Designing a Solar Water Pumping System
Technology and Development Supervised Learning - Spring’15
by
Prudhvitej Immadi 110070054
Nidhi Desai 120010005
Akhil Manepalli 12D170002
Mayur Varade 12D170012
Ankit Jotwani 12D170023
Ramya Polineni 12D170029
Supervisors:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Purushottam Kulkarni
Jahnvi Doshi
Vikram Vijay
Abhishek Kumar Sinha
The Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
[1]
Contents
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 1ː Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 10
1.1 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................................... 10
1.2 The region in context ........................................................................................................................ 10
1.3 Why pumping systems is required? .................................................................................................. 11
1.4 Why solar pumping system? ............................................................................................................. 11
Chapter 2 – A SUCCESS STORY - AMLE ............................................................................................... 12
2.1 PROJECT ASHA – People behind the initiative .................................................................................. 12
2.1.1 VILLAGE DETAILS ................................................................................................................. 12
2.2 BEFORE & AFTER – GROUND REALITY TODAY .................................................................................. 12
2.2.1 Electricity ................................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.2 Water availability ....................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.3 Livelihood during summers ....................................................................................................... 13
2.2.4 Problems still to be addressed .................................................................................................... 13
Chapter 3 - Components ............................................................................................................................. 14
3.1 Solar panels ................................................................................................................................... 14
3.2 Controller/ solar inverter ............................................................................................................... 14
3.3 Pump ............................................................................................................................................. 14
3.4 Battery ........................................................................................................................................... 14
3.5 Pipes .............................................................................................................................................. 14
Chapter 4 - Process of Designing a solar pumping system ......................................................................... 15
4.1 - Calculating the water requirement................................................................................................. 16
4.1.1 Drinking Water .......................................................................................................................... 16
4.1.2 Irrigation .................................................................................................................................... 16
4.2 – Water Source ................................................................................................................................. 20
4.2.1 Water source – Well................................................................................................................... 20
4.2.2 Water source – River.................................................................................................................. 20
4.3 – System Layout ................................................................................................................................ 20
4.4 – Water Storage ................................................................................................................................ 20
4.5 – Solar Insolation/Irradiance ............................................................................................................. 21
4.6 – Pipe Diameter Selection ................................................................................................................. 21
[2]
4.6.1 Pipe diameter selection .............................................................................................................. 21
4.6.2 Pump to pipe connection ............................................................................................................ 21
4.7 – Design Flow Rate for the Pump...................................................................................................... 23
4.8– Total Dynamic Head (TDH) for the Pump........................................................................................ 23
4.9 - Pump Selection and Associated Power Requirement .................................................................... 23
4.9.1 TYPES OF PUMPS ................................................................................................................... 23
4.9.2 Points to be kept in mind while choosing a pump: .................................................................... 25
4.10 - Deciding pump power requirements ............................................................................................ 26
4.11 – Solar Controller and its selection criteria..................................................................................... 27
4.11.1 Functions of Solar controller: .................................................................................................. 27
4.11.2 Selection criteria for solar inverter........................................................................................... 28
4.11.3 Types of charge controller: ...................................................................................................... 28
4.11.3.1 Which one and how to choose .............................................................................................. 30
4.13 – PV Panel Selection and Array Layout ........................................................................................... 30
4.13.1 Solar Panels .............................................................................................................................. 30
4.13.2 Wiring panels ........................................................................................................................... 32
4.14 – PV Array Mounting and Foundation ............................................................................................ 33
4.14.1 Tracking system ....................................................................................................................... 33
4.14.2 Types of solar tracker ............................................................................................................... 33
4.14.3 Tracker type selection .............................................................................................................. 35
4.14.4 Deciding rated panel power ..................................................................................................... 35
4.15 – Structure ...................................................................................................................................... 36
4.16 – Maintenance ................................................................................................................................ 36
4.17 – Safety............................................................................................................................................ 36
Chapter 5ː Case Studies .............................................................................................................................. 37
5.1 Hivre .................................................................................................................................................. 37
5.1.1 Site Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 37
5.1.4 System components selected – ................................................................................................. 38
5.1.5 Cost Estimation – ....................................................................................................................... 38
5.2 Bhelpada ........................................................................................................................................... 39
5.2.1 Site Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 39
5.2.3 Water Requirements – ............................................................................................................... 40
[3]
5.2.4 Calculation –............................................................................................................................... 41
5.2.5 System components selected – ................................................................................................. 42
5.2.6 Cost Estimation – ....................................................................................................................... 42
5.3 Bhojpada ........................................................................................................................................... 43
5.3.1 Site Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 43
5.3.3 Water Requirements – ............................................................................................................... 44
5.3.4 Calculation –............................................................................................................................... 44
5.3.5 System components selected – ................................................................................................. 45
5.3.6 Cost Estimation – ....................................................................................................................... 45
5.4 Kurlod ................................................................................................................................................ 46
5.4.1 Site Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 46
5.4.3 Water Requirements – ............................................................................................................... 47
5.4.4 Calculation –............................................................................................................................... 47
5.4.5 System components selected – ................................................................................................. 48
5.4.6 Cost Estimation – ....................................................................................................................... 48
5.5 Pethechapada ................................................................................................................................... 49
5.5.1 Site Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 49
5.5.3 Water Requirements – ............................................................................................................... 50
5.5.4 Calculation –............................................................................................................................... 50
5.5.5 System components selected – ................................................................................................. 51
5.5.6 Cost Estimation – ....................................................................................................................... 51
5.6 Botoshi .............................................................................................................................................. 52
5.6.1 Site Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 52
5.6.3 Water Requirements – ............................................................................................................... 53
5.6.4 Calculation –............................................................................................................................... 53
5.6.5 System components selected – ................................................................................................. 54
5.6.6 Cost Estimation – ....................................................................................................................... 54
5.7 Markatwadi ....................................................................................................................................... 55
5.7.1 Site Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 55
5.7.3 Water Requirements – ............................................................................................................... 56
5.7.4 Calculation –............................................................................................................................... 56
5.7.5 System components selected – ................................................................................................. 57
[4]
5.8 Shedyachapada/ jambhulpada ......................................................................................................... 58
5.8.1 Site Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 58
5.8.3 Water Requirements – ............................................................................................................... 58
5.8.4 Calculation –............................................................................................................................... 59
5.8.5 System components selected – ................................................................................................. 60
5.8.6 Cost Estimation – ....................................................................................................................... 60
5.9 Kapsipada .......................................................................................................................................... 61
5.9.1 Site Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 61
5.9.3 Water Requirements – ............................................................................................................... 62
5.9.4 Calculation –............................................................................................................................... 62
5.9.5 System components selected – ................................................................................................. 63
5.9.6 Cost Estimation – ....................................................................................................................... 63
5.10 Raipada ........................................................................................................................................... 64
5.10.1 Site Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 64
5.10.3 Water Requirements – ............................................................................................................. 65
5.10.4 Calculation –............................................................................................................................. 65
5.10.5 System components selected – ............................................................................................... 66
5.10.6 Cost Estimation – ..................................................................................................................... 66
5.11 Wadapada ....................................................................................................................................... 67
5.11.1 Site Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 67
5.11.3 Water Requirements – ............................................................................................................. 68
