypesusedin
commercial
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E:COMM,Structural– Wind
E:COMM,Structural– Wind
1. Asbefore,"ModuleLift
Off"or"TearAway"
2. BasicCalculations
1. Asbefore,"ModuleLift
Off"or"TearAway"
2. BasicCalculations
3. RackingSolution
– Drag
– Uplift
– Overturning
– Ballasted(paversused)
– Physicallysecuredto
roofstructure
3. RackingSolution
4. WindCalculationsby
ASCE
5. WindTunnelTesting
7Feb10
4. WindCalculationsby
ASCE
5. WindTunnelTesting
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E:COMM,Structural– Wind
E:COMM,Structural– Wind
1. Asbefore,"ModuleLift
Off"or"TearAway"
2. BasicCalculations
3. RackingSolution
1. Asbefore,"ModuleLift
Off"or"TearAway"
2. BasicCalculations
3. RackingSolution
4. WindCalculationsby
ASCE
– Ballasted(paversused)
– Physicallysecuredto
roofstructure
– ASCE 705general
authority
– SeeComponents&
Claddingsection
4. WindCalculationsby
ASCE
5. WindTunnelTesting
7Feb10
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5. WindTunnelTesting
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E:COMM,Structural– Wind
E:COMM,GeneralRoofIssues
1. Asbefore,"ModuleLiftOff"
or"TearAway"
2. BasicCalculations
3. RackingSolution
4. WindCalculationsbyASCE
5. WindTunnelTesting
1. Age/Conditionofroof
– Pooling
– Remainingusefullife
2. Typeofmembrane
–
–
–
–
– ASCE allowsfortunnel
testing
– Resultsmustbe"Certified"
– Whoisliableintheeventof
liftoff/tearaway?
7Feb10
Builtup
TPO (white)
EPDM
Ballasted
3. Typeofattachment
(preventionofbillowing)
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E:COMM,GeneralRoofIssues
E:COMM,Structural– RoofIntegrity
1. Age/Conditionofroof
2. Typeofmembrane
3. Typeofattachment
(preventionof
"billowing")
1. UseinputbasedonWind
Calculations
2. AccountingforSnow
Loading,“Drifting”
effectsandotherfactors
3. Structuralanchors
(columnextensions)
4. Extraroofcapacity(Dead
Loadforevenly
distributedballast
systems)
– pressuredifference
betweenbuildinginterior
andexterior,causingroof
membranetoriseup
“billow”
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E:COMM,Structural– RoofIntegrity
E:COMM,AdvancedElectrical
1. UseinputbasedonWind
Calculations
2. AccountingforSnow
Loading,“Drifting”
effectsandotherfactors
3. Structuralanchors
(columnextensions)
4. Extraroofcapacity(Dead
Loadforevenly
distributedballast
systems)
1. TypesofInverter
Arrangements
7Feb10
– Singlethreephase
inverter
– Multipleinverters
connectedinadelta
fashion(maynotbe
exactlybalanced)
2. ServiceTransformer
InterconnectionIssues
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E:COMM,AdvancedElectrical
E:COMM,AdvancedElectrical
1. TypesofInverter
Arrangements
2. ServiceTransformer
InterconnectionIssues
1. TypesofInverter
Arrangements
2. ServiceTransformer
InterconnectionIssues
– Needtodetermine
whethertheservice
transformerhasadelta
woundorWYE wound
primary
– Preapprovalformwith
LIPAshouldbefiled(See
procedureonLISEIA
websitewww.LISEIA.org)
7Feb10
Clean Energy Solutions
– Needtodetermine
whethertheservice
transformerhasadelta
woundorwye wound
primary
– Preapprovalformwith
LIPAshouldbefiled(See
procedureonLISEIA
websitewww.LISEIA.org)
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E:COMM,OtherConsiderations
E:COMM,Specs&Bidding
1. Importanceof
"Performance
Monitoring"
2. “RevenueGrade”
Monitoring
3. IntegratingSystem
monitoringwithBMS
orEMS
1. SubcontractingChallenges
7Feb10
– NaturallyGCwillopttowork
withElectricalContractor
– ManyElectricalContractorsare
notfamiliarwithPV
– Result=subcontractingtothe
2nd degree
2. OurRecommendation
3. Fewtrulyfamiliarwith
territory
4. TradeCrossover
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E:COMM,Specs&Bidding
E:COMM,Specs&Bidding
1. SubcontractingChallenges
2. OurRecommendation:
Ownershouldseekbids
fromPVIntegrators
/Contractorsdirectly,notvia
ElectricalContractor(QBS)
3. Fewtrulyfamiliarwith
territory
4. TradeCrossover
1. SubcontractingChallenges
2. OurRecommendation
3. Fewtrulyfamiliarwith
territory
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– "Everybody"enteringthe
solarfieldnowdays
– IE,electricalcontractorwith
noexperienceofferingtodo
solar
4. TradeCrossover
– Notjustonetrade
– SpecializedElectrical
interconnection
– Structural/IronWork
– AddedcomplicationsinNYC
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QUIZ
1. Q1:Whataretotwokeyissuesthestructural
professionalengineermustensurewhenassessinga
PVsystem?