5.11.4 Calculation –............................................................................................................................. 68
5.11.5 System components selected – ............................................................................................... 69
5.11.6 Cost Estimation – ..................................................................................................................... 69
Appendices.................................................................................................................................................. 70
Appendix - 1 Companies manufacturing solar pumps ............................................................................ 70
Appendix 2 – Mean Daily Percentage (p) of annual daytime hours for different latitudes [Ref. 1] ....... 71
Appendix 3 – Values of the crop factor (Kc) for various crops and growth stages [Ref 1] ..................... 72
Appendix 4 – Maximum LPS for different crop....................................................................................... 73
Appendix 5 - Global horizontal irradiance (in kWh/m2).......................................................................... 74
Appendix 6 - Solar panel manufacturer .................................................................................................. 75
Appendix 8 – Field visit reports .............................................................................................................. 77
[5]
References ................................................................................................................................................ 0
[6]
Executive Summary
Botoshi and Kurlod are villages in Mokhada taluka of Thane district of the state Maharashtra.
There is a severe shortage of Drinking water and Livelihood water in these districts in spite of
having a rainfall of 2000 to 3000 mm annually. Also the available water sources far away from
village and the way to reach there is not easy. This makes it difficult for villagers to carry this
water home. Also since the water is not able to reach fields due to elevation different, there is no
source of livelihood in the village.
If solar water pumping system is made available in these villages, drinking water crisis will be
solved and irrigating the fields will provide a source of livelihood.
In this report we have firstly described the theoretical process of designing each component
needed in a solar pumping system. Then we formulated a solar pumping design process.
This was applied to drinking water and irrigation requirement of 11 villages.
[7]
Sunny
Tripower
7000TL
Sunny
Tripower
5000TL
594950
582325
6.84
KDS/GM
C 134
KDS/GMC
123+
8.54
1.02
1.02
1
0.42
0.205
1
30.6
20
4
0.032
0.04
5
277
332
4
23
18
5
0.625
Bhelpada
(Botoshi)
9
0.472
Bhojpada
(Botoshi)
10
1
5
5
594775
8.54
AE 1TL1.8kw
KDS/GMC
134
1.02
0.389
32
0.025
325
9
0.55
Botoshi
(Botoshi)
8
783400
38
2
11
22
Sunny
Tripower
7000TL
KDS-550++
5
0.52
43
0.04
220
41
0.55
Markatwa
di
(Botoshi)
7
0
1
5
591050
8.54
AE 1TL1.8kw
KDS-116+
1.02
0.037
12.15
0.02
176
9
0.138
Wadpada
(Kurlod)
(NE)
6
593675
8.54
0
1
5
AE 1TL1.8kw
KDS116+
1.02
0.047
19.3
0.02
281
16
0.111
Raipada
(Kurlod)
5
0
1
5
589075
8.54
AE 1TL1.8kw
KDS-116+
1.02
0.04
8.84
0.02
97
5
1
5
5
595500
8.54
AE
1TL1.8kw
KDS/G
MC
123+
1.02
0.227
18.66
0.032
354
11
0.55
Kurlod
(Kurlod
)
Shedyacha
padaJambhulpa
da (Kurlod)
0.2
3
4
0
1
5
589275
8.54
AE 1TL1.8kw
KDS123+
1.02
0.28
20.7
0.025
105
10
0.625
Pethecha
pada
(Kurlod)
2
589400
8.54
0
1
5
AE 1TL1.8kw
KDS116+
1.02
0.06
14.065
0.02
110
14
0.02
Kapshipa
da
(Kurlod)
1
Cost (in Rs.)
Total panel Area
No.of Panels in
Series
No.of Panels in
Parallel
Total No.of Panels
Inverter Name
Pump name
Pump HP used
Pump HP needed
Head (in m)
Pipe Diameter
Pipe Distance
Elevation
Drinking LPS
Village
Sr. No.
The results are as follows (Drinking Water) –
[8]
0.11
37
7
7.5
KDT-844+
Sunny
Tripower
7000TL
30
6
5
51.2
0.1
88.6
13.49
15
KDT
1598+
AE 3TL16 kW
60
10
6
102.5
1131600
548
1000
149000
0
32
80
1130175
51.2
5
6
30
KDSSunny
822++
Tripower
7000TL
7.5
5.556
20.15
0.125
491
14
12.57
Bhelpada
(Botoshi)
Bhojpada
(Botoshi)
8.63
9
10
6.94
Hivre
11
10122
50
34
4
5
20
5
KDS515+
AE
3TL-16
kW
3.86
10.16
0.16
274
8
17.33
Botos8
hi
(Botos
hi)
10413
25
38
2
11
22
KDSAE
527++
3TL-16
kW
5
4.116
20
0.11
537
14
9.453
Marka7
twadi
(Botos
hi)
14626
50
102.5
4
15
60
KS1537+
AE
3TL17kw
15
13.81
23.13
0.18
290
20
27.24
Wadp
ada 6
(Kurlo
d)
(NE)
10337
25
35
2
11
22
KS1012+
AE
3TL8kw
7.5
5.32
12.48
0.16
233
10
19.43
Raipad5
a
(Kurlo
d)
10369
50
35
2
11
22
KSAE
513+
3TL8kw
5
4.74
11.13
0.16
362
8
19.43
Shedy
achap
adaJambh4
ulpada
(Kurlo
d)
124267
5
68.34
5
8
40
KS1022+
AE 3TL16 kW
10
7.704
18.58
0.16
491
15
18.9
Kurlod
(Kurlod)
3
432750
0
145
5
17
85
KS2030+
AE 3TL23kw
20
17.69
17.27
0.225
490
13
255545
0
35
2
11
Cost (in Rs.)
Total panel Area
No.of rows in
Parallel
No.of Panels in
Series
Total No.of
Panels
Inverter me
AE 3TL8kw
22
Pump name
Pump HP used
Pump HP
Head (in m)
Pipe Diameter
(in m)
Pipe Distance
Elevation
Irrigation LPS
Village
Sr. No.
KS-513+
5
4.18
11.01
0.14
287
7
17.3
Kapship
ada
(Kurlod)
Pethech
apada
(Kurlod)
46.7
1
2
The results are as follows (Irrigation)–
[9]
Chapter 1ː Introduction
1.1 Problem Statement
Agriculture in Maharashtra is carried out mostly under rain fed conditions. Almost 80 to 85% of
farming in Maharashtra is dependent on the whims of the seasonal rains. In fact 30% of the
state's geographical area is subject to frequent drought conditions. Therefore, in such regions
farmers choose their crops in such a way that even under adverse climatic conditions, they get
something to subsist on. Their main concern is to minimize the loss rather than to maximize the
economic gain. Low growth of agricultural production accompanied with high magnitude of
variability therein is the major problems of agriculture. Therefore, irrigation facilities are
required to be developed. The main sources of water in Maharashtra include canals, lakes,
reservoirs, seepage lakes – wells, pump irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation and tubewells. There are various attempts being made to make water available in seasons other than rainy
reasons. It is particularly hard in the Deccan plateau districts because of the terrain and
unavailability of groundwater resources in these plateau areas. One way to overcome this
problem is to build water interventions across rivers and use the water stored in the remaining
seasons. Not only irrigation, drinking water is tough to find too in these regions in summers.
1.2 The region in context
Botoshi and Kurlod are villages in Mokhada taluka of Thane district of the state Maharashtra.
There is a severe shortage of Drinking water and Livelihood water in these districts in spite of
having a rainfall of 2000 to 3000mm annually. Earlier, there has been a detailed study of current
water situations in these places and their analysis and proposals for possible interventions at
different locations. Kurlod-Botoshi is a cluster of 13 hamlets in total and noteworthy point is
that generally, these habitations are on high altitude and their water resources on lower altitude.
At some places, this elevation difference is as high as 60 meters and distance of habitation to
water resources is 1 kilometre. Sources of water being wells and Prinjal river. To solve the
problem of water in these regions, many groundwater and surface water interventions have been
proposed and a major part of it being pumping water from bunds and wells to near their
habitations using sustainable means, solar in this particular case.
[10]
1.3 Why pumping systems is required?
In the above villages, people have to travel a lot of distance to get water. During the monsoons
the farm of the villagers would be irrigated by rain water and farming could be done. Whereas
during the summers all the wells dry up, so even getting drinking water would be difficult so
agriculture can be neglected in summers.
Now if we install pumping systems, we could pump water to the fields and to the tanks where
drinking water can be stored without exhausting effort of walking and carrying water all long
way between water sources and houses.
1.4 Why solar pumping system?
Many of the villages does not have even have a grid near them for distribution of electricity in
the village for using electrical pumps for solar systems. Due to this we have to think about an
alternative to supply power required for the pumping system. From all the energy sources solar
seemed the most reliable renewable energy system in India at those villages. We could also use
diesel pumping system, but the operating cost of the system would be a lot. We want to provide a
one-time solution to the water scarcity in those villages.
Thus, solar pumping system would be very helpful in villages mainly during summers. as it helps
villagers to grow crop in their fields and also would reduce migration of villagers to cities in
summers for living.
[11]
Chapter 2 – A SUCCESS STORY - AMLE
Up until 3 years ago, everything that is considered a must for elementary human living –
sufficient food & water, access to electricity and basic healthcare was literally not a part of the
266-odd people of Amle village. Inaccessible terrain and limited number of beneficiaries in
village had prevented electric grid from making foray into the village.
Today, after 3 years after the Project ASHA this village has gone up from a downtrodden,
neglected hamlet to a self-sustainable model village. It just goes on to show how even a little
effort from corporate world can virtually turn around the life of rural Indian people.
2.1 PROJECT ASHA – People behind the initiative
Project ASHA is a joint initiative of Siemens Ltd. With Aroehan(an NGO). Siemens as a part of
Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR) joined hands with Aroehan having expertise in tribal
development aiming to bring the fruits of development to the doorstep of the people of this
remote neglected village – just 100 kms off Mumbai through the use of greener and sustainable
technologies.
2.1.1 VILLAGE DETAILS
Gram Panchyat – Suryamal
Taluka – Mokhada
District – Thane
Water source : Gargai river
Major crops grown : Rice and Nachni during Monsoon
Gavhar, Brinjal,Bhindi, during summers
2.2 BEFORE & AFTER – GROUND REALITY TODAY
2.2.1 Electricity
Earlier, every field-related work was limited to daytime. The night-time which could be
well spent on generating sources for alternative livelihood was rather wasted on socially
destructive activities like alcoholism. The only light source in huts was their kerosene oil lamp.
Today, there are around 20 solar street lights lighting the whole village, apart from the 4-CFLs
per family for the 60-odd families. This has ensured greater study hours for children and also
some productive time for the elders.
2.2.2 Water availability
Amle is located just near the Gargai river. The river water is their only source of water
for irrigation, washing and sanitation purpose. Also the drinking water source is a well in the
village which is dependent on this river.
When the river dries up in the month of march-may, water levels go down drastically in the well
and thus women had to walk long distances to fetch water. Dilip Bhau, project managaer of
Amle village from the NGO said ‘Every time he visited the village he observed some or the other
[12]
child lying ill from water borne diseases and contamination. This was my inspiration for taking
up this project and supporting Siemens.’
Before, Siemens came into picture, Aroehan had helped village people built a bandh at the river
as shown. This ensured water stayed for sometime during summers.
Siemens installed pipeline that carry water from well to a 5000 litre storage tank. Also in
between the storage tank it has installed a simple membrance water filter. Also it has setup a
rainwater harvesting system over the village school, which keeps feeding water to another
storage tank of 1000 litre which meets water requirement for the school during summers(as
shown in figure).
2.2.3 Livelihood during summers
The lack of water during March-May meant, people had to travel to areas like WadaBhiwandi for work, thus leading to abandon their families. Since, the earning weren’t proper
during this period, this led to malnutrition and below standard living.
As of now 5 acres of farm has been brought under yearlong irrigation which has drastically
improved the earning of the people. Pandurang, the sort of police-incharge here was very happy
to tell us that “people are now growing crops like bhindi, baingan and ….During summers which
they had never ever eaten.”
2.2.4 Problems still to be addressed
During monsoons the river is overflowing, thus village gets cutoff from the outside world.
People are working to build a solution for this problem still a lot needs to be done.
[13]
Chapter 3 - Components
3.1 Solar panels
Solar panels generates electricity, some kind of energy i.e either electricity, water heating
(thermal) refers to a photo-voltaic (PV) module. A PV module is a packaged, connected
assembly (various combinations of series and parallel connections) of solar cells. Each module is
rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges from 100
to 320 watts. The efficiency of a module determines how efficient that particular solar cells can
extract energy from sun. There are a few solar panels available that are exceeding 19%
efficiency.
3.2 Controller/ solar inverter
A charge controller may be used to power DC equipment with solar panels. The charge
controller provides a regulated DC output and stores excess energy in a battery as well as
monitoring the battery voltage to prevent under/overcharging. More expensive units will also
perform maximum power point tracking. An inverter can be connected to the output of a charge
controller to drive AC loads.
3.3 Pump
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by
mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method they
use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.[1]Pumps operate by some
mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and consume energy to perform mechanical
work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many energy sources, including manual operation,
electricity, engines, or wind power, come in many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical
applications to large industrial pumps.
3.4 Battery
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert
stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell contains a positive terminal, or cathode,
and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes allow ions to move between the electrodes and
terminals, which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work. Secondary
(rechargeable batteries) can be discharged and recharged multiple times; the original composition
of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used
in vehicles and lithium ion batteries used for portable electronics
3.5 Pipes
A hollow cylinder or tube used to conduct a liquid, gas, or finely divided solid.
[14]
Fig
Fig2.
1.
Typical
System
Solar
Layout
Pumping
System
Chapter 4 - Process of Designing a solar pumping system
[15]
How to go about designing and how to make decisions is mentioned ahead. To get a
better understanding an example village of Bhelpada is taken and calculations are shown in each
section. Not considering drinking water pumping here. The field area in each village, longest
distance and elevation is given in Appendix 5. Also we have taken different crops for different
villages (these are the common crops grown in Maharashtra) and show water requirement in this
table.
Note : Field areas calculated from google earth were very large and corresponding water
requirement were large. Therefore for calculations we are considering field area of 5 acres (This
number is taken since in Amle they had irrigated only 5 acres of land). Considering crop to be
growing in Bhelpada to be wheat.
The following format for designing is taken from reference 4.
4.1 - Calculating the water requirement
4.1.1 Drinking Water
The average water requirement of per person is 20 litres / day. So to calculate the
drinking water requirement of a village multiply this with the population size.
4.1.2 Irrigation
To determine irrigation water requirement
4.1.2.1 Which crop to grow
The choice of crop would depends on –
● Water availability in the area
● Crop water requirement
● Market available nearby to sell this crop
● Pre knowledge of the farmers in rowing that crop
The crop to be grown should be decided by talking to local villages. Alternately, crops mostly
grown in the particular area can be seen using reference [2].
4.1.2.2 Water requirement of crop
The crop water need (ET crop) is defined as the depth (or amount) of water needed to
meet the water loss through evapotranspiration. In other words, it is the amount of water needed
by the various crops to grow optimally.
The crop water need mainly depends on:
1. The climate: in a sunny and hot climate crops need more water per day than in a cloudy
and cool climate
2. The crop type: crops like maize or sugarcane need more water than crops like millet or
sorghum
[16]
3. The growth stage of the crop; fully grown crops need more water than crops that have
just been planted
ETcrop = ETo * Kc
ETcrop - The water requirement of crop
ETo
- Indicates the influence of the climate on crop water needs
Kc
- Indicates the influence of the crop type and growth stage on crop water needs
4.1.2.3 Influence of the climate on crop water needs (Determining ETo)
The major climatic factors which influence the crop water needs are:
● Sunshine
● Temperature
● Humidity
● Wind speed
ETo is the rate of evapotranspiration from a large area, covered by green grass, 8 to 15 cm tall,
which grows actively, completely shades the ground and which is not short of water
Fig. 3 – Definition of ETo [Ref 1]
There are several methods to determine the ET, but here we are going to use Blaney-Criddle
Method. If no local data is available a theoretical method (e.g. the Blaney-Criddle method) has
to be used to calculate the reference crop evapotranspiration ETo. The Blaney-Criddle method is
simple, using measured data on temperature only (see Fig. ). It should be noted, however, that
this method is not very accurate; it provides a rough estimate or "order of magnitude" only.
Especially under "extreme" climatic conditions the Blaney-Criddle method is inaccurate: in
windy, dry, sunny areas, the ETo is underestimated (up to some 60 percent), while in calm,
humid, clouded areas, the ETo is overestimated (up to some 40 percent).
[17]
Fig. – The Blaney- Criddle method for evaporation [Ref 1]
4.1.2.4 The Blaney-Criddle formula:
ETo = p (0.46 Tmean + 8)
ETo
Tmean
p
- Reference crop evapotranspiration (mm/day) as an average for a period of 1 month
Mean
daily
temperature
(in
°C)
- Mean daily percentage of annual daytime hours
4.1.2.5 Determining Tmean
The Blaney-Criddle method always refers to mean monthly values, both for the temperature and
the ETo. If, for example, it is found that Tmean in March is 28°C, it means that during the whole
month of March the mean daily temperature is 28°C. If in a local meteorological station the daily
minimum and maximum temperatures are measured, the mean daily temperature is calculated as
shown alongside:
4.1.2.6 Determining p (mean daily percentage of annual daytime hours)
To determine the value of p. Table 4 is used. To be able to determine the p value it is essential to
know the approximate latitude of the area. Suppose the p value for the month March has to be
[18]
determined for an area with latitude of 45° south. From Table 4 it can be seen that the p value
during March = 0.28.
Table of Mean Daily Percentage (p) of annual daytime hours for different latitudes is available in
Appendix 1.
4.1.2.7 Determining Kc
The influence of the crop type and growth stage on crop water needs is included in the crop
factor, Kc. This mainly depends on:
● The type of crop
● The growth stage of the crop
● The climate
Kc and the type of crop
Fully developed maize, with its large leaf area will be able to transpire, and thus use, more water
than the reference grass crop: Kc, maize is higher than 1. Cucumber, also fully developed, will
use less water than the reference grass crop: Kc, cucumber is less than 1.
Kc and the growth stage of the crop
Each crop has various growing stages. The total growing period is divided into 4 growth stages:
1. The initial stage: this is the period from sowing or transplanting until the crop covers about
10% of the ground.
2. The crop development stage: this period starts at the end of the initial stage and lasts until the
full ground cover has been reached (ground cover 70-80%); it does not necessarily mean that the
crop is at its maximum height.
3. The mid - season stage: this period starts
at the end of the crop development stage and
lasts until maturity; it includes flowering and
grain-setting. Fig. – Growth Stages [Ref 1]
4. The late season stage: this period starts at
the end of the mid-season stage and lasts
until the last day of the harvest; it includes
ripening. Crop will use more water once it is
fully developed, compared to a crop which
has just recently been planted.
Fig. 4 Table of Values of the crop factor (Kc) for various crops and growth stages is available in Appendix 2.
Kc and the climate
The climate influences the duration of the total growing period and the various growth stages. In
a cool climate a certain crop will grow slower than in a warm climate.
[19]
4.2 – Water Source
4.2.1 Water source – Well
The following items needs to be determined:
● The water level
● Seasonal variation
● The water quality
Information on water levels and well production can be noted down in the form of a well log.
Determine the production potential of the well to ensure that the well will be able to supply the
operation’s estimated water needs. If the well log indicates an excessive drawdown during the
given testing time, the well may not have the capacity to meet the water demands of the project.
[4]
4.2.2 Water source – River
The following items needs to be determined:
● The water availability
● The pumping levels (seasonal variation of water levels)
● The water quality, including the presence of silt and organic debris
Note - When a river source is used, proper netting at the pump intake should be provided to
ensure that debris and sediment are not pumped into the system.
4.3 – System Layout
We need to determine the layout of the entire system, including the locations and elevations of
the following components:
●
●
●
●
●
●
Water source
Pump
PV panels
Storage tanks
Points of use
Pipeline routes
Safety Tip - It is also important to consider possibility of theft when locating PV panels and
pump systems. If possible, panels, tanks, and controllers should be located away from roads and
public access. Secure fencing is essential. It provides added protection against theft, as well as
against inadvertent damage from wandering wildlife or livestock [4].
4.4 – Water Storage
A water storage tank is an essential component especially in case of drinking water. A tank can
be used to store enough water during peak solar energy to meet water needs in the event of
cloudy weather or maintenance issues with the power system. A tank can also be used for
[20]
irrigation but currently not considering this. Ideally, the tank should be sized to store at least a
day’s water supply.
Tank capacity = water requirement per day
4.5 – Solar Insolation/Irradiance
Solar insolation refers to the total amount of solar radiation energy received on a given
horizontal surface per unit time per unit area(W//m2). The amount of solar radiation a place
receives is dependent on the time of the year and the place latitude and longitude.
This data is important because all solar panels are rated assuming a solar insolation of
1000W/m2. However such radiation levels are seen only for a few hours around noon. Further
our system has to be designed keeping in view the fact that it should work even during low light
conditions in winter and rainy seasons. Monthly solar irradiance (kwH/day m2) data for a
particular place is needed to provide a better estimate of average radiation wattage for the
sunshine hours at that place.
Irradiance data(both monthly & annual) was obtained from the MNRE website1. The sunshine
hours based on the data for the place were taken to be 5.5 hours for a uniform solar radiation of
742 W/m2. The following figure of solar map was obtained from the website. Monthly global
irradiance data for region near around Kurlod-botoshi is as follows :
4.6 – Pipe Diameter Selection
4.6.1 Pipe diameter selection
Velocity of the water to be supplied and frictional losses in the pipe depend on pipe diameter.
Hence diameter of the pipe has to be chosen such that losses are minimum and water has to
supply at a reasonable rate. Frictional losses are inversely proportional to that diameter of the
pipe i.e. as the pipe diameter decreases frictional losses increases. Hence we have to avoid low
diameters of the pipe. Water velocity also depends on the diameter of the pipe. As the diameter
of the pipe increases the velocity of the water decreases since water delivery rate should remain
constant. Hence high diameters of the pipe should be avoided.
From the above two opposing factors we can find an optimum diameter for pipe. Generally pipe
diameter is chosen such that the velocity of the water= 1 m/s. This ensures reasonable frictional
losses too. [This data was obtained from Fenolix pipes booklet]
4.6.2 Pump to pipe connection
Case 1: Pipe diameter greater than pump outlet diameter
1
http://mnre.gov.in/sec/solar-assmnt.htm
[21]
In this case there will be a sudden expansion and the losses due to that is given by:
H= (K*V12 )/2g
where K = [1-(D1/D2)2]2, D1 is the pump outlet and D2 is the pipe diameter
By using this formula we can find out the loss due to the expansion. We should try to keep the
diameter of the pipe as close to the pump outlet diameter as possible to reduce losses. If both are
equal then the loss will be zero.
Case 2: Pipe diameter less than pump outlet diameter
In this case there will be a sudden contraction and the losses due to that is given by:
H= (K*V22)/2g
K for the connection can be found from the following graph
[22]
D1 is the pump outlet and D2 is the pipe diameter
Note – Energy losses due to sudden contraction are less than sudden expansion.
4.7 – Design Flow Rate for the Pump
The pump’s design flow rate is based on the operation’s estimated daily water needs (Step 1)
divided by the pumping time.
Flow rate = Daily water need ( m3/day ) / Pumping time(hours)
For Hirve, this comes to be around 6.23 litre per second assuming 4 hours of pumping time
4.8– Total Dynamic Head (TDH) for the Pump
Total Dynamic Head (TDH) is the total equivalent height that a fluid is to be pumped, taking
into account friction losses in the pipe. Mathematically speaking,
TDH = Static Head + Friction Losses
where :
Static Head : Maximum height till which water is to be pumped
Friction losses : Losses that occur in (straight section, valves, bends etc.)
4.9 - Pump Selection and Associated Power Requirement
4.9.1 TYPES OF PUMPS
4.9.1.1 On the basis of type of current input
Solar PV water pumping in India commonly uses two pumping configurations:
[23]
AC Motors – AC Motors require inverters to convert DC to AC. Solar pumping systems use
special electronically controlled variable-frequency inverters, which optimises matching between
the panel and the pump.
DC Motor – The DC Motors with permanent magnet are generally more efficient. DC Motors
may be with or without carbon brushes. DC motors with carbon brushes need to be replaced after
approximately every 2 years. Brushless designs require electronic commutation. Brushless DC
Motors are becoming popular in the solar water pumps.
Though DC-motor based pump has higher efficiency and least requirement for maintenance even
under low power conditions, yet AC pumps are more common due to their higher reach, easy
availability, economic cost and ease to be serviced by existing trained manpower.
Also, though controller for AC pumping systems are more complex due to the involvement of
inverter(for 3phase AC conversion) but this conversion to AC is a big advantage as it enables
standard off the shelf motors and pumps to be used whose prices are usually cheaper. This
advantage is negated for smaller than 1.5 kW systems since controller becomes more expensive.
This explains why AC drives are the preferred choice among users and system integrators for
higher power requirements.
4.9.1.2 On the basis of pumping technologies
Positive displacement pump - The pump transfers water into a chamber and then forces it out
using a piston or helical screw. These pumps have high lift capacity and high energy efficiency.
They are optimum for lower flow rates (e.g., 50 l/m), especially when the lift exceeds 15 m.
Positive displacement pumps are used for most solar pumps in the power range of 500 W (0.5
hp) or less.
Centrifugal Pump - Centrifugal pump uses high-speed rotation to suck in water through the
middle of the pump. These pumps have an impeller that spins the water to subject it to a
centrifugal force. They are efficient for flow in excess of 40l/minute and lifts generally less than
40-50m. The major drawback with them is that at reduced speeds such as those that occur during
low-sun conditions, centrifugal pumps lose efficiency in a disproportionate manner.
4.9.1.3 On the basis of location: Inside or outside water
Surface pump – are suitable for areas where the water level is within 7m below ground level. A
surface centrifugal pump is normally placed at ground level. A surface pump can draw from a
river, irrigation ditch, pond, or water tank, but not from a deep well. These pumps are designed
for high flow rates and low heads
Submersible pumps – On the other hand. These pumps are designed for high head and medium
flow application. They multistage pump and high efficiency micro-controller based inverter. The
inverter optimizes the power input and thus enhances the overall system efficiency. The
submersible pump has an in-built protection against dry run. However, the surface pumps are
very sensitive to dry run. A dry run of 15 minutes or more can cause considerable damage to a
surface pump. Submersible pumps are easier to install and are better protected from the
environment.
[24]
A diaphragm pump may be used when the initial cost must be minimal, when the water volume
requirement is very low, and when the future cost of pump maintenance or replacement is
acceptable.
Fig. - The selection of pump based on volume flow rate and TDH2
4.9.2 Points to be kept in mind while choosing a pump:
The centrifugal pump has to be so chosen that the desired operating point lies in the middle of
pump performance curve
Type
Advantage
Disadvantage
Surface Centrifugal
Low cost
Suction limit at 6m
Efficient for low lift and high Can be damaged by running
flow rates
dry
Easy to inspect and maintain
Submersible
Centrifugal(Single/Multi)
Regular
required
maintenance
not Efficiency very low for flow
rates below 30 l/minute
For higher heads and high Efficiency low for low power
flow rates
conditions(low sun intensity)
Diaphragm submersible
2
For low flow rates at high Requires regular maintenance
head(4-20l/minute)
Source : Solar Energy - Renewable Energy and Environment by Robert Foster, Alma cota
[25]
Performance not affected
much even in low light
conditions
4.10 - Deciding pump power requirements
1. The static head between Source and the tank was calculated
2. Total distance of the pipeline was calculated
3. According to the crop required to be cultivated and the area required for irrigation the
total water required for irrigation per day has been calculated
4. Diameter is chosen(from list of standard sizes provided in appendix ...) in such a way that
the velocity of the water is 1m/s
5. An estimate of number of 900 bends and valves is taken
6. Efficiency of the pump is taken to be 60%
7. Pipe material is chosen from a list of available pipes
8. According to the material chosen excel automatically provides its frictional factor
9. Minor loss coefficients of 90-degree bends and valves has been entered which is a
constant for all type of pipes
10. Density and Dynamic viscosity of the water has been entered
11. Assuming pump operating time to be 4 hours, water requirement in liters per sec is `
Water requirement in liters per second =
where T= Pump operating time in a day
12. Velocity of the water is calculated by this formula:
Velocity (m/s) =
where LPS: Liters per sec, D: Diameter of the pipe
Note – Change the pipe diameter till the velocity becomes approximately 1 m/s
13. Reynolds number is calculated using the velocity and diameter of the pipe.
Reynolds number=
where = Density, V= velocity of water (m/s), = Dynamic viscosity
14. Frictional Factor is calculated using the following formula
Frictional Factor (f) = 64/Re
if R e< 2100
=
if Re ≥ 2100
[26]
where e= Surface Roughness, Re= Reynolds Number
15. After obtaining the frictional factor we can find out the Frictional Head by using:
Frictional Head=
where f = friction factor, L= Length of the pipe
16. Losses due to Bends and valves can be calculated by:
Head loss (Bends and valves) =
where
+
,
is number of bends and valves and
, is minor loss coefficient of bends and valves respectively.
Note - In Excel only 900 bends and Valves were considered
17. After obtaining all the Head losses we can finally find out the total head required
Total Head=Static Head+ Frictional Head + Head loss due to Bends and valves
18. After obtaining the total head power of the pump can be calculated by
Power (in watts), P =
where is efficiency of the pump and g,
are in SI units
19. After the size of the pump is obtained, we have to decide which type of pump to use (AC
vs DC, submercible, suction) for which a guide has been attached.
20. After selecting the type of pump market research on available pumps has to done and a
pump with power greater than obtained and greater head has to be selected
21. Now we have the power required to be given to the pump which is approximately equal
to the power output of the solar system
4.11 – Solar Controller and its selection criteria
As already mentioned a solar controller is required in the system to provide regulated DC/AC
output to the pump. Solar controller in DC pumping systems typically consists of power
converters and charge controllers while for AC systems an inverter is put along with the DC
solar controller for conversion to AC. Solar controller in AC systems is commonly termed as
solar inverter. Due to the added inverter AC controllers are expensive than DC controllers.
4.11.1 Functions of Solar controller:
1. Matches the power output from panel to the power input for pump (in terms of V and I) voltage and current generated from solar panel has to be matched with that of the pump.
2. For dc brush motors - Positive displacement pump requires surge of current for start-up.
A linear current booster in controller reduces voltage and increases current from the panel
[27]
3. Dry run prevention - If the water level drops below the probe in pump, an electric circuit
is opened and the controller will stop the pump.
4. Overload protection - If pump is stopped by dirt, ice, crushed pipe, controller detects
overload and stops the pump
5. Maximum Power point tracking - It helps the pump to draw the maximum power from
the solar array even as solar cell characteristics vary with temperature and sun intensity.
4.11.2 Selection criteria for solar inverter
A solar inverter is decided by matching its output power with input power of the pump. A list of
all inverters matching the pump power is compiled and the following parameters of the inverter
are tabulated :
● Absolute maximum DC voltage
● Rated DC input voltage (Vdc)
●
Operating DC input voltage range
● Rated DC input current(Idc)
All the above listed parameters are utilized for deciding module ratings and their series/parallel
connection.
4.11.3 Types of charge controller:
1. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
2. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
4.11.3.1 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):
To bring down the input voltage to a desired voltage pwm continuously turns on and off the circuit in
such a way that the average voltage becomes the desired voltage. On time and off time is decided by the
value of the input voltage and the required output voltage. If the desired output is much less than the input
voltage Toff will be higher and vice versa. The power difference in the input and output is lost as heat.
4.11.3.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT):
Characteristics of a solar cell:
Open circuit voltage :
Denoted by Voc, It is the measure of the voltage across the terminals of the solar cell when no
load is connected to the solar cell.
Short circuit current:
[28]
Denoted by Isc, It is the measure to the current generated by the solar cell when the terminals of
the solar cell are shorted.
Typical output curve of a solar cell:
The curve below describes Isc vs Voc graph of the solar cell, this can be obtained by changing the load
connected to the solar cell.
As we can see that as Voltage of the cell increases current output decreases.
Power from a solar cell = V * I
As we move from left to right voltage increases and current remains almost constant , hence the power
output increases initially but after a particular point current starts decreasing which results in reduction of
the
power.
(
Depicted
in
the
picture
below).
[29]
Hence there exists a particular Voltage and Current when the power is maximum from the solar cell. This
Voltage is denoted by Vmp and current is denoted by Imp. Hence MPPT ensures that solar panel always
works at its most efficient point by simulating the load at which the solar cell works at its highest efficient
point.
Ideally
there
should
be
no
losses
in
MPPT
charge
controller.
4.11.3.1 Which one and how to choose
If the system voltage is high then MPPT is preferred over PWM even though MPPT is expensive because
losses in PWM will be high. If the voltage ranges are low then PWM is preferred over MPPT because
MPPT charge controller is more expensive and at lower voltages the losses in PWM is not so significant.
4.12 - Battery
Batteries are a key part of PV systems in most applications, but are rarely used in stand-alone
solar pumping systems. The reason why batteries are not preferred is because they add extra cost
to the system. Also batteries typically have a total efficiency of 0.5(charging and discharging
efficiency 0.7), thus finally supplied power is only half of what is feeded into the battery. It is far
better to design a system where energy is stored in the form of additional pumped water available
at the distribution tank instead of in electrochemical form with batteries.
Usage of battery makes sense only if device to be operated by solar power has to work in the
night which is often not the case with pumping systems.
4.13 – PV Panel Selection and Array Layout
4.13.1 Solar Panels
Solar panel is a photovoltaic module which converts light energy (photons) from the sun to
electricity through the photovoltaic effect. There are 3 main types of solar cells and the best solar
cells for you will vary depending on the installation application-
[30]
Polycrystalline
Monocrystalline
Thin Film
Slightly low efficiency (13- High Efficiency (15-20%)
16%)
Low efficiency (7-13%)
Requires more space
space-efficient
More space
High durability
High durability
Low durability
lower cost per watt
More expensive
Less expensive
Perform well
temperature
44 -45 Rs. / Watt
at
faster
high Degrade
Temperature
at
high Performs best under high
61-75 Rs. /Watt
temperatures
37-42 Rs. / Watt
Fig. – Comparison between different types of solar panels [Ref 6]
[31]
4.13.2 Wiring panels
If we have solar modules and a charge controller with following ratings
Operating voltage of inverter is 400-800V, therefore panels should be arranged such that the
output voltage from modules should be in range of 400-800V. In this case our panel has output
voltage = 48.5V, therefore minimum 9 and maximum 16 modules should be connected in series.
And rest of the panels parallel with this series connections.
The effects of Partial Shading on overall efficiency should be taken into account when
considering series wiring. A shadow falling on a small part of a panel can have a surprisingly
large effect on output. Not only will the cells that are shaded be producing less power, but as the
cells within a panel are normally all wired in series, the shaded cells affect the current flow of the
whole panel.
If the affected panel is wired in series (in a string) with other panels, then the output of all
those panels will be affected by the partial shading of one panel. It would be a good idea to buy
panels in even numbers, making it convenient to wire pairs in series.
If we connect 5 modules in series 1 and other 4 modules in series 2 and these series 1 and 2
combination parallel with each other, then mismatching may occur due to different current in
these two branches. This mismatching effect leads to power loss in the circuit. According to the
budget and installation area availability a particular solar panel can be selected. According to the
total power required we can calculate the number of solar panels required
Number of panels = Total power/power of each panel
In this case the number of panels is rounded off to the nearest ten so that parallel and series
combination can be easily calculated. Now we have to find the series parallel combination of the
solar panels. If we connect the panels in series output voltage increases and if we connect them
in parallel current increase. Series parallel combination has to be chosen in such a way that the
[32]
total output voltage and current is less than the solar inverter maximum input voltage and
current. We have to try to keep series connections as low as possible because if radiation on a
single solar panel is blocked (by shadow) the performance of the whole line gets reduced. Since
we have the number of panels we can calculate the total area by multiplying area of each panel
by number of panels.
4.14 – PV Array Mounting and Foundation
4.14.1 Tracking system
A solar tracker is a device that
orients solar panels towards
the sun.
4.14.2 Types of solar tracker
Fixed mount
As the name suggests panel is fixed for all the time of year.
Advantages
1. Mechanical simplicity
[33]
2. Lower installation and maintenance costs.
3. Easier and cheaper to provision a sturdy mount for wind loading.
Disadvantages
1. Panels are exposed to direct solar radiations for very short period.
2. Low power output.
Moving collector
1. Single axis trackers
Single axis trackers have one degree of freedom that acts as an axis of rotation
Horizontal type single-axis trackers
Polar type single-axis tracker
Advantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
Compare to solar panel in fixed form, single axis solar tracker has better efficiency
Power production increases by 20-25 %
less complicated parts, thus less expensive
structurally more rigid and stable, and hence less likely to be damaged during storms
Disadvantages
1. more expensive than fixed form
2. maintenance is required
2. Dual axis trackers
Dual axis trackers have two degrees of freedom that act as axes of rotation.
Advantages
1. Generates more electricity than single axis
fixed mounted
2. Better efficiency
and
Disadvantages
1. More expensive
2. Moving parts and complicated structure
3. Maintenance is required
[34]
4. Structurally less rigid
4.14.3 Tracker type selection
The selection of tracker type is dependent on following factors:1. Installation size
2. Government incentives
3. Land constraints
4. Latitude
5. Local weather
4.14.4 Deciding rated panel power
The rated panel power is decided in the following steps
1. Based on the data provided in Appendix 7 on Global horizontal irradiance(GHI)* and
since system is supposed to work even in low light conditions in rainy and winter
seasons, the GHI was taken to be 3.95 kWh/m2. A 10% increase in power falling on panel
is considered due to the latitude tilt#, thus radiation falling is taken to be 4.345kWh/m2.
2. Assuming average sunshine hours as 5.5 and uniform solar radiation throughout this
period, solar insolation (W/m2) is calculated as
4345/5.5 = 790W
3. Assuming line losses of 2% and derating in panel power output by 5% due to high
temperature, thus panel power output becomes 1.07P kW
4. Assuming a derating in panel output due to higher temperature as 5%, expected
5. Rated panel power can now be calculated by using the following formula :
1.07P * 1000/790 = 1.354*P kW
(Panel rated power is at 1000W/m2, however solar insolation in our area is 790W)
6. Since the output of the solar panels change due to change in the solar radiation we cannot
directly connect the solar panels to the pump. Moreover we have to try to operate the
solar panel at its highest efficiency possible. This can be done by using a MPPT charge
controller ( In this case solar inverter because we are using an AC pump)
* GHI represents total global irradiance (beam + diffuse) falling on a horizontal surface
# Panels are inclined at an angle equal to the latitude of that place. The actual radiation received
on tilted plane will actually be considerably greater than GHI value.
[35]
4.15 – Structure
1. We have to design a structure so that it would be unaffected by the wind loading.
2. We also have to take care about the mounting posts of the solar panels so that they are not
affected by unnecessary extra loads, and also to minimize eccentric and axial loads.
3. The design should be of low weight and also should provide high stability to the system.
4. Also the design should be in such a way, where manual seasonal tracking can be done
4.16 – Maintenance
1. We have to clean solar panels at least 1 time a day as this increases the efficiency of the
panels which is decreased ne soiling
2. We can either use automated system for operating pumps, or operate it manually in the
working hours.
3. If there is an operational fault in the then we have stop the working of system, and check.
If there is a repair, it have to be fixed before working.
4. From time to time we have to do the maintenance of the pump for its proper
functionality.
4.17 – Safety
1. We are attaching panels to a solid frame structure where it is hold securely.
2. Fence around the solar PV system is a must.
3. There should be a control room, where an inverter, operating system and batteries can be
placed so that it can be locked.
[36]
Chapter 5ː Case Studies
5.1 Hivre
5.1.1 Site Introduction
Irrigation water requirement 1,00,000 litres/day
Distance of irrigation water 1000 m
source to habitation
Elevation difference of 80 m
source to habitation
5.1.2 Google map image of irrigation areas with possible locations of all components. (Tank,
Pump, Solar Panels)
5.1.3 Calculation –
[37]
Irrigation –
Total Head = 88 m
Pump power = 13.49 HP
LPS required = 6.94 litres/s
We need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. Choosing Kirlosker KDT 1598+ AC
3phase monobloc pump.
Now we need to select an inverter. The output power and voltage of the inverter should match
that of the pump. Therefore we choose inverter - AE 3TL-16 kW since it’s output characteristics
matches the input needed for the pump.
For all calculations in this report the solar panels considered are Eldora Grand 260-p. Now
selecting the number of panels, we got total 60 panels, 10 in series and 6 rows in parallel.
5.1.4 System components selected –
Irrigation –

Kirlosker KDT 1598+ AC 3phase monobloc pump

AE 3TL-16 kW Inverter

Total of 30 Eldora Grand 260-p panels, 10 in series and 6 rows are connected.
5.1.5 Cost Estimation –
Irrigation – Rs. 14,90,000
[38]
5.2 Bhelpada
5.2.1 Site Introduction
Population
Number of drinking water
sources
Name of primary well
Distance of drinking water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of
source to habitation
Crop to be Grown
Distance of irrigation water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of
source to habitation
450
1
Bhelpada - Well1
277 m
15 m
Wheat
314+177 = 491 m
(193-185) + (191-185)=14 m
5.2.2 Google map image of irrigation areas with possible locations of all components. (Tank,
Pump, Solar Panels)
[39]
5.2.3 Water Requirements –
Drinking Water – Considering per person drinking water requirement is 20 litres/day.
Therefore drinking water requirement of village per day = population * 20 = 450*20 = 9000
litres/day
Irrigation – Considering crop to be grown – Wheat and irrigated land area = 8 hectares = 19.7
acres.
Calculate ETo, using the formula : ETo = p (0.46 Tmean + 8)
Tmean (December-January) = 25 °C, Kasara latitude = 20 °N. Therefore from Appendix and
considering month of Dec-Jan we get p= 0.25.
ETo = 0.25 (0.46 × 25 + 8) = 0.25 × 19.5 = 4.875 mm/day
For wheat– kc max = 1.15
ETcrop, max = kc max * ETo= 0.75 * 4.875 = 5.60625 mm/day
For 1 acre - Volume of water/day = Area to be irrigated * ET
22687.7 litres/day
crop,
max = 22.6877 m3/day =
[40]
For 19.7 acres - Volume of water/day = 19.7 * 22687.7 = 181501 litres /day.
If irrigation is going to be used in rainy season as well, the rainfall (in mm/day) should be
subtracted from ETcrop to get calculate the irrigation water needed.
5.2.4 Calculation –
Drinking –
Note – In head calculation for drinking water, we need to add well depth. For oversizing adding
8 meters of well deapth.
Total Head = 30.6 m
Pump power = 0.42 HP
LPS required = 0.625 litres/s
We need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. First thought would be to select a 0.5 HP
pump but couldn’t find an easily available 0.5 HP pump with head of 30 m. Therefore choosing
Kirlosker KDS/GMC 134 AC 3phase monobloc pump with 1.02Hp and at 30 m head giving
LPS of 0.66.
Inverter to be used is Sunny Tripower 7000TL
Require 4 solar panels in series.
Irrigation –
From Figure “The selection of pump based on volume flow rate and TDH” for TDH of 20 m and
volume pumped of 181 m3 /day we see that we should use Submersible Centrifugal Pumps.
Total Head = 20.15 m
Pump power = 5.553 HP
LPS required = 12.57 litres/s
We need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. Choosing Kirlosker KDS-822++ AC
3phase monobloc pump.
Now we need to select an inverter. The output power and voltage of the inverter should match
that of the pump. Therefore we chose inverter - Sunny Tripower 6000TL since it’s output
characteristics matches the input needed for the pump.
For all calculations in this report the solar panels considered are Eldora Grand 260-p.
Therefore selecting the configuration of total number of panels 30 panels, 6 in series and 5 rows,
since this gives the voltage from panels in the operating range of inverter. But this configuration
give 34 A of current which is more than the maximum input current of the inverter. Therefore
choosing a different inverter – AE 3TL-16kW.
[41]
5.2.5 System components selected –
Drinking –


Kirlosker KDS/GMC 134 AC 3phase monobloc pump
Sunny Tripower 7000TL Inverter

Total of 4 Eldora Grand 260-p panels in series.
Irrigation –

Kirlosker KDS-822++ AC 3phase monobloc pump

AE 3TL-16kW Inverter

Total of 30 Eldora Grand 260-p panels, 6 in series and 5 rows are connected.
5.2.6 Cost Estimation –
Drinking – Rs. 5,82,325 (If same inverter is used for irrigation and drinking water the cost will
reduce to 2,82,325)
Irrigation – Rs. 11,30,175
[42]
5.3 Bhojpada
5.3.1 Site Introduction
Population
Number of drinking water
sources
Name of primary well
Distance of drinking water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of
source to habitation
Crop to be Grown
Distance of irrigation water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of
source to habitation
340
5
BHO –W1
332 m
10 m
Onion
300+248 = 548 m
16+16 = 32 m
5.3.2 Google map image of irrigation areas with possible locations of all components. (Tank,
Pump, Solar Panels)
[43]
5.3.3 Water Requirements –
Drinking Water – Considering per person drinking water requirement is 20 litres/day.
Therefore drinking water requirement of village per day = population * 20 = 340*20 = 6800
litres/day
Irrigation – Considering crop to be grown – Wheat and irrigated land area = 6 hectares = 14.8
acres.
Calculate ETo, using the formula : ETo = p (0.46 Tmean + 8)
Tmean (December-January) = 25 °C, Kasara latitude = 20 °N. Therefore from Appendix and
considering month of Dec-Jan we get p= 0.25.
ETo = 0.25 (0.46 × 25 + 8) = 0.25 × 19.5 = 4.875 mm/day
For onion– kc max = 1.05
ETcrop, max = kc max * ETo= 0.75 * 4.875 = 5.11875 mm/day
For 1 acre - Volume of water/day = Area to be irrigated * ET crop, max =20.71486 m3/day =
20714.86 litres/day
For 14.8 acres - Volume of water/day = 14.8 * 20714.86 = 124289.2 litres /day.
If irrigation is going to be used in rainy season as well, the rainfall (in mm/day) should be
subtracted from ETcrop to get calculate the irrigation water needed.
5.3.4 Calculation –
Drinking –
Note – In head calculation for drinking water, we need to add well depth. For oversizing adding
8 meters of well deapth.
Total Head = 20 m
Pump power = 0.2 HP
LPS required = 0.472 litres/s
We need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. First thought would be to select a 0.5 HP
pump but couldn’t find an easily available 0.5 HP pump with head of 20 m. Therefore choosing
Kirlosker KDS/GMC 123+AC 3phase monobloc pump with 1.02Hp and at 20 m head giving
LPS of 1.6.
Inverter to be used is Sunny Tripower 5000TL
Require 5 solar panels in series.
[44]
Irrigation –
Total Head = 32 m
Pump power =7 HP
LPS required = 8.63 litres/s
We need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. Choosing Kirlosker KDT-844+ AC
3phase monobloc pump giving 9 LPS for 40 m head.
Now we need to select an inverter. The output power and voltage of the inverter should match
that of the pump. Also output current and voltage from solar panels should lie in the range of the
inverter. Therefore we choose inverter - Sunny Tripower 7000TL since it’s output
characteristics matches the input needed for the pump.
For all calculations in this report the solar panels considered are Eldora Grand 260-p. Now
selecting the number of panels, we got total 30 panels, 6 in series and 5 rows.
5.3.5 System components selected –
Drinking –


Kirlosker KDS/GMC 123+AC 3phase monobloc pump
Sunny Tripower 5000TL Inverter

Total of 4 Eldora Grand 260-p panels in series.
Irrigation –

Kirlosker KDT-844+ AC 3phase monobloc pump

Sunny Tripower 7000TL Inverter

Total of 30 Eldora Grand 260-p panels, 6 in series and 5 rows are connected.
5.3.6 Cost Estimation –
Drinking – Rs. 5,94,950
Irrigation – Rs. 11,31,600
[45]
5.4 Kurlod
5.4.1 Site Introduction
Population
Number of drinking water
sources
Name of primary well
Distance of drinking water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of source to
habitation
Crop to be Grown
Distance of irrigation water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of source to
habitation
400
3
KUR - W3
354 m
11m
tomato
491 m
15 m
5.4.2 Google map image of irrigation areas with possible locations of all components. (Tank,
Pump, Solar Panels)
[46]
5.4.3 Water Requirements –
Drinking Water – Considering per person drinking water requirement is 20 litres/day.
Therefore drinking water requirement of village per day = population * 20 = 400*20 = 8000
litres/day
Irrigation – Considering crop to be grown – Wheat and irrigated land area = 6 hectares = 14.8
acres.
Calculate ETo, using the formula : ETo = p (0.46 Tmean + 8)
Tmean (December-January) = 25 °C, Kasara latitude = 20 °N. Therefore from Appendix and
considering month of Dec-Jan we get p= 0.25.
ETo = 0.25 (0.46 × 25 + 8) = 0.25 × 19.5 = 4.875 mm/day
For onion– kc max = 1.15
ETcrop, max = kc max * ETo= 0.75 * 4.875 = 5.60625mm/day
For 1 acre - Volume of water/day = Area to be irrigated * ET crop, max =22.6877m3/day =
22687.71 litres/day
For 29.65 acres - Volume of water/day = 29.65 * 22687.71 = 272252 litres /day.
Note - irrigation is going to be used in rainy season as well, the rainfall (in mm/day) should be
subtracted from ETcrop to get calculate the irrigation water needed.
5.4.4 Calculation –
Drinking –
Note – In head calculation for drinking water, we need to add well depth. For oversizing adding
8 meters of well deapth.
Total Head = 18.6 m
Pump power = 0.227 HP
LPS required = 0.555 litres/s
Here velocity is not near 1m/s but since this is drinking water, it doesn’t need exactly 1 m/s.
Lesser is also acceptable.
We need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. First thought would be to select a 0.5 HP
pump but couldn’t find an easily available 0.5 HP pump with head of 20 m. Therefore choosing
Kirlosker KDS/GMC 123+AC 3phase monobloc pump with 1.02Hp and at 20 m head giving
LPS of 1.6.
Inverter to be used is AE 1TL-1.8kw
[47]
Require 5 solar panels in series.
Irrigation –
Total Head = 15 m
Pump power =7.7 HP
LPS required = 18.9 litres/s
We need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. Choosing Kirlosker KS-1022+AC
3phase monobloc pump.
Now we need to select an inverter. The output power and voltage of the inverter should match
that of the pump. Therefore we choose inverter - AE 3TL-16 kW since it’s output characteristics
matches the input needed for the pump.
For all calculations in this report the solar panels considered are Eldora Grand 260-p. Now
selecting the number of panels, we got total 40 panels, 8 in series and 5 rows.
5.4.5 System components selected –
Drinking –


Kirlosker KDS/GMC 123+AC 3phase monobloc pump
AE 1TL-1.8kw Inverter

Total of 5 Eldora Grand 260-p panels in series.
Irrigation –

Kirlosker KS-1022+AC 3phase monobloc pump

AE 3TL-16 kW Inverter

Total of 40 Eldora Grand 260-p panels, 8 in series and 5 rows are connected.
5.4.6 Cost Estimation –
Drinking – Rs. 5,95,500
Irrigation – Rs. 12,42,675
[48]
5.5 Pethechapada
5.5.1 Site Introduction
Population
Number of drinking water
sources
Name of primary well
Distance of drinking water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of
source to habitation
Crop to be Grown
Distance of irrigation water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of
source to habitation
450
3
PETH W-1
105
10
Wheat
490
13
5.5.2 Google map image of irrigation areas with possible locations of all components. (Tank,
Pump, Solar Panels)
[49]
5.5.3 Water Requirements –
Drinking Water – Considering per person drinking water requirement is 20 litres/day.
Therefore drinking water requirement of village per day = population * 20 = 450*20 = 9000
litres/day
Irrigation – Considering crop to be grown – Wheat and irrigated land area = 12 hectares = 29.65
acres.
Calculate ETo, using the formula : ETo = p (0.46 Tmean + 8)
Tmean (December-January) = 25 °C, Kasara latitude = 20 °N. Therefore from Appendix and
considering month of Dec-Jan we get p= 0.25.
ETo = 0.25 (0.46 × 25 + 8) = 0.25 × 19.5 = 4.875 mm/day
For Wheat– kc max = 1.15
ETcrop, max = kc max * ETo= 1.15 * 4.875 = 5.60625 mm/day
For 1 acre - Volume of water/day = Area to be irrigated * ET crop, max =22.68770888 m3/day =
22687.70888 litres/day
For 29.652 acres - Volume of water/day = 29.652 * 22687.70888 = 672735.7 litres /day.
If irrigation is going to be used in rainy season as well, the rainfall (in mm/day) should be
subtracted from ETcrop to get calculate the irrigation water needed.
5.5.4 Calculation –
Drinking –
Note – In head calculation for drinking water, we need to add well depth. For oversizing add 8
meters of well depth.
Total Head = 10 m
Pump power = 1.02HP
LPS required = 0.625 litres/s
we need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. First thought would be to select a 0.5 HP
pump but couldn’t find an easily available 0.5 HP pump with head of 20 m. Therefore choosing
Kirlosker KDS/GMC 123+AC 3phase monoblock pump with 1.02Hp and at 20 m head giving
LPS of 1.6.
Inverter to be used is AE 1TL-1.8kw, same inverter is used for irrigation purpose as well.
[50]
Require 5 solar panels in series.
Irrigation –
Total Head = 13 m
Pump power =20 HP
LPS required = 46.7 litres/s
We need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. Choosing Kirlosker KDS-2030+ AC
3phase monoblock pump.
Now we need to select an inverter. The output power and voltage of the inverter should match
that of the pump. Therefore we choose inverter - AE 3TL-23kW since it’s output characteristics
matches the input needed for the pump.
For all calculations in this report the solar panels considered are Eldora Grand 260-p. Now
selecting the number of panels, we got total 82 panels, 18 in series and 5 rows.
5.5.5 System components selected –
Drinking –


Kirlosker KDS/GMC 123+AC 3phase monoblock pump
AE 1TL-1.8kw Inverter

Total of 5 Eldora Grand 260-p panels in series.
Irrigation –

Kirlosker KDT-2030+ AC 3phase monobloc pump

AE 3TL-23 kW Inverter

Total of 82 Eldora Grand 260-p panels, 18 in series and 5 rows are connected.
5.5.6 Cost Estimation –
Drinking – Rs. 589275
Irrigation – Rs. 1715150
[51]
5.6 Botoshi
5.6.1 Site Introduction
Population
Number of drinking water
sources
Name of primary well
Distance of drinking water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of
source to habitation
Crop to be Grown
Distance of irrigation water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of
source to habitation
400
5
BO-W5
325
1
Potato
274
8
5.6.2 Google map image of irrigation areas with possible locations of all components. (Tank,
Pump, Solar Panels)
[52]
5.6.3 Water Requirements –
Drinking Water – Considering per person drinking water requirement is 20 litres/day.
Therefore drinking water requirement of village per day = population * 20 = 400*20 = 8000
litres/day
Irrigation – Considering crop to be grown – Wheat and irrigated land area = 11 hectares = 27.18
acres.
Calculate ETo, using the formula : ETo = p (0.46 Tmean + 8)
Tmean (December-January) = 25 °C, Kasara latitude = 20 °N. Therefore from Appendix and
considering month of Dec-Jan we get p= 0.25.
ETo = 0.25 (0.46 × 25 + 8) = 0.25 × 19.5 = 4.875 mm/day
For potato– kc max = 1.15
ETcrop, max = kc max * ETo= 1.15 * 4.875 = 5.60625 mm/day
For 1 acre - Volume of water/day = Area to be irrigated * ET crop, max =22.687m3/day = 22687.7
litres/day
For 27.18 acres - Volume of water/day = 14.8 * 22687.7 = 249564.8 litres /day.
If irrigation is going to be used in rainy season as well, the rainfall (in mm/day) should be
subtracted from ETcrop to get calculate the irrigation water needed.
5.6.4 Calculation –
Drinking –
Note – In head calculation for drinking water, we need to add well depth. For oversizing adding
8 meters of well deapth.
Total Head = 32 m
Pump power = 0.288 HP
LPS required = 0.555 litres/s
We need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. First thought would be to select a 0.5 HP
pump but couldn’t find an easily available 0.5 HP pump with head of 32 m. Therefore choosing
Kirlosker KDS/GMC 134 AC 3phase monobloc pump with 1.02Hp and at 30 m head giving
LPS of 0.66.
Inverter to be used is AE 1TL-1.8kw Require 5 solar panels in series.
[53]
Irrigation –
Total Head = 10 m
Pump power =3.86 HP
LPS required = 17.33 litres/s
We need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. Choosing Kirlosker KDS-515+ AC
3phase monobloc pump.
Now we need to select an inverter. The output power and voltage of the inverter should match
that of the pump. Therefore we choose inverter - AE 3TL-16 kW since it’s output characteristics
matches the input needed for the pump.
For all calculations in this report the solar panels considered are Eldora Grand 260-p. Now
selecting the number of panels, we got total 40 panels, 8 in series and 5 rows.
5.6.5 System components selected –
Drinking –


Kirlosker KDS/GMC 134 AC 3phase monobloc pump
AE 1TL-1.8kw Inverter

Total of 5 Eldora Grand 260-p panels in series.
Irrigation –

Kirlosker KDS-515+ AC 3phase monobloc pump

AE 3TL-16 kW Inverter

Total of 40 Eldora Grand 260-p panels, 8 in series and 5 rows are connected.
5.6.6 Cost Estimation –
Drinking – Rs. 5,95,500
Irrigation – Rs. 10,12,250
[54]
5.7 Markatwadi
5.7.1 Site Introduction
Population
Number of drinking water
sources
Name of primary well
Distance of drinking water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of
source to habitation
Crop to be Grown
Distance of irrigation water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of
source to habitation
150
3
MAR-W2
220 m
33 m
Wheat
537 m
14 m
5.5.2 Google map image of irrigation areas with possible locations of all components. (Tank,
Pump, Solar Panels)
[55]
5.7.3 Water Requirements –
Drinking Water – Considering per person drinking water requirement is 20 litres/day.
Therefore drinking water requirement of village per day = population * 20 = 400*20 = 8000
litres/day
Irrigation – Considering crop to be grown – Wheat and irrigated land area = 6 hectares = 14.826
acres.
Calculate ETo, using the formula : ETo = p (0.46 Tmean + 8)
Tmean (December-January) = 25 °C, Kasara latitude = 20 °N. Therefore from Appendix and
considering month of Dec-Jan we get p= 0.25.
ETo = 0.25 (0.46 × 25 + 8) = 0.25 × 19.5 = 4.875 mm/day
For potato– kc max = 1.15
ETcrop, max = kc max * ETo= 1.15 * 4.875 = 5.60625 mm/day
For 1 acre - Volume of water/day = Area to be irrigated * ET crop, max =22.687m3/day = 22687.7
litres/day
For 14.826 acres - Volume of water/day = 14.826 * 22687.7 = 136126.25 litres /day.
If irrigation is going to be used in rainy season as well, the rainfall (in mm/day) should be
subtracted from ETcrop to get calculate the irrigation water needed.
5.7.4 Calculation –
Drinking –
Note – In head calculation for drinking water, we need to add well depth. For oversizing adding
8 meters of well deapth.
Total Head = 41 m
Pump power = 0.52HP
LPS required = 0.55 litres/s
We need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. First thought would be to select a 0.5 HP
pump but couldn’t find an easily available 0.5 HP pump with head of 41 m. Therefore choosing
Kirlosker KDS-550++ AC 3phase monobloc pump with 5Hp and at 44m head giving LPS of 3.2.
Inverter to be used is Sunny Tripower 7000TL
Require number of solar panels is 22, with 11 in series of 2 rows.
[56]
Irrigation –
Total Head = 14 m
Pump power =4.1 HP
LPS required = 9.45 litres/s
We need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. Choosing Kirlosker KDS-527++ AC
3phase monobloc pump.
Now we need to select an inverter. The output power and voltage of the inverter should match
that of the pump. Therefore we choose inverter - AE 3TL-16 kW since it’s output characteristics
matches the input needed for the pump.
For all calculations in this report the solar panels considered are Eldora Grand 260-p. Require
number of solar panels is 22, with 11 in series of 2 rows.
5.7.5 System components selected –
Drinking –


Kirlosker KDS-550++ AC 3phase monobloc pump
Sunny Tripower 7000TL Inverter

Total of 5 Eldora Grand 260-p panels in series.
Irrigation –

Kirlosker KDS-527++ AC 3phase monobloc pump

AE 3TL-16 kW Inverter

Total of 40 Eldora Grand 260-p panels, 8 in series and 5 rows are connected.
5.7.6 Cost Estimation –
Drinking – Rs. 7,83,400
Irrigation – Rs. 10,41,325
[57]
5.8 Shedyachapada/ jambhulpada
5.8.1 Site Introduction
Population
Number of drinking water
sources
Name of primary well
Distance of drinking water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of
source to habitation
Crop to be Grown
Distance of irrigation water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of
source to habitation
150
2
JAM/SHED W-1
97
5
Wheat
362
8
5.8.2 Google map image of irrigation areas with possible locations of all components. (Tank,
Pump, Solar Panels)
5.8.3 Water Requirements –
Drinking Water – Considering per person drinking water requirement is 20 litres/day.
Therefore drinking water requirement of village per day = population * 20 = 150*20 = 3000
litres/day
[58]
Irrigation – Considering crop to be grown – Wheat and irrigated land area = 5 hectares = 12.335
acres.
Calculate ETo, using the formula : ETo = p (0.46 Tmean + 8)
Tmean (December-January) = 25 °C, Kasara latitude = 20 °N. Therefore from Appendix and
considering month of Dec-Jan we get p= 0.25.
ETo = 0.25 (0.46 × 25 + 8) = 0.25 × 19.5 = 4.875 mm/day
For Wheat– kc max = 1.15
ETcrop, max = kc max * ETo= 1.15 * 4.875 = 5.60625 mm/day
For 1 acre - Volume of water/day = Area to be irrigated * ET crop, max =22.68770888 m3/day =
22687.70888 litres/day
For 12.335acres - Volume of water/day = 12.335 * 22687.70888 = 279852.7litres /day.
If irrigation is going to be used in rainy season as well, the rainfall (in mm/day) should be
subtracted from ETcrop to get calculate the irrigation water needed.
5.8.4 Calculation –
Drinking –
Note – In head calculation for drinking water, we need to add well depth. For oversizing add 8
meters of well depth.
Total Head = 10 m
Pump power = 1.02HP
LPS required = 0.625 litres/s
we need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. First thought would be to select a 0.5 HP
pump but couldn’t find an easily available 0.5 HP pump with head of 20 m. Therefore choosing
Kirlosker KDS/GMC 123+AC 3phase monoblock pump with 1.02Hp and at 20 m head giving
LPS of 1.6.
Inverter to be used is AE 1TL-1.8kw, same inverter is used for irrigation purpose as well.
Require 5 solar panels in series.
Irrigation –
Total Head = 13 m
Pump power =20 HP
[59]
LPS required = 46.7 litres/s
We need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. Choosing Kirlosker KDS-2030+ AC
3phase monoblock pump.
Now we need to select an inverter. The output power and voltage of the inverter should match
that of the pump. Therefore we choose inverter - AE 3TL-23kW since it’s output characteristics
matches the input needed for the pump.
For all calculations in this report the solar panels considered are Eldora Grand 260-p. Now
selecting the number of panels, we got total 82 panels, 18 in series and 5 rows.
5.8.5 System components selected –
Drinking –


Kirlosker KDS/GMC 123+AC 3phase monoblock pump
AE 1TL-1.8kw Inverter

Total of 5 Eldora Grand 260-p panels in series.
Irrigation –

Kirlosker KDT-2030+ AC 3phase monobloc pump

AE 3TL-23 kW Inverter

Total of 82 Eldora Grand 260-p panels, 18 in series and 5 rows are connected.
5.8.6 Cost Estimation –
Drinking – Rs. 589275
Irrigation – Rs. 1715150
[60]
5.9 Kapsipada
5.9.1 Site Introduction
Population
Number of drinking water
sources
Name of primary well
Distance of drinking water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of
source to habitation
Crop to be Grown
Distance of irrigation water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of
source to habitation
15
5
KAP W-5
110
5
Maize
287
7
5.9.2 Google map image of irrigation areas with possible locations of all components. (Tank,
Pump, Solar Panels)
[61]
5.9.3 Water Requirements –
Drinking Water – Considering per person drinking water requirement is 20 litres/day.
Therefore drinking water requirement of village per day = population * 20 = 15*20 = 300
litres/day
Irrigation – Considering crop to be grown – Wheat and irrigated land area = 4.45 hectares =
10.99 acres.
Calculate ETo, using the formula : ETo = p (0.46 Tmean + 8)
Tmean (December-January) = 25 °C, Kasara latitude = 20 °N. Therefore from Appendix and
considering month of Dec-Jan we get p= 0.25.
ETo = 0.25 (0.46 × 25 + 8) = 0.25 × 19.5 = 4.875 mm/day
For maize– kc max = 1.15
ETcrop, max = kc max * ETo= 1.15 * 4.875 = 5.60625 mm/day
For 1 acre - Volume of water/day = Area to be irrigated * ET crop, max =22.68770888 m3/day =
22687.70888 litres/day
For 29.652 acres - Volume of water/day = 10.99 * 22687.70888 = 249337.9 litres /day.
If irrigation is going to be used in rainy season as well, the rainfall (in mm/day) should be
subtracted from ETcrop to get calculate the irrigation water needed.
5.9.4 Calculation –
Drinking –
Note – In head calculation for drinking water, we need to add well depth. For oversizing add 8
meters of well depth.
Total Head = 7 m
Pump power = 1.02HP
LPS required = 0.025 litres/s
we need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. First thought would be to select a 0.5 HP
pump but couldn’t find an easily available 0.5 HP pump with head of 20 m. Therefore choosing
Kirlosker KDS/GMC 116++AC 3phase monoblock pump with 1.02Hp and at 20 m head giving
LPS of 1.6.
Inverter to be used is AE 1TL-1.8kw, same inverter is used for irrigation purpose as well.
Require 5 solar panels in series.
[62]
Irrigation –
Total Head = 7 m
Pump power =8 HP
LPS required = 17.3 litres/s
We need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. Choosing Kirlosker KDS-513+ AC
3phase monoblock pump.
Now we need to select an inverter. The output power and voltage of the inverter should match
that of the pump. Therefore we choose inverter - AE 3TL-8kW since it’s output characteristics
matches the input needed for the pump.
For all calculations in this report the solar panels considered are Eldora Grand 260-p. Now
selecting the number of panels, we got total 22 panels, 11 in series and 2 rows.
5.9.5 System components selected –
Drinking –


Kirlosker KDS/GMC 116+AC 3phase monoblock pump
AE 1TL-1.8kw Inverter

Total of 5 Eldora Grand 260-p panels in series.
Irrigation –

Kirlosker KDT-513+ AC 3phase monoblock pump

AE 3TL-8 kW Inverter

Total of 22 Eldora Grand 260-p panels, 11 in series and 2 rows are connected.
5.9.6 Cost Estimation –
Drinking – Rs. 589400
Irrigation – Rs. 1023825
[63]
5.10 Raipada
5.10.1 Site Introduction
Population
Number of drinking water
sources
Name of primary well
Distance of drinking water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of
source to habitation
Crop to be Grown
Distance of irrigation water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of
source to habitation
80
1
RAI W-1
281
16
Potato
233
10
5.10.2 Google map image of irrigation areas with possible locations of all components. (Tank,
Pump, Solar Panels)
[64]
5.10.3 Water Requirements –
Drinking Water – Considering per person drinking water requirement is 20 litres/day.
Therefore drinking water requirement of village per day = population * 20 = 80*20 = 1600
litres/day
Irrigation – Considering crop to be grown – Potato and irrigated land area = 5 hectares = 12.335
acres.
Calculate ETo, using the formula : ETo = p (0.46 Tmean + 8)
Tmean (December-January) = 25 °C, Kasara latitude = 20 °N. Therefore from Appendix and
considering month of Dec-Jan we get p= 0.25.
ETo = 0.25 (0.46 × 25 + 8) = 0.25 × 19.5 = 4.875 mm/day
For Wheat– kc max = 1.15
ETcrop, max = kc max * ETo= 1.15 * 4.875 = 5.60625 mm/day
For 1 acre - Volume of water/day = Area to be irrigated * ET crop, max =22.68770888 m3/day =
22687.70888 litres/day
For 12.335acres - Volume of water/day = 12.335 * 22687.70888 = 279852.7litres /day.
If irrigation is going to be used in rainy season as well, the rainfall (in mm/day) should be
subtracted from ETcrop to get calculate the irrigation water needed.
5.10.4 Calculation –
Drinking –
Note – In head calculation for drinking water, we need to add well depth. For oversizing add 8
meters of well depth.
Total Head = 19 m
Pump power = 1.02HP
LPS required = 0.11 litres/s
we need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. First thought would be to select a 0.5 HP
pump but couldn’t find an easily available 0.5 HP pump with head of 20 m. Therefore choosing
Kirlosker KDS/GMC 116+AC 3phase monoblock pump with 1.02Hp Inverter to be used is
AE 1TL-1.8kw, same inverter is used for irrigation purpose as well.
Require 5 solar panels in series.
[65]
Irrigation –
Total Head = 12.48m
Pump power =7.5 HP
LPS required = 19.43 litres/s
We need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. Choosing Kirlosker KDS-1012+ AC
3phase monoblock pump.
Now we need to select an inverter. The output power and voltage of the inverter should match
that of the pump. Therefore we choose inverter - AE 3TL-8kW since it’s output characteristics
matches the input needed for the pump.
For all calculations in this report the solar panels considered are Eldora Grand 260-p. Now
selecting the number of panels, we got total 22 panels, 11 in series and 2 rows.
5.10.5 System components selected –
Drinking –


Kirlosker KDS/GMC 123+AC 3phase monoblock pump
AE 1TL-1.8kw Inverter

Total of 5 Eldora Grand 260-p panels in series.
Irrigation –

Kirlosker KDT-1012+ AC 3phase monoblock pump

AE 3TL-8 kW Inverter

Total of 22 Eldora Grand 260-p panels, 11 in series and 2 rows are connected.
5.10.6 Cost Estimation –
Drinking – Rs. 593675
Irrigation – Rs. 1033725
[66]
5.11 Wadapada
5.11.1 Site Introduction
Population
Number of drinking water
sources
Name of primary well
Distance of drinking water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of
source to habitation
Crop to be Grown
Distance of irrigation water
source to habitation
Elevation difference of
source to habitation
100
2
WAD W-2
176
9
Onion
290
20
5.11.2 Google map image of irrigation areas with possible locations of all components. (Tank,
Pump, Solar Panels)
[67]
5.11.3 Water Requirements –
Drinking Water – Considering per person drinking water requirement is 20 litres/day.
Therefore drinking water requirement of village per day = population * 20 = 100*20 = 2000
litres/day
Irrigation – Considering crop to be grown – Potato and irrigated land area = 7 hectares = 17.29
acres.
Calculate ETo, using the formula : ETo = p (0.46 Tmean + 8)
Tmean (December-January) = 25 °C, Kasara latitude = 20 °N. Therefore from Appendix and
considering month of Dec-Jan we get p= 0.25.
ETo = 0.25 (0.46 × 25 + 8) = 0.25 × 19.5 = 4.875 mm/day
For Wheat– kc max = 1.15
ETcrop, max = kc max * ETo= 1.15 * 4.875 = 5.60625 mm/day
For 1 acre - Volume of water/day = Area to be irrigated * ET crop, max =22.68770888 m3/day =
22687.70888 litres/day
For 17.29 acres - Volume of water/day = 17.29 * 22687.70888 = 392270.33litres /day.
If irrigation is going to be used in rainy season as well, the rainfall (in mm/day) should be
subtracted from ETcrop to get calculate the irrigation water needed.
5.11.4 Calculation –
Drinking –
Note – In head calculation for drinking water, we need to add well depth. For oversizing add 8
meters of well depth.
Total Head = 12.15 m
Pump power = 1.02HP
LPS required = 0.138 litres/s
we need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. First thought would be to select a 0.5 HP
pump but couldn’t find an easily available 0.5 HP pump with head of 20 m. Therefore choosing
Kirlosker KDS/GMC 116+AC 3phase monoblock pump with 1.02Hp Inverter to be used is
AE 1TL-1.8kw, same inverter is used for irrigation purpose as well.
Require 5 solar panels in series.
[68]
Irrigation –
Total Head = 23.13m
Pump power =15HP
LPS required = 27.2litres/s
We need to select a pump satisfying all 3 requirements. Choosing Kirlosker KDS-1537+ AC
3phase monoblock pump.
Now we need to select an inverter. The output power and voltage of the inverter should match
that of the pump. Therefore we choose inverter - AE 3TL-17kW since it’s output characteristics
matches the input needed for the pump.
For all calculations in this report the solar panels considered are Eldora Grand 260-p. Now
selecting the number of panels, we got total 60 panels, 15 in series and 4 rows.
5.11.5 System components selected –
Drinking –


Kirlosker KDS/GMC 116+AC 3phase monoblock pump
AE 1TL-1.8kw Inverter

Total of 5 Eldora Grand 260-p panels in series.
Irrigation –

Kirlosker KDT-1537+ AC 3phase monoblock pump

AE 3TL-17 kW Inverter

Total of 60 Eldora Grand 260-p panels, 15 in series and 4 rows are connected.
5.11.6 Cost Estimation –
Drinking – Rs. 591050
Irrigation – Rs. 1462650
[69]
Appendices
Appendix - 1 Companies manufacturing solar pumps
1. TATA Power Solar Systems Ltd. (formerly TATA BP Solar India Ltd.)
2. Topsun Energy Ltd. (also operates under the name of Vimal Electronics)
3. Waaree Energies Pvt. Ltd.
4. Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd.
5. Kirloskar Brothers Ltd.
6. VRG Energy India Pvt. Ltd.
7. Udhaya Semiconductors Ltd.
8. Photon Energy Systems Ltd.
9. Premier Solar Systems Pvt. Ltd.
10. Titan Energy Systems Ltd.
11. ICOMM Tele Ltd.
12. Sungrace Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
13. Claro Energy Pvt. Ltd.
14. Atom Solar Systems
15. Rajasthan Electronics and Instruments Ltd.
16. Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.
17. Central Electronics Ltd. [5]
[70]
Appendix 2 – Mean Daily Percentage (p) of annual daytime
hours for different latitudes [Ref. 1]
[71]
Appendix 3 – Values of the crop factor (Kc) for various
crops and growth stages [Ref 1]
[72]
Appendix 4 – Maximum LPS for different crop
(These crops are listed from
http://www.mahaagri.gov.in/CropWeather/AgroClimaticZone.html#wgz)
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Crop ET0
grape
s
4.875
bana
na
4.875
tomat
o
4.875
potat
o
4.875
onion
4.875
groun
d nut
4.875
maize 4.875
wheat
4.875
kc
max
max(mm)
required per
day=kc*ET0
Area
(acres
)
area(m2
)
volume of
water(m3
/day)
volume of
water (litres
/day)
0.75
3.65625
1
4046.86
14.79633188
14796.332
1.1
5.3625
1
4046.86
21.70128675
21701.287
1.15
5.60625
1
4046.86
22.68770888
22687.709
1.15
1.05
5.60625
5.11875
1
1
4046.86
4046.86
22.68770888
20.71486463
22687.709
20714.865
1.05
1.15
1.15
5.11875
5.60625
5.60625
1
1
1
4046.86
4046.86
4046.86
20.71486463
22.68770888
22.68770888
20714.865
22687.709
22687.709
[73]
Appendix 5 - Global horizontal irradiance (in kWh/m2)
(region near around Kurlod-Botoshi (73.350oN 19.95oE) )
[Ref - http://mnre.gov.in/sec/solar-assmnt.htm]
Month
Global Irradiance (kWh/m2)
January
5.17
February
6.08
March
6.80
April
7.27
May
7.29
June
5.05
July
3.95
August
3.60
September
4.78
October
5.77
Novermber
5.19
December
4.91
[74]
Appendix 6 - Solar panel manufacturer
Sr.
No Manufacture
Model
Type
Efficiency
1
SLG Solar Systems
Series: SLG 250P to 230P
Polycrystalline
14.1 ~ 15.4 %
2
KL Solar
Series: KL024-025
Polycrystalline
10.62 ~ 11.06 %
3
Vinova Energy
Series: VE24250
Polycrystalline
15%
4
Evergreen
Solar
Systems India
Series: EGS190-235
Polycrystalline
13.02 ~ 16.1 %
5
Vega Solar
Series: VEGA 200 12-24V
Polycrystalline
15.11 %
6
Moser Baer
Series: Power Series FS
Polycrystalline
6.1 ~ 7 %
7
Kotak Urja
Series: KM200(2)
Polycrystalline
13.7 %
8
Kohima Energy
Series: KE-60-M 230-245
Polycrystalline
14.17 ~ 15.1 %
9
Photon
Systems
Series: PM0220
Polycrystalline
11.6 ~ 13.4 %
10
Empire
Photovoltaics
Series: EPG-280-295
Polycrystalline
14.2 ~ 14.96 %
11
Goldi Green
Series: 75
Monocrystalline
13.4 %
12
Navitas
Solutions
Series: ANORA 40-P
Polycrystalline
11.97 ~ 12.94 %
13
SSG Power
Series: SSG-240
Polycrystalline
14.87 %
14
Euro Multivision
Series: Eco 225W - 250W
Polycrystalline
11.6 ~ 12.9 %
15
Evergreen
Solar
Systems India
Series: EGS255-310
Polycrystalline
13.25 ~ 16.11 %
16
Shan Solar
Series: SS60 Mono
Monocrystalline
15 ~ 15.2 %
17
Lanco Solar
Series: LSP 250-260M-60
Monocrystalline
15.2 ~ 15.8 %
18
vikram solar
ULTIMA SERIES
Monocrystalline
15%
19
apex solar
-
-
-
20
sun solar
-
-
-
21
Waaree Energies
-
-
-
22
Tata Power
Systems
-
-
-
Energy
Green
Solar
[75]
Appendix 7 – Range water requirement of crops
Minimum
water
required
(in mm)
Maximum
water
Crop
required
Crop Name
Name
(in mm)
Banana
Rice
900
2500
Barley/Oats/Wheat
Wheat
450
650
Bean
Maize
500
800
Cabbage
Sugarcone
1500
2500
Citrus
Groundnut
500
700
Cotton
Cotton
700
1300
Maize
Soybean
450
700
Onion
Tomato
600
800
Peanuts
Potato
500
700
Pea
Onion
350
550
Pepper
Cillies
500
500
Potato
Bean
300
500
Paddy Rice
Cabbage
380
500
Sorghum
Pea
3550
500
Soybean
Banana
1200
2200
Sugarbeet
Citrus
900
1200
Sugarcane
Pineapple
700
1000
Tomato
Ragi
400
450
http://www.fao.org/
Grapes
500
1200
http://www.aboutcivil.org/water-requirements-of-crops.html
Minimum
water
required
(in mm)
Maximum
water
required
(in mm)
1200
2200
450
650
300
500
350
500
900
1200
700
1300
500
800
350
550
500
700
350
500
600
900
500
700
450
700
450
650
450
700
550
750
1500
2500
400
800
[76]
Appendix 8 – Field visit reports
Amle Field Visit Report
TDSL Project Title: Designing a solar-based pumping system for drinking water and
irrigation
Semester: Spring 2015
Guide: Prof. Puru Kulkarni
Visit Report for trip to Amle, Mokhada on 24/01/15
Visit date: 25/01/2015
Location details: Amle, Suryamal gram panchayat, Mokhada
Participants: Abhishek Sinha (TDSL coordinator), Janhvi Doshi
(TDSL coordinator), Nidhi Desai, Akhil Manepalli, Ankit Jotwani, Ramya Polineni, Mayur
Varade, Prudhitej Immadi
Agenda:






Meet Dilip Bhau from the NGO Arohan, who has worked in Amle for 3 years and was
involved in interventions with villagers about the installation of solar system. Get
answers to the following attached list of questions.
Get a realistic view of the working of a solar based pumping system.
Familiarize with the problems faced during the initial part of the project.
Get an idea of the current status.
See the impact of the project on the lives of villagers.
Learn to use Pyranometer for taking the intensity of solar radiation falling on the
horizontal surface.
General Information
Amle is 130 kilometers north of Mumbai. It is surrounded by a thick forest on three sides and a
river Gargai on the fourth. It has 60 families and around 260 people with total of 100 acres of
farm land. During rainy season Rice and Nachani are grown due to sufficient amount of
rainfall. During summer and winter until 3 year ago the villagers used to migrate to thane for
[77]
construction work. Since Siemens along with Arohan NGO set up a 12- kilowatt peak (kWp)
solar power station they are able to cultivate 5 acres of land with Brinjal and Bhindi. This also
has increased the
nutrition level which was a problem before. Also Arohan NGO has tried to develop new
forms of livelihood like bamboo weaving.
Trip proceedings:









Left campus at 5:15 AM and took train to Kasara from Kanjurmarg
Reached Kasara station at 7:45 AM
From Kasara station caught a jeep to Amle on the way crossing Khodala picked up Dilip
Bhau from Aroehan
Met the following stakeholders: Dilip Bhau, then Barat Bhau
Visited location of solar panels, control room, dam, 3 pumps and well in Amle village
Seated at Barat Bhau’s houseand talked to Dilip Bhau and got our questions answered.
Admired calm and peaceful village life
Had tasty dal bhat (lunch) at 1:30 PM at Barat Bhau’s house.
Left Amle by 2:30 PM and reached Kasara station at 4:00 PM and headed back.
Answers to the Questionnaire Prepared:
Questions related to Power generated
1) Main use of the water pumped? – 3 pumps are used. Two 5 HP pumping river
water for irrigation which is run alternate days since not enough energy is generated to run
both together. One 2 HP pump used for drinking water from well
2) Amount of water pumped? - From the well each day a 5000 litre tank is filled
3) Is the power generated used for some other application as well? - Yes, during night the
house are light using the solar energy saved in batteries.
4) How much ground area did it take? Need this data
5) On what basis did you decide on solar pump in place of conventional one? They also have a
diesel pump of 5HP. It requires 400 Rs of fuel to pump water for a day to
5 acres of land. This is costly.
[78]
Questions related to Pump
1) Pump Type – Submersible pump (Need at least 2 feet of water)
2) Specifications of the pump – Kirloskar Pumps

5HP - 150 litres/ min upto 400 feet
3) Operation Time – 10AM to 4PM


Maximum hours a day can the pump run continuously – 6 hours
Do you need to close it for some environmental reasons like rain? –
The pump being of submersible type is removed and kept during
rainy season due to high flow of water in river and this may cause
damage to the pump.
4) Water level variation and its effect on working of pump? – During rain due to high flow the
pump is removed and kept aside. While in other seasons the dam holds at least 2 feet of water
so water level variation does not affect the pump.
Questions related to solar panel
1) Have you installed battery to use the pump at night time as well? Yes, Battery is used for
lighting houses at night from 7PM onwards
3) Site specific solar energy available (intensity of sun value needed before designing)?
The specific day’s solar radiation value 530 Watt/m2 (Found using Pyranometer)
4) Is the tilt angle adjustable? No.
5) How did you decide the tilt angle of the panels?–(The tilt angle is tan-1(9/60) = 8)
.53°) It is decided on the basis of the location’s longitude and latitude and the
average sun’s direction per month.
7) Which company did you buy it from? Apex Solar Panels and Vikram Solar Panels
Questions related to Maintenance and Operations
1) What are the Safety measures undertaken – At the initial stage Arohen with the villagers
formed the Padha Samithi which took the responsibility of looking after the soar plant and
everything related to it.
2) Is it stored in a tank or directly used in the fields? Drinking water is stored in a tank of
capacity 5000 litres which is connected to a Siemens water filter.
3) To who is the maintenance contract is given? – The villagers do the maintenance work
themselves. They have received training from Siemens Engineers. During initial months after
[79]
installation the Siemens Engineers came once a month to check the system and during that
time also trained the villagers.
4) Maintenance schedule 



In every 3 days solar panels are wiped with dry cloth
In every 3 months the water in battery is changed
In every 3 months some special chemical is changed in the water filter (Siemens have
given them this chemical, the chemical cost Rs. 50 for changing once)
Tank is cleaned once a month
Questions related to Cost
1) Purchase
2) Installation
3) Maintenance – Till now 0 Rs. (But they are collecting Rs. 20 from each house per month
for future maintenance requirements)
Photos with captions:
The position of band (dam) on Gargi River besides Amle village on Google Maps
Position of Band - 19°44’00.32” N 73°20’19.22” E elevation 207
[80]
Photos with caption –
Control panel inside the control room
for for 5 HP pumps to collect water from Dam
engineer of this
Solar Power Plant Schematics in Amle
Instructions posted on the control
panel by the chief
Solar Panels with control room
Electricity distribution board
Battery connected in series to save electricity
for night time house lighting and power
the 2 HP pump
Band over river Gargi (small dam)
Well regenerated from the halted river water with 2 HP pump
Hivre Field Visit Report
TDSL Project Title: Designing a solar-based pumping system for drinking water and
irrigation
Semester: Spring 2015
Team members: Mayur Varade, Akhil Manepalli, Ramya polineni, Ankit
Jotwani, Nidhi Desai, Prudhvitej Immadi
Guide/coordinator: Prof. Puru Kulkarni, Vikram Vijay, Janhvi Doshi, Abhishek Sinha
Visit date: 21-03-2015
Location details: Hirve, Mokhada
Participants: Mayur Varade, Akhil Manepalli
Agenda:

Meet Ganesh bhau from NGO Aarohan and Visit Hirve Village to find
out the condition of village

To locate the points of water resources, field farms, village, well, Hand
pumps.





To calculate the water required for cultivation and for drinking purpose.
Types of crops grown and their water requirement.
To check the quality of drinking water resources in village.
Distance of drinking water source from village.
Problems faced by villagers and by Aarohan.
Trip proceedings:








Left campus at 5:15 AM and took local train of 5:45 from Kanjurmarg to
Kasara
Reached Kasara station at 7:45 AM
From Kasara station caught a jeep to khodala then again jeep from khodala to
Mokhada
We reached Mokhada at 11:00 AM and met Ganesh Bhau and Ramchandra,
then we took bikes from Mokhada to Hirve.
At Hirve we met Sadu bhau, sadanad bhau and 3-4 more villagers
Then they took us to visit agricultural fields and water sources location.
We again came back to Mokhada and had lunch at mess near Aarohan Office.
There we took receipts and reports on Hirve village and left Mokhada by 3:30
PM

We reached Kasara station by bus at 6:00 PM and took local train and reached
institute at 8:30 PM
Key Findings















Villagers work in their fields only during monsoon, rest of the time they do labor
work (150 Rs/day) in cities.
Most of the farmers try to follow the farmers of Nasik but the climatic conditions
of Nasik and Hirve are different.
Farmers are not trained for cultivation using drip irrigation. Therefore Aarohan
has planned to cultivate only 5 acres of land using drip irrigation.
Crops grown- Karela, Ruby, warli, Raghi
Due to insufficient water farmers are not able to grow ruby yet.
Income during monsoono 10-12 bags of crop is produced
o 1 bag is sold for Rs 1200
o Income = (10-12)*1200 = Rs 12000- 14400
Average rainfall in Hirve 2500mm
According to Ganesh Bhau , 15000-20000 litre water is required to cultivate 1
acre of land.
They want to cultivate 5 acre land therefore they need 100000 litres of water.
Their fields are distributed in two parts; on one side hill 3 farmers had land while
on other hill 8 farmers.
On one side land will be cultivated directly with water from source while on other
side water will be stored in a tank and then water will be supplied to land through
drip irrigation.
Water depth of source is about 4m. Water continuously flows through this pond.
There are 3 wells and 2 hand pumps in village but villagers use only hand pump
water for drinking purpose because the water in wells are not safe for drinking
and other domestic activities they use well water. Villagers tried to clean the well
by pumping water out, dug a new well but still well have impure water.
Village has continuous supply of single phase electricity.
Villagers have lots of hopes.
Stakeholder meeting details:
Name
Role
Who introduced Contact No.
you
Ganesh Bhau
Member of
We got phone
number from
Aarohan
janhvi
09209460984
09923272007
Brief note on
what you
discussed
Drip irrigation
system
Ramchandra
Member of
Ganesh Bhau
-
Took us to
Sadu bhau
Aarohan
villager
Ganesh Bhau
-
Hirve
About fields
and water
Sadanad bhau
Villager
Sadu Bhau
-
resources
About fields
and water
resources
Hivre Photos with captions:
Field
Field
Field
Hill 1
Hill 2
Solar installation area
Villagers
Water Sourc
Water Source
Water source
Water Source
Water tank location
Water tank location
Well 1
Well 2
Well 3
Water hand pump
Water samples from two hand pump
Hirve Village
Hirve Village
References
1) Guide to solar powered water pumping system in New York State.
2) http://www.mahaagri.gov.in/CropWeather/AgroClimaticZone.html#wgz
3) Crop evaporation – Guidelines for computing crop water requirements published in Food
and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.
4) Design of Small Photovoltaic (PV) Solar-Powered Water Pump Systems by United States
Department of Agriculture.
5) http://www.agriculturesolar.com/3b_irrigation_pump_solar_methods.html#.VT8x0iFViko
6) http://energyinformative.org/best-solar-panel-monocrystalline-polycrystalline-thin-film/
7) http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules/mismatch-effects-in-arrays
8) http://www.enfsolar.com/pv/panel/8
9) http://www.solar-facts.com/panels/panel-efficiency.php#shading