2. Q2:Whatarethethreebasictypesofwindeffects
whichshouldbeexaminedbythePE?
3. Q3:Whatarethekeyimpedimentstoinstallingsolar
(massadoption)onexistingresidential homes?
4. Q4:Whatistheoptimalangleofinstallingmodules
inNewYork?Howmightyouadjustthetiltanglefor
optimizingproductionforwinterorsummer
production?
TestingYourKnowledge
POPQUIZ
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QUIZ
5. Q5:Define"Billowing"andwhatitsimpactsmightbe
onasolararray.Whatmustbedonetopreventit?
6. Q6:Whatdoyouthinkarethemostcommon
impedimentstoadoptionofsolaroncommercial
structures?Whatmustyoudotopreventthem?
7. Q7:WherecanyoufindprocedurestoassessAC
interconnection&LIPApermittingprocess?
8. Q8:Approximatelyhowmuchproductioncapacity
(inpercent)islostwhenmodulesareinstalledflat,
asopposedto33degrees?
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Q&A
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SOLAR PVFOR ARCHITECTS &ENGINEERS
Lecture#3:
CASESTUDIES&EXAMPLES
Lecturer,
Written/Checked:
Version:
Company:
GregSachs,PE
CTO
30Sept2009
EmPowerCES,LLC
CleanEnergySolutions
Atypicalsystemforyourhome
RESIDENTIALELECTRICALPV
SYSTEMDESIGN
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RESIPV,BasicSizing(1/4)
RESIPV,BasicDCSystemDesign(2/4)
1. Determinepitch&orientationofroof
2. Measurespaceavailableformodules
3. SelectaPVmodulesquantity&orientation
4. EstimatePVProduction(usingPVWatts)
5. Forexistinghomesdetermineannualenergy
offsetfromLIPAbill
1. Selectinvertermodel
2. Determinemaximumnumberofmodulesper
inverter
3. Assessvoltage&currentoptions
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– WWWbasedcalculatoravailableformanyinverters
4. Assessbasicelectricalissues
– Locationofjunctionboxes
– Conductor&ConduitSizing
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RESIPV,BasicACInterconnection(3/4)
1.Determinesizeofinverterbreakers
2.DetermineiftheACpanelcanbebackfed
(120%rule)
3.Consider"Linesidetap"option
Ensuringthesystemwillnot'flyaway'
TYPICALWINDCALCULATION
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RESIPV,TypicalASCE Method(4/4)
1.BuildingClassifications
2.FactorSelection
3.CalculateVelocityPressure
4.DesignWindPressure
5.InterpretationofResults
TestingYourKnowledge
POPQUIZ
7Feb10
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7Feb10
QUIZ
1. Q1:Howmuchenergydoestheaveragehomein
Americaconsumeperyear?HowbigdoesaPV
systemgenerallyneedtobetocoverthatload?
2. Q2:WhatisatypicalDCvoltageandcurrentofa
stringofmodulescomingofftheroof?
3. Q3:Whatisatypicalupliftwindforce(inPSF)ona
solararray?Whatassumptionsmustbemadeto
arriveatthatvalue?
Q&A
7Feb10
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ContactInformation
1. GregSachs
– Besttocontactviaemail
gsachs@empowerces.com
– WorkPhone:5168373459
2. OriShmul(CoLecturer)
– Besttocontactviaemail:
mshmul@optonline.net
– WorkPhone:9175363585
CleanEnergySolutions
